Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Life Span Studies of ADHD—Conceptual Challenges and Predictors of Persistence and Outcome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5919196/

  There is a renewed interest in better conceptualizing trajectories of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from childhood to adulthood, driven by an increased recognition of long-term impairment and potential persistence beyond childhood and adolescence. […] Estimates of persistence vary widely in the literature, and diagnostic criteria, sample characteristics, and information source are the most important factors explaining variability among studies. Evidence indicates that ADHD severity, comorbid conduct disorder and major depressive disorder, and treatment for ADHD are the main predictors of ADHD persistence from childhood to adulthood. […] Comorbid conduct disorder and ADHD severity in childhood are the most important predictors of adverse outcomes in adulthood among children with ADHD.

• #2 ADHD in Adults: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5197-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-in-adults

  If you have adult ADHD, the effects that you experience depend on which subtype you have and symptom severity. Medication, therapy and other conventional approaches are usually enough for most people to manage this condition. These treatments allow most people with ADHD to have careers, relationships and families. […] ADHD is a lifelong condition. It doesnt go away and theres no way to cure it. However, research shows that the severity of the symptoms tends to decrease in older adults, especially after age 60. […] ADHD isnt a dangerous condition on its own. If adult ADHD goes untreated especially when its more severe it can negatively affect your life in several ways. These include a higher risk for: Injury. Key ADHD symptoms like impulsivity, hyperactivity and inattention can all contribute to injuries. This can also increase the risk of mental health conditions like anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). […] Experts estimate that 15% to 20% of adults diagnosed as children still fully meet the criteria for it, and another 40% to 60% continue to have at least some of the symptoms.

• #3 ADHD in Adults: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5197-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-in-adults

  If you have adult ADHD, the effects that you experience depend on which subtype you have and symptom severity. Medication, therapy and other conventional approaches are usually enough for most people to manage this condition. These treatments allow most people with ADHD to have careers, relationships and families. […] ADHD is a lifelong condition. It doesnt go away and theres no way to cure it. However, research shows that the severity of the symptoms tends to decrease in older adults, especially after age 60. […] ADHD isnt a dangerous condition on its own. If adult ADHD goes untreated especially when its more severe it can negatively affect your life in several ways. These include a higher risk for: Injury. Key ADHD symptoms like impulsivity, hyperactivity and inattention can all contribute to injuries. This can also increase the risk of mental health conditions like anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). […] Experts estimate that 15% to 20% of adults diagnosed as children still fully meet the criteria for it, and another 40% to 60% continue to have at least some of the symptoms.

• #4 Adult Outcome of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Controlled 16-Year Follow-Up Study

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/adult-outcome-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder/

  The main purpose of this long-term, 16-year follow-up study was to estimate the burden of psychopathology and dysfunction associated with ADHD into adulthood and to investigate whether the morbidity of ADHD is due to ADHD or its associated psychiatric disorders. […] This 16-year follow-up found that, compared with age- and sex-matched controls, by a mean age of 27 years, men who had ADHD as boys had statistically indistinguishable rates of antisocial, mood, and alcohol and drug addictions in the 6-year interval since their prior assessment. […] Despite these low rates of interval psychiatric disorders, men who had ADHD as boys were at significantly higher risk than controls for a wide range of adverse psychosocial, educational, occupational, and cognitive outcomes, even after controlling for psychiatric disorders, indicating that these impairments were due to ADHD itself and not to other psychiatric disorders. […] These results indicate that the many impairments associated with ADHD in adult life are due to ADHD itself and not to associated psychiatric disorders.

• #5

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00406-017-0850-6

  There are very few studies on the long-term outcome in subjects diagnosed with ADHD as adults. […] The objective of the present study was to assess this and relate the outcome to whether there was current medication or not and to other potential predictors of favourable outcome. […] ADHD symptom trajectories were assessed as well as medication, global functioning, disability, health-related quality of life, and alcohol and drug consumption at follow-up. […] One-third reported remission, defined as not fulfilling any ADHD subtype and a GAF-value last year 70, which was not affected by comorbidity at baseline. […] Current medication was not associated with remission. […] Subjects evaluated and first diagnosed with ADHD as adults are functionally improved at follow-up 6 years later despite a high percentage of psychiatric comorbidity at baseline.

• #6

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00406-017-0850-6

  There are very few studies on the long-term outcome in subjects diagnosed with ADHD as adults. […] The objective of the present study was to assess this and relate the outcome to whether there was current medication or not and to other potential predictors of favourable outcome. […] ADHD symptom trajectories were assessed as well as medication, global functioning, disability, health-related quality of life, and alcohol and drug consumption at follow-up. […] One-third reported remission, defined as not fulfilling any ADHD subtype and a GAF-value last year 70, which was not affected by comorbidity at baseline. […] Current medication was not associated with remission. […] Subjects evaluated and first diagnosed with ADHD as adults are functionally improved at follow-up 6 years later despite a high percentage of psychiatric comorbidity at baseline.

• #7 Life Span Studies of ADHD—Conceptual Challenges and Predictors of Persistence and Outcome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5919196/

  Three recent population studies suggested the existence of a significant proportion of individuals who report onset of ADHD symptoms and impairments after childhood. […] The available literature indicates that ADHD severity, co-morbid conduct disorder and major depressive disorder, and treatment for ADHD are the main predictors of ADHD persistence from childhood to adulthood. […] Comorbid conduct disorder in childhood is ubiquitous as a predictor of multiple adverse outcomes like premature mortality, SUD, and criminality, whereas other factors have controversial effects depending on the study. […] Finally, innovative investigations like those suggesting the possibility of an adult-onset ADHD trajectory predicted by higher cognitive reserve and lower symptomatology in childhood are important to expand our knowledge about ADHD trajectories across the life cycle.

• #8 Life Span Studies of ADHD—Conceptual Challenges and Predictors of Persistence and Outcome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5919196/

  Three recent population studies suggested the existence of a significant proportion of individuals who report onset of ADHD symptoms and impairments after childhood. […] The available literature indicates that ADHD severity, co-morbid conduct disorder and major depressive disorder, and treatment for ADHD are the main predictors of ADHD persistence from childhood to adulthood. […] Comorbid conduct disorder in childhood is ubiquitous as a predictor of multiple adverse outcomes like premature mortality, SUD, and criminality, whereas other factors have controversial effects depending on the study. […] Finally, innovative investigations like those suggesting the possibility of an adult-onset ADHD trajectory predicted by higher cognitive reserve and lower symptomatology in childhood are important to expand our knowledge about ADHD trajectories across the life cycle.

• #9 Life Span Studies of ADHD—Conceptual Challenges and Predictors of Persistence and Outcome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5919196/

  Three recent population studies suggested the existence of a significant proportion of individuals who report onset of ADHD symptoms and impairments after childhood. […] The available literature indicates that ADHD severity, co-morbid conduct disorder and major depressive disorder, and treatment for ADHD are the main predictors of ADHD persistence from childhood to adulthood. […] Comorbid conduct disorder in childhood is ubiquitous as a predictor of multiple adverse outcomes like premature mortality, SUD, and criminality, whereas other factors have controversial effects depending on the study. […] Finally, innovative investigations like those suggesting the possibility of an adult-onset ADHD trajectory predicted by higher cognitive reserve and lower symptomatology in childhood are important to expand our knowledge about ADHD trajectories across the life cycle.

• #10 Conduct problems, gender and adult psychiatric outcome of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/conduct-problems-gender-and-adult-psychiatric-outcome-of-children-with-attentiondeficit-hyperactivity-disorder/9A5FA17CAEAB346CF26D51B0BA90DC27

  Girls with ADHD had a higher risk of adult psychiatric admission than boys. Conduct problems were also associated with a higher risk. Girls with ADHD with conduct problems had a very high risk of a psychiatric admission in adulthood. […] Gender was the single most important predictor for a psychiatric admission in adulthood. Thirty-two per cent of the female probands had a psychiatric admission in adulthood. Being female was associated with a significantly higher risk for a later admission (HR=2.42; 95% CI 1.05-5.62). […] Girls with ADHD and comorbid conduct problems had a much higher risk of an adult psychiatric admission compared with those without conduct problems (HR=6.0; 95% CI 1.21-30.09). Of the 25 female probands, 10 had had comorbid conduct problems in childhood. Sixty per cent of these females with ADHD and comorbid conduct problems experienced an adult psychiatric admission. […] Although girls with ADHD compared with boys with ADHD seldom have conduct problems, such comorbidity is important for the prognosis.

• #11 Conduct problems, gender and adult psychiatric outcome of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/conduct-problems-gender-and-adult-psychiatric-outcome-of-children-with-attentiondeficit-hyperactivity-disorder/9A5FA17CAEAB346CF26D51B0BA90DC27

  Girls with ADHD had a higher risk of adult psychiatric admission than boys. Conduct problems were also associated with a higher risk. Girls with ADHD with conduct problems had a very high risk of a psychiatric admission in adulthood. […] Gender was the single most important predictor for a psychiatric admission in adulthood. Thirty-two per cent of the female probands had a psychiatric admission in adulthood. Being female was associated with a significantly higher risk for a later admission (HR=2.42; 95% CI 1.05-5.62). […] Girls with ADHD and comorbid conduct problems had a much higher risk of an adult psychiatric admission compared with those without conduct problems (HR=6.0; 95% CI 1.21-30.09). Of the 25 female probands, 10 had had comorbid conduct problems in childhood. Sixty per cent of these females with ADHD and comorbid conduct problems experienced an adult psychiatric admission. […] Although girls with ADHD compared with boys with ADHD seldom have conduct problems, such comorbidity is important for the prognosis.

• #12 Conduct problems, gender and adult psychiatric outcome of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/conduct-problems-gender-and-adult-psychiatric-outcome-of-children-with-attentiondeficit-hyperactivity-disorder/9A5FA17CAEAB346CF26D51B0BA90DC27

  Girls with ADHD had a higher risk of adult psychiatric admission than boys. Conduct problems were also associated with a higher risk. Girls with ADHD with conduct problems had a very high risk of a psychiatric admission in adulthood. […] Gender was the single most important predictor for a psychiatric admission in adulthood. Thirty-two per cent of the female probands had a psychiatric admission in adulthood. Being female was associated with a significantly higher risk for a later admission (HR=2.42; 95% CI 1.05-5.62). […] Girls with ADHD and comorbid conduct problems had a much higher risk of an adult psychiatric admission compared with those without conduct problems (HR=6.0; 95% CI 1.21-30.09). Of the 25 female probands, 10 had had comorbid conduct problems in childhood. Sixty per cent of these females with ADHD and comorbid conduct problems experienced an adult psychiatric admission. […] Although girls with ADHD compared with boys with ADHD seldom have conduct problems, such comorbidity is important for the prognosis.

• #13 ADHD in Adults: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5197-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-in-adults

  If you have adult ADHD, the effects that you experience depend on which subtype you have and symptom severity. Medication, therapy and other conventional approaches are usually enough for most people to manage this condition. These treatments allow most people with ADHD to have careers, relationships and families. […] ADHD is a lifelong condition. It doesnt go away and theres no way to cure it. However, research shows that the severity of the symptoms tends to decrease in older adults, especially after age 60. […] ADHD isnt a dangerous condition on its own. If adult ADHD goes untreated especially when its more severe it can negatively affect your life in several ways. These include a higher risk for: Injury. Key ADHD symptoms like impulsivity, hyperactivity and inattention can all contribute to injuries. This can also increase the risk of mental health conditions like anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). […] Experts estimate that 15% to 20% of adults diagnosed as children still fully meet the criteria for it, and another 40% to 60% continue to have at least some of the symptoms.

• #14 Adult Outcome of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Controlled 16-Year Follow-Up Study

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/adult-outcome-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder/

  At the 16-year follow-up, subjects with ADHD continued to significantly differ from controls in lifetime rates of antisocial, mood, anxiety, and addictive disorders, but with the exception of a higher interval prevalence of anxiety disorders (20% vs 8%; z = 2.32, P = .02) and smoking dependence (27% vs 11%; z = 2.30, P = .02), the incidence of individual disorders in the 6-year interval between the current and prior follow-up did not differ significantly from controls. […] These long-term prospective findings provide further evidence for the high morbidity associated with ADHD across the life cycle, stressing the importance of early recognition of this disorder for prevention and early intervention strategies. […] These findings also indicate that, in adulthood, ADHD confers significant risks for impairment that cannot be accounted for by other psychopathology.

• #15 ADHD in Adults: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5197-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-in-adults

  If you have adult ADHD, the effects that you experience depend on which subtype you have and symptom severity. Medication, therapy and other conventional approaches are usually enough for most people to manage this condition. These treatments allow most people with ADHD to have careers, relationships and families. […] ADHD is a lifelong condition. It doesnt go away and theres no way to cure it. However, research shows that the severity of the symptoms tends to decrease in older adults, especially after age 60. […] ADHD isnt a dangerous condition on its own. If adult ADHD goes untreated especially when its more severe it can negatively affect your life in several ways. These include a higher risk for: Injury. Key ADHD symptoms like impulsivity, hyperactivity and inattention can all contribute to injuries. This can also increase the risk of mental health conditions like anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). […] Experts estimate that 15% to 20% of adults diagnosed as children still fully meet the criteria for it, and another 40% to 60% continue to have at least some of the symptoms.

• #16 ADHD in Adults: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5197-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-in-adults

  If you have adult ADHD, the effects that you experience depend on which subtype you have and symptom severity. Medication, therapy and other conventional approaches are usually enough for most people to manage this condition. These treatments allow most people with ADHD to have careers, relationships and families. […] ADHD is a lifelong condition. It doesnt go away and theres no way to cure it. However, research shows that the severity of the symptoms tends to decrease in older adults, especially after age 60. […] ADHD isnt a dangerous condition on its own. If adult ADHD goes untreated especially when its more severe it can negatively affect your life in several ways. These include a higher risk for: Injury. Key ADHD symptoms like impulsivity, hyperactivity and inattention can all contribute to injuries. This can also increase the risk of mental health conditions like anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). […] Experts estimate that 15% to 20% of adults diagnosed as children still fully meet the criteria for it, and another 40% to 60% continue to have at least some of the symptoms.

• #17 ADHD in Adults: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5197-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-in-adults

  If you have adult ADHD, the effects that you experience depend on which subtype you have and symptom severity. Medication, therapy and other conventional approaches are usually enough for most people to manage this condition. These treatments allow most people with ADHD to have careers, relationships and families. […] ADHD is a lifelong condition. It doesnt go away and theres no way to cure it. However, research shows that the severity of the symptoms tends to decrease in older adults, especially after age 60. […] ADHD isnt a dangerous condition on its own. If adult ADHD goes untreated especially when its more severe it can negatively affect your life in several ways. These include a higher risk for: Injury. Key ADHD symptoms like impulsivity, hyperactivity and inattention can all contribute to injuries. This can also increase the risk of mental health conditions like anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). […] Experts estimate that 15% to 20% of adults diagnosed as children still fully meet the criteria for it, and another 40% to 60% continue to have at least some of the symptoms.

• #18 ADHD in Adults: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5197-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-in-adults

  If you have adult ADHD, the effects that you experience depend on which subtype you have and symptom severity. Medication, therapy and other conventional approaches are usually enough for most people to manage this condition. These treatments allow most people with ADHD to have careers, relationships and families. […] ADHD is a lifelong condition. It doesnt go away and theres no way to cure it. However, research shows that the severity of the symptoms tends to decrease in older adults, especially after age 60. […] ADHD isnt a dangerous condition on its own. If adult ADHD goes untreated especially when its more severe it can negatively affect your life in several ways. These include a higher risk for: Injury. Key ADHD symptoms like impulsivity, hyperactivity and inattention can all contribute to injuries. This can also increase the risk of mental health conditions like anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). […] Experts estimate that 15% to 20% of adults diagnosed as children still fully meet the criteria for it, and another 40% to 60% continue to have at least some of the symptoms.

• #19 Life Span Studies of ADHD—Conceptual Challenges and Predictors of Persistence and Outcome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5919196/

  Three recent population studies suggested the existence of a significant proportion of individuals who report onset of ADHD symptoms and impairments after childhood. […] The available literature indicates that ADHD severity, co-morbid conduct disorder and major depressive disorder, and treatment for ADHD are the main predictors of ADHD persistence from childhood to adulthood. […] Comorbid conduct disorder in childhood is ubiquitous as a predictor of multiple adverse outcomes like premature mortality, SUD, and criminality, whereas other factors have controversial effects depending on the study. […] Finally, innovative investigations like those suggesting the possibility of an adult-onset ADHD trajectory predicted by higher cognitive reserve and lower symptomatology in childhood are important to expand our knowledge about ADHD trajectories across the life cycle.

• #20 Life Span Studies of ADHD—Conceptual Challenges and Predictors of Persistence and Outcome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5919196/

  Three recent population studies suggested the existence of a significant proportion of individuals who report onset of ADHD symptoms and impairments after childhood. […] The available literature indicates that ADHD severity, co-morbid conduct disorder and major depressive disorder, and treatment for ADHD are the main predictors of ADHD persistence from childhood to adulthood. […] Comorbid conduct disorder in childhood is ubiquitous as a predictor of multiple adverse outcomes like premature mortality, SUD, and criminality, whereas other factors have controversial effects depending on the study. […] Finally, innovative investigations like those suggesting the possibility of an adult-onset ADHD trajectory predicted by higher cognitive reserve and lower symptomatology in childhood are important to expand our knowledge about ADHD trajectories across the life cycle.

• #21

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00406-017-0850-6

  There are very few studies on the long-term outcome in subjects diagnosed with ADHD as adults. […] The objective of the present study was to assess this and relate the outcome to whether there was current medication or not and to other potential predictors of favourable outcome. […] ADHD symptom trajectories were assessed as well as medication, global functioning, disability, health-related quality of life, and alcohol and drug consumption at follow-up. […] One-third reported remission, defined as not fulfilling any ADHD subtype and a GAF-value last year 70, which was not affected by comorbidity at baseline. […] Current medication was not associated with remission. […] Subjects evaluated and first diagnosed with ADHD as adults are functionally improved at follow-up 6 years later despite a high percentage of psychiatric comorbidity at baseline.

• #22

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00406-017-0850-6

  Half dropped out of medication, and there was no difference in ADHD remission between subjects with on-going medication at follow-up or subjects without medication, although current medication was related to a higher degree of self-reported global improvement. […] The first main finding is that one-third of the subjects first diagnosed with ADHD as adults went into remission during an observation time of on average 6 years. […] The second finding is that, despite a high percentage of psychiatric comorbidity at baseline, adult ADHD in general seems to have a favourable long-term outcome judged from the GAF scores at follow-up. […] The third main finding was that the remission rate and the ADHD scores were similar in those who were on current treatment with central stimulants and in those who were not treated.

• #23

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00406-017-0850-6

  The fourth main finding was that half of the subjects treated with central stimulants had discontinued treatment at follow-up which is similar to data reported from previous long-term studies. […] Even though those who were currently on medication did not report better ADHD scores or Sheehan disability scores, they still reported higher improvement measured by CGI-I. […] It is noteworthy that no baseline factors predicted outcome 6 years after being first diagnosed with ADHD in adulthood.

• #24 A risk calculator to predict adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: generation and external validation in three birth cohorts and one clinical sample – University of Otago

  https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/handle/10523/13746

  Aim: Few personalised medicine investigations have been conducted for mental health. We aimed to generate and validate a risk tool that predicts adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). […] The overall prevalence of adult ADHD ranged from 8.1 to 12% in the population-based samples, and was 28.6% in the clinical sample. […] The risk tool based on childhood characteristics specifically predicts adult ADHD in European and North-American population-based and clinical samples with comparable discrimination to commonly used clinical tools in internal medicine and higher than most previous attempts for mental and neurological disorders. However, its use in middle-income settings requires caution.

• #25 A risk calculator to predict adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: generation and external validation in three birth cohorts and one clinical sample – University of Otago

  https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/handle/10523/13746

  Aim: Few personalised medicine investigations have been conducted for mental health. We aimed to generate and validate a risk tool that predicts adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). […] The overall prevalence of adult ADHD ranged from 8.1 to 12% in the population-based samples, and was 28.6% in the clinical sample. […] The risk tool based on childhood characteristics specifically predicts adult ADHD in European and North-American population-based and clinical samples with comparable discrimination to commonly used clinical tools in internal medicine and higher than most previous attempts for mental and neurological disorders. However, its use in middle-income settings requires caution.

• #26 Accurate Identification of Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Using Machine Learning Approaches – ScienceOpen

  https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.57197/JDR-2023-0053

  While medical experts have a lesser likelihood of accurately diagnosing ADHD in adults, the general population is more likely to receive inaccurate diagnosis. This is because there are significant differences in the symptoms of ADHD in children and adults. […] The aforementioned issue may be seen as a substantial barrier to improvement in terms of clinical practice. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to develop a valid screening instrument for adult ADHD. […] The objective of this study was to utilize ML techniques to predict and report symptoms of adult ADHD. Throughout four ML algorithms including SVM, DT, RF, and MLP were applied to distinguish between individuals with ADHD and control patients. The results demonstrated a notable level of precision, with scores varying between 78 and 91%. The accuracy of predicting ADHD symptoms in adults was very high, even though the different approaches used showed some variation.

• #27 Accurate Identification of Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Using Machine Learning Approaches – ScienceOpen

  https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.57197/JDR-2023-0053

  The classifier based on RF demonstrated the highest area under the curve (AUC) among the examined classifiers, with a value of 90%. The significance of this statistic much surpassed that of all other measures. […] The SVM technique achieved a maximum classification accuracy of 91%. Finally, detection of ADHD via the use of ML techniques exhibits encouraging outcomes.

• #28 Accurate Identification of Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Using Machine Learning Approaches – ScienceOpen

  https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.57197/JDR-2023-0053

  The classifier based on RF demonstrated the highest area under the curve (AUC) among the examined classifiers, with a value of 90%. The significance of this statistic much surpassed that of all other measures. […] The SVM technique achieved a maximum classification accuracy of 91%. Finally, detection of ADHD via the use of ML techniques exhibits encouraging outcomes.

• #29 Accurate Identification of Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Using Machine Learning Approaches – ScienceOpen

  https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.57197/JDR-2023-0053

  The classifier based on RF demonstrated the highest area under the curve (AUC) among the examined classifiers, with a value of 90%. The significance of this statistic much surpassed that of all other measures. […] The SVM technique achieved a maximum classification accuracy of 91%. Finally, detection of ADHD via the use of ML techniques exhibits encouraging outcomes.

• #30

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00406-017-0850-6

  Half dropped out of medication, and there was no difference in ADHD remission between subjects with on-going medication at follow-up or subjects without medication, although current medication was related to a higher degree of self-reported global improvement. […] The first main finding is that one-third of the subjects first diagnosed with ADHD as adults went into remission during an observation time of on average 6 years. […] The second finding is that, despite a high percentage of psychiatric comorbidity at baseline, adult ADHD in general seems to have a favourable long-term outcome judged from the GAF scores at follow-up. […] The third main finding was that the remission rate and the ADHD scores were similar in those who were on current treatment with central stimulants and in those who were not treated.

• #31 Conduct problems, gender and adult psychiatric outcome of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/conduct-problems-gender-and-adult-psychiatric-outcome-of-children-with-attentiondeficit-hyperactivity-disorder/9A5FA17CAEAB346CF26D51B0BA90DC27

  Girls with ADHD had a higher risk of adult psychiatric admission than boys. Conduct problems were also associated with a higher risk. Girls with ADHD with conduct problems had a very high risk of a psychiatric admission in adulthood. […] Gender was the single most important predictor for a psychiatric admission in adulthood. Thirty-two per cent of the female probands had a psychiatric admission in adulthood. Being female was associated with a significantly higher risk for a later admission (HR=2.42; 95% CI 1.05-5.62). […] Girls with ADHD and comorbid conduct problems had a much higher risk of an adult psychiatric admission compared with those without conduct problems (HR=6.0; 95% CI 1.21-30.09). Of the 25 female probands, 10 had had comorbid conduct problems in childhood. Sixty per cent of these females with ADHD and comorbid conduct problems experienced an adult psychiatric admission. […] Although girls with ADHD compared with boys with ADHD seldom have conduct problems, such comorbidity is important for the prognosis.

• #32 Life Span Studies of ADHD—Conceptual Challenges and Predictors of Persistence and Outcome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5919196/

  Three recent population studies suggested the existence of a significant proportion of individuals who report onset of ADHD symptoms and impairments after childhood. […] The available literature indicates that ADHD severity, co-morbid conduct disorder and major depressive disorder, and treatment for ADHD are the main predictors of ADHD persistence from childhood to adulthood. […] Comorbid conduct disorder in childhood is ubiquitous as a predictor of multiple adverse outcomes like premature mortality, SUD, and criminality, whereas other factors have controversial effects depending on the study. […] Finally, innovative investigations like those suggesting the possibility of an adult-onset ADHD trajectory predicted by higher cognitive reserve and lower symptomatology in childhood are important to expand our knowledge about ADHD trajectories across the life cycle.

• #33 Adult Outcome of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Controlled 16-Year Follow-Up Study

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/adult-outcome-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder/

  At the 16-year follow-up, subjects with ADHD continued to significantly differ from controls in lifetime rates of antisocial, mood, anxiety, and addictive disorders, but with the exception of a higher interval prevalence of anxiety disorders (20% vs 8%; z = 2.32, P = .02) and smoking dependence (27% vs 11%; z = 2.30, P = .02), the incidence of individual disorders in the 6-year interval between the current and prior follow-up did not differ significantly from controls. […] These long-term prospective findings provide further evidence for the high morbidity associated with ADHD across the life cycle, stressing the importance of early recognition of this disorder for prevention and early intervention strategies. […] These findings also indicate that, in adulthood, ADHD confers significant risks for impairment that cannot be accounted for by other psychopathology.

• #34 Adult Outcome of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Controlled 16-Year Follow-Up Study

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/adult-outcome-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder/

  The main purpose of this long-term, 16-year follow-up study was to estimate the burden of psychopathology and dysfunction associated with ADHD into adulthood and to investigate whether the morbidity of ADHD is due to ADHD or its associated psychiatric disorders. […] This 16-year follow-up found that, compared with age- and sex-matched controls, by a mean age of 27 years, men who had ADHD as boys had statistically indistinguishable rates of antisocial, mood, and alcohol and drug addictions in the 6-year interval since their prior assessment. […] Despite these low rates of interval psychiatric disorders, men who had ADHD as boys were at significantly higher risk than controls for a wide range of adverse psychosocial, educational, occupational, and cognitive outcomes, even after controlling for psychiatric disorders, indicating that these impairments were due to ADHD itself and not to other psychiatric disorders. […] These results indicate that the many impairments associated with ADHD in adult life are due to ADHD itself and not to associated psychiatric disorders.

• #35

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00406-017-0850-6

  The fourth main finding was that half of the subjects treated with central stimulants had discontinued treatment at follow-up which is similar to data reported from previous long-term studies. […] Even though those who were currently on medication did not report better ADHD scores or Sheehan disability scores, they still reported higher improvement measured by CGI-I. […] It is noteworthy that no baseline factors predicted outcome 6 years after being first diagnosed with ADHD in adulthood.

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