Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575

  Treatment of atherosclerosis may include: […] Lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet and getting more exercise. […] Medicines. […] Heart procedure. […] Heart surgery. […] For some people, lifestyle changes may be the only treatment needed for atherosclerosis. […] Many different medicines can slow or even reverse the effects of atherosclerosis. Medicines to treat atherosclerosis may include: […] Statins and other cholesterol medicines. These medicines can help lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, also called the „bad” cholesterol. The medicines also can reduce plaque buildup. Some cholesterol medicines even can reverse the buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries. […] Aspirin helps thin the blood and prevent blood clots. Daily low-dose aspirin therapy may be recommended for the primary prevention of heart attack or stroke in certain people.

• #1 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350569

  Atherosclerosis can be treated. Healthy lifestyle habits can help prevent atherosclerosis. […] If you think you have atherosclerosis, make an appointment for a health checkup. Early diagnosis and treatment can stop atherosclerosis from getting worse. Treatment may prevent a heart attack, stroke or another medical emergency. […] The same healthy lifestyle changes recommended to treat atherosclerosis also help prevent it. These lifestyle changes can help keep the arteries healthy: Do not smoke or use tobacco. Eat nutritious foods. Get regular exercise and keep an active lifestyle. Keep a healthy weight. Control blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol.

• #1 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16753-atherosclerosis-arterial-disease

  Atherosclerosis treatment includes lifestyle changes, medications, procedures or surgeries. Depending on the location of your atherosclerosis, you may see a cardiologist (heart), nephrologist (kidneys), neurologist (brain and spine) or vascular surgeon (blood vessels). […] Your healthcare providers will develop a plan based on your needs. Common treatment goals include: lowering your risk of blood clots, preventing complications like a heart attack or stroke, easing symptoms, helping you develop patterns of eating that support your heart and blood vessels, slowing or stopping plaque buildup in your arteries, improving blood flow by widening your arteries or bypassing (avoiding) blockages. […] Lifestyle changes may lower your risk of complications. Your provider will create a plan specific to your needs. General tips include: avoid all tobacco products (including smoking and vaping), follow a heart-healthy eating plan like the Mediterranean diet, build physical activity into your daily routine.

• #1 Atherosclerosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  Several changes are beneficial: Less saturated fat, No trans fats, Fewer refined carbohydrates, More fruits and vegetables, More fiber, Moderate (if any) alcohol. […] Regular physical activity (eg, 30 to 45 minutes of walking, running, swimming, or cycling 3 to 5 times a week) reduces incidence of some risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes), coronary artery disease (eg, myocardial infarction), and death attributable to atherosclerosis in patients with and without previous ischemic events. […] Oral antiplatelet drugs are essential because most complications result from plaque fissure or rupture, leading to platelet activation and thrombosis. […] Statins primarily lower LDL cholesterol. Other potential beneficial effects include enhanced endothelial nitric oxide production, stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques, reduced lipid accumulation in the arterial wall, and regression of plaques.

• #1 Arteriosclerosis vs. Atherosclerosis: Signs and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/difference-between-atherosclerosis-arteriosclerosis

  What Is the Treatment for Arteriosclerosis? Depending on the kind and severity of your condition, your doctor may recommend lifestyle changes such as: Regular exercise, Eating a healthier diet low in sugar, fat, and sodium, Keeping a healthy weight, Stopping smoking, Drinking less alcohol. They may also recommend medications that include: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or ACE inhibitors, Beta-blockers, Diuretics, Calcium channel blockers, Vasodilators. […] What Is the Treatment for Atherosclerosis? Atherosclerosis treatment includes lifestyle and dietary changes similar to those for arteriosclerosis. Your doctor may prescribe medications as well as some surgical or nonsurgical procedures. Medications. Depending on your health, your doctor will prescribe cholesterol-lowering medications as well as blood thinners to prevent blood clots and medications to lower your blood pressure. Angioplasty. A common atherosclerosis treatment is a coronary angioplasty with or without a stent. In this procedure, your surgeon inserts a catheter with a balloon on the end into your artery to open it up. Sometimes, a metal coil called a stent is placed in your artery to support the arterial walls and help keep them open. Bypass surgery. If you have severe coronary artery blockages, you might need coronary artery bypass surgery. A piece of artery from your leg will be added to your hearts arterial network in order to create a new clear and strong artery for the blood to flow through.

• #1 Atherosclerosis Vs. Arteriosclerosis: What’s The Difference?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/atherosclerosis-vs-arteriosclerosis

  Managing stress: Practicing stress management will improve your blood pressure and heart health. […] Taking prescription medication: If atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis leads to high cholesterol or high blood pressure, a doctor might prescribe medication. […] Get enough sleep: Sleep is essential for overall physical health. Its recommended to get 7 to 9 hours of sleep each night. […] Its possible to reverse atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis before they lead to more serious conditions. […] In both cases, it will involve healthy lifestyle habits and medication. These treatments will help lower plaque and inflammation in the arteries. […] When managed properly, atherosclerosis can be reversed within 1 or 2 years. […] If atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis have progressed to chronic disease, you many need surgery. The procedure depends on the disease and arteries affected. […] Examples include: percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting, carotid endarterectomy, angioplasty.

• #1 Atherosclerosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  Atherosclerosis is characterized by patchy intimal plaques (atheromas) that encroach on the lumen of medium-sized and large arteries. […] Treatment includes risk factor, lifestyle, and dietary modification; physical activity; antiplatelet drugs; and antiatherogenic drugs. […] Treatment involves aggressive modification of risk factors to slow progression and induce regression of existing plaques. Lowering LDL cholesterol to below a certain target is no longer recommended, and „the lower the better” approach is currently favored. […] Lifestyle changes include diet modification, smoking cessation, and regular participation in physical activity. Drugs to treat dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes are often required. These lifestyle changes and drugs directly or indirectly improve endothelial function, reduce inflammation, and improve clinical outcome. Statins can decrease atherosclerosis-related morbidity and mortality even when serum cholesterol is normal or slightly high. Antiplatelet drugs help all patients with atherosclerosis. Patients with coronary artery disease may benefit additionally from ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers.

• #1 Therapeutic Strategies and Chemoprevention of Atherosclerosis: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9025701/

  Statins are the most-commonly prescribed drugs, being first-line therapy for atherosclerosis and clinical management of the cardiovascular risk. […] The atheroprotective activity of statins involves both potent LDLc-lowering properties and multiple non-lipid-related pleiotropic effects, including enhancement of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, alleviation of endothelial dysfunction, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antioxidant abilities, stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques and inhibition of cardiac hypertrophy. […] Fibrates are considered an effective therapeutic strategy in patients with moderate to high residual cardiovascular risk, mainly those with hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) values. […] Ezetimibe is the commonly used drug of this type.

• #1 Therapeutic Strategies and Chemoprevention of Atherosclerosis: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9025701/

  PCSK-9 is another relevant cholesterol-lowering target that is involved in the regulation of LDL receptors. […] Cytokine-targeting therapy was developed as promising new avenues to treat this pathology. […] The most-investigated inflammatory targets have been IL-1, IL-6, CRP, TNF- and IFN-, and the promising therapeutics are presented below. […] Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging minimally invasive procedure used to treat various oncologic, infectious and non-oncologic diseases. […] In recent years, PDT has attracted attention as an interesting therapeutic option in atherosclerosis. […] Theranostics constitute an innovative strategy integrating diagnosis and therapy in a single delivery agent. […] The establishment of chemopreventive strategies in atherosclerosis is also of paramount importance since prophylaxis is more beneficial than trying to reduce atherosclerotic lesions and plaque. […] The design of personalized treatments based on the concept of so-called network medicine that includes the analysis and integration of genetic, metabolic and epigenetic factors has been suggested as a more effective and appropriate therapeutic strategy in atherosclerosis.

• #1 Emerging Therapies for the Treatment of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: From Bench to Bedside

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/9/8062

  Bempedoic acid, a long-chain tetramethyl-substituted keto diacid, is a once-a-day peroral hypolipidemic drug of promising potential. […] Early studies demonstrated that bempedoic acid leads to reduction in serum LDL-C levels by increasing LDL-C receptor expression, improvement in hepatic lipids metabolism and glycemic control, reduction in body weight, and attenuation of atherosclerosis. […] The promising safety and efficacy results of the CLEAR Outcomes trial will probably position bempedoic acid side to side with statins and other lipid-lowering drugs used in ASCVD management. […] The well-known tale of the role of omega-3 fatty acids and fish oil in ASCVD prevention is largely based on epidemiological observations made among Greenlandic Inuit people and in which marked triglyceride reduction was observed. […] The mechanisms underlying the obvious improvement in outcomes are not completely clear. […] Overall, the discrepant results in omega-3 benefits lead us to the conclusion that further data are needed before recommending omega-3s for ASCVD prevention and treatment, though the safety profile of omega-3 fatty acids allow us to support of their use in the general population despite a lack of clear benefit.

• #1 Atherosclerosis natural treatments and home remedies

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/atherosclerosis-natural-treatments

  It may be possible to treat atherosclerosis with natural remedies. These include consuming more omega-3 fatty acids, following the Mediterranean diet, getting enough physical activity, and more. […] Treatments are available to reduce atherosclerosis and prevent complications. […] Sometimes, treatment for atherosclerosis may include medication or a procedure to unblock the arteries. However, some people may benefit from natural treatments and home remedies. […] A 2020 review paper suggests that omega-3 fatty acids may stabilize vulnerable atherosclerosis plaque, reducing rupture. In some instances, it may help reverse atherosclerosis. […] Some evidence suggests it may regulate certain signaling molecules to reduce the development and progression of atherosclerosis. […] Research from 2021 involving a randomized controlled trial found that a Mediterranean diet high in extra virgin olive oil decreased atherosclerosis progression better than a low fat diet.

• #1 Arteriosclerosis Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/arteriosclerosis

  Treatment for arteriosclerosis includes a healthy diet, exercise and medication to control or possibly reverse your condition. If enlarged blood vessels have been diagnosed, our goal is to develop an individualized treatment plan so blood clots do not form. […] Medications to treat arteriosclerosis are prescribed based on the location of your enlarged blood vessels and other underlying conditions you may have. Arteriosclerosis treatment medications include: […] Cholesterol medications can protect your heart arteries. […] Aspirin can prevent platelets from forming blood clots. […] Beta blocker medications can reduce your blood pressure and heart rate and diminish chest pains, the risk of heart attack and irregular heart rhythm. […] Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors can lower blood pressure and lower the possibility of heart attack.

• #1 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575

  Medicines to lower blood pressure don’t help reverse atherosclerosis. Instead they prevent or treat complications related to the disease. […] If atherosclerosis causes a severe blockage in an artery, you may need a procedure or surgery to treat it. […] Surgery or procedures for atherosclerosis may include: […] Angioplasty and stent placement, also called percutaneous coronary intervention. This treatment helps open a clogged or blocked artery. […] Endarterectomy. This is surgery to remove fatty buildup from the walls of a narrowed artery. […] Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. A surgeon takes a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body to create a new path for blood in the heart.

• #1 Atherosclerosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers inhibit the contributions of angiotensin to endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. […] PCSK9 inhibitors are monoclonal antibodies that keep PCSK9 from attaching to LDL receptors, leading to increased recycling of these receptors to the plasma membrane leading to further clearance of plasma LDL cholesterol to the liver.

• #1 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Preventive Strategies, Treatment of Low HDL levels and High Triglyceride levels in Patients With Diabetes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-treatment

  The addition of DAPT to oral anticoagulation therapy increases the risk of bleeding complications by twofold to threefold. […] A number of agents have proven helpful for the treatment of angina. These include beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, nitrates, and ranolazine. […] Beta-blockers reduce heart rate and contractility; this can decrease myocardial oxygen demand and thus prevent or relieve angina in patients with CAD. […] Calcium-channel blockers prevent calcium entry into vascular smooth muscle cells and myocytes, which leads to coronary and peripheral vasodilatation, decreased atrioventricular (AV) conduction, and reduced contractility. […] Nitrates are effective in the treatment of acute anginal symptoms. […] Ranolazine is a novel antianginal agent believed to relieve ischemia by reducing myocardial cellular sodium and calcium overload via inhibition of the late sodium current of the cardiac action potential.

• #1 Arteriosclerosis Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/arteriosclerosis

  Calcium channel blockers and diuretics (water pills) can reduce blood pressure. […] A clot-busting drug may dissolve blood clots. Your physician may also prescribe other medications, based on your needs. […] It is imperative that you monitor your blood pressure and take medications daily as prescribed to lower the possibility of complications.

• #1 Atherosclerosis

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/diseases-conditions/atherosclerosis/

  There are several options to treat this disease, including lifestyle changes, medications and medical or surgical procedures. […] Avoid alcohol. […] Avoid smoking. […] Eat a heart-healthy diet. […] Exercise under the directions of your doctor. […] If you’re overweight, talk to your doctor about weight loss options. […] Manage stress. […] Make and keep appointments to see your doctor for routine checkups and follow-up tests. […] Statins will help reduce the level of cholesterol in the blood. […] Anticoagulants blood-thinners will help treat, prevent, and reduce blood clotting. […] Beta blockers will help reduce your blood pressure. […] Blood sugar medications will help regulate your blood glucose levels. […] Anti-inflammatory medications will help reduce inflammation and relief pain. […] Angioplasty […] Atherectomy […] Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) […] Endarterectomy.

• #1 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/PeterAttia/comments/1fsxz3g/how_to_reverse_atherosclerosis_strategies_for/

  There is some data regarding Omega-3 fatty Acid treatment and the reduction of atherosclerotic plaque volume in individuals with and without elevated triglycerides. […] While several classes of blood pressure lowering medications have demonstrated the ability to achieve plaque stabilization, the ability to induce regression of atherosclerotic plaque has been most clearly demonstrated in trials evaluating Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs). […] In prospective cohort studies, Colchicine, a prescription medication with anti-inflammatory properties, has been associated with reduction in atherosclerotic plaque volume and reduced levels of inflammation. […] Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists have been demonstrated to achieve atherosclerotic plaque regression in mice and rabbit subjects, but their ability to reverse atherosclerosis in human subjects has not yet been evaluated.

• #1 Atherosclerosis. Symptoms, types, diagnosis and treatment. Clínica Universidad de Navarra

  https://www.cun.es/en/diseases-treatments/diseases/atherosclerosis

  „They are used in approximately 96% of angioplasties.” […] „Pharmaceutical stents: This is the most advanced material for treating ischemic heart disease. It provides excellent results and its success lies in the reduction of the rate of restenosis (the reproduction of the narrowing of the artery).” […] „Metal stents: no drugs are incorporated to prevent tissue growth.”

• #1 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/

  Sometimes more aggressive treatment is needed to treat atherosclerosis. If you have severe symptoms or a blockage, your doctor may recommend one of the following surgical procedures: […] Angioplasty and stent placement. This procedure — also called percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) — helps open a clogged or blocked artery. […] Endarterectomy. Sometimes, plaque buildup must be surgically removed from the walls of a narrowed artery. […] Fibrinolytic therapy. If you have an artery that’s blocked by a blood clot, your doctor may use a clot-dissolving drug to break it apart. […] Coronary artery bypass surgery. During this type of open-heart surgery, your doctor takes a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body to create a bypass around the blocked artery, redirecting blood flow.

• #1 Atherosclerosis Treatment Options | Temple Health

  https://www.templehealth.org/services/conditions/atherosclerosis/treatment-options

  The goal of atherosclerosis treatment is to slow (or possibly reverse) its progression and prevent serious consequences such as heart attack or stroke. […] More serious cases may require an interventional procedure using a catheter or surgery. […] There are several types of medications that can help prevent and manage atherosclerosis. […] If you have a large amount of plaque blocking the blood flow in your arteries, an interventional procedure or surgery may be necessary to clear it. Examples of these procedures/surgeries include: […] Balloon angioplasty is used to open blocked coronary vessels. […] Atherectomy is a blade or laser that is used in combination with a catheter to clear out plaque build-up in a blood vessel. […] Bypass surgery is a common approach that surgeons use to create new routes through which blood can flow around blocked or narrowed arteries. […] Endarterectomy is a surgical procedure that removes plaque build-up from artery walls.

• #1 Therapeutic Strategies and Chemoprevention of Atherosclerosis: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9025701/

  There is a need for effective preventive strategies and better therapeutic options for atherosclerosis. […] This review discusses mechanisms, clinical efficacy and limitations and current evidence for atherosclerosis therapy starting from classical pharmacotherapy (statins, fibrates and cholesterol absorption inhibitors) to emerging therapies (antibody-based therapeutics, cytokine-targeting therapy, antisense oligonucleotides, photodynamic therapy and theranostics). […] Future perspectives on the preventive and therapeutic management of atherosclerosis and the design of tailored treatments are outlined. […] Currently available anti-atherosclerotic pharmacotherapy includes mainly lipid-lowering agents, namely statins, fibrates, cholesterol-absorption inhibitors and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK-9) inhibitors.

• #1 Therapeutic strategies targeting inflammation and immunity in atherosclerosis: how to proceed? | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-021-00668-4

  Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall, characterized by the formation of plaques containing lipid, connective tissue and immune cells in the intima of large and medium-sized arteries. […] Clinical trials assessing canakinumab and colchicine therapies in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease have provided proof-of-principle of the benefits associated with therapeutic targeting of the immune system in atherosclerosis. […] The immunosuppressive adverse effects associated with the systemic use of anti-inflammatory drugs can be minimized through targeted delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs to the atherosclerotic plaque, defining the window of opportunity for treatment and identifying more specific targets for cardiovascular inflammation. […] Implementing immunophenotyping in clinical trials in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease will allow the identification of immune signatures and the selection of patients with the highest probability of deriving benefit from a specific therapy. […] Clinical stratification via novel risk factors and discovery of new surrogate markers of vascular inflammation are crucial for identifying new immunotherapeutic targets and their successful translation into the clinic.

• #1 New treatment of atherosclerosis may reduce the risk of a heart attack | Faculty of Medicine, Lund University

  https://www.medicine.lu.se/article/new-treatment-atherosclerosis-may-reduce-risk-heart-attack

  A treatment that has reduced plaque development in animals has now been tested in people with psoriasis. […] The researchers saw a reduced inflammation of the coronary arteries in participants with a high degree of inflammation who received Orticumab. […] The pilot study showed that treatment with the antibody reduced the predicted risk of dying from a heart attack with 50 percent in the group with a high degree of coronary inflammation. […] If the results can be confirmed in larger studies, the treatment may for example be given in the form of injections to patients who are at risk of developing a new heart attack. […] Therefore, vascular inflammation caused by oxidised LDL is considered to be a particularly important factor in the development of cardiovascular disease in people with diabetes.

• #1 Nanotechnology, a new paradigm in atherosclerosis treatment | Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-clinica-e-investigacion-arteriosclerosis-english-415-articulo-nanotechnology-new-paradigm-in-atherosclerosis-S2529912317000584

  Nanomedicine also has the potential to improve the effectiveness of therapeutic and diagnostic agents, while minimising toxicity and harmful side effects for patients. […] More specifically, a recent study investigated the therapeutic potential of annexin 1-loaded nanoparticles (with anti-inflammatory properties) on atherosclerotic mice. […] Based on these findings, the authors concluded that nanoparticles can be used to carry active substances with specific anti-inflammatory agents and thus stabilise atherosclerotic lesions. […] Another interesting application of nanomedicine with regard to the treatment of cardiovascular diseases is related to the solution that nanotechnology offers in the prevention of complications associated with the use of vascular stents. […] The proposed hybrid stent, with biodegradable acetylsalicylic acid-loaded nanofibres substantially contributed to local, sustained delivery of drugs to promote re-endothelialisation and reduce thrombogenicity in the injured artery.

• #1 An atherosclerotic plaque-targeted single-chain antibody for MR/NIR-II imaging of atherosclerosis and anti-atherosclerosis therapy | Journal of Nanobiotechnology | Full Text

  https://jnanobiotechnology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12951-021-01047-4

  Oxidation-specific epitopes (OSEs) are rich in atherosclerotic plaques. The purpose of this study was to develop novel human single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody specific to OSEs to image and inhibit atherosclerosis. […] ASA6 can also inhibit the uptake of Ox-LDL into macrophage to reduce macrophage apoptosis. The atherosclerotic lesion area of ApoE/ mice administrated with ASA6 antibody was significantly reduced. […] Together, these data demonstrate the potential of ASA6 antibody in targeted therapy and noninvasive imaging for atherosclerosis. […] Previous studies showed that specific antibodies recognizing OSEs can inactive Ox-LDL and block the uptake by macrophages, resulting in reducing foam cell formation and atherosclerosis progression. […] The inhibition of Ox-LDL induced apoptosis by ASA6 was evaluated by the TUNEL assay.

• #1 Photodynamic Therapy for Atherosclerosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/4/1958

  The mechanism of PDT in atherosclerosis unfolds as a symphony of precision and selectivity. From the strategic deployment of photosensitizers to the choreography of ROS-induced cellular ablation and controlled inflammation, PDT navigates the complexities of atherosclerosis with finesse. As research progresses, the unraveling of these intricate processes promises to illuminate the path forward in the quest for effective and targeted atherosclerosis treatment. The key advantage of PDT lies in its ability to selectively target atherosclerotic lesions while sparing healthy tissues. This makes it a promising strategy for plaque-specific intervention. While preclinical studies have demonstrated encouraging results, ongoing research and clinical trials are necessary to further refine the technique, optimize treatment protocols, and evaluate long-term safety and efficacy. The potential of PDT in combination with other therapeutic modalities adds to its versatility, offering a novel avenue for addressing atherosclerosis and its associated cardiovascular risks.

• #1 Treatment of atherosclerosis: innovative methods – MedTour

  https://medtour.help/disease/treatment-of-atherosclerosis-innovative-methods/

  Treatment for atherosclerosis includes lifestyle changes (diet, exercise, quitting smoking and drinking alcohol), as well as taking medications. […] Surgical treatment of atherosclerosis is indicated in severe cases, when the plaque completely or almost completely blocks the lumen of the artery. In this case, operations such as bypass surgery or atherectomy (plaque removal) are performed. […] Recently, new therapies have emerged. Regenerative stem cell therapy has shown impressive results in not only reducing symptoms, but also in eliminating the cause of the disease. […] Cell therapy represents an innovative approach to the treatment of this serious vascular pathology. […] Given these properties, mesenchymal stem cells are considered a promising alternative therapeutic option for the effective treatment of atherosclerosis.

• #1 Treatment of atherosclerosis: innovative methods – MedTour

  https://medtour.help/disease/treatment-of-atherosclerosis-innovative-methods/

  Regenerative therapy allows stem cells to deliver to the target area and start the recovery process. […] The therapeutic use of MSCs increases the stability of plaques and reduces the risk of a severe outcome of the disease. […] Thus, modern methods of treating atherosclerosis with stem cells make it possible to influence the mechanisms that underlie the development of this disease.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42452-024-06113-8

  NPs were utilized as early as the fourth century AD by the Romans, showcasing one of the earliest instances of nanotechnology. The utilization of NPs offers potential solutions to overcome the aforementioned hurdles and enhance the benefits of cell therapy. This is achieved through various mechanisms, including gene delivery to stem cells, improved stem cell retention, facilitation of the proangiogenic effects of stem cells, and mimicking the extracellular environment. […] The potential of MSCs in the treatment of AS has been demonstrated, but their effectiveness may be limited by their inability to stabilize and engraft at the site of injury. NPs have been explored as a method to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs in AS. This is achieved by improving their localization and retention within the arterial wall, as well as promoting MSC differentiation into smooth muscle cells and ECs. This strategy has been shown to improve the migration and retention of MSCs in the arterial wall in an animal model of AS.

• #1 Atherosclerosis Treatment Algorithms for Heart Disease Evaluation

  https://cleerlyhealth.com/blog/atherosclerosis-treatment-algorithms

  Quantification of coronary artery disease (CAD) burden and atherosclerotic plaque type has been shown to be the strongest determinant of future risk of major adverse cardiac events (MACE). […] Instead, treatment decisions have been all too often based on indirect markers of atherosclerosis. […] In a recent expert consensus paper in The American Journal of Medicine, the Innovations in Prevention Working Group of the American College of Cardiology has introduced the Atherosclerosis Treatment Algorithms. These algorithms provide personalized recommendations for medical interventions based on the combination of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) quantification of atherosclerotic plaque burden and traditional cardiovascular risk factors from existing clinical guidelines. […] The Atherosclerosis Treatment Algorithms use an atherosclerosis staging system for classifying disease by disease burden, published for the first time earlier this year.

• #1 Atherosclerosis – Treatment | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis/treatment

  You may need a procedure, heart surgery, or another type of surgery to treat disease resulting from plaque buildup or to lower your risk of complications of atherosclerosis. […] Studies suggest that it is possible to reverse or cure atherosclerosis, especially in its early stages. Normal function and structure of blood vessels can be restored in some people by controlling the main risk factors for atherosclerosis (smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, and high blood cholesterol) and taking medicines to achieve very low levels of „bad” LDL cholesterol.

• #2 Atherosclerosis – Treatment | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis/treatment

  You may need a procedure, heart surgery, or another type of surgery to treat disease resulting from plaque buildup or to lower your risk of complications of atherosclerosis. […] Studies suggest that it is possible to reverse or cure atherosclerosis, especially in its early stages. Normal function and structure of blood vessels can be restored in some people by controlling the main risk factors for atherosclerosis (smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, and high blood cholesterol) and taking medicines to achieve very low levels of „bad” LDL cholesterol.

• #2 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16753-atherosclerosis-arterial-disease

  Atherosclerosis treatment includes lifestyle changes, medications, procedures or surgeries. Depending on the location of your atherosclerosis, you may see a cardiologist (heart), nephrologist (kidneys), neurologist (brain and spine) or vascular surgeon (blood vessels). […] Your healthcare providers will develop a plan based on your needs. Common treatment goals include: lowering your risk of blood clots, preventing complications like a heart attack or stroke, easing symptoms, helping you develop patterns of eating that support your heart and blood vessels, slowing or stopping plaque buildup in your arteries, improving blood flow by widening your arteries or bypassing (avoiding) blockages. […] Lifestyle changes may lower your risk of complications. Your provider will create a plan specific to your needs. General tips include: avoid all tobacco products (including smoking and vaping), follow a heart-healthy eating plan like the Mediterranean diet, build physical activity into your daily routine.

• #2 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/atherosclerosis

  Helpful lifestyle changes to slow down atherosclerosis may include eating a heart-healthy diet that’s low in saturated fats and cholesterol, avoiding fatty foods, getting at least 75 minutes of vigorous exercise or 150 minutes of moderate exercise each week, quitting smoking if you use tobacco, managing your weight, managing stress, and treating conditions associated with atherosclerosis, such as hypertension, high cholesterol, sleep apnea, obesity, and diabetes. […] However, lifestyle changes, medications, and sometimes surgery may slow down its progression and prevent complications.

• #2 Atherosclerosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  Several changes are beneficial: Less saturated fat, No trans fats, Fewer refined carbohydrates, More fruits and vegetables, More fiber, Moderate (if any) alcohol. […] Regular physical activity (eg, 30 to 45 minutes of walking, running, swimming, or cycling 3 to 5 times a week) reduces incidence of some risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes), coronary artery disease (eg, myocardial infarction), and death attributable to atherosclerosis in patients with and without previous ischemic events. […] Oral antiplatelet drugs are essential because most complications result from plaque fissure or rupture, leading to platelet activation and thrombosis. […] Statins primarily lower LDL cholesterol. Other potential beneficial effects include enhanced endothelial nitric oxide production, stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques, reduced lipid accumulation in the arterial wall, and regression of plaques.

• #2 Atherosclerosis Vs. Arteriosclerosis: What’s The Difference?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/atherosclerosis-vs-arteriosclerosis

  The treatment for atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis is similar. […] It primarily involves healthy lifestyle habits that support the health and function of your arteries. […] Staying active: Exercise treats both conditions by improving endothelial function, inflammation, and arterial elasticity. Its recommended to exercise 90 to 150 minutes per week. […] Eating heart-healthy foods: A heart-healthy diet is rich in monounsaturated fats, fruits, vegetables, and fiber. Its also low in salt and saturated fat. […] Quitting cigarette smoking: If you smoke, quitting will help improve the health and function of your arteries. Its also important to avoid secondhand smoke. Quitting is often difficult, but a doctor can help create a plan that works for you. […] Limiting alcohol: If you consume alcohol, drinking less will help. The recommendation for men and women is two and one drinks per day, respectively.

• #2 Atherosclerosis | Arteriosclerosis | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/atherosclerosis.html

  Procedures or surgeries to treat diseases or complications that were caused by plaque buildup. The specific type of procedure or surgery will depend on which arteries are affected. […] Cardiac rehabilitation, if you have had certain complications from atherosclerosis. […] There are steps you can take to try to prevent atherosclerosis: […] Choose heart-healthy foods, such fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Limit foods that are high in saturated fats, salt, and added sugars. […] Do regular physical activity. […] Aim for a healthy weight. […] Limit how much alcohol you drink. […] Manage stress. […] If you smoke, quit smoking. […] Avoid secondhand smoke. […] Get enough good-quality sleep.

• #2 Atherosclerosis Vs. Arteriosclerosis: What’s The Difference?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/atherosclerosis-vs-arteriosclerosis

  Managing stress: Practicing stress management will improve your blood pressure and heart health. […] Taking prescription medication: If atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis leads to high cholesterol or high blood pressure, a doctor might prescribe medication. […] Get enough sleep: Sleep is essential for overall physical health. Its recommended to get 7 to 9 hours of sleep each night. […] Its possible to reverse atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis before they lead to more serious conditions. […] In both cases, it will involve healthy lifestyle habits and medication. These treatments will help lower plaque and inflammation in the arteries. […] When managed properly, atherosclerosis can be reversed within 1 or 2 years. […] If atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis have progressed to chronic disease, you many need surgery. The procedure depends on the disease and arteries affected. […] Examples include: percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting, carotid endarterectomy, angioplasty.

• #2 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis

  Treatment of atherosclerosis may include: […] Lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet and getting more exercise. […] For some people, lifestyle changes may be the only treatment needed for atherosclerosis. […] Many different medicines can slow or even reverse the effects of atherosclerosis. Medicines to treat atherosclerosis may include: […] Statins and other cholesterol medicines. These medicines can help lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, also called the „bad” cholesterol. The medicines also can reduce plaque buildup. Some cholesterol medicines even can reverse the buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries. […] Aspirin helps thin the blood and prevent blood clots. Daily low-dose aspirin therapy may be recommended for the primary prevention of heart attack or stroke in certain people.

• #2 Therapeutic Strategies and Chemoprevention of Atherosclerosis: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9025701/

  Statins are the most-commonly prescribed drugs, being first-line therapy for atherosclerosis and clinical management of the cardiovascular risk. […] The atheroprotective activity of statins involves both potent LDLc-lowering properties and multiple non-lipid-related pleiotropic effects, including enhancement of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, alleviation of endothelial dysfunction, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antioxidant abilities, stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques and inhibition of cardiac hypertrophy. […] Fibrates are considered an effective therapeutic strategy in patients with moderate to high residual cardiovascular risk, mainly those with hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) values. […] Ezetimibe is the commonly used drug of this type.

• #2 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Preventive Strategies, Treatment of Low HDL levels and High Triglyceride levels in Patients With Diabetes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-treatment

  A combination of low HDL levels and high triglyceride levels is frequently encountered in patients with diabetes and is often referred to as atherogenic dyslipidemia. […] Additional follow-up and analysis of the Veterans Affairs HDL Intervention Trial (VA-HIT) indicated that treatment with gemfibrozil versus placebo resulted in a 32% reduction in major cardiovascular events and a 41% reduction in CHD deaths. […] ACE inhibitors are effective blood pressure-reducing agents and affect the heart and vasculature through direct and other mechanisms. […] The 2007 ACC/AHA guidelines recommend that after an ACS, all patients should receive dual antiplatelet therapy, ideally for 12 months, followed by lifelong aspirin therapy. […] The latest advice in this controversial area advocates a personalized-medicine approach based on ischemic versus bleeding risks, where each treatment and its duration is individualized as much as possible.

• #2 Atherosclerosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers inhibit the contributions of angiotensin to endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. […] PCSK9 inhibitors are monoclonal antibodies that keep PCSK9 from attaching to LDL receptors, leading to increased recycling of these receptors to the plasma membrane leading to further clearance of plasma LDL cholesterol to the liver.

• #2 Emerging Therapies for the Treatment of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: From Bench to Bedside

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/9/8062

  Statins are viewed as fundamentals of dyslipidemia management. However, their use is burdened by adverse events (and more commonly the fear of adverse events), most commonly statin-associated myopathy. In addition, in a number of cases, statins do not reduce cholesterol sufficiently, despite treatment with maximally tolerated statin doses. According to the contemporary guidelines issued by different professional societies worldwide, in these cases, it is advised to use ezetimibe and PCSK9 inhibitors. […] Ezetimibe monotherapy has shown promising results in the management of dyslipidemia. Moreover, ezetimibe as an add-on therapy to statin, after three months of treatment, has displayed significant additional LDL-C lowering of 13–20%. […] The effectiveness of PCSK9 inhibitors in terms of lipid lowering and the improvement of ASCVD outcomes is supported by an abundance of data. PCSK9 inhibitors such as evolocumab and alirocumab have been shown to reduce LDL-C by 43–64% as add-on statin therapy. […]

• #2 Emerging Therapies for the Treatment of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: From Bench to Bedside

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/9/8062

  Bempedoic acid, a long-chain tetramethyl-substituted keto diacid, is a once-a-day peroral hypolipidemic drug of promising potential. […] Early studies demonstrated that bempedoic acid leads to reduction in serum LDL-C levels by increasing LDL-C receptor expression, improvement in hepatic lipids metabolism and glycemic control, reduction in body weight, and attenuation of atherosclerosis. […] The promising safety and efficacy results of the CLEAR Outcomes trial will probably position bempedoic acid side to side with statins and other lipid-lowering drugs used in ASCVD management. […] The well-known tale of the role of omega-3 fatty acids and fish oil in ASCVD prevention is largely based on epidemiological observations made among Greenlandic Inuit people and in which marked triglyceride reduction was observed. […] The mechanisms underlying the obvious improvement in outcomes are not completely clear. […] Overall, the discrepant results in omega-3 benefits lead us to the conclusion that further data are needed before recommending omega-3s for ASCVD prevention and treatment, though the safety profile of omega-3 fatty acids allow us to support of their use in the general population despite a lack of clear benefit.

• #2 Arteriosclerosis Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/arteriosclerosis

  Calcium channel blockers and diuretics (water pills) can reduce blood pressure. […] A clot-busting drug may dissolve blood clots. Your physician may also prescribe other medications, based on your needs. […] It is imperative that you monitor your blood pressure and take medications daily as prescribed to lower the possibility of complications.

• #2 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis

  Medicines to lower blood pressure don’t help reverse atherosclerosis. Instead they prevent or treat complications related to the disease. […] If atherosclerosis causes a severe blockage in an artery, you may need a procedure or surgery to treat it. […] Surgery or procedures for atherosclerosis may include: […] Angioplasty and stent placement, also called percutaneous coronary intervention. This treatment helps open a clogged or blocked artery. […] Endarterectomy. This is surgery to remove fatty buildup from the walls of a narrowed artery. […] Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. A surgeon takes a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body to create a new path for blood in the heart. […] Lifestyle changes can help keep the arteries healthy. They also can prevent or slow atherosclerosis. […] Talk to your healthcare professional before adding supplements to your atherosclerosis treatment. Some supplements change the way medicines for atherosclerosis work. This could cause harmful side effects.

• #2 Arteriosclerosis Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/arteriosclerosis

  Treatment for arteriosclerosis includes a healthy diet, exercise and medication to control or possibly reverse your condition. If enlarged blood vessels have been diagnosed, our goal is to develop an individualized treatment plan so blood clots do not form. […] Medications to treat arteriosclerosis are prescribed based on the location of your enlarged blood vessels and other underlying conditions you may have. Arteriosclerosis treatment medications include: […] Cholesterol medications can protect your heart arteries. […] Aspirin can prevent platelets from forming blood clots. […] Beta blocker medications can reduce your blood pressure and heart rate and diminish chest pains, the risk of heart attack and irregular heart rhythm. […] Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors can lower blood pressure and lower the possibility of heart attack.

• #2 Arteriosclerosis vs. Atherosclerosis: Signs and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/difference-between-atherosclerosis-arteriosclerosis

  What Is the Treatment for Arteriosclerosis? Depending on the kind and severity of your condition, your doctor may recommend lifestyle changes such as: Regular exercise, Eating a healthier diet low in sugar, fat, and sodium, Keeping a healthy weight, Stopping smoking, Drinking less alcohol. They may also recommend medications that include: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or ACE inhibitors, Beta-blockers, Diuretics, Calcium channel blockers, Vasodilators. […] What Is the Treatment for Atherosclerosis? Atherosclerosis treatment includes lifestyle and dietary changes similar to those for arteriosclerosis. Your doctor may prescribe medications as well as some surgical or nonsurgical procedures. Medications. Depending on your health, your doctor will prescribe cholesterol-lowering medications as well as blood thinners to prevent blood clots and medications to lower your blood pressure. Angioplasty. A common atherosclerosis treatment is a coronary angioplasty with or without a stent. In this procedure, your surgeon inserts a catheter with a balloon on the end into your artery to open it up. Sometimes, a metal coil called a stent is placed in your artery to support the arterial walls and help keep them open. Bypass surgery. If you have severe coronary artery blockages, you might need coronary artery bypass surgery. A piece of artery from your leg will be added to your hearts arterial network in order to create a new clear and strong artery for the blood to flow through.

• #2 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/PeterAttia/comments/1fsxz3g/how_to_reverse_atherosclerosis_strategies_for/

  There is some data regarding Omega-3 fatty Acid treatment and the reduction of atherosclerotic plaque volume in individuals with and without elevated triglycerides. […] While several classes of blood pressure lowering medications have demonstrated the ability to achieve plaque stabilization, the ability to induce regression of atherosclerotic plaque has been most clearly demonstrated in trials evaluating Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs). […] In prospective cohort studies, Colchicine, a prescription medication with anti-inflammatory properties, has been associated with reduction in atherosclerotic plaque volume and reduced levels of inflammation. […] Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists have been demonstrated to achieve atherosclerotic plaque regression in mice and rabbit subjects, but their ability to reverse atherosclerosis in human subjects has not yet been evaluated.

• #2 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/PeterAttia/comments/1fsxz3g/how_to_reverse_atherosclerosis_strategies_for/

  In addition to statin and PCSK9 inhibitor therapy, Ezetimibe is another commonly utilized prescription medication for the targeted lowering of LDL-C, ApoB, and cardiovascular disease. […] Clinical trials have demonstrated the ability of several blood pressure lowering medications to reduce cardiovascular disease. […] While Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors were initially developed for the treatment of diabetes, there is emerging evidence to suggest that these medications may contribute to atherosclerotic plaque regression. […] Colchicine, a prescription medication with anti-inflammatory properties, has demonstrated potential utility in its ability to achieve atherosclerotic plaque regression and stabilization in human subjects. […] While we await scientific investigation to test this possibility, GLP-1 Receptor Agonists have been demonstrated to reduce atherosclerotic plaque size and improved plaque stability in insulin-resistant mice.

• #2 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-is-atherosclerosis

  Your doctor can use more invasive techniques to open blockages from atherosclerosis or go around them: […] Angiography and stenting: Your doctor puts a thin tube into an artery in your leg or arm to get to diseased arteries. Blockages are visible on a live X-ray screen. Angioplasty (using a catheter with a balloon tip) and stenting can often open a blocked artery. Stenting helps ease symptoms, but it does not prevent heart attacks. […] Bypass surgery: Your doctor takes a healthy blood vessel, often from your leg or chest, and uses it to go around a blocked segment. […] Endarterectomy: Your doctor goes into the arteries in your neck to remove plaque and restore blood flow. They also may place a stent in higher-risk patients. […] Fibrinolytic therapy: A drug dissolves a blood clot that’s blocking your artery.

• #2 Nanotechnology, a new paradigm in atherosclerosis treatment | Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-clinica-e-investigacion-arteriosclerosis-english-415-articulo-nanotechnology-new-paradigm-in-atherosclerosis-S2529912317000584

  Nanomedicine also has the potential to improve the effectiveness of therapeutic and diagnostic agents, while minimising toxicity and harmful side effects for patients. […] More specifically, a recent study investigated the therapeutic potential of annexin 1-loaded nanoparticles (with anti-inflammatory properties) on atherosclerotic mice. […] Based on these findings, the authors concluded that nanoparticles can be used to carry active substances with specific anti-inflammatory agents and thus stabilise atherosclerotic lesions. […] Another interesting application of nanomedicine with regard to the treatment of cardiovascular diseases is related to the solution that nanotechnology offers in the prevention of complications associated with the use of vascular stents. […] The proposed hybrid stent, with biodegradable acetylsalicylic acid-loaded nanofibres substantially contributed to local, sustained delivery of drugs to promote re-endothelialisation and reduce thrombogenicity in the injured artery.

• #2 Atherosclerosis

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/diseases-conditions/atherosclerosis/

  There are several options to treat this disease, including lifestyle changes, medications and medical or surgical procedures. […] Avoid alcohol. […] Avoid smoking. […] Eat a heart-healthy diet. […] Exercise under the directions of your doctor. […] If you’re overweight, talk to your doctor about weight loss options. […] Manage stress. […] Make and keep appointments to see your doctor for routine checkups and follow-up tests. […] Statins will help reduce the level of cholesterol in the blood. […] Anticoagulants blood-thinners will help treat, prevent, and reduce blood clotting. […] Beta blockers will help reduce your blood pressure. […] Blood sugar medications will help regulate your blood glucose levels. […] Anti-inflammatory medications will help reduce inflammation and relief pain. […] Angioplasty […] Atherectomy […] Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) […] Endarterectomy.

• #2 Therapeutic Strategies and Chemoprevention of Atherosclerosis: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9025701/

  PCSK-9 is another relevant cholesterol-lowering target that is involved in the regulation of LDL receptors. […] Cytokine-targeting therapy was developed as promising new avenues to treat this pathology. […] The most-investigated inflammatory targets have been IL-1, IL-6, CRP, TNF- and IFN-, and the promising therapeutics are presented below. […] Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging minimally invasive procedure used to treat various oncologic, infectious and non-oncologic diseases. […] In recent years, PDT has attracted attention as an interesting therapeutic option in atherosclerosis. […] Theranostics constitute an innovative strategy integrating diagnosis and therapy in a single delivery agent. […] The establishment of chemopreventive strategies in atherosclerosis is also of paramount importance since prophylaxis is more beneficial than trying to reduce atherosclerotic lesions and plaque. […] The design of personalized treatments based on the concept of so-called network medicine that includes the analysis and integration of genetic, metabolic and epigenetic factors has been suggested as a more effective and appropriate therapeutic strategy in atherosclerosis.

• #2 Therapeutic strategies targeting inflammation and immunity in atherosclerosis: how to proceed? | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-021-00668-4

  Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall, characterized by the formation of plaques containing lipid, connective tissue and immune cells in the intima of large and medium-sized arteries. […] Clinical trials assessing canakinumab and colchicine therapies in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease have provided proof-of-principle of the benefits associated with therapeutic targeting of the immune system in atherosclerosis. […] The immunosuppressive adverse effects associated with the systemic use of anti-inflammatory drugs can be minimized through targeted delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs to the atherosclerotic plaque, defining the window of opportunity for treatment and identifying more specific targets for cardiovascular inflammation. […] Implementing immunophenotyping in clinical trials in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease will allow the identification of immune signatures and the selection of patients with the highest probability of deriving benefit from a specific therapy. […] Clinical stratification via novel risk factors and discovery of new surrogate markers of vascular inflammation are crucial for identifying new immunotherapeutic targets and their successful translation into the clinic.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Surgeries-and-Procedures-for-Atherosclerosis.aspx

  Surgeries and procedures for atherosclerosis include Angioplasty, Stent placement, Coronary Artery Bypass surgery, Carotid artery surgery and Atherectomy. Such procedures may involve the use of medical devices such as stent and drug-eluting stent or a cardiac angioplasty or atherectomy device. […] Angioplasty is a procedure to open blocked or narrowed coronary (heart) arteries and can improve the blood flow to the heart, relieve chest pain, and possibly prevent a heart attack. Sometimes a small mesh tube called a stent is placed in the artery to keep it open after the procedure. […] Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is a type of surgery – where arteries or veins from other areas in the body are used to bypass the narrowed coronary arteries. CABG can improve blood flow to your heart, relieve chest pain, and possibly prevent a heart attack. […] Carotid artery surgery removes plaque build-up from the carotid arteries in the neck, opens the arteries and improves blood flow to the brain. Carotid artery surgery can help prevent a stroke.

• #2 An atherosclerotic plaque-targeted single-chain antibody for MR/NIR-II imaging of atherosclerosis and anti-atherosclerosis therapy | Journal of Nanobiotechnology | Full Text

  https://jnanobiotechnology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12951-021-01047-4

  The anti-atherosclerotic protective effect of ASA6 in vivo was also evaluated. […] These results demonstrated ASA6 antibody can inhibit the uptake of Ox-LDL by macrophages, and attenuate Ox-LDL induced cell apoptosis to produce anti-atherosclerotic effect and decrease the lesion area. […] Our data support that ASA6 antibody binds to oxidation-specific epitopes (OSEs) which are present on Ox-LDL and human atherosclerotic lesions. […] The inhibition of ASA6 to Ox-LDL was achieved by binding to OSEs on Ox-LDL other than by interfering with macrophage SRs function. […] Taken together, ASA6 can decrease the macrophage intracellular lipid accumulation by directly blocking Ox-LDL uptake and decreasing plasma LDL and CHO level. […] The changes in intracellular metabolic pathways can alter the function of highly plastic cells, such as macrophages, which is known as immunometabolism.

• #2 Photodynamic Therapy for Atherosclerosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/4/1958

  Atherosclerosis treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications to control risk factors, and in some cases, interventional procedures or surgery. Lifestyle modifications include a heart-healthy diet, exercise, and smoking cessation. Medications such as statins, antiplatelet agents, and antihypertensives are commonly prescribed […] Emerging therapies include immunotherapy, gene therapy, and innovative approaches like photodynamic therapy. Treatment is tailored based on individual factors, emphasizing the importance of regular monitoring and adherence to minimize complications. […] Cardiovascular diseases, particularly atherosclerosis, stand as formidable challenges to global health. In the ongoing quest for effective interventions, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a beacon of hope, leveraging light-sensitive compounds to selectively target and stabilize atherosclerotic plaques. The journey commences with the strategic administration of a photosensitizer, a molecular envoy designed with precision to selectively accumulate within atherosclerotic plaques. The photosensitizer’s choice hinges on its ability to distinguish between diseased and healthy tissues, marking the first step in PDT’s tailored approach. The photosensitizer’s trajectory is guided by the distinct characteristics of atherosclerotic plaques, such as increased vascular permeability […] The activation of the photosensitizer by light propels it into an excited state, setting the stage for the cascade of events that define PDT’s therapeutic prowess. In this excited state, the photosensitizer transforms into a molecular alchemist, engaging in a dance with molecular oxygen. This intricate interplay results in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), notably singlet oxygen. These ROS are the molecular architects of PDT, orchestrating the targeted cellular destruction that defines its mechanism. The unleashed ROS embark on a mission of selective cellular devastation within the atherosclerotic plaque. Endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, which are integral components of the plaque architecture, bear the brunt of this orchestrated assault. The high reactivity of ROS induces oxidative stress, precipitating a cascade of events that culminate in cellular ablation.

• #2 Treatment of atherosclerosis: innovative methods – MedTour

  https://medtour.help/disease/treatment-of-atherosclerosis-innovative-methods/

  Regenerative therapy allows stem cells to deliver to the target area and start the recovery process. […] The therapeutic use of MSCs increases the stability of plaques and reduces the risk of a severe outcome of the disease. […] Thus, modern methods of treating atherosclerosis with stem cells make it possible to influence the mechanisms that underlie the development of this disease.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42452-024-06113-8

  Arteriosclerosis (AS) presents a significant global health challenge, demanding innovative therapeutic strategies. This review explores the potential of nanoparticles (NPs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as promising modalities for treating AS. NPs enable targeted drug delivery, while MSCs possess immunomodulatory and regenerative capabilities. We discuss recent advances in NP-based drug delivery systems tailored for AS treatment and highlight MSCs roles in modulating inflammation and promoting vascular repair. Additionally, we examine the synergistic effects of combining NPs and MSCs for enhanced therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, this paper provides insights into targeting endothelial cells, T-cells, macrophages, lipid levels, and plaques in AS using MSCs. It also reviews various types of metal-based and non-metallic NPs utilized in AS therapy. This comprehensive overview underscores the potential synergies between MSCs and NPs in cardiovascular disease therapy, emphasizing the need for further research to fully realize their therapeutic implications.

• #2 NUS Medicine researchers develop breakthrough nanoparticle technology for targeted diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis | EurekAlert!

  https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1058377

  Atherosclerosis is the build-up of plaque in the arteries which causes their narrowing. […] There are currently no medications or treatments that can specifically target atherosclerotic plaques, to significantly reduce plaque burden or reverse atherosclerosis. […] A team at NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (NUS Medicine) has developed a groundbreaking nanoparticle technology that offers an effective solution to diagnose and treat atherosclerosis, in a non-invasive manner. […] The newly developed nanoparticle can diagnose atherosclerosis, target atherosclerotic plaques, and deliver therapeutic agents directly to inhibit the progression of atherosclerosis in the preclinical models. […] Overall, our nanoparticles offer a promising novel approach to non-invasive diagnosis, monitoring and targeted treatment of atherosclerosis, a significant advancement that could pave the way for a new era of cardiovascular care.

• #2 Atherosclerosis Treatment Algorithms for Heart Disease Evaluation

  https://cleerlyhealth.com/blog/atherosclerosis-treatment-algorithms

  Much like the atherosclerosis staging system, the treatment algorithms are based on similar prevention models for other common conditions, primarily cancer. […] Whats more, the treatment algorithms have been written specifically to account for comorbidities above and beyond atherosclerosis. […] In other words, the Atherosclerosis Treatment Algorithms are positioned to support personalized care pathways for patients based on their individual disease burden, comorbidities, and clinical risk factors. […] The treatment algorithms are not intended to serve as a replacement to practice guidelines or consensus statements, nor are they expected to be divorced from risk factor scoring. […] The ATAs are based on the combination of CCTA screenings and traditional cardiovascular risk factors from existing clinical guidelines and are planned to be validated through randomized trials and observational cohort studies.

• #2 Atherosclerosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis

  The key to the more effective approaches is to combine different treatment strategies. […] In addition, for those approaches, such as lipoprotein transport behaviors, which have been shown to produce the most success, adopting more aggressive combination treatment strategies taken daily and indefinitely has generally produced better results, both before and especially after people are symptomatic. […] Statin medications are widely prescribed for treating atherosclerosis. […] Secondary prevention therapy, which includes high-intensity statins and aspirin, is recommended by multi-society guidelines for all patients with a history of ASCVD (atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease) to prevent the recurrence of coronary artery disease, ischemic stroke, or peripheral arterial disease. […] However, prescription of and adherence to these guideline-concordant therapies is lacking, particularly among young patients and women.

• #2 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/

  Learn about the symptoms, causes and treatments for hardening of the arteries. […] Atherosclerosis can be treated. Healthy lifestyle habits can help prevent atherosclerosis. […] If you think you have atherosclerosis, make an appointment for a health checkup. Early diagnosis and treatment can stop atherosclerosis from getting worse. Treatment may prevent a heart attack, stroke or another medical emergency. […] Treatment of atherosclerosis may include: […] Lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet and getting more exercise. […] Many different medicines can slow or even reverse the effects of atherosclerosis. Medicines to treat atherosclerosis may include: […] Statins and other cholesterol medicines. These medicines can help lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, also called the „bad” cholesterol. The medicines also can reduce plaque buildup. Some cholesterol medicines even can reverse the buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries.

• #2 Atherosclerosis – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/atherosclerosis

  How is atherosclerosis treated? […] If youre diagnosed with atherosclerosis, there arent any treatments that can get rid of it. You’ll have it for the rest of your life. However, there are medicines and treatments that can slow down its progress, reduce your symptoms and let you live your normal life. […] Your doctor will talk you about what treatment you might need, which may include: […] a procedure if your arteries are seriously narrowed or blocked, coronary bypass surgery or a coronary angioplasty may have to be done […] changes to your lifestyle like exercising, not smoking and drinking less alcohol to reduce symptoms […] changes to your diet to reduce the effects of conditions like high cholesterol, high blood pressure or diabetes […] medicines to reduce high cholesterol, high blood pressure or the risk of blood clots.

• #3 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-is-atherosclerosis

  Atherosclerosis Treatment […] Once you have a blockage, it’s generally there to stay. But with medication and lifestyle changes, you can slow or stop plaques. They may even shrink slightly with aggressive treatment. […] Lifestyle changes: You can slow or stop atherosclerosis by taking care of the risk factors. That means a healthy diet, exercise, and no smoking. These changes won’t remove blockages, but they’re proven to lower the risk of heart attacks and strokes. […] Medication: Drugs for high cholesterol and high blood pressure will slow and may even halt atherosclerosis. They lower your risk of heart attack and stroke. Diabetes raises the risk for atherosclerosis, so taking medicines to control your diabetes can help lower your risk. Your doctor may prescribe antiplatelet medicines like aspirin, a blood thinner, to help prevent clots. Because long-term aspirin use can cause stomach bleeding, talk with your doctor before you start taking it every day.

• #3 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis

  Treatment of atherosclerosis may include: […] Lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet and getting more exercise. […] For some people, lifestyle changes may be the only treatment needed for atherosclerosis. […] Many different medicines can slow or even reverse the effects of atherosclerosis. Medicines to treat atherosclerosis may include: […] Statins and other cholesterol medicines. These medicines can help lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, also called the „bad” cholesterol. The medicines also can reduce plaque buildup. Some cholesterol medicines even can reverse the buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries. […] Aspirin helps thin the blood and prevent blood clots. Daily low-dose aspirin therapy may be recommended for the primary prevention of heart attack or stroke in certain people.

• #3 Atherosclerosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  Atherosclerosis is characterized by patchy intimal plaques (atheromas) that encroach on the lumen of medium-sized and large arteries. […] Treatment includes risk factor, lifestyle, and dietary modification; physical activity; antiplatelet drugs; and antiatherogenic drugs. […] Treatment involves aggressive modification of risk factors to slow progression and induce regression of existing plaques. Lowering LDL cholesterol to below a certain target is no longer recommended, and „the lower the better” approach is currently favored. […] Lifestyle changes include diet modification, smoking cessation, and regular participation in physical activity. Drugs to treat dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes are often required. These lifestyle changes and drugs directly or indirectly improve endothelial function, reduce inflammation, and improve clinical outcome. Statins can decrease atherosclerosis-related morbidity and mortality even when serum cholesterol is normal or slightly high. Antiplatelet drugs help all patients with atherosclerosis. Patients with coronary artery disease may benefit additionally from ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers.

• #3 Emerging Therapies for the Treatment of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: From Bench to Bedside

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/9/8062

  Statins are viewed as fundamentals of dyslipidemia management. However, their use is burdened by adverse events (and more commonly the fear of adverse events), most commonly statin-associated myopathy. In addition, in a number of cases, statins do not reduce cholesterol sufficiently, despite treatment with maximally tolerated statin doses. According to the contemporary guidelines issued by different professional societies worldwide, in these cases, it is advised to use ezetimibe and PCSK9 inhibitors. […] Ezetimibe monotherapy has shown promising results in the management of dyslipidemia. Moreover, ezetimibe as an add-on therapy to statin, after three months of treatment, has displayed significant additional LDL-C lowering of 13–20%. […] The effectiveness of PCSK9 inhibitors in terms of lipid lowering and the improvement of ASCVD outcomes is supported by an abundance of data. PCSK9 inhibitors such as evolocumab and alirocumab have been shown to reduce LDL-C by 43–64% as add-on statin therapy. […]

• #3 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/PeterAttia/comments/1fsxz3g/how_to_reverse_atherosclerosis_strategies_for/

  In addition to statin and PCSK9 inhibitor therapy, Ezetimibe is another commonly utilized prescription medication for the targeted lowering of LDL-C, ApoB, and cardiovascular disease. […] Clinical trials have demonstrated the ability of several blood pressure lowering medications to reduce cardiovascular disease. […] While Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors were initially developed for the treatment of diabetes, there is emerging evidence to suggest that these medications may contribute to atherosclerotic plaque regression. […] Colchicine, a prescription medication with anti-inflammatory properties, has demonstrated potential utility in its ability to achieve atherosclerotic plaque regression and stabilization in human subjects. […] While we await scientific investigation to test this possibility, GLP-1 Receptor Agonists have been demonstrated to reduce atherosclerotic plaque size and improved plaque stability in insulin-resistant mice.

• #3 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-is-atherosclerosis

  Your doctor can use more invasive techniques to open blockages from atherosclerosis or go around them: […] Angiography and stenting: Your doctor puts a thin tube into an artery in your leg or arm to get to diseased arteries. Blockages are visible on a live X-ray screen. Angioplasty (using a catheter with a balloon tip) and stenting can often open a blocked artery. Stenting helps ease symptoms, but it does not prevent heart attacks. […] Bypass surgery: Your doctor takes a healthy blood vessel, often from your leg or chest, and uses it to go around a blocked segment. […] Endarterectomy: Your doctor goes into the arteries in your neck to remove plaque and restore blood flow. They also may place a stent in higher-risk patients. […] Fibrinolytic therapy: A drug dissolves a blood clot that’s blocking your artery.

• #3 Atherosclerosis & Ischemic Stroke Treatment | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/locations/cerebrovascular-center/conditions/stroke/atherosclerosis-ischemic-stroke

  We treat ischemic stroke by doing one or more of the following procedures: Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) can be effective if we are able to treat you within four and a half hours from when you first experience symptoms. We provide tPA directly into your veins in an emergency room. Mechanical thrombectomy can be helpful up to six hours after the onset of stroke symptoms. It is possible to have the procedure after that within a clinical trial, which Mount Sinai is running. Antiplatelet and anticoagulation medications. Intra-arterial (within your arteries). Balloon angioplasty. Extracranial (outside the head) and intracranial (inside the head) stenting. Bypass surgery. Medications by pill to reduce blood pressure, prevent embolism. Medication administered intravenously (into your veins) to break up blood clots, restore blood flow, and save the brain.

• #3 Atherosclerosis Treatment | Advanced Surgical Technology

  https://www.advancedsurgicaltechnology.com/vascular-services/atherosclerosis-treatment/

  Atherosclerosis is a common condition affecting your arteries. […] Advanced Surgical Technology can treat the condition, and healthy lifestyle habits can help prevent the vascular disease from presenting or progressing. […] Medication can slow or reverse the effects of atherosclerosis. Some medicines used to treat atherosclerosis include: Statins and other cholesterol-lowering drugs, Aspirin thins the blood and prevents blood clots, sometimes the primary prevention of heart attack or stroke in certain people, Blood pressure medications prevent or treat complications related to the disease, such as reducing the risk of a heart attack, Medications to control other health conditions that contribute to atherosclerosis, such as diabetes. […] You may need more aggressive treatment to treat atherosclerosis, such as if you have severe symptoms or a blockage. Surgery and other procedures intended to treat atherosclerosis include: Angioplasty and stent placement to open a clogged or blocked artery, Endarterectomy to remove plaque from the walls of a narrowed artery, Fibrinolytic therapy uses a clot-dissolving drug if you have a clot in an artery that blocks blood flow, Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is an open-heart surgery generally reserved for those with many narrowed heart arteries.

• #3 NUS Medicine researchers develop breakthrough nanoparticle technology for targeted diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis | EurekAlert!

  https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1058377

  Atherosclerosis is the build-up of plaque in the arteries which causes their narrowing. […] There are currently no medications or treatments that can specifically target atherosclerotic plaques, to significantly reduce plaque burden or reverse atherosclerosis. […] A team at NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (NUS Medicine) has developed a groundbreaking nanoparticle technology that offers an effective solution to diagnose and treat atherosclerosis, in a non-invasive manner. […] The newly developed nanoparticle can diagnose atherosclerosis, target atherosclerotic plaques, and deliver therapeutic agents directly to inhibit the progression of atherosclerosis in the preclinical models. […] Overall, our nanoparticles offer a promising novel approach to non-invasive diagnosis, monitoring and targeted treatment of atherosclerosis, a significant advancement that could pave the way for a new era of cardiovascular care.

• #3 An atherosclerotic plaque-targeted single-chain antibody for MR/NIR-II imaging of atherosclerosis and anti-atherosclerosis therapy | Journal of Nanobiotechnology | Full Text

  https://jnanobiotechnology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12951-021-01047-4

  Our results showed ASA6 single-chain antibody could regulate lipid metabolism pathway, we assume this could also influence the function of macrophages. […] The specific uptake of ASA6 by human atherosclerotic plaques was proved in this study. Thus, OSE targeted ASA6-NPs probe might allow for the identification and quantification of atherosclerotic lesions and evaluation of plaque vulnerability. […] The advantages of fluorescence-based optical image technique are high temporal resolution and fast imaging capability. […] The in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of ASA6-NPs and success of atherosclerotic imaging in this study demonstrates the promise of antibody based molecular probe for clinical translation. […] We will focus on investigating the long-term toxicity of ASA6-NPs and eventually translating into clinical applications in the future.

• #3 Photodynamic Therapy for Atherosclerosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/4/1958

  The mechanism of PDT in atherosclerosis unfolds as a symphony of precision and selectivity. From the strategic deployment of photosensitizers to the choreography of ROS-induced cellular ablation and controlled inflammation, PDT navigates the complexities of atherosclerosis with finesse. As research progresses, the unraveling of these intricate processes promises to illuminate the path forward in the quest for effective and targeted atherosclerosis treatment. The key advantage of PDT lies in its ability to selectively target atherosclerotic lesions while sparing healthy tissues. This makes it a promising strategy for plaque-specific intervention. While preclinical studies have demonstrated encouraging results, ongoing research and clinical trials are necessary to further refine the technique, optimize treatment protocols, and evaluate long-term safety and efficacy. The potential of PDT in combination with other therapeutic modalities adds to its versatility, offering a novel avenue for addressing atherosclerosis and its associated cardiovascular risks.

• #3

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42452-024-06113-8

  Recent decades have seen significant advancements in repair and regenerative strategies for cardiovascular diseases. Stem cell therapies, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), hold promise for their ability to regenerate damaged cardiac tissues by differentiating into various cell types, such as cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells. […] However, several hurdles must be overcome to fully realize the potential of MSC-NP therapies in treating AS. These include optimizing NP design for efficient stem cell delivery, ensuring biocompatibility and safety, understanding long-term effects, and overcoming regulatory and translational barriers to clinical application. […] In conclusion, while MSC-NP therapies hold great promise for advancing cardiovascular disease treatment, significant challenges remain. Addressing these challenges requires interdisciplinary collaboration and continued research efforts to refine these innovative approaches and translate them into effective clinical therapies for AS and other cardiovascular conditions.

• #3 Researchers develop nanoparticle technology for targeted diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/09/240918125000.htm

  A team developed a nanoparticle technology that offers an effective solution to diagnose and treat atherosclerosis, in a non-invasive manner. […] This theranostic approach represents a significant advancement in the field of cardiovascular medicine as it offers a promising alternative to current medical practices for the management of atherosclerosis. […] There are currently no medications or treatments that can specifically target atherosclerotic plaques, to significantly reduce plaque burden or reverse atherosclerosis. […] A team at NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (NUS Medicine) has developed a groundbreaking nanoparticle technology that offers an effective solution to diagnose and treat atherosclerosis, in a non-invasive manner. […] The newly developed nanoparticle can diagnose atherosclerosis, target atherosclerotic plaques, and deliver therapeutic agents directly to inhibit the progression of atherosclerosis in the preclinical models. […] Overall, our nanoparticles offer a promising novel approach to non-invasive diagnosis, monitoring and targeted treatment of atherosclerosis, a significant advancement that could pave the way for a new era of cardiovascular care.

• #3 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Preventive Strategies, Treatment of Low HDL levels and High Triglyceride levels in Patients With Diabetes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-treatment

  The treatment goals for patients with coronary artery atherosclerosis are to relieve symptoms of coronary artery disease (CAD) and to prevent future cardiac events, such as unstable angina, AMI, and death. […] The mainstays of pharmacologic therapy of angina include nitrates, beta-blockers, statins, PCSK-9 inhibitors, Ezetimibe, calcium-channel blockers, and ranolazine. […] The prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis requires control of the known modifiable risk factors for this disease. This includes therapeutic lifestyle changes and the medical treatment of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. […] High-risk subgroups, in particular, can be targeted for early intervention. […] Pharmacotherapeutic strategies that affect the risk factor profile, such as the administration of statins for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) reduction or the administration of agents that alter atherosclerotic plaque, are of paramount importance.

• #3 Atherosclerosis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/atherosclerosis/

  There are currently no treatments to reverse atherosclerosis, but you may be offered medicines to lower your risk of having a heart attack or a stroke. […] You may need medicines to: […] lower your cholesterol (statins) […] lower your blood pressure […] lower your risk of blood clots […] lower your blood sugar levels if you have diabetes. […] You may also need surgery to help improve blood flow through the affected arteries.

• #4 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Preventive Strategies, Treatment of Low HDL levels and High Triglyceride levels in Patients With Diabetes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-treatment

  The goals of therapy should include arresting atherosclerosis or even reversing its progression. […] Therapy with lipid-lowering agents should be a component of multiple risk factor intervention and is indicated in primary prevention as an adjunct to diet therapy when the response to a diet restricted in saturated fat and cholesterol has been inadequate. […] Substantial evidence supports the use of statins in the secondary prevention of CAD, and the efficacy of statins has recently been extended to include primary prevention of CAD in patients with average cholesterol levels. […] Current guidelines recommend using statin therapy after CABG to keep LDL levels below 100 mg/dL. […] Statin therapy is also safe and can improve liver tests while reducing cardiovascular morbidity in patients with mild- to moderately-abnormal liver test results that may be attributable to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

• #4

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42452-024-06113-8

  The progression of atherosclerosis involves significant contributions from endothelial cells, T-cells, macrophages, lipid levels, and plaques, which play pivotal roles in various critical processes. As a result, they are frequently targeted for imaging diagnosis and active targeting therapy across different stages of atherosclerosis. MSCs have emerged as a promising approach for addressing AS in medical treatment. Numerous investigations have underscored MSCs capacity to mitigate atherosclerosis through their ability to regulate inflammatory responses, enhance regulatory T cell activity, and ameliorate endothelial dysfunction. […] Therapeutic angiogenesis can also be achieved through stem cell therapy, which has many advantages over growth factor therapy and gene therapy. […] However, the usefulness of stem cells in the treatment of cardiovascular disease remains controversial.

Zobacz więcej