Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350569

  Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis are sometimes used to mean the same thing. But there’s a difference between the two terms. […] Atherosclerosis is a specific type of arteriosclerosis. […] Atherosclerosis is the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls. This buildup is called plaque. The plaque can cause arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. The plaque also can burst, leading to a blood clot. […] The exact cause is not known. It may start with damage or injury to the inner layer of an artery. Artery damage may be caused by: High blood pressure. High cholesterol. High triglycerides, a type of fat in the blood. Smoking or other tobacco use. Diabetes. Insulin resistance. Obesity. Inflammation from an unknown cause or from diseases such as arthritis, lupus, psoriasis or inflammatory bowel disease.

• #2 Arteriosclerosis vs. Atherosclerosis: Signs and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/difference-between-atherosclerosis-arteriosclerosis

  Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis are sometimes mistaken for the same condition. But atherosclerosis is a specific type of arteriosclerosis with different causes, symptoms, and treatment. […] Atherosclerosis is a specific type of arteriosclerosis. It happens when plaque, cholesterol, and fatty substances build up in your arteries and cause them to narrow. This buildup can lead to an artery blockage that disrupts blood flow. […] Risk factors for the condition include: Family history of early heart disease, Smoking, Eating a diet high in saturated fat, Lack of exercise, Type 1 diabetes, Obesity, High cholesterol, High blood pressure. […] If atherosclerosis affects the arteries that supply blood to your heart, the condition might lead to coronary artery disease. Here, the plaque in the coronary artery causes your blood to clot. These clots block the blood supply to your heart muscles, leading to weakening of the heart and finally heart failure over time.

• #2 Arteriosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24870-arteriosclerosis

  Arteriosclerosis is a gradual process that occurs over many years. It can be dangerous because it develops silently. You may have no symptoms for a long time until the hardening of your arteries leads to complications. Arteriosclerosis raises your risk for a wide range of cardiovascular diseases (conditions affecting your heart and blood vessels). […] Arteriosclerosis is hardening of the arteries from any cause. Atherosclerosis is hardening that happens due to plaque buildup. […] What causes arteriosclerosis? Changes to your artery wall cause arteriosclerosis. These changes are microscopic at first and happen at the level of your cells. For example, damage to your artery’s inner lining (endothelium) causes atherosclerosis. […] Factors that lead to hardening of the arteries include: Chronic kidney disease, High blood pressure, High cholesterol, Increasing age, Lack of physical activity, Metabolic syndrome, Tobacco use, Type 2 diabetes.

• #3 Difference between Atherosclerosis and Arteriosclerosis

  https://punecardiologist.com/blog/difference-between-atherosclerosis-and-arteriosclerosis.php

  Atherosclerosis is caused by a buildup of cholesterol, fats, and other substances in the arteries that are then hardened. This can lead to a narrowing of the arteries which makes it harder for blood to flow through them. […] It’s important to note that atherosclerosis is not just caused by high cholesterol or diabetes; it can also be caused by genetics, lifestyle choices such as smoking or eating unhealthy diets, stress, and aging. […] As with atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis can cause narrowing of the arteries, leading to health risks such as stroke or heart attack. […] Like atherosclerosis, this condition can be caused by genetics, lifestyle choices, stress, and aging. […] The major difference between atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis is the type of deposits that build up in the arteries.

• #3 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16753-atherosclerosis-arterial-disease

  Atherosclerosis is a hardening of your arteries from plaque building up gradually inside them. Plaque consists of fat, cholesterol and other substances. This plaque buildup limits blood flow. […] Atherosclerosis is the gradual buildup of plaque in the walls of your arteries. […] As plaque builds up, your artery wall grows thicker and harder. This hardening of the arteries is usually a silent process in the early stages. […] Atherosclerosis symptoms often dont start until an artery is very narrow or blocked. Many people dont know they have plaque buildup until they have a medical emergency like a heart attack or stroke. […] Researchers believe atherosclerosis causes may include: High LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels, Tobacco products, High blood pressure, Diabetes. […] These factors can damage your arterys inner lining (endothelium). This causes atherosclerosis to begin. The damage usually occurs slowly and over time.

• #4 Atherosclerosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis

  Atherosclerosis is a pattern of the disease arteriosclerosis, characterized by development of abnormalities called lesions in walls of arteries. This is a chronic inflammatory disease involving many different cell types and is driven by elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood. The exact cause of atherosclerosis is unknown and is proposed to be multifactorial. Risk factors include abnormal cholesterol levels, elevated levels of inflammatory biomarkers, high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking (both active and passive smoking), obesity, genetic factors, family history, lifestyle habits, and an unhealthy diet. Plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol, immune cells, calcium, and other substances found in the blood. The narrowing of arteries limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood to parts of the body.

• #5 Atherosclerosis | Heart and Stroke Foundation

  https://www.heartandstroke.ca/heart-disease/conditions/atherosclerosis

  Atherosclerosis is a slow, progressive condition that may begin as early as childhood. Its causes are complicated and not completely understood, but atherosclerosis is thought to start when the inner lining of the artery becomes damaged. The damage can be caused by: […] The blood vessel wall reacts to this injury by depositing a plaque made up of fatty substances, cholesterol, calcium and other substances on the inner lining of the artery. Gradually, the blood vessels narrow, making it harder for blood to flow.

• #6 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/

  Once the inner wall of an artery is damaged, blood cells and other substances may collect at the injury site. These substances build up in the inner lining of the artery. […] Over time, fats, cholesterol and other substances also collect on and in the walls of the heart arteries. This buildup is called plaque. Plaque can cause the arteries to narrow. Narrowed arteries can block blood flow. The plaque also can burst, leading to a blood clot.

• #7 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes & Risk Factors | Max Hospital

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/atherosclerosis-symptoms-and-causes

  Atherosclerosis may develop as a complex interplay of various factors, including: […] High cholesterol: Elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, often referred to as „bad” cholesterol, can lead to the accumulation of cholesterol in the arterial walls, initiating the process of atherosclerosis. […] High blood pressure (hypertension): High blood pressure can damage the inner lining of arteries (endothelium), making them more susceptible to the buildup of plaque. […] Smoking: Tobacco smoke contains chemicals that damage the endothelium and promote the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. Smoking also contributes to inflammation and increases the risk of blood clot formation. […] Diabetes: Diabetes mellitus, particularly type 2 diabetes, is associated with elevated blood sugar levels, insulin resistance, and inflammation, all of which can accelerate the development of atherosclerosis.

• #8 Arteriosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24870-arteriosclerosis

  Arteriosclerosis disrupts normal blood flow through your body. When your arteries are too stiff, it’s harder for oxygen and nutrients to reach your organs and tissues. Therefore, hardening of the arteries can lead to complications, including: Aneurysms, Carotid artery disease, Coronary artery disease, Critical limb ischemia, Heart attack, Kidney failure, Mesenteric ischemia, Peripheral artery disease, Pulmonary embolism, Renal artery stenosis, Stroke, Thrombosis, Transient ischemic attack. […] Some research suggests that medial arterial calcification can speed up the process of arterial narrowing when you have atherosclerosis.

• #9 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16753-atherosclerosis-arterial-disease

  The stages of atherosclerosis happen over many years and include: Endothelial damage and immune response, Fatty streak formation, Plaque growth, Plaque rupture or erosion. […] Atherosclerosis interferes with the normal workings of your cardiovascular system. It can limit or block blood flow to various parts of your body, including your heart and brain. Possible complications of reduced blood flow include: Carotid artery disease, Coronary artery disease, Heart attack, Arrhythmia, Heart failure, Mesenteric ischemia, Peripheral artery disease, Chronic kidney disease, Renal artery stenosis, Stroke, Transient ischemic attack, Aneurysms and rupture of blood vessels from weakened artery walls. […] Early diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis can help you avoid or delay complications.

• #10 Atherosclerosis | Description, Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/atherosclerosis

  Atherosclerosis, chronic disease caused by the deposition of fats, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances in the innermost layer of endothelium of the large and medium-sized arteries. […] A family history of cardiovascular disease, smoking, stress, obesity, and high blood cholesterol levels, particularly in association with LDLs, are among the factors that contribute to an increased risk of developing atherosclerosis. […] Evidence indicates that in some persons atherosclerosis can begin in childhood with the formation of tiny fatty streaks, or streaks of fat deposition, in the arteries. […] Endothelial injury, either as a result of lipid deposition or as a result of another cause, may also be accompanied by the formation of fibrous caps of scar tissue.

• #11 Cardiothoracic Surgery – Atherosclerosis

  https://adultctsurgery.ucsf.edu/patient/patient-education/atherosclerosis.aspx

  Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries. […] The cause of atherosclerosis isn’t known. However, certain traits, conditions, or habits may raise your risk for the disease. These conditions are known as risk factors. […] The exact cause of atherosclerosis isn’t known. However, studies show that atherosclerosis is a slow, complex disease that may start in childhood. It develops faster as you age. […] Atherosclerosis may start when certain factors damage the inner layers of the arteries. These factors include: Smoking, High amounts of certain fats and cholesterol in the blood, High blood pressure, High amounts of sugar in the blood due to insulin resistance or diabetes. […] Researchers continue to look for the causes of atherosclerosis. They hope to find answers to questions such as: Why and how do the arteries become damaged? How does plaque develop and change over time? Why does plaque rupture and lead to blood clots?

• #12 Atherosclerosis – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis/causes

  Risk factors are conditions or habits that make a person more likely to develop a disease. Nearly half of Americans have high blood pressure or unhealthy cholesterol levels, or they smoke. These are key risk factors that can trigger the start of plaque buildup. […] What causes atherosclerosis? Plaque buildup in the arteries starts with damage to the arteries. Risk factors such as unhealthy lifestyle habits, medical conditions, or your genes can cause this damage. […] Some atherosclerosis risk factors can trigger the buildup of plaque in your arteries. Other risk factors can lead to an increase in your blood pressure or cholesterol levels. The more risk factors you have, the higher your risk of complications, including heart attack and stroke, or even disability or death. […] Some common examples of risk factors for atherosclerosis are: Diabetes: High blood sugar can damage the inner layers of the arteries, causing plaque buildup. Family history: Your genes may raise your risk, especially if you have a common inherited cholesterol disorder called familial hypercholesterolemia. This condition affects about 1 in 300 people. High blood pressure: Over time, high blood pressure can damage artery walls, allowing plaque to build up. In the United States, high blood pressure accounts for more deaths linked to atherosclerosis than any other risk factor that you can change. Inflammatory diseases: When you have a condition such as rheumatoid arthritis or psoriasis, high levels of inflammation can injure your blood vessels, which can lead to plaque buildup. Lack of physical activity: Spending little time moving each day while spending a lot of time in front of screens is linked to unhealthy cholesterol levels that lead to atherosclerosis. Older age: For most people, plaque buildup starts in childhood and gets worse as they get older. In men, the risk increases after age 45. In women, the risk increases after age 55. The risk is even higher for women who have endometriosis or polycystic ovary syndrome, or if they had gestational diabetes or preeclampsia during a pregnancy. Overweight or obesity: Overweight and obesity raise the risk for heart disease and are linked to many other health problems, including type 2 diabetes and cancer. Nearly 3 in 4 adults ages 20 or older in the United States are either overweight or have obesity. Nearly 1 in 5 children and teens ages 2 to 19 have obesity. Race: Black Americans’ risk of death from heart disease is 30% higher than White Americans’ risk. People of South Asian origin (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) also have a higher heart disease risk. Smoking and secondhand smoke: Almost one-third of deaths caused by coronary heart disease are linked to smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke. Secondhand smoke can cause atherosclerosis-linked disease and stroke. Unhealthy diet: Eating a lot of foods high in fat especially saturated fat can increase your cholesterol levels. Saturated fats are found in meat and dairy products (except nonfat dairy). Also, drinking too much alcohol or binge drinking can raise your total cholesterol level.

• #13 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-is-atherosclerosis

  Atherosclerosis can put blood flow at risk as your arteries become blocked, and it can cause clots to form. […] Doctors don’t know exactly how atherosclerosis starts. But it’s believed to begin when the endothelium, the thin layer of cells that lines your arteries, somehow gets damaged. It’s a progressive disease that can begin in childhood. […] Common causes of damage to the endothelium include: High cholesterol, High blood pressure, Inflammation, like from arthritis or lupus, Obesity or diabetes, Smoking. […] Atherosclerosis usually doesn’t cause symptoms until you’re middle-aged or older. […] The following can increase your risk of atherosclerosis. These risk factors are behind more than 90% of all heart attacks: Abdominal obesity („spare tire”), Diabetes and insulin resistance, Family history of heart disease, High alcohol intake (more than one to two drinks a day, depending on your size), High blood pressure, High LDL cholesterol, High levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in your blood, which is a signal of inflammation, High triglycerides, Not eating fruits and vegetables, Not exercising regularly, Sleep apnea, Smoking, Stress.

• #14 Atherosclerosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  There are numerous risk factors for atherosclerosis. Certain factors tend to cluster as the metabolic syndrome. This syndrome includes abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, a prothrombotic state, and a proinflammatory state in sedentary patients. Insulin resistance is not synonymous with the metabolic syndrome but may be key in its etiology. […] Dyslipidemia (high total, high LDL, or low high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol), hypertension, and diabetes promote atherosclerosis by amplifying or augmenting endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory pathways in vascular endothelium. […] Hypertension may lead to vascular inflammation via angiotensin II-mediated mechanisms. […] Diabetes leads to the formation of advanced glycation end products, which increase the production of proinflammatory cytokines from endothelial cells.

• #15 Atherosclerosis – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis/causes

  Risk factors are conditions or habits that make a person more likely to develop a disease. Nearly half of Americans have high blood pressure or unhealthy cholesterol levels, or they smoke. These are key risk factors that can trigger the start of plaque buildup. […] What causes atherosclerosis? Plaque buildup in the arteries starts with damage to the arteries. Risk factors such as unhealthy lifestyle habits, medical conditions, or your genes can cause this damage. […] Some atherosclerosis risk factors can trigger the buildup of plaque in your arteries. Other risk factors can lead to an increase in your blood pressure or cholesterol levels. The more risk factors you have, the higher your risk of complications, including heart attack and stroke, or even disability or death. […] Some common examples of risk factors for atherosclerosis are: Diabetes: High blood sugar can damage the inner layers of the arteries, causing plaque buildup. Family history: Your genes may raise your risk, especially if you have a common inherited cholesterol disorder called familial hypercholesterolemia. This condition affects about 1 in 300 people. High blood pressure: Over time, high blood pressure can damage artery walls, allowing plaque to build up. In the United States, high blood pressure accounts for more deaths linked to atherosclerosis than any other risk factor that you can change. Inflammatory diseases: When you have a condition such as rheumatoid arthritis or psoriasis, high levels of inflammation can injure your blood vessels, which can lead to plaque buildup. Lack of physical activity: Spending little time moving each day while spending a lot of time in front of screens is linked to unhealthy cholesterol levels that lead to atherosclerosis. Older age: For most people, plaque buildup starts in childhood and gets worse as they get older. In men, the risk increases after age 45. In women, the risk increases after age 55. The risk is even higher for women who have endometriosis or polycystic ovary syndrome, or if they had gestational diabetes or preeclampsia during a pregnancy. Overweight or obesity: Overweight and obesity raise the risk for heart disease and are linked to many other health problems, including type 2 diabetes and cancer. Nearly 3 in 4 adults ages 20 or older in the United States are either overweight or have obesity. Nearly 1 in 5 children and teens ages 2 to 19 have obesity. Race: Black Americans’ risk of death from heart disease is 30% higher than White Americans’ risk. People of South Asian origin (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) also have a higher heart disease risk. Smoking and secondhand smoke: Almost one-third of deaths caused by coronary heart disease are linked to smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke. Secondhand smoke can cause atherosclerosis-linked disease and stroke. Unhealthy diet: Eating a lot of foods high in fat especially saturated fat can increase your cholesterol levels. Saturated fats are found in meat and dairy products (except nonfat dairy). Also, drinking too much alcohol or binge drinking can raise your total cholesterol level.

• #16 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/atherosclerosis

  Lack of exercise: Regular exercise helps your cardiovascular system, including blood vessels, stay in optimal shape. It keeps your heart muscle strong and encourages oxygen and blood flow throughout your body. Low physical activity increases your chance of a host of medical conditions, including heart disease. […] High blood pressure: Hypertension may damage your blood vessels by making them weak in some areas. […] Smoking: Tobacco products may damage your blood vessels and heart. […] Diabetes: People with diabetes have a much higher incidence of coronary artery disease.

• #17 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/atherosclerosis

  Lack of exercise: Regular exercise helps your cardiovascular system, including blood vessels, stay in optimal shape. It keeps your heart muscle strong and encourages oxygen and blood flow throughout your body. Low physical activity increases your chance of a host of medical conditions, including heart disease. […] High blood pressure: Hypertension may damage your blood vessels by making them weak in some areas. […] Smoking: Tobacco products may damage your blood vessels and heart. […] Diabetes: People with diabetes have a much higher incidence of coronary artery disease.

• #18 What is Atherosclerosis? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cholesterol/about-cholesterol/atherosclerosis

  Plaque buildup, or fatty deposits, in your arteries is called atherosclerosis. These deposits are made up of cholesterol, fatty substances, cellular waste products, calcium and fibrin, a clotting material in the blood. Atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis means hardening of the arteries. […] Many scientists believe plaque begins when an artery’s inner lining becomes damaged. Four possible causes of such damage are: Elevated levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood, High blood pressure, Tobacco smoking, such as cigarettes, Diabetes. […] Smoking plays a big role in the progression of atherosclerosis in the aorta (the body’s main artery), coronary arteries and arteries in the legs. Smoking makes fatty deposits more likely to form, and it speeds up the growth of plaque.

• #19 Atherosclerosis – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis/causes

  Risk factors are conditions or habits that make a person more likely to develop a disease. Nearly half of Americans have high blood pressure or unhealthy cholesterol levels, or they smoke. These are key risk factors that can trigger the start of plaque buildup. […] What causes atherosclerosis? Plaque buildup in the arteries starts with damage to the arteries. Risk factors such as unhealthy lifestyle habits, medical conditions, or your genes can cause this damage. […] Some atherosclerosis risk factors can trigger the buildup of plaque in your arteries. Other risk factors can lead to an increase in your blood pressure or cholesterol levels. The more risk factors you have, the higher your risk of complications, including heart attack and stroke, or even disability or death. […] Some common examples of risk factors for atherosclerosis are: Diabetes: High blood sugar can damage the inner layers of the arteries, causing plaque buildup. Family history: Your genes may raise your risk, especially if you have a common inherited cholesterol disorder called familial hypercholesterolemia. This condition affects about 1 in 300 people. High blood pressure: Over time, high blood pressure can damage artery walls, allowing plaque to build up. In the United States, high blood pressure accounts for more deaths linked to atherosclerosis than any other risk factor that you can change. Inflammatory diseases: When you have a condition such as rheumatoid arthritis or psoriasis, high levels of inflammation can injure your blood vessels, which can lead to plaque buildup. Lack of physical activity: Spending little time moving each day while spending a lot of time in front of screens is linked to unhealthy cholesterol levels that lead to atherosclerosis. Older age: For most people, plaque buildup starts in childhood and gets worse as they get older. In men, the risk increases after age 45. In women, the risk increases after age 55. The risk is even higher for women who have endometriosis or polycystic ovary syndrome, or if they had gestational diabetes or preeclampsia during a pregnancy. Overweight or obesity: Overweight and obesity raise the risk for heart disease and are linked to many other health problems, including type 2 diabetes and cancer. Nearly 3 in 4 adults ages 20 or older in the United States are either overweight or have obesity. Nearly 1 in 5 children and teens ages 2 to 19 have obesity. Race: Black Americans’ risk of death from heart disease is 30% higher than White Americans’ risk. People of South Asian origin (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) also have a higher heart disease risk. Smoking and secondhand smoke: Almost one-third of deaths caused by coronary heart disease are linked to smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke. Secondhand smoke can cause atherosclerosis-linked disease and stroke. Unhealthy diet: Eating a lot of foods high in fat especially saturated fat can increase your cholesterol levels. Saturated fats are found in meat and dairy products (except nonfat dairy). Also, drinking too much alcohol or binge drinking can raise your total cholesterol level.

• #20 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/atherosclerosis

  Lack of exercise: Regular exercise helps your cardiovascular system, including blood vessels, stay in optimal shape. It keeps your heart muscle strong and encourages oxygen and blood flow throughout your body. Low physical activity increases your chance of a host of medical conditions, including heart disease. […] High blood pressure: Hypertension may damage your blood vessels by making them weak in some areas. […] Smoking: Tobacco products may damage your blood vessels and heart. […] Diabetes: People with diabetes have a much higher incidence of coronary artery disease.

• #21 Atherosclerosis – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/atherosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  People who have diabetes mellitus tend to develop disease that affects small arteries, such as those in the eyes, nerves, and kidneys, leading to vision loss, nerve damage, and chronic kidney disease. […] Obesity, particularly abdominal (truncal) obesity, increases the risk of coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis of the arteries that supply blood to the heart). […] Physical inactivity appears to increase the risk of developing coronary artery disease, and much evidence suggests that regular exercise even to a moderate degree reduces this risk and decreases mortality. […] Eating a healthy diet can help decrease the risk of atherosclerosis. […] People who smoke should stop smoking. […] People who have high blood pressure should lower their blood pressure with lifestyle changes and drugs. […] People who are at high risk of atherosclerosis also may benefit from taking certain drugs.

• #22 Atherosclerosis – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis/causes

  Risk factors are conditions or habits that make a person more likely to develop a disease. Nearly half of Americans have high blood pressure or unhealthy cholesterol levels, or they smoke. These are key risk factors that can trigger the start of plaque buildup. […] What causes atherosclerosis? Plaque buildup in the arteries starts with damage to the arteries. Risk factors such as unhealthy lifestyle habits, medical conditions, or your genes can cause this damage. […] Some atherosclerosis risk factors can trigger the buildup of plaque in your arteries. Other risk factors can lead to an increase in your blood pressure or cholesterol levels. The more risk factors you have, the higher your risk of complications, including heart attack and stroke, or even disability or death. […] Some common examples of risk factors for atherosclerosis are: Diabetes: High blood sugar can damage the inner layers of the arteries, causing plaque buildup. Family history: Your genes may raise your risk, especially if you have a common inherited cholesterol disorder called familial hypercholesterolemia. This condition affects about 1 in 300 people. High blood pressure: Over time, high blood pressure can damage artery walls, allowing plaque to build up. In the United States, high blood pressure accounts for more deaths linked to atherosclerosis than any other risk factor that you can change. Inflammatory diseases: When you have a condition such as rheumatoid arthritis or psoriasis, high levels of inflammation can injure your blood vessels, which can lead to plaque buildup. Lack of physical activity: Spending little time moving each day while spending a lot of time in front of screens is linked to unhealthy cholesterol levels that lead to atherosclerosis. Older age: For most people, plaque buildup starts in childhood and gets worse as they get older. In men, the risk increases after age 45. In women, the risk increases after age 55. The risk is even higher for women who have endometriosis or polycystic ovary syndrome, or if they had gestational diabetes or preeclampsia during a pregnancy. Overweight or obesity: Overweight and obesity raise the risk for heart disease and are linked to many other health problems, including type 2 diabetes and cancer. Nearly 3 in 4 adults ages 20 or older in the United States are either overweight or have obesity. Nearly 1 in 5 children and teens ages 2 to 19 have obesity. Race: Black Americans’ risk of death from heart disease is 30% higher than White Americans’ risk. People of South Asian origin (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) also have a higher heart disease risk. Smoking and secondhand smoke: Almost one-third of deaths caused by coronary heart disease are linked to smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke. Secondhand smoke can cause atherosclerosis-linked disease and stroke. Unhealthy diet: Eating a lot of foods high in fat especially saturated fat can increase your cholesterol levels. Saturated fats are found in meat and dairy products (except nonfat dairy). Also, drinking too much alcohol or binge drinking can raise your total cholesterol level.

• #23 Atherosclerosis – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/atherosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  People who have diabetes mellitus tend to develop disease that affects small arteries, such as those in the eyes, nerves, and kidneys, leading to vision loss, nerve damage, and chronic kidney disease. […] Obesity, particularly abdominal (truncal) obesity, increases the risk of coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis of the arteries that supply blood to the heart). […] Physical inactivity appears to increase the risk of developing coronary artery disease, and much evidence suggests that regular exercise even to a moderate degree reduces this risk and decreases mortality. […] Eating a healthy diet can help decrease the risk of atherosclerosis. […] People who smoke should stop smoking. […] People who have high blood pressure should lower their blood pressure with lifestyle changes and drugs. […] People who are at high risk of atherosclerosis also may benefit from taking certain drugs.

• #24 Atherosclerosis – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis/causes

  Risk factors are conditions or habits that make a person more likely to develop a disease. Nearly half of Americans have high blood pressure or unhealthy cholesterol levels, or they smoke. These are key risk factors that can trigger the start of plaque buildup. […] What causes atherosclerosis? Plaque buildup in the arteries starts with damage to the arteries. Risk factors such as unhealthy lifestyle habits, medical conditions, or your genes can cause this damage. […] Some atherosclerosis risk factors can trigger the buildup of plaque in your arteries. Other risk factors can lead to an increase in your blood pressure or cholesterol levels. The more risk factors you have, the higher your risk of complications, including heart attack and stroke, or even disability or death. […] Some common examples of risk factors for atherosclerosis are: Diabetes: High blood sugar can damage the inner layers of the arteries, causing plaque buildup. Family history: Your genes may raise your risk, especially if you have a common inherited cholesterol disorder called familial hypercholesterolemia. This condition affects about 1 in 300 people. High blood pressure: Over time, high blood pressure can damage artery walls, allowing plaque to build up. In the United States, high blood pressure accounts for more deaths linked to atherosclerosis than any other risk factor that you can change. Inflammatory diseases: When you have a condition such as rheumatoid arthritis or psoriasis, high levels of inflammation can injure your blood vessels, which can lead to plaque buildup. Lack of physical activity: Spending little time moving each day while spending a lot of time in front of screens is linked to unhealthy cholesterol levels that lead to atherosclerosis. Older age: For most people, plaque buildup starts in childhood and gets worse as they get older. In men, the risk increases after age 45. In women, the risk increases after age 55. The risk is even higher for women who have endometriosis or polycystic ovary syndrome, or if they had gestational diabetes or preeclampsia during a pregnancy. Overweight or obesity: Overweight and obesity raise the risk for heart disease and are linked to many other health problems, including type 2 diabetes and cancer. Nearly 3 in 4 adults ages 20 or older in the United States are either overweight or have obesity. Nearly 1 in 5 children and teens ages 2 to 19 have obesity. Race: Black Americans’ risk of death from heart disease is 30% higher than White Americans’ risk. People of South Asian origin (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) also have a higher heart disease risk. Smoking and secondhand smoke: Almost one-third of deaths caused by coronary heart disease are linked to smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke. Secondhand smoke can cause atherosclerosis-linked disease and stroke. Unhealthy diet: Eating a lot of foods high in fat especially saturated fat can increase your cholesterol levels. Saturated fats are found in meat and dairy products (except nonfat dairy). Also, drinking too much alcohol or binge drinking can raise your total cholesterol level.

• #25 Atherosclerosis – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/atherosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  People who have diabetes mellitus tend to develop disease that affects small arteries, such as those in the eyes, nerves, and kidneys, leading to vision loss, nerve damage, and chronic kidney disease. […] Obesity, particularly abdominal (truncal) obesity, increases the risk of coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis of the arteries that supply blood to the heart). […] Physical inactivity appears to increase the risk of developing coronary artery disease, and much evidence suggests that regular exercise even to a moderate degree reduces this risk and decreases mortality. […] Eating a healthy diet can help decrease the risk of atherosclerosis. […] People who smoke should stop smoking. […] People who have high blood pressure should lower their blood pressure with lifestyle changes and drugs. […] People who are at high risk of atherosclerosis also may benefit from taking certain drugs.

• #26 Atherosclerosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  Chronic kidney disease promotes development of atherosclerosis via several pathways, including worsening hypertension and insulin resistance; decreased apolipoprotein A-I levels; and increased lipoprotein(a), homocysteine, fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein levels. […] Tobacco smoke contains nicotine and other chemicals that are toxic to vascular endothelium. […] Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] is pro-atherogenic and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and aortic valve stenosis. […] Apolipoprotein (B) (apoB) is a particle with two isoforms: apoB-100, which is synthesized in the liver, and apoB-46, which is synthesized in the intestine. […] A high level of small, dense LDL, characteristic of diabetes, is highly atherogenic. […] A high C-reactive protein (CRP) level does not reliably predict extent of atherosclerosis but can predict increased likelihood of ischemic events.

• #27 Arteriosclerosis: Symptoms & Treatment | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/patient-care/services-and-specialties/heart/conditions/arteriosclerosis

  High alcohol consumption is a major driver of arteriosclerosis, as it can increase high blood pressure and hyperlipidemia. […] Studies show that susceptibility to arteriosclerosis has a significant genetic component. It is important to share any family history of arteriosclerosis with your health provider.

• #28 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-is-atherosclerosis

  Atherosclerosis can put blood flow at risk as your arteries become blocked, and it can cause clots to form. […] Doctors don’t know exactly how atherosclerosis starts. But it’s believed to begin when the endothelium, the thin layer of cells that lines your arteries, somehow gets damaged. It’s a progressive disease that can begin in childhood. […] Common causes of damage to the endothelium include: High cholesterol, High blood pressure, Inflammation, like from arthritis or lupus, Obesity or diabetes, Smoking. […] Atherosclerosis usually doesn’t cause symptoms until you’re middle-aged or older. […] The following can increase your risk of atherosclerosis. These risk factors are behind more than 90% of all heart attacks: Abdominal obesity („spare tire”), Diabetes and insulin resistance, Family history of heart disease, High alcohol intake (more than one to two drinks a day, depending on your size), High blood pressure, High LDL cholesterol, High levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in your blood, which is a signal of inflammation, High triglycerides, Not eating fruits and vegetables, Not exercising regularly, Sleep apnea, Smoking, Stress.

• #29 Atherosclerosis Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/atherosclerosis.html

  Atherosclerosis is the process of cholesterol plaque buildup in arteries. It can lead to a narrowing of the arteries that can significantly reduce the blood supply to vital organs such as the heart, brain, and intestines. In atherosclerosis, the arteries are narrowed when fatty deposits called plaques build up inside. Plaques typically contain cholesterol from low-density lipoproteins (LDL), smooth-muscle cells and fibrous tissue, and sometimes calcium. […] Atherosclerosis is the main cause of death and disability in industrialized nations, including the United States. This is because atherosclerosis is the underlying medical problem in most patients with any of the following illnesses: […] Factors that increase your risk of developing atherosclerosis include: high blood cholesterol level, high level of LDL (bad) cholesterol, high levels of triglycerides, high levels of lipoprotein(a), high blood pressure (hypertension), diabetes, family history of CAD at a younger age, cigarette smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, inflammation, often detected by high levels of C-reactive protein, a marker in the blood.

• #30 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-is-atherosclerosis

  Atherosclerosis can put blood flow at risk as your arteries become blocked, and it can cause clots to form. […] Doctors don’t know exactly how atherosclerosis starts. But it’s believed to begin when the endothelium, the thin layer of cells that lines your arteries, somehow gets damaged. It’s a progressive disease that can begin in childhood. […] Common causes of damage to the endothelium include: High cholesterol, High blood pressure, Inflammation, like from arthritis or lupus, Obesity or diabetes, Smoking. […] Atherosclerosis usually doesn’t cause symptoms until you’re middle-aged or older. […] The following can increase your risk of atherosclerosis. These risk factors are behind more than 90% of all heart attacks: Abdominal obesity („spare tire”), Diabetes and insulin resistance, Family history of heart disease, High alcohol intake (more than one to two drinks a day, depending on your size), High blood pressure, High LDL cholesterol, High levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in your blood, which is a signal of inflammation, High triglycerides, Not eating fruits and vegetables, Not exercising regularly, Sleep apnea, Smoking, Stress.

• #31 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-is-atherosclerosis

  Atherosclerosis can put blood flow at risk as your arteries become blocked, and it can cause clots to form. […] Doctors don’t know exactly how atherosclerosis starts. But it’s believed to begin when the endothelium, the thin layer of cells that lines your arteries, somehow gets damaged. It’s a progressive disease that can begin in childhood. […] Common causes of damage to the endothelium include: High cholesterol, High blood pressure, Inflammation, like from arthritis or lupus, Obesity or diabetes, Smoking. […] Atherosclerosis usually doesn’t cause symptoms until you’re middle-aged or older. […] The following can increase your risk of atherosclerosis. These risk factors are behind more than 90% of all heart attacks: Abdominal obesity („spare tire”), Diabetes and insulin resistance, Family history of heart disease, High alcohol intake (more than one to two drinks a day, depending on your size), High blood pressure, High LDL cholesterol, High levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in your blood, which is a signal of inflammation, High triglycerides, Not eating fruits and vegetables, Not exercising regularly, Sleep apnea, Smoking, Stress.

• #32 Cardiothoracic Surgery – Atherosclerosis

  https://adultctsurgery.ucsf.edu/patient/patient-education/atherosclerosis.aspx

  Studies show that an increasing number of children and youth are at risk for atherosclerosis. This is due to a number of causes, including rising childhood obesity rates. […] High levels of a protein called C-reactive protein (CRP) in the blood may raise the risk for atherosclerosis and heart attack. High levels of CRP are a sign of inflammation in the body. […] Other factors also may raise your risk for atherosclerosis, such as: Sleep apnea, Stress, Alcohol. […] Taking action to control your risk factors can help prevent or delay atherosclerosis and its related diseases. Your risk for atherosclerosis increases with the number of risk factors you have.

• #33 Atherosclerosis – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis/causes

  Risk factors are conditions or habits that make a person more likely to develop a disease. Nearly half of Americans have high blood pressure or unhealthy cholesterol levels, or they smoke. These are key risk factors that can trigger the start of plaque buildup. […] What causes atherosclerosis? Plaque buildup in the arteries starts with damage to the arteries. Risk factors such as unhealthy lifestyle habits, medical conditions, or your genes can cause this damage. […] Some atherosclerosis risk factors can trigger the buildup of plaque in your arteries. Other risk factors can lead to an increase in your blood pressure or cholesterol levels. The more risk factors you have, the higher your risk of complications, including heart attack and stroke, or even disability or death. […] Some common examples of risk factors for atherosclerosis are: Diabetes: High blood sugar can damage the inner layers of the arteries, causing plaque buildup. Family history: Your genes may raise your risk, especially if you have a common inherited cholesterol disorder called familial hypercholesterolemia. This condition affects about 1 in 300 people. High blood pressure: Over time, high blood pressure can damage artery walls, allowing plaque to build up. In the United States, high blood pressure accounts for more deaths linked to atherosclerosis than any other risk factor that you can change. Inflammatory diseases: When you have a condition such as rheumatoid arthritis or psoriasis, high levels of inflammation can injure your blood vessels, which can lead to plaque buildup. Lack of physical activity: Spending little time moving each day while spending a lot of time in front of screens is linked to unhealthy cholesterol levels that lead to atherosclerosis. Older age: For most people, plaque buildup starts in childhood and gets worse as they get older. In men, the risk increases after age 45. In women, the risk increases after age 55. The risk is even higher for women who have endometriosis or polycystic ovary syndrome, or if they had gestational diabetes or preeclampsia during a pregnancy. Overweight or obesity: Overweight and obesity raise the risk for heart disease and are linked to many other health problems, including type 2 diabetes and cancer. Nearly 3 in 4 adults ages 20 or older in the United States are either overweight or have obesity. Nearly 1 in 5 children and teens ages 2 to 19 have obesity. Race: Black Americans’ risk of death from heart disease is 30% higher than White Americans’ risk. People of South Asian origin (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) also have a higher heart disease risk. Smoking and secondhand smoke: Almost one-third of deaths caused by coronary heart disease are linked to smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke. Secondhand smoke can cause atherosclerosis-linked disease and stroke. Unhealthy diet: Eating a lot of foods high in fat especially saturated fat can increase your cholesterol levels. Saturated fats are found in meat and dairy products (except nonfat dairy). Also, drinking too much alcohol or binge drinking can raise your total cholesterol level.

• #34 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes & Risk Factors | Max Hospital

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/atherosclerosis-symptoms-and-causes

  Obesity and unhealthy diet: Being overweight or obese, particularly with excess abdominal fat, increases the risk of atherosclerosis. A diet high in saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, and refined carbohydrates can contribute to elevated cholesterol levels and atherosclerotic plaque formation. […] Physical inactivity: Lack of regular physical activity is associated with numerous risk factors for atherosclerosis, including obesity, high blood pressure, abnormal cholesterol levels, and insulin resistance. […] Family history and genetics: A family history of atherosclerosis or cardiovascular disease increases the risk of developing the condition. Genetic factors may influence cholesterol metabolism, blood clotting tendencies, and other processes involved in atherosclerosis. […] Age and gender: Atherosclerosis becomes more common with advancing age, as arterial walls become less flexible and more prone to damage. Men tend to develop atherosclerosis at a younger age than women, although the risk for women increases after menopause.

• #35 Atherosclerosis – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis/causes

  Risk factors are conditions or habits that make a person more likely to develop a disease. Nearly half of Americans have high blood pressure or unhealthy cholesterol levels, or they smoke. These are key risk factors that can trigger the start of plaque buildup. […] What causes atherosclerosis? Plaque buildup in the arteries starts with damage to the arteries. Risk factors such as unhealthy lifestyle habits, medical conditions, or your genes can cause this damage. […] Some atherosclerosis risk factors can trigger the buildup of plaque in your arteries. Other risk factors can lead to an increase in your blood pressure or cholesterol levels. The more risk factors you have, the higher your risk of complications, including heart attack and stroke, or even disability or death. […] Some common examples of risk factors for atherosclerosis are: Diabetes: High blood sugar can damage the inner layers of the arteries, causing plaque buildup. Family history: Your genes may raise your risk, especially if you have a common inherited cholesterol disorder called familial hypercholesterolemia. This condition affects about 1 in 300 people. High blood pressure: Over time, high blood pressure can damage artery walls, allowing plaque to build up. In the United States, high blood pressure accounts for more deaths linked to atherosclerosis than any other risk factor that you can change. Inflammatory diseases: When you have a condition such as rheumatoid arthritis or psoriasis, high levels of inflammation can injure your blood vessels, which can lead to plaque buildup. Lack of physical activity: Spending little time moving each day while spending a lot of time in front of screens is linked to unhealthy cholesterol levels that lead to atherosclerosis. Older age: For most people, plaque buildup starts in childhood and gets worse as they get older. In men, the risk increases after age 45. In women, the risk increases after age 55. The risk is even higher for women who have endometriosis or polycystic ovary syndrome, or if they had gestational diabetes or preeclampsia during a pregnancy. Overweight or obesity: Overweight and obesity raise the risk for heart disease and are linked to many other health problems, including type 2 diabetes and cancer. Nearly 3 in 4 adults ages 20 or older in the United States are either overweight or have obesity. Nearly 1 in 5 children and teens ages 2 to 19 have obesity. Race: Black Americans’ risk of death from heart disease is 30% higher than White Americans’ risk. People of South Asian origin (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) also have a higher heart disease risk. Smoking and secondhand smoke: Almost one-third of deaths caused by coronary heart disease are linked to smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke. Secondhand smoke can cause atherosclerosis-linked disease and stroke. Unhealthy diet: Eating a lot of foods high in fat especially saturated fat can increase your cholesterol levels. Saturated fats are found in meat and dairy products (except nonfat dairy). Also, drinking too much alcohol or binge drinking can raise your total cholesterol level.

• #36 Atherosclerosis Symptoms and Causes

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-atherosclerosis-1745908

  Atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive disease in which fatty deposits, called plaque, build up in the walls of arteries. […] The fundamental underlying cause of atherosclerosis has not been fully established. However, many factors that contribute to atherosclerosis have been identified, including: Genetic predisposition the propensity for atherosclerosis clearly runs in families. […] Cholesterol abnormalities high blood levels of LDL cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol are associated with atherosclerosis. […] In Western cultures, arteries commonly show early changes of atherosclerosis even in childhood and adolescence. Atherosclerosis begins as a gradual, progressive disease that commonly will have develops over decades before it ever begins to produce symptoms. […] Atherosclerosis is a condition in which plaque builds up in the walls of arteries. The cause is not entirely understood, but many factors are associated with plaque build-up.

• #37 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes & Risk Factors | Max Hospital

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/atherosclerosis-symptoms-and-causes

  Obesity and unhealthy diet: Being overweight or obese, particularly with excess abdominal fat, increases the risk of atherosclerosis. A diet high in saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, and refined carbohydrates can contribute to elevated cholesterol levels and atherosclerotic plaque formation. […] Physical inactivity: Lack of regular physical activity is associated with numerous risk factors for atherosclerosis, including obesity, high blood pressure, abnormal cholesterol levels, and insulin resistance. […] Family history and genetics: A family history of atherosclerosis or cardiovascular disease increases the risk of developing the condition. Genetic factors may influence cholesterol metabolism, blood clotting tendencies, and other processes involved in atherosclerosis. […] Age and gender: Atherosclerosis becomes more common with advancing age, as arterial walls become less flexible and more prone to damage. Men tend to develop atherosclerosis at a younger age than women, although the risk for women increases after menopause.

• #38 Arteriosclerosis: causes, symptoms and prevention

  https://www.homediq.com/en/arteriosclerosis-causes-and-symptoms/

  In addition to lifestyle factors, other important risk factors for arteriosclerosis include genetic predisposition, age, and gender. Risk of arteriosclerosis increases with age, and is higher for an individual if their other family members also have heart disease. Men are also generally more prone to developing arteriosclerosis. However, the risk increases for women after menopause, when the protection provided by the hormone estrogen decreases. […] The aim of arteriosclerosis treatment is slowing down the progression of the disease, preventing the formation of new plaques and, if possible, reducing existing plaques. There are a number of treatments and preventive measures available depending on the individual’s condition and the stage of the disease.

• #39 Atherosclerosis – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis/causes

  Risk factors are conditions or habits that make a person more likely to develop a disease. Nearly half of Americans have high blood pressure or unhealthy cholesterol levels, or they smoke. These are key risk factors that can trigger the start of plaque buildup. […] What causes atherosclerosis? Plaque buildup in the arteries starts with damage to the arteries. Risk factors such as unhealthy lifestyle habits, medical conditions, or your genes can cause this damage. […] Some atherosclerosis risk factors can trigger the buildup of plaque in your arteries. Other risk factors can lead to an increase in your blood pressure or cholesterol levels. The more risk factors you have, the higher your risk of complications, including heart attack and stroke, or even disability or death. […] Some common examples of risk factors for atherosclerosis are: Diabetes: High blood sugar can damage the inner layers of the arteries, causing plaque buildup. Family history: Your genes may raise your risk, especially if you have a common inherited cholesterol disorder called familial hypercholesterolemia. This condition affects about 1 in 300 people. High blood pressure: Over time, high blood pressure can damage artery walls, allowing plaque to build up. In the United States, high blood pressure accounts for more deaths linked to atherosclerosis than any other risk factor that you can change. Inflammatory diseases: When you have a condition such as rheumatoid arthritis or psoriasis, high levels of inflammation can injure your blood vessels, which can lead to plaque buildup. Lack of physical activity: Spending little time moving each day while spending a lot of time in front of screens is linked to unhealthy cholesterol levels that lead to atherosclerosis. Older age: For most people, plaque buildup starts in childhood and gets worse as they get older. In men, the risk increases after age 45. In women, the risk increases after age 55. The risk is even higher for women who have endometriosis or polycystic ovary syndrome, or if they had gestational diabetes or preeclampsia during a pregnancy. Overweight or obesity: Overweight and obesity raise the risk for heart disease and are linked to many other health problems, including type 2 diabetes and cancer. Nearly 3 in 4 adults ages 20 or older in the United States are either overweight or have obesity. Nearly 1 in 5 children and teens ages 2 to 19 have obesity. Race: Black Americans’ risk of death from heart disease is 30% higher than White Americans’ risk. People of South Asian origin (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) also have a higher heart disease risk. Smoking and secondhand smoke: Almost one-third of deaths caused by coronary heart disease are linked to smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke. Secondhand smoke can cause atherosclerosis-linked disease and stroke. Unhealthy diet: Eating a lot of foods high in fat especially saturated fat can increase your cholesterol levels. Saturated fats are found in meat and dairy products (except nonfat dairy). Also, drinking too much alcohol or binge drinking can raise your total cholesterol level.

• #40 Atherosclerosis | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0106-z

  Atherosclerosis, the formation of fibrofatty lesions in the artery wall, causes much morbidity and mortality worldwide, including most myocardial infarctions and many strokes, as well as disabling peripheral artery disease. […] Development of atherosclerotic lesions probably requires low-density lipoprotein, a particle that carries cholesterol through the blood. […] Other risk factors for atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications include hypertension, cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus. […] Increasing evidence also points to a role of the immune system, as emerging risk factors include inflammation and clonal haematopoiesis. […] Studies of the cell and molecular biology of atherogenesis have provided considerable insight into the mechanisms that link all these risk factors to atheroma development and the clinical manifestations of this disease.

• #41 Atherosclerosis (arteriosclerosis): Causes, symptoms, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/247837

  Atherosclerosis happens when arteries become narrow and hard due to a buildup of plaque around the artery wall. […] The plaque that is the cause of atherosclerosis consists of cholesterol, calcium, fat, and other substances, and it can harder over time. […] Smoking, high blood pressure and other factors increase the risk of developing the condition. […] Atherosclerosis happens when the endothelium becomes damaged, due to factors such as smoking, high blood pressure, or high levels of glucose, fat, and cholesterol in the blood. […] This damage allows a collection of substances, known as plaque, to build up in the artery wall. […] A clot can block the artery, leading to life threatening complications, such as stroke and heart attack. […] People with a higher risk of atherosclerosis include those with diabetes or insulin resistance, a family history of cardiovascular disease, a history of tobacco smoking, high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or bad cholesterol, low physical activity levels, older age, a diet high in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt, and sugar, high blood pressure, obesity, high levels of triglycerides in the blood, stress, high alcohol intake, and sleep apnea. […] Recent evidence indicates that inflammation may play a role.

• #42 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes & Risk Factors | Max Hospital

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/atherosclerosis-symptoms-and-causes

  Inflammation: Chronic inflammation, whether due to underlying conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease, or lifestyle factors such as poor diet or smoking, can contribute to endothelial damage and plaque formation. […] Other risk factors: Additional risk factors for atherosclerosis include excessive alcohol consumption, stress, sleep apnea, and certain medications or medical conditions that raise cholesterol levels or promote inflammation. […] Overall, atherosclerosis is a multifactorial condition influenced by a combination of genetic predisposition, lifestyle factors, and other medical conditions. Identifying and addressing these risk factors through lifestyle modifications, medications, and medical interventions are essential for preventing or slowing the progression and reducing the risk of complications.

• #43 Atherosclerosis – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis/causes

  Risk factors are conditions or habits that make a person more likely to develop a disease. Nearly half of Americans have high blood pressure or unhealthy cholesterol levels, or they smoke. These are key risk factors that can trigger the start of plaque buildup. […] What causes atherosclerosis? Plaque buildup in the arteries starts with damage to the arteries. Risk factors such as unhealthy lifestyle habits, medical conditions, or your genes can cause this damage. […] Some atherosclerosis risk factors can trigger the buildup of plaque in your arteries. Other risk factors can lead to an increase in your blood pressure or cholesterol levels. The more risk factors you have, the higher your risk of complications, including heart attack and stroke, or even disability or death. […] Some common examples of risk factors for atherosclerosis are: Diabetes: High blood sugar can damage the inner layers of the arteries, causing plaque buildup. Family history: Your genes may raise your risk, especially if you have a common inherited cholesterol disorder called familial hypercholesterolemia. This condition affects about 1 in 300 people. High blood pressure: Over time, high blood pressure can damage artery walls, allowing plaque to build up. In the United States, high blood pressure accounts for more deaths linked to atherosclerosis than any other risk factor that you can change. Inflammatory diseases: When you have a condition such as rheumatoid arthritis or psoriasis, high levels of inflammation can injure your blood vessels, which can lead to plaque buildup. Lack of physical activity: Spending little time moving each day while spending a lot of time in front of screens is linked to unhealthy cholesterol levels that lead to atherosclerosis. Older age: For most people, plaque buildup starts in childhood and gets worse as they get older. In men, the risk increases after age 45. In women, the risk increases after age 55. The risk is even higher for women who have endometriosis or polycystic ovary syndrome, or if they had gestational diabetes or preeclampsia during a pregnancy. Overweight or obesity: Overweight and obesity raise the risk for heart disease and are linked to many other health problems, including type 2 diabetes and cancer. Nearly 3 in 4 adults ages 20 or older in the United States are either overweight or have obesity. Nearly 1 in 5 children and teens ages 2 to 19 have obesity. Race: Black Americans’ risk of death from heart disease is 30% higher than White Americans’ risk. People of South Asian origin (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) also have a higher heart disease risk. Smoking and secondhand smoke: Almost one-third of deaths caused by coronary heart disease are linked to smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke. Secondhand smoke can cause atherosclerosis-linked disease and stroke. Unhealthy diet: Eating a lot of foods high in fat especially saturated fat can increase your cholesterol levels. Saturated fats are found in meat and dairy products (except nonfat dairy). Also, drinking too much alcohol or binge drinking can raise your total cholesterol level.

• #44 Atherosclerosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  Chronic kidney disease promotes development of atherosclerosis via several pathways, including worsening hypertension and insulin resistance; decreased apolipoprotein A-I levels; and increased lipoprotein(a), homocysteine, fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein levels. […] Tobacco smoke contains nicotine and other chemicals that are toxic to vascular endothelium. […] Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] is pro-atherogenic and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and aortic valve stenosis. […] Apolipoprotein (B) (apoB) is a particle with two isoforms: apoB-100, which is synthesized in the liver, and apoB-46, which is synthesized in the intestine. […] A high level of small, dense LDL, characteristic of diabetes, is highly atherogenic. […] A high C-reactive protein (CRP) level does not reliably predict extent of atherosclerosis but can predict increased likelihood of ischemic events.

• #45 Cardiothoracic Surgery – Atherosclerosis

  https://adultctsurgery.ucsf.edu/patient/patient-education/atherosclerosis.aspx

  Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries. […] The cause of atherosclerosis isn’t known. However, certain traits, conditions, or habits may raise your risk for the disease. These conditions are known as risk factors. […] The exact cause of atherosclerosis isn’t known. However, studies show that atherosclerosis is a slow, complex disease that may start in childhood. It develops faster as you age. […] Atherosclerosis may start when certain factors damage the inner layers of the arteries. These factors include: Smoking, High amounts of certain fats and cholesterol in the blood, High blood pressure, High amounts of sugar in the blood due to insulin resistance or diabetes. […] Researchers continue to look for the causes of atherosclerosis. They hope to find answers to questions such as: Why and how do the arteries become damaged? How does plaque develop and change over time? Why does plaque rupture and lead to blood clots?

• #46 Atherosclerosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  A link between infection and atherosclerosis has been observed, specifically an association between serologic evidence of certain infections and coronary artery disease (CAD). […] The presence of atherosclerotic disease in one vascular territory increases the likelihood of disease in other vascular territories.

• #47 Atherosclerosis – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/atherosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  Atherosclerosis is caused by repeated injury to the walls of arteries. […] Many factors contribute to this injury, including high blood pressure, tobacco smoke, diabetes, and high levels of cholesterol in the blood. […] The development of atherosclerosis is complicated, but the primary event seems to be repeated, subtle injury to the artery’s inner lining (endothelium), through various mechanisms. […] Infections with a few types of bacteria or viruses (such as Helicobacter pylori or cytomegalovirus) may also increase inflammation in the artery’s inner lining (endothelium) and lead to atherosclerosis. […] A high level of LDL cholesterol is another important modifiable risk factor. […] Uncontrolled high blood pressure is a risk factor for heart attack and stroke, which are caused by atherosclerosis.

• #48 Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/6/3346

  The vascular endothelium is a heterogeneous monolayer formed by endothelial cells (ECs), which face the luminal side of all blood vessels, representing the first barrier for molecules, cells, or pathogens circulating in the bloodstream. […] The extensive correlative data indicating that low shear or disrupted flow accounts for the localization of atherosclerosis lesions emphasize the importance of arterial branches and bifurcations when performing a diagnosis of atherosclerotic lesion development or progression. […] Endothelial dysfunction is also explained through a reduction in NO bioavailability. NO is synthesized from L-arginine in ECs in a reaction catalyzed by eNOS and diffuses across cell membranes, reaching the smooth muscle tissue of the artery wall. NO promotes smooth muscle fiber relaxation, known as endothelium-dependent vasodilatation, and is considered an athero-protective molecule, because it counteracts atherogenesis and its complications. […] Atherosclerosis is initiated by endothelium activation and, followed by a cascade of events (accumulation of lipids, fibrous elements, and calcification), triggers the vessel narrowing and activation of inflammatory pathways.

• #49 Atherosclerosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  There are numerous risk factors for atherosclerosis. Certain factors tend to cluster as the metabolic syndrome. This syndrome includes abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, a prothrombotic state, and a proinflammatory state in sedentary patients. Insulin resistance is not synonymous with the metabolic syndrome but may be key in its etiology. […] Dyslipidemia (high total, high LDL, or low high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol), hypertension, and diabetes promote atherosclerosis by amplifying or augmenting endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory pathways in vascular endothelium. […] Hypertension may lead to vascular inflammation via angiotensin II-mediated mechanisms. […] Diabetes leads to the formation of advanced glycation end products, which increase the production of proinflammatory cytokines from endothelial cells.

• #50 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/atherosclerosis

  Atherosclerosis develops slowly and its often related to lifestyle habits, including diet patterns and reduced physical activity. Aging may also be a factor in atherosclerosis, but it doesnt mean significant atherosclerosis always goes hand in hand with aging. […] Chronic high cholesterol is the main contributing factor to atherosclerosis. Cholesterol is found naturally in the body and in certain foods. […] If cholesterol levels in the blood are persistently elevated, it may lead to artery clogging. Over time, cholesterol in the arteries becomes a hard plaque that starts to restrict blood circulation and may damage blood vessels leading to blood clots. […] Other contributing factors for atherosclerosis may include: Family history: If atherosclerosis runs in your family, you may have a higher chance of narrowing of the arteries. You can inherit this condition, as well as other heart-related problems.

• #51 Atherosclerosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  Chronic kidney disease promotes development of atherosclerosis via several pathways, including worsening hypertension and insulin resistance; decreased apolipoprotein A-I levels; and increased lipoprotein(a), homocysteine, fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein levels. […] Tobacco smoke contains nicotine and other chemicals that are toxic to vascular endothelium. […] Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] is pro-atherogenic and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and aortic valve stenosis. […] Apolipoprotein (B) (apoB) is a particle with two isoforms: apoB-100, which is synthesized in the liver, and apoB-46, which is synthesized in the intestine. […] A high level of small, dense LDL, characteristic of diabetes, is highly atherogenic. […] A high C-reactive protein (CRP) level does not reliably predict extent of atherosclerosis but can predict increased likelihood of ischemic events.

• #52 Atherosclerosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  Chronic kidney disease promotes development of atherosclerosis via several pathways, including worsening hypertension and insulin resistance; decreased apolipoprotein A-I levels; and increased lipoprotein(a), homocysteine, fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein levels. […] Tobacco smoke contains nicotine and other chemicals that are toxic to vascular endothelium. […] Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] is pro-atherogenic and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and aortic valve stenosis. […] Apolipoprotein (B) (apoB) is a particle with two isoforms: apoB-100, which is synthesized in the liver, and apoB-46, which is synthesized in the intestine. […] A high level of small, dense LDL, characteristic of diabetes, is highly atherogenic. […] A high C-reactive protein (CRP) level does not reliably predict extent of atherosclerosis but can predict increased likelihood of ischemic events.

• #53 Atherosclerosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  Chronic kidney disease promotes development of atherosclerosis via several pathways, including worsening hypertension and insulin resistance; decreased apolipoprotein A-I levels; and increased lipoprotein(a), homocysteine, fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein levels. […] Tobacco smoke contains nicotine and other chemicals that are toxic to vascular endothelium. […] Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] is pro-atherogenic and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and aortic valve stenosis. […] Apolipoprotein (B) (apoB) is a particle with two isoforms: apoB-100, which is synthesized in the liver, and apoB-46, which is synthesized in the intestine. […] A high level of small, dense LDL, characteristic of diabetes, is highly atherogenic. […] A high C-reactive protein (CRP) level does not reliably predict extent of atherosclerosis but can predict increased likelihood of ischemic events.

• #54 Atherosclerosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  There are numerous risk factors for atherosclerosis. Certain factors tend to cluster as the metabolic syndrome. This syndrome includes abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, a prothrombotic state, and a proinflammatory state in sedentary patients. Insulin resistance is not synonymous with the metabolic syndrome but may be key in its etiology. […] Dyslipidemia (high total, high LDL, or low high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol), hypertension, and diabetes promote atherosclerosis by amplifying or augmenting endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory pathways in vascular endothelium. […] Hypertension may lead to vascular inflammation via angiotensin II-mediated mechanisms. […] Diabetes leads to the formation of advanced glycation end products, which increase the production of proinflammatory cytokines from endothelial cells.

• #55 Atherosclerosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  There are numerous risk factors for atherosclerosis. Certain factors tend to cluster as the metabolic syndrome. This syndrome includes abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, a prothrombotic state, and a proinflammatory state in sedentary patients. Insulin resistance is not synonymous with the metabolic syndrome but may be key in its etiology. […] Dyslipidemia (high total, high LDL, or low high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol), hypertension, and diabetes promote atherosclerosis by amplifying or augmenting endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory pathways in vascular endothelium. […] Hypertension may lead to vascular inflammation via angiotensin II-mediated mechanisms. […] Diabetes leads to the formation of advanced glycation end products, which increase the production of proinflammatory cytokines from endothelial cells.

• #56 Atherosclerosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

  Chronic kidney disease promotes development of atherosclerosis via several pathways, including worsening hypertension and insulin resistance; decreased apolipoprotein A-I levels; and increased lipoprotein(a), homocysteine, fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein levels. […] Tobacco smoke contains nicotine and other chemicals that are toxic to vascular endothelium. […] Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] is pro-atherogenic and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and aortic valve stenosis. […] Apolipoprotein (B) (apoB) is a particle with two isoforms: apoB-100, which is synthesized in the liver, and apoB-46, which is synthesized in the intestine. […] A high level of small, dense LDL, characteristic of diabetes, is highly atherogenic. […] A high C-reactive protein (CRP) level does not reliably predict extent of atherosclerosis but can predict increased likelihood of ischemic events.

• #57 Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/6/3346

  Disruption of the mechanisms involved in vascular homeostasis regulation leads to endothelial dysfunction. Briefly, when ECs lose their ability to maintain homeostasis, vessel walls are predisposed to vasoconstriction, lipid infiltration, leukocyte adhesion, platelet activation, and oxidative stress, among other things. Together, these induce an inflammatory response that is considered the first step of atheromatous plaque formation: the fatty streak. […] Hemodynamic forces constitute a local risk factor of atherogenesis, as they promote endothelial dysfunction. […] Atherosclerosis is a disease that is characterized by the accumulation of lipids, fibrous elements, and calcification within the large arteries. This process is initiated by endothelium activation, followed by a cascade of events, which implies the vessel narrowing and activation of inflammatory pathways leading to atheroma plaque formation.

• #58 Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/6/3346

  The vascular endothelium is a heterogeneous monolayer formed by endothelial cells (ECs), which face the luminal side of all blood vessels, representing the first barrier for molecules, cells, or pathogens circulating in the bloodstream. […] The extensive correlative data indicating that low shear or disrupted flow accounts for the localization of atherosclerosis lesions emphasize the importance of arterial branches and bifurcations when performing a diagnosis of atherosclerotic lesion development or progression. […] Endothelial dysfunction is also explained through a reduction in NO bioavailability. NO is synthesized from L-arginine in ECs in a reaction catalyzed by eNOS and diffuses across cell membranes, reaching the smooth muscle tissue of the artery wall. NO promotes smooth muscle fiber relaxation, known as endothelium-dependent vasodilatation, and is considered an athero-protective molecule, because it counteracts atherogenesis and its complications. […] Atherosclerosis is initiated by endothelium activation and, followed by a cascade of events (accumulation of lipids, fibrous elements, and calcification), triggers the vessel narrowing and activation of inflammatory pathways.

• #59 Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/6/3346

  The vascular endothelium is a heterogeneous monolayer formed by endothelial cells (ECs), which face the luminal side of all blood vessels, representing the first barrier for molecules, cells, or pathogens circulating in the bloodstream. […] The extensive correlative data indicating that low shear or disrupted flow accounts for the localization of atherosclerosis lesions emphasize the importance of arterial branches and bifurcations when performing a diagnosis of atherosclerotic lesion development or progression. […] Endothelial dysfunction is also explained through a reduction in NO bioavailability. NO is synthesized from L-arginine in ECs in a reaction catalyzed by eNOS and diffuses across cell membranes, reaching the smooth muscle tissue of the artery wall. NO promotes smooth muscle fiber relaxation, known as endothelium-dependent vasodilatation, and is considered an athero-protective molecule, because it counteracts atherogenesis and its complications. […] Atherosclerosis is initiated by endothelium activation and, followed by a cascade of events (accumulation of lipids, fibrous elements, and calcification), triggers the vessel narrowing and activation of inflammatory pathways.

• #60 Atherosclerosis Pathology: Definition, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1612610-overview

  Plaque rupture is defined by fibrous cap disruption or fracture, whereby the overlying thrombus is in continuity with the underlying necrotic core. Plaque erosion is identified when serial sectioning through a thrombus fails to show communication with a necrotic core or deep intima; the endothelium is absent, and the thrombus is superimposed on a plaque substrate primarily composed of smooth muscle cells and proteoglycans. […] Studies highlight the role of genetic factors, such as the NEDD4L gene, in modulating vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis plaque stability. Genetic polymorphisms, such as the PCSK9 (rs2149041) polymorphism, are associated with increased carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), which is a marker of early atherosclerosis.

• #61 Atherosclerosis Pathology: Definition, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1612610-overview

  The etiology of atherosclerosis is unknown, but there are multiple factors that contribute to atherosclerotic plaque progression. These include genetic and acquired factors. Processes involved in atherosclerosis include coagulation, inflammation, lipid metabolism, intimal injury, and smooth muscle cell proliferation (see the image below). Genes potentially involved in cardiovascular disease include APOA1, APOA5, APOB, APOC1, APOC2, APOE, CDKN1A, CXCL12, SCARB1, SMARCA4 and TERT. […] Factors that affect these processes may inhibit or accelerate atherosclerosis. The most common risk factors are family history, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, hypertension, and dietary deficiencies of antioxidants. […] A major event in atherosclerotic plaque progression is thrombosis, which may occur in any arterial bed (coronary, aorta, carotid, etc.) Three different morphologies (rupture, erosion, and calcified nodule) may give rise to acute coronary thrombosis. The development of plaque and its rupture are hallmarks of atherosclerotic vascular disease.

• #62 Pathology Outlines – Atherosclerotic coronary artery disease

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/heartatheroscleroticcad.html

  At least 164 genetic risk loci have been identified (Cardiovasc Res 2018;114:1241) […] Elevated low density lipoproteins (Eur Heart J 2017;38:2459) […] Cigarette smoking (Curr Med Chem 2014;21:3936) […] Diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance (metabolic) syndrome (Endocr Rev 2019;40:1447) […] Elevated triglycerides (Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2021;114:132) […] Conditions associated with proinflammatory profile, such as systemic lupus erythematous, rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease (Curr Opin Rheumatol 2018;30:441, Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020;58:1, Mayo Clin Proc 2021;96:666) […] Lifestyle and environmental factors (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2020;27:394): […] Sedentarism […] Poor diet […] Psychosocial stress […] Sleep deprivation and noise […] Certain infections (Curr Cardiol Rep 2021;23:52)

• #63 Arteriosclerosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriosclerosis

  Arteriosclerosis, literally meaning „hardening of the arteries”, is an umbrella term for a vascular disorder characterized by abnormal thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the walls of arteries; this process gradually restricts the blood flow to one’s organs and tissues and can lead to severe health risks brought on by atherosclerosis, which is a specific form of arteriosclerosis caused by the buildup of fatty plaques, cholesterol, and some other substances in and on the artery walls (it can be brought on by smoking, a bad diet, or many genetic factors). […] Atherosclerosis is the primary cause of coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke, with multiple genetic and environmental contributions. Genetic-epidemiologic studies have identified a long list of genetic and non-genetic risk factors for CAD. However, such studies indicate that family history is the most significant independent risk factor. […] Smoking, High blood pressure are causes of arteriosclerosis.

• #64 Arteriosclerosis: Symptoms & Treatment | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/patient-care/services-and-specialties/heart/conditions/arteriosclerosis

  High alcohol consumption is a major driver of arteriosclerosis, as it can increase high blood pressure and hyperlipidemia. […] Studies show that susceptibility to arteriosclerosis has a significant genetic component. It is important to share any family history of arteriosclerosis with your health provider.

• #65 Atherosclerosis Pathology: Definition, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1612610-overview

  The etiology of atherosclerosis is unknown, but there are multiple factors that contribute to atherosclerotic plaque progression. These include genetic and acquired factors. Processes involved in atherosclerosis include coagulation, inflammation, lipid metabolism, intimal injury, and smooth muscle cell proliferation (see the image below). Genes potentially involved in cardiovascular disease include APOA1, APOA5, APOB, APOC1, APOC2, APOE, CDKN1A, CXCL12, SCARB1, SMARCA4 and TERT. […] Factors that affect these processes may inhibit or accelerate atherosclerosis. The most common risk factors are family history, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, hypertension, and dietary deficiencies of antioxidants. […] A major event in atherosclerotic plaque progression is thrombosis, which may occur in any arterial bed (coronary, aorta, carotid, etc.) Three different morphologies (rupture, erosion, and calcified nodule) may give rise to acute coronary thrombosis. The development of plaque and its rupture are hallmarks of atherosclerotic vascular disease.

• #66 Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/

  Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis are sometimes used to mean the same thing. But there’s a difference between the two terms. […] Atherosclerosis is the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls. This buildup is called plaque. The plaque can cause arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. The plaque also can burst, leading to a blood clot. […] If there’s too much cholesterol in the blood, the cholesterol and other substances may form deposits called plaque. Plaque can cause an artery to become narrowed or blocked. If a plaque ruptures, a blood clot can form. Plaque and blood clots can reduce blood flow through an artery. […] The exact cause is not known. It may start with damage or injury to the inner layer of an artery. Artery damage may be caused by: High blood pressure. High cholesterol. High triglycerides, a type of fat in the blood. Smoking or other tobacco use. Diabetes. Insulin resistance. Obesity. Inflammation from an unknown cause or from diseases such as arthritis, lupus, psoriasis or inflammatory bowel disease.

• #67 Atherosclerosis – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis/causes

  Risk factors are conditions or habits that make a person more likely to develop a disease. Nearly half of Americans have high blood pressure or unhealthy cholesterol levels, or they smoke. These are key risk factors that can trigger the start of plaque buildup. […] What causes atherosclerosis? Plaque buildup in the arteries starts with damage to the arteries. Risk factors such as unhealthy lifestyle habits, medical conditions, or your genes can cause this damage. […] Some atherosclerosis risk factors can trigger the buildup of plaque in your arteries. Other risk factors can lead to an increase in your blood pressure or cholesterol levels. The more risk factors you have, the higher your risk of complications, including heart attack and stroke, or even disability or death. […] Some common examples of risk factors for atherosclerosis are: Diabetes: High blood sugar can damage the inner layers of the arteries, causing plaque buildup. Family history: Your genes may raise your risk, especially if you have a common inherited cholesterol disorder called familial hypercholesterolemia. This condition affects about 1 in 300 people. High blood pressure: Over time, high blood pressure can damage artery walls, allowing plaque to build up. In the United States, high blood pressure accounts for more deaths linked to atherosclerosis than any other risk factor that you can change. Inflammatory diseases: When you have a condition such as rheumatoid arthritis or psoriasis, high levels of inflammation can injure your blood vessels, which can lead to plaque buildup. Lack of physical activity: Spending little time moving each day while spending a lot of time in front of screens is linked to unhealthy cholesterol levels that lead to atherosclerosis. Older age: For most people, plaque buildup starts in childhood and gets worse as they get older. In men, the risk increases after age 45. In women, the risk increases after age 55. The risk is even higher for women who have endometriosis or polycystic ovary syndrome, or if they had gestational diabetes or preeclampsia during a pregnancy. Overweight or obesity: Overweight and obesity raise the risk for heart disease and are linked to many other health problems, including type 2 diabetes and cancer. Nearly 3 in 4 adults ages 20 or older in the United States are either overweight or have obesity. Nearly 1 in 5 children and teens ages 2 to 19 have obesity. Race: Black Americans’ risk of death from heart disease is 30% higher than White Americans’ risk. People of South Asian origin (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) also have a higher heart disease risk. Smoking and secondhand smoke: Almost one-third of deaths caused by coronary heart disease are linked to smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke. Secondhand smoke can cause atherosclerosis-linked disease and stroke. Unhealthy diet: Eating a lot of foods high in fat especially saturated fat can increase your cholesterol levels. Saturated fats are found in meat and dairy products (except nonfat dairy). Also, drinking too much alcohol or binge drinking can raise your total cholesterol level.

• #68 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16753-atherosclerosis-arterial-disease

  The stages of atherosclerosis happen over many years and include: Endothelial damage and immune response, Fatty streak formation, Plaque growth, Plaque rupture or erosion. […] Atherosclerosis interferes with the normal workings of your cardiovascular system. It can limit or block blood flow to various parts of your body, including your heart and brain. Possible complications of reduced blood flow include: Carotid artery disease, Coronary artery disease, Heart attack, Arrhythmia, Heart failure, Mesenteric ischemia, Peripheral artery disease, Chronic kidney disease, Renal artery stenosis, Stroke, Transient ischemic attack, Aneurysms and rupture of blood vessels from weakened artery walls. […] Early diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis can help you avoid or delay complications.

• #69 Atherosclerosis – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis/causes

  Talk with your healthcare provider about your heart health. Together, you can set up a plan to reduce your risk, monitor your health, and manage your risk factors to delay or prevent disease caused by atherosclerosis. Starting treatment early is the key to preventing symptoms and complications, such as heart attack or stroke.

• #70 Atherosclerosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-is-atherosclerosis

  A healthy diet and lifestyle and regular checkups can help slow the progress of atherosclerosis. Without these changes, your life expectancy is significantly shortened — 16 years on average with a heart attack, 10 with heart failure, and maybe even more after a stroke. Adopting a healthy lifestyle could add more than a decade to your life.

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