Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Aortic valve stenosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353139

  Aortic valve stenosis is a type of heart valve disease, also called valvular heart disease. […] The prevalence is felt to be 6% or greater in each grade, age 75 or older here in the United States. It’s felt a result from an active inflammatory process. It has microscopic features which are in some ways similar to atherosclerosis. […] Risk factors for the development of aortic stenosis include high blood pressure, abnormal lipids, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Some individuals are felt to be genetically predisposed aortic stenosis. Aortic stenosis is in general a progressive disease. […] Aortic valve stenosis causes include: Heart condition present at birth, called a congenital heart defect. Some children are born with an aortic valve that has only two cusps instead of the usual three. If there are only two cusps, it’s called a bicuspid aortic valve. Rarely, an aortic valve may have one or four cusps.

• #2 Aortic Valve Stenosis Causes, Symptoms, Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/heart-vascular/conditions/aortic-stenosis

  Aortic stenosis (AS) means your aortic valve doesn’t open wide enough to allow enough blood flow from your heart to your aorta. […] Aortic valve stenosis, also called aortic stenosis (AS), occurs when your aortic valve is too narrow. The narrowing is called stenosis. […] In AS, the valve doesn’t open wide enough and limits blood flow from the heart into the aorta. […] Aortic stenosis is a serious condition. If left untreated, it can cause your heart to weaken and lead to heart failure. […] AS is a common heart disease. It affects about 5 percent of people over the age of 70. […] Although it is sometimes present at birth, AS is more common in older adults. […] As you age, calcium deposits in your aortic valve can cause it to stiffen and not open correctly. This narrowing may lead to heart failure and a range of other issues.

• #3 Aortic Stenosis | Conditions | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/aortic-stenosis

  Aortic stenosis is the most common form of valvular heart disease, occurring more often in men than women. For most people, the condition develops with age. More than 2.5 million people over the age of 75 in the United States have aortic stenosis. […] Severe aortic stenosis may be related to a number of factors: Aging. Age-related aortic stenosis usually begins after age 60 as a result of calcium buildup in the valve. Symptoms often don’t appear until a person is 70 or even 80. […] Radiation therapy. This treatment used for certain cancers can cause thickening and calcification of the valve. […] Bacterial infection. Rheumatic fever and similar infections can cause the formation of scar tissue in the heart that can prevent the valve from working normally. […] High cholesterol. This condition increases fat deposits, which can narrow the valve opening. […] Birth defect. Some people are born with an abnormality that affects the valve’s structure and how well it functions.

• #4 Aortic Stenosis (Aortic Valve Disease): Types, Symptoms, & Causes | University of Utah Health | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/cardiovascular/programs/aortic-disease/aortic-stenosis

  Aortic stenosis happens when your aortic valve does not open all the way causing pressure to build in the left ventricle. This pressure blocks blood flow as it leaves the heart. In other words, the aortic valve narrows and cannot open all the way. […] The three most common causes of aortic stenosis are: Congenital heart defects, Calcification of the heart valve, and Rheumatic fever. […] The most common congenital heart condition occurs when someone is born with only two cusps on their aortic valve instead of the usual three (bicuspid aortic valve). This is the most common congenital cardiovascular problem. Approximately one to two percent of the population is born with a bicuspid aortic valve. […] Calcium is a mineral that flows through your blood. Over time as blood pumps in and out of your heart small deposits of calcium can start to build up on the flaps on the valves in the heart.

• #5 Aortic Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557628/

  Aortic stenosis is a common valvular disorder, especially in the elderly population, causing left ventricular outflow obstruction. Etiologies include congenital (bicuspid/unicuspid), calcific, and rheumatic disease. […] A congenitally abnormal valve with superimposed calcification can cause aortic stenosis. The bicuspid aortic valve is the most common cause of aortic stenosis in patients less than the age of 70 years in developed countries. […] Rheumatic valve disease is the most common cause in developing countries. The commissures of the leaflets fuse to leave a small central orifice. Other causes include calcification of the tri-leaflet valve, alkaptonuria, systemic lupus erythematosus, ochronosis, irradiation, homozygous type II lipoproteinemia, and metabolic diseases such as Fabry disease. […] Mineral metabolism disturbances, such as end-stage renal disease, have also been shown to contribute to the calcification of the valve.

• #6 Aortic Valve Stenosis Causes, Symptoms, Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/heart-vascular/conditions/aortic-stenosis

  One to two percent of people are born with a bicuspid aortic valve, which has two flaps instead of three. This heart defect can lead to AS. […] Factors that increase your risk of AS include: Age – It often occurs in people older than 65 years. […] Atherosclerosis – A disease caused by a buildup of plaque in the arteries, causing them to harden. This condition can accompany aortic stenosis. […] Bicuspid aortic valve – A condition in which the aortic valve has two flaps instead of three. This can cause the valve to leak or narrow. […] Diabetes – People with diabetes are more likely to get aortic stenosis because it may speed up plaque buildup in the arteries. […] High cholesterol – Having high cholesterol can cause inflammation and lead to aortic stenosis. […] Rheumatic fever – An infection that can cause scarring of the heart’s valves.

• #7 Aortic Stenosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/valvular-disorders/aortic-stenosis

  Aortic stenosis (AS) is narrowing of the aortic valve, obstructing blood flow from the left ventricle to the ascending aorta during systole. Causes include a congenital bicuspid valve, idiopathic degenerative sclerosis with calcification, and rheumatic fever. […] The cause of aortic sclerosis and stenosis is not yet known but is mediated by an inflammatory process that is similar to but distinct from atherosclerosis. Genetic, anatomic, fluid dynamic, and environmental risk factors include hypertension, smoking, high cholesterol, and presence of a bicuspid valve. […] In patients 70 years, the most common cause of aortic stenosis is a congenital bicuspid aortic valve. […] In medically underserved countries, the most common cause of aortic stenosis in all age groups is rheumatic fever. […] Aortic sclerosis progresses to stenosis in as many as 15% of patients.

• #8 Aortic stenosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_stenosis

  Aortic stenosis is most commonly caused by age-related progressive calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) (50% of cases), with a mean age of 65 to 70 years. CAVD is the build-up of calcium on the cusps of the valve, and this calcification causes hardening and stenosis of the valve. […] Another major cause of aortic stenosis is the calcification of a congenital bicuspid aortic valve or, more rarely, a congenital unicuspid aortic valve. Those with unicuspid aortic valves typically need intervention when very young, often as a newborn, while those with congenital bicuspid aortic valve make up 30-40% of those presenting during adulthood and typically present earlier (ages 40+ to 50+) than those with tricuspid aortic valves (65+). […] Acute rheumatic fever post-inflammatory is the cause of less than 10% of cases. […] Rare causes of aortic stenosis include Fabry disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, Paget disease, high blood uric acid levels, and infection.

• #9 Aortic valve stenosis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/aortic-valve-stenosis/

  The most common etiologies of valvular aortic stenosis include: […] Aortic valve sclerosis: calcification and fibrosis of aortic valve leaflets […] Most common cause of aortic stenosis […] Occurs at an increasing rate as patients age (prevalence is 35% in those aged 7585 years) […] Similar pathophysiology to atherosclerosis […] Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV): fusion of two of the three aortic-valve leaflets in utero […] Most common congenital heart valve malformation, predominantly affects males (3:1) […] Predisposes the valve to dystrophic calcification and degeneration […] Patients present with symptoms of aortic stenosis earlier than in regular aortic valve calcification. […] Congenital aortic stenosis is rare and usually features a unicuspid or bicuspid valve. […] Rheumatic fever

• #10 Aortic Stenosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/150638-overview

  Aortic stenosis has several etiologies, including congenital (unicuspid or bicuspid valve), calcific (due to degenerative changes), and rheumatic. […] Most cases of aortic stenosis are due to the obstruction at the valvular level. Common causes are summarized in Table 1. […] Valvular aortic stenosis can be either congenital or acquired. […] Congenitally unicuspid, bicuspid, tricuspid, or even quadricuspid valves may cause aortic stenosis. […] The main causes of acquired aortic stenosis include degenerative calcification and, less commonly, rheumatic heart disease. […] Degenerative calcific aortic stenosis (also called senile calcific aortic stenosis) involves progressive calcification of the leaflet bodies, resulting in limitation of the normal cusp opening during systole. […] Risk factors for degenerative calcific aortic stenosis include advanced age, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, and smoking.

• #11 Aortic valve stenosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/aortic-valve-stenosis?lang=us

  Ultimately, the valvular myofibroblasts differentiate into osteoblasts resulting in calcium deposition on the valve („calcific aortic stenosis”). […] There are numerous other predisposing factors and causes of aortic stenosis. […] These can be classified by their anatomical position (supravalvular vs valvular vs subvalvular) and whether they are congenital or acquired etiologies. […] Of note, supravalvular and subvalvular aortic stenosis often do not have the same degenerative pathogenesis as valvular aortic stenosis. […] Congenital aortic valve stenosis is the most frequent cause of aortic valve stenosis age in patients between 15 and 65 of age and often arises in associated with anomalous valves. […] A calcified bicuspid aortic valve is considered the most frequent form of adult aortic valve stenosis. […] Rheumatic heart disease rarely causes isolated aortic valve stenosis, thickened, shortened cusps, and fused commissures, and occurs always with aortic regurgitation. […] Senile calcific aortic stenosis/degenerative aortic stenosis is also a cause.

• #11 Aortic valve stenosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/aortic-valve-stenosis?lang=us

  Aortic stenosis is the most common valvulopathy, present in up to one-quarter of all patients with chronic valvular heart disease. […] The incidence of degenerative aortic valve disease, the most common etiology of aortic stenosis, is increasing. […] Aortic stenosis in adults is most commonly caused by degenerative calcification, especially in the setting of congenital aortic valve disease (most commonly a bicuspid aortic valve), chronic trileaflet deterioration, or previous rheumatic heart disease affecting the aortic valve. […] This degenerative calcification shares many similarities to the process of atherosclerosis, and many of the risk factors are the same, such as low HDL, diabetes mellitus, smoking, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and metabolic syndrome. […] The end-product of this atherosclerotic-like process is thickening of the valve leaflets (initially just „aortic sclerosis”) due to activation of inflammatory cascades, endothelial dysfunction, and valvular lipid accumulation.

• #12

  https://www.amerikanhastanesi.org/mayo-clinic-care-network/mayo-clinic-health-information-library/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-stenosis

  Aortic valve stenosis causes include: […] Congenital heart defect. Some children are born with an aortic valve that has only two cusps (bicuspid aortic valve) instead of three (tricuspid aortic valve). Rarely, an aortic valve may have one (unicuspid) or four (quadricuspid) cusps. […] Calcium buildup on the valve (aortic valve calcification). Calcium is a mineral found in the blood. As blood repeatedly flows over the aortic valve, calcium deposits can build up on the heart valves. […] Rheumatic fever. This complication of untreated strep throat can damage the heart valves. It may cause scar tissue to form on the aortic valve. Scar tissue can narrow the aortic valve opening or create a rough surface on which calcium deposits can collect.

• #13 Aortic Stenosis

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/CV/Valve/ArtcStns.htm

  Prevalence: 3% of those over age 65 years old (10% in age 80 years old) in U.S. […] Most significant cardiac valve disorder in the developed world […] Congenital Bicuspid Valve (Most common) […] Atherosclerosis (Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis) […] Rheumatic Fever […] Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis […] Other acquired aortic valve stenosis causes […] Other congenital aortic valve stenosis causes […] Unicuspid aortic valve […] Williams Syndrome […] Shanes Complex […] Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis […] Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis.

• #14 Pediatric Valvar Aortic Stenosis: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/894095-overview

  Aortic valve stenosis results from minor to severe degrees of aortic valve maldevelopment. […] Causes of aortic valve stenosis are multifactorial, although studies suggest a higher rate of recurrence of left ventricular outflow tract obstructive lesions in the offspring than other forms of congenital heart disease. The recurrence risk in offspring of an affected father is approximately 3% but is approximately 15% in offspring of an affected mother. Abnormal fetal hemodynamics are theorized to contribute to the development of aortic valve stenosis and other left-sided heart obstructive lesions. […] A definite genetic defect for aortic valve stenosis has not been identified, but the presence of a bicuspid aortic valve has been documented in multiple family members and is a common congenital heart defect in patients with Turner syndrome (monosomy X).

• #15 Aortic Stenosis – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/heart-valve-disorders/aortic-stenosis

  Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve opening that blocks (obstructs) blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta. […] The most common cause in people younger than 70 years is a birth defect that affects the valve. […] In people over 70, the most common cause is thickening of the valve cusps (aortic sclerosis). […] In North America and Western Europe, aortic stenosis is mainly a disease of older people the result of scarring and calcium accumulation (calcification) in the valve cusps. […] Aortic stenosis may also result from rheumatic fever contracted in childhood. Rheumatic fever is the most common cause in regions where antibiotics are not widely used. […] In people under 70 years, the most common cause is a birth defect, such as a valve with only two cusps instead of the usual three (bicuspid valve) or a valve with an abnormal funnel shape. […] The valve opening remains the same size, but the heart grows and enlarges further as it tries to pump increasing amounts of blood through the small valve opening. Over the years, the opening of a defective valve often becomes stiff and narrow because calcium accumulates.

• #16 Aortic Stenosis Topic Review

  https://www.healio.com/cardiology/learn-the-heart/cardiology-review/topic-reviews/aortic-stenosis/introduction-and-etiology

  The most common cause of aortic stenosis in a person over age 70 years is calcification of a normal trileaflet aortic valve; this process is sometimes referred to as senile degeneration. No medical therapy has been shown to delay the valve degeneration. The exact cause of the degeneration is unknown; however, high pressures and turbulence over long periods of time create an inflammatory milieu that results in infiltration of macrophages and T lymphocytes and leads to calcification. […] The most common cause of aortic stenosis in a person under age 70 years is a congenital bicuspid aortic valve. Approximately 2% of the population is born with a bicuspid aortic valve, and about half of these individuals develop at least mild aortic stenosis by the age of 50 years. […] Rheumatic valvular disease is responsible for aortic stenosis on occasion. In this setting, rheumatic mitral valve disease is almost always present. Some degree of aortic regurgitation generally accompanies rheumatic aortic valve disease.

• #17 Aortic Stenosis: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23046-aortic-valve-stenosis

  Aortic valve stenosis (or aortic stenosis) happens when the aortic valve in your heart is narrowed or blocked. This interferes with the normal blood flow out of your heart. […] Aortic stenosis in adults has three main causes: […] Wear and tear due to age: Over time, calcium can build up on your valve, limiting blood flow. This type of stenosis happens most commonly after age 65. […] Damage from infections: When bacteria from untreated infections reach your bloodstream, they can accumulate on your heart valves. This causes your immune system to damage the valve itself. This is most likely to happen with strep throat or scarlet fever, which, when untreated, can cause rheumatic fever. […] Other inherited or chronic conditions: Other rare conditions that can cause aortic valve stenosis are Pagets disease of the bone, kidney failure and familial hypercholesterolemia. Aortic stenosis is also linked to autoimmune or inflammatory diseases like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.

• #18 Aortic Valve Stenosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/aortic-valve-stenosis

  Several conditions can cause aortic valve stenosis, also called aortic stenosis. Among them are: […] Calcium buildup […] Your blood carries calcium, among other minerals and nutrients. As blood passes through your aortic valve year after year, calcium deposits may form on the valve. This can make it stiffer, preventing it from fully opening. […] Heart defect from birth […] A normal aortic valve has three flaps, or cusps, which fit snugly together. Some people are born with an aortic valve that has one, two, or even four cusps. […] But as you move into adulthood, the abnormal valve is more likely to get stiffer and not open as well as it should. […] Rheumatic fever […] Though this complication from strep throat or scarlet fever isnt nearly as common as it once was, it can still pose a threat. Rheumatic fever can scar your aortic valve. Scar tissue makes it easier for calcium to build up.

• #19 Understand aortic stenosis • Heart Research Institute

  https://www.hriuk.org/health/learn/cardiovascular-disease/understand-aortic-stenosis

  The main causes of AS are: […] Ageing: As people get older, their heart valve can become hardened and scarred due to the build-up of calcium. This is the most common cause of AS in older people. Age-related AS usually begins after age 60, but often doesnt show symptoms until ages 70 or 80. […] Congenital heart defect: Some people are born with abnormalities of the aortic valve. This can cause the valve to narrow and thicken. […] Rheumatic heart disease: This is a less common cause of AS, but a condition caused by acute rheumatic fever can scar the aortic valve and narrow its opening.

• #20 Aortic valve stenosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353139

  Calcium buildup on the valve, called aortic valve calcification. Calcium is a mineral found in the blood. As blood moves over the aortic valve, calcium can collect on the valve. […] Rheumatic fever. This complication of untreated strep throat can damage the heart valves. It may cause scar tissue to form on the aortic valve. Scar tissue can narrow the aortic valve opening. It also may make a rough surface on which calcium deposits can collect.

• #21 Aortic valve stenosis // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/aortic-valve-stenosis

  Aortic valve stenosis causes include: […] Heart condition present at birth, called a congenital heart defect. Some children are born with an aortic valve that has only two cusps instead of the usual three. If there are only two cusps, it’s called a bicuspid aortic valve. Rarely, an aortic valve may have one or four cusps. […] Calcium buildup on the valve, called aortic valve calcification. Calcium is a mineral found in the blood. As blood moves over the aortic valve, calcium can collect on the valve. The calcium deposits may never cause any problems. Aortic valve stenosis that’s related to increasing age and calcium deposit buildup usually doesn’t cause symptoms until age 70 or 80. But in some people particularly those with changes in the aortic valve at birth calcium deposits might cause the valve to narrow at a younger age. […] Rheumatic fever. This complication of untreated strep throat can damage the heart valves. It may cause scar tissue to form on the aortic valve. Scar tissue can narrow the aortic valve opening. It also may make a rough surface on which calcium deposits can collect.

• #22 Aortic stenosis – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/aortic-stenosis

  Aortic stenosis mainly occurs due to the buildup of calcium deposits that narrow the valve. This is called calcific aortic stenosis. The problem mostly affects older people. […] Calcium buildup of the valve happens sooner in people who are born with abnormal aortic or bicuspid valves. In rare cases, calcium buildup can develop more quickly when a person has received chest radiation (such as for cancer treatment). […] Another cause is rheumatic fever. This condition can develop after strep throat or scarlet fever. Valve problems do not develop for 5 to 10 years or longer after rheumatic fever occurs. Rheumatic fever is rare in the United States. […] Aortic stenosis occurs in about 2% of people over 65 years of age. It occurs more often in men than in women.

• #23 Aortic Valve Stenosis: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/aortic-valve-stenosis-causes-diagnosis-treatment

  Various factors can contribute to AV stenosis, each playing a role in valve narrowing. Common causes of AV stenosis include: […] Rheumatic fever, a complication of untreated streptococcal throat infection, can lead to valve damage and its subsequent stenosis. The body’s immune response to the streptococcal infection causes inflammation, resulting in scarring of the heart valves. […] Some people are born with abnormal valves, which predispose them to stenosis from birth. A common congenital defect is a bicuspid aortic valve. A normal AV has three leaflets, but a bicuspid valve has only two. Bicuspid valves are prone to leakage, stenosis, or dilation. […] With age, the heart’s valves can undergo degenerative changes, including calcification of the valve leaflets. Over time, the valve tissue becomes stiffer and less flexible, which may affect its ability to open fully. Calcification of the valve leaflets further contributes to the narrowing of the valve opening, resulting in stenosis. […] Infective endocarditis occurs when bacteria invade the bloodstream and infect the heart valves, causing inflammation and tissue damage. Over time, the healing process can result in fibrosis and scarring of the valve, leading to stenosis.

• #24 Aortic Stenosis: Symptoms, Signs & Causes | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/patient-care/services-and-specialties/heart/conditions/aortic-valve-stenosis

  Aortic stenosis is a common valve disease that typically develops with age. Common causes of aortic stenosis include: […] Calcium deposits build up on the aortic valve as we age, causing it to thicken and stiffen. This calcification can restrict the valves movement and lead to aortic stenosis. […] Some people are born with abnormalities in their aortic valve. Irregularities include a narrowed aortic valve or valve leaflets that dont open all the way. One of the most common congenital defects tied to aortic stenosis is a condition called bicuspid aortic valve. […] If you have aortic stenosis, youre at greater risk of developing a bacterial infection of the heart valves. Aortic stenosis damages the valve leaflets, often thickening or calcifying them. […] Complications from untreated strep throat can cause scarring and thickening of the aortic valve, narrowing its opening or causing it to calcify. Over time, this damage can result in aortic stenosis.

• #25 Risk factors for aortic stenosis

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/risk-factors-for-aortic-stenosis

  Although aortic valve stenosis (AVS) shares several risk factors with atherosclerosis, lipid-lowering therapy does not reduce AVS progression. Elevated lipoprotein(a), hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes all increase the risk of AVS. […] In addition to dyslipidaemia, other traditional cardiometabolic risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes have also been shown to increase the risk of AVS in retrospective studies. […] Assessing the association of traditional cardiovascular risk factors with incident aortic valve disease is therefore important in order to identify potential preventive strategies in valvular heart disease. […] Identifying key risk factors for AVS may, in addition, provide clues for risk stratification and future interventional trials to slow down AVS progression and to avoid, or at least postpone, aortic valve interventions.

• #26 Risk factors for aortic stenosis

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/risk-factors-for-aortic-stenosis

  A Mendelian randomisation study subsequently established the causal relation of BMI with incident AVS. […] Hypertension is present in 21% of those with AVS, and 1.1% of hypertensive subjects have AVS. […] A recent cohort study of 5.4 million subjects followed for a median of 9.2 years through UK electronic healthcare records showed that elevated systolic blood pressure increased the risk of both AVS and AR with approximately 40% for each incremental 20 mmHg. […] Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was associated with an increased incident AVS in retrospective studies. […] In mechanistic terms, it is also important to note that type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and T2DM exhibit similar patterns for increasing AVS risk. […] The exact mechanistic link between chronic kidney disease and AVS remains unknown, changes in pro- and anti-calcifying factors and also effects on calcium/phosphate balance could be of importance and warrant further examination to establish possible measures for preventing AVS in chronic kidney disease.

• #27 Aortic Stenosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/valvular-disorders/aortic-stenosis

  Lipoprotein (a) is implicated in the pathogenesis of both aortic stenosis and atherosclerosis. Elevated lipoprotein (a) levels also predict faster hemodynamic progression of AS. […] Patients with psoriasis are at increased risk for atherosclerosis, and more recently, psoriasis has been tied to an increased risk of aortic stenosis.

• #28 What are Aortic Stenosis Symptoms and Causes? | Dr. C Raghu

  https://drraghu.com/resources/heart-valve-disease/aortic-stenosis-symptoms/

  Aortic stenosis is a disease where the valve between left ventricle and aorta is narrowed. […] So if the aortic valve is narrowed either due to infection or age related degeneration it is called aortic stenosis. This is a disease of the elderly people usually beyond 50 years of age. […] Patients with aortic stenosis have reduced supply of blood to various organs of the body. […] Currently most of the aortic stenosis patients are elderly in their 60s, 70s and 80s of age. […] Patients with high blood pressure and severe aortic stenosis develop a faster progression of the disease severity. […] A patient of aortic stenosis with uncontrolled blood pressure can have a severe aortic stenosis at a much earlier age. […] People with aortic stenosis tend to have a fixed cardiac output. […] This means the aortic valve is narrowed and this narrowing limits the blood supply to various organs of the body. […] This problem happens in people with an advanced or severe aortic stenosis. […] Severe intensity exercise or competitive sports is a contra indication for aortic stenosis patients in medical terminology.

• #29 Aortic Valve Stenosis Causes, Symptoms, Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/heart-vascular/conditions/aortic-stenosis

  End-stage kidney disease – Aortic stenosis tends to progress more quickly in people with chronic kidney disease. […] AS can lead to problems, such as: Endocarditis – This is a bacterial infection inside your heart. People with aortic stenosis have a harder time fighting the infection. […] Heart failure – Aortic stenosis makes the heart muscle work harder, weakening it over time and leading to heart failure.

• #30 What causes a stiff, narrowed aortic valve? – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/what-causes-a-stiff-narrowed-aortic-valve

  „In the United States, the most common cause is a buildup of scar tissue and calcium deposits on the valve, known as fibrocalcific aortic valve disease.” […] „Another, less frequent cause is rheumatic heart disease, a complication of an untreated strep throat infection that, over time, damages a person’s heart valves.” […] „Certain health problems may increase a person’s odds of aortic stenosis, including kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism, and inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and systemic sclerosis.” […] „Elevated blood levels of a fatty particle called lipoprotein(a), or Lp(a), also appear to contribute to aortic stenosis.” […] „A two-leaflet valve is more prone to calcium buildup, so people with bicuspid valves can develop aortic stenosis in their 50s and 60s more than a decade earlier than those with normal, tricuspid valves.”

• #31 Aortic Stenosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/150638-overview

  In rheumatic aortic stenosis, the underlying process includes progressive fibrosis of the valve leaflets with varying degrees of commissural fusion, often with retraction of the leaflet edges and, in certain cases, calcification. […] Other, infrequent causes of aortic stenosis include obstructive vegetations, homozygous type II hypercholesterolemia, Paget disease, Fabry disease, ochronosis, and irradiation.

• #32 CV Physiology | Valvular Stenosis

  https://cvphysiology.com/heart-disease/hd004

  Aortic valve stenosis is characterized by the left ventricular pressure being much greater than aortic pressure during left ventricular (LV) ejection. […] Normally, the pressure gradient across the aortic valve during ejection is small (a few mmHg); however, the pressure gradient can become quite high (100 mmHg) during severe stenosis. The elevated pressure gradient across the stenotic valve results from both increased resistance (related to narrowing of the valve opening) and turbulence distal to the valve. Increased flow across the valve enhances the magnitude of the pressure gradient (e.g., during exercise). […] Aortic stenosis can reduce ventricular stroke volume due to increased afterload (which decreases ejection velocity). […] Because the ventricle is required to generate greater pressures, this leads to ventricular hypertrophy (thickening of the muscular walls) and diastolic dysfunction (impaired filling).

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