Materiały źródłowe

• #1 TAVR Nursing Care Nursing CEU – Nursing CE Central

  https://nursingcecentral.com/lessons/care-of-the-aortic-stenosis-patient-undergoing-transaortic-valve-replacement-tavr-2/

  Aortic stenosis is the second most common valvular heart disease in the Western world, and it is usually diagnosed after the age of sixty-five. […] Therefore, having a full understanding of TAVR nursing care, aortic stenosis, and its effects on the body is essential to provide care for patients undergoing a transaortic valve replacement (TAVR) procedure. […] In this course we will discuss the relevant anatomy pertaining to TAVR nursing care and procedure, indications and contra-indications, and the post-operative care of patients undergoing TAVR nursing care and procedure. […] Ultimately, in the course of aortic stenosis, the left ventricle will dilate, fail, lead to pulmonary congestion, shortness of breath, and chest pain, which are the hallmark symptoms of aortic stenosis. […] Clients presenting with the classical triad of aortic stenosis have a 2-5 year prognosis if untreated. […] The presence of S4 is indicative of left ventricular hypertrophy that develops over time in aortic stenosis.

• #2 The past, present and future of aortic stenosis treatment

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2023/03/the-past-present-and-future-of-aortic-stenosis-treatment/

  Aortic stenosis (AS) is characterised by progressive narrowing of the aortic valve, which may be clinically silent or associated with a range of symptoms caused by reduced cardiac output, including shortness of breath, angina and syncope. Symptomatic patients are typically elderly with multiple comorbidities. Severity of AS is determined using an integrated approach based on echocardiographic parameters, valve morphology, blood pressure and symptoms. Both moderate and severe AS are associated with poor prognosis, but whereas severe AS is an indication for prompt intervention, the benefits of intervention in moderate AS remain under investigation. […] The latest iteration of the European Society of Cardiology and European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (ESC/EACTS) guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease includes expanded indications for earlier intervention in patients with asymptomatic AS and a number of revised Class I recommendations regarding the mode of intervention in AS (primarily based on age thresholds rather than surgical risk scores). Importantly, the guidelines emphasise the critical role of the Heart Team in coordinating AS treatment and the importance of including the values and preferences of the patient (and their family) in the decision-making process.

• #3 Aortic Stenosis: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23046-aortic-valve-stenosis

  Aortic valve stenosis (or aortic stenosis) happens when the aortic valve in your heart is narrowed or blocked. This interferes with the normal blood flow out of your heart. It makes your heart work harder, causing heart damage, major health problems and even death. Replacing the valve is the best treatment and gives you a good prognosis. […] A problem with this valve can be concerning. But today, there are more options than ever to treat aortic stenosis. […] If you have stenosis but no symptoms, your healthcare provider may advise you to simply monitor the issue with follow-up visits and tests. If you develop symptoms, your provider can offer you aortic stenosis treatment options, including: […] Providers treat milder cases of aortic valve stenosis with medications. These may include blood thinners, diuretics and other medicines to treat heart rhythm disorders, high blood pressure or heart failure. Medications help with symptoms but cant keep stenosis from getting worse.

• #4

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ut2752

  Having aortic valve stenosis means that the valve between your heart and the large blood vessel that carries blood to the body (aorta) has narrowed. That forces the heart to pump harder to get enough blood through the valve. As stenosis gets worse, the valve gets narrower. This can cause symptoms. Symptoms include chest pain, dizziness, fainting, or shortness of breath. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line if you have new symptoms or your symptoms get worse. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you have any problems.

• #5

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ut2752

  Having aortic valve stenosis means that the valve between your heart and the large blood vessel that carries blood to the body (aorta) has narrowed. That forces the heart to pump harder to get enough blood through the valve. As stenosis gets worse, the valve gets narrower. This can cause symptoms. Symptoms include chest pain, dizziness, fainting, or shortness of breath. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line if you have new symptoms or your symptoms get worse. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you have any problems.

• #6 Aortic valve stenosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-stenosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353145

  Our caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your aortic valve stenosis-related health concerns […] Treatment for aortic valve stenosis depends on the symptoms and how severe the condition is. Aortic valve stenosis ranges from mild to severe. […] If you have aortic valve stenosis, your healthcare team may recommend that you limit strenuous activity to avoid overworking your heart. […] If you have aortic stenosis and are considering pregnancy, it’s important to talk with your healthcare team about your plans. Together, you can talk about the safety of medicines and whether you need treatment for aortic valve stenosis before getting pregnant. […] Preparing for your appointment […] Consider being seen and treated at a medical center with a multidisciplinary heart valve team. This is a team of heart doctors, called cardiologists, and other healthcare professionals trained and experienced in heart valve disease. […] For aortic valve stenosis, some basic questions to ask your healthcare professional are: […] Your healthcare team is likely to ask you many questions such as:

• #7 TAVR Nursing Care Nursing CEU – Nursing CE Central

  https://nursingcecentral.com/lessons/care-of-the-aortic-stenosis-patient-undergoing-transaortic-valve-replacement-tavr-2/

  Aortic stenosis is the second most common valvular heart disease in the Western world, and it is usually diagnosed after the age of sixty-five. […] Therefore, having a full understanding of TAVR nursing care, aortic stenosis, and its effects on the body is essential to provide care for patients undergoing a transaortic valve replacement (TAVR) procedure. […] In this course we will discuss the relevant anatomy pertaining to TAVR nursing care and procedure, indications and contra-indications, and the post-operative care of patients undergoing TAVR nursing care and procedure. […] Ultimately, in the course of aortic stenosis, the left ventricle will dilate, fail, lead to pulmonary congestion, shortness of breath, and chest pain, which are the hallmark symptoms of aortic stenosis. […] Clients presenting with the classical triad of aortic stenosis have a 2-5 year prognosis if untreated. […] The presence of S4 is indicative of left ventricular hypertrophy that develops over time in aortic stenosis.

• #8 Aortic Stenosis | Ohio State Medical Center

  https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/heart-vascular/heart-valve/aortic-valve-stenosis

  When the aortic valve does not open properly, the heart has to work harder to pump blood. […] The left ventricle must then work harder than normal to pump blood throughout the body. […] If you have aortic stenosis, replacing the diseased aortic valve is the best option. […] Most patients recover well after having an aortic valve replacement. […] Management depends on age at diagnosis, severity of the obstruction and symptoms. […] A procedure to repair or to replace the defective valve with an artificial valve may be necessary. […] Early aortic valve replacement usually improves symptoms and can help prevent damage to the heart that can occur if the stenosis is not treated. […] Medication may be necessary to treat the symptoms at a certain point.

• #9 TAVR Nursing Care Nursing CEU – Nursing CE Central

  https://nursingcecentral.com/lessons/care-of-the-aortic-stenosis-patient-undergoing-transaortic-valve-replacement-tavr-2/

  Aortic stenosis is the second most common valvular heart disease in the Western world, and it is usually diagnosed after the age of sixty-five. […] Therefore, having a full understanding of TAVR nursing care, aortic stenosis, and its effects on the body is essential to provide care for patients undergoing a transaortic valve replacement (TAVR) procedure. […] In this course we will discuss the relevant anatomy pertaining to TAVR nursing care and procedure, indications and contra-indications, and the post-operative care of patients undergoing TAVR nursing care and procedure. […] Ultimately, in the course of aortic stenosis, the left ventricle will dilate, fail, lead to pulmonary congestion, shortness of breath, and chest pain, which are the hallmark symptoms of aortic stenosis. […] Clients presenting with the classical triad of aortic stenosis have a 2-5 year prognosis if untreated. […] The presence of S4 is indicative of left ventricular hypertrophy that develops over time in aortic stenosis.

• #10 TAVR Nursing Care Nursing CEU – Nursing CE Central

  https://nursingcecentral.com/lessons/care-of-the-aortic-stenosis-patient-undergoing-transaortic-valve-replacement-tavr-2/

  Aortic stenosis is the second most common valvular heart disease in the Western world, and it is usually diagnosed after the age of sixty-five. […] Therefore, having a full understanding of TAVR nursing care, aortic stenosis, and its effects on the body is essential to provide care for patients undergoing a transaortic valve replacement (TAVR) procedure. […] In this course we will discuss the relevant anatomy pertaining to TAVR nursing care and procedure, indications and contra-indications, and the post-operative care of patients undergoing TAVR nursing care and procedure. […] Ultimately, in the course of aortic stenosis, the left ventricle will dilate, fail, lead to pulmonary congestion, shortness of breath, and chest pain, which are the hallmark symptoms of aortic stenosis. […] Clients presenting with the classical triad of aortic stenosis have a 2-5 year prognosis if untreated. […] The presence of S4 is indicative of left ventricular hypertrophy that develops over time in aortic stenosis.

• #11 Aortic stenosis | Deranged Physiology

  https://derangedphysiology.com/main/required-reading/cardiovascular-intensive-care/Chapter-36/aortic-stenosis

  A balloon pump might be of some use if the patient is in cardiogenic shock. […] Diuretics and vasodilators- particularly venodilators- should be avoided. A drop in preload would be disastrous for the cardiac output. […] It is critically important to maintain sinus rhythm. […] Increased myocardial contractility is the mechanism of adjustment to extreme valve narrowing. […] Control of hypertension is important. […] It is important to keep the diastolic pressure high. […] If the blood pressure is high, it is reasonable to use afterload-reducing arterial vasodilators.

• #12 Aortic stenosis | Deranged Physiology

  https://derangedphysiology.com/main/required-reading/cardiovascular-intensive-care/Chapter-36/aortic-stenosis

  The college is particularly fond of aortic stenosis, as is demonstrated by their constant asking of questions on this topic. […] Beyond the issue of cynical exam cramming, there is also the management of the aortic stenosis patient who is haemodynamically unstable, and knowing what to expect from their circulatory performance in response to stress. […] In summary, for severe aortic stenosis: Keep them well filled; avoid venodilators and diuretics. […] Slow the rate (50-60), but avoid excessive beta-blockade. […] Avoid AF as much as possible. […] If there is evidence of heart failure, avoid drugs which impair contractility (eg. beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers). […] Avoid high afterload (it overload the LV) but keep an adequate diastolic pressure to prevent coronary insufficiency.

• #13 Aortic Stenosis | Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/aortic-stenosis

  Aortic stenosis is a complex condition that requires expert care. […] Aortic stenosis symptoms can include: Chest pain, pressure, or tightness; Dizziness, fainting, or weakness; Feeling tired; Heart palpitations; Shortness of breath. […] Let your doctor know right away if you notice any of these symptoms. […] You may not need treatment right away for this condition. Your doctor will monitor your condition with regular exams. In severe cases, you may need an aortic valve replacement. […] Aortic valve repair and replacement procedures include minimally invasive and traditional surgery as well as several types of replacement material. […] Aortic valvuloplasty is a minimally invasive procedure to open the aortic valve inside your heart.

• #14

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ut2752

  Having aortic valve stenosis means that the valve between your heart and the large blood vessel that carries blood to the body (aorta) has narrowed. That forces the heart to pump harder to get enough blood through the valve. As stenosis gets worse, the valve gets narrower. This can cause symptoms. Symptoms include chest pain, dizziness, fainting, or shortness of breath. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line if you have new symptoms or your symptoms get worse. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you have any problems.

• #15 Aortic Stenosis | Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/aortic-stenosis

  Aortic stenosis is a complex condition that requires expert care. […] Aortic stenosis symptoms can include: Chest pain, pressure, or tightness; Dizziness, fainting, or weakness; Feeling tired; Heart palpitations; Shortness of breath. […] Let your doctor know right away if you notice any of these symptoms. […] You may not need treatment right away for this condition. Your doctor will monitor your condition with regular exams. In severe cases, you may need an aortic valve replacement. […] Aortic valve repair and replacement procedures include minimally invasive and traditional surgery as well as several types of replacement material. […] Aortic valvuloplasty is a minimally invasive procedure to open the aortic valve inside your heart.

• #16

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ut2752

  Having aortic valve stenosis means that the valve between your heart and the large blood vessel that carries blood to the body (aorta) has narrowed. That forces the heart to pump harder to get enough blood through the valve. As stenosis gets worse, the valve gets narrower. This can cause symptoms. Symptoms include chest pain, dizziness, fainting, or shortness of breath. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line if you have new symptoms or your symptoms get worse. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you have any problems.

• #17 Aortic Stenosis | Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/aortic-stenosis

  Aortic stenosis is a complex condition that requires expert care. […] Aortic stenosis symptoms can include: Chest pain, pressure, or tightness; Dizziness, fainting, or weakness; Feeling tired; Heart palpitations; Shortness of breath. […] Let your doctor know right away if you notice any of these symptoms. […] You may not need treatment right away for this condition. Your doctor will monitor your condition with regular exams. In severe cases, you may need an aortic valve replacement. […] Aortic valve repair and replacement procedures include minimally invasive and traditional surgery as well as several types of replacement material. […] Aortic valvuloplasty is a minimally invasive procedure to open the aortic valve inside your heart.

• #18

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ut2752

  Having aortic valve stenosis means that the valve between your heart and the large blood vessel that carries blood to the body (aorta) has narrowed. That forces the heart to pump harder to get enough blood through the valve. As stenosis gets worse, the valve gets narrower. This can cause symptoms. Symptoms include chest pain, dizziness, fainting, or shortness of breath. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line if you have new symptoms or your symptoms get worse. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you have any problems.

• #19 Aortic Stenosis | Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/aortic-stenosis

  Aortic stenosis is a complex condition that requires expert care. […] Aortic stenosis symptoms can include: Chest pain, pressure, or tightness; Dizziness, fainting, or weakness; Feeling tired; Heart palpitations; Shortness of breath. […] Let your doctor know right away if you notice any of these symptoms. […] You may not need treatment right away for this condition. Your doctor will monitor your condition with regular exams. In severe cases, you may need an aortic valve replacement. […] Aortic valve repair and replacement procedures include minimally invasive and traditional surgery as well as several types of replacement material. […] Aortic valvuloplasty is a minimally invasive procedure to open the aortic valve inside your heart.

• #20 Aortic Stenosis | Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/aortic-stenosis

  Aortic stenosis is a complex condition that requires expert care. […] Aortic stenosis symptoms can include: Chest pain, pressure, or tightness; Dizziness, fainting, or weakness; Feeling tired; Heart palpitations; Shortness of breath. […] Let your doctor know right away if you notice any of these symptoms. […] You may not need treatment right away for this condition. Your doctor will monitor your condition with regular exams. In severe cases, you may need an aortic valve replacement. […] Aortic valve repair and replacement procedures include minimally invasive and traditional surgery as well as several types of replacement material. […] Aortic valvuloplasty is a minimally invasive procedure to open the aortic valve inside your heart.

• #21

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ut2752

  Having aortic valve stenosis means that the valve between your heart and the large blood vessel that carries blood to the body (aorta) has narrowed. That forces the heart to pump harder to get enough blood through the valve. As stenosis gets worse, the valve gets narrower. This can cause symptoms. Symptoms include chest pain, dizziness, fainting, or shortness of breath. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line if you have new symptoms or your symptoms get worse. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you have any problems.

• #22 FF #467 Palliative Care Issues in Aortic Stenosis | Palliative Care Network of Wisconsin

  https://www.mypcnow.org/fast-fact/palliative-care-issues-in-aortic-stenosis/

  Fast Fact Number: 467 […] Background: Aortic stenosis (AS) is a common form of valvular heart disease that is graded based on cardiac testing (e.g., echocardiogram). Severe AS is defined by aortic valve area ≤1 cm², mean transaortic pressure gradient ≥ 40 mmHg, and peak aortic jet velocity ≥4 m/s. […] The end-of-life illness trajectory of untreated AS resembles that of heart failure. As such, recurrent hospitalizations, functional decline, and a poor quality of life are common. […] The only treatment option that improves symptoms and survival for severe AS is AVR. Indications for AVR are generally determined by symptom status, AS severity, and left ventricular ejection fraction. […] The goal of most pharmacotherapy in AS is to treat concurrent medical conditions such as atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, volume overload, and hypertension, since there are no known medications which slow down the progression of AS. Common palliative-based interventions for AS-related symptom management include diuretics, supplemental oxygen, low dose opioids for dyspnea or angina, benzodiazepines for dyspnea-related anxiety, and behavioral strategies for dizziness, dyspnea, or syncope. […] Generalist clinicians and cardiovascular specialists should introduce discussions about care preferences, quality of life values, prognosis, and advance care planning when severe AS is diagnosed. […] Patients with severe AS should be provided with early education regarding hospice resources.

• #23 FF #467 Palliative Care Issues in Aortic Stenosis | Palliative Care Network of Wisconsin

  https://www.mypcnow.org/fast-fact/palliative-care-issues-in-aortic-stenosis/

  Fast Fact Number: 467 […] Background: Aortic stenosis (AS) is a common form of valvular heart disease that is graded based on cardiac testing (e.g., echocardiogram). Severe AS is defined by aortic valve area ≤1 cm², mean transaortic pressure gradient ≥ 40 mmHg, and peak aortic jet velocity ≥4 m/s. […] The end-of-life illness trajectory of untreated AS resembles that of heart failure. As such, recurrent hospitalizations, functional decline, and a poor quality of life are common. […] The only treatment option that improves symptoms and survival for severe AS is AVR. Indications for AVR are generally determined by symptom status, AS severity, and left ventricular ejection fraction. […] The goal of most pharmacotherapy in AS is to treat concurrent medical conditions such as atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, volume overload, and hypertension, since there are no known medications which slow down the progression of AS. Common palliative-based interventions for AS-related symptom management include diuretics, supplemental oxygen, low dose opioids for dyspnea or angina, benzodiazepines for dyspnea-related anxiety, and behavioral strategies for dizziness, dyspnea, or syncope. […] Generalist clinicians and cardiovascular specialists should introduce discussions about care preferences, quality of life values, prognosis, and advance care planning when severe AS is diagnosed. […] Patients with severe AS should be provided with early education regarding hospice resources.

• #24 Aortic Stenosis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0915/p717.html

  Aortic valve replacement should be recommended in most patients with any of these symptoms accompanied by evidence of significant aortic stenosis on echocardiography. […] Watchful waiting is recommended for most asymptomatic patients, including those with hemodynamically significant aortic stenosis. Patients should be educated about symptoms and the importance of promptly reporting them to their physicians. […] Cardiology referral is recommended for all patients with symptomatic aortic stenosis, those with severe aortic stenosis without apparent symptoms, and those with left ventricular dysfunction. […] Watchful waiting until symptoms are detected is appropriate in most patients with asymptomatic aortic stenosis. […] ACC/AHA guidelines recommend that serial Doppler echocardiography be performed annually for severe aortic stenosis, every one to two years for moderate aortic stenosis, and every three to five years for mild aortic stenosis.

• #25 Aortic Stenosis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0301/p371.html

  Watchful waiting is recommended for most asymptomatic patients with aortic stenosis, including those with severe disease. […] It is important to distinguish patients who are truly asymptomatic from those whose routine activity level has subtly decreased to below their symptom threshold. […] In asymptomatic patients, serial Doppler echocardiography should be performed every six to 12 months in those with severe aortic stenosis, every one to two years in those with moderate stenosis, and every three to five years in those with mild stenosis. […] Most importantly, patients should be educated about symptoms and the importance of promptly reporting them to their physician.

• #26 TAVR Nursing Care Nursing CEU – Nursing CE Central

  https://nursingcecentral.com/lessons/care-of-the-aortic-stenosis-patient-undergoing-transaortic-valve-replacement-tavr-2/

  Aortic stenosis is the second most common valvular heart disease in the Western world, and it is usually diagnosed after the age of sixty-five. […] Therefore, having a full understanding of TAVR nursing care, aortic stenosis, and its effects on the body is essential to provide care for patients undergoing a transaortic valve replacement (TAVR) procedure. […] In this course we will discuss the relevant anatomy pertaining to TAVR nursing care and procedure, indications and contra-indications, and the post-operative care of patients undergoing TAVR nursing care and procedure. […] Ultimately, in the course of aortic stenosis, the left ventricle will dilate, fail, lead to pulmonary congestion, shortness of breath, and chest pain, which are the hallmark symptoms of aortic stenosis. […] Clients presenting with the classical triad of aortic stenosis have a 2-5 year prognosis if untreated. […] The presence of S4 is indicative of left ventricular hypertrophy that develops over time in aortic stenosis.

• #27 Aortic Stenosis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0915/p717.html

  Aortic valve replacement should be recommended in most patients with any of these symptoms accompanied by evidence of significant aortic stenosis on echocardiography. […] Watchful waiting is recommended for most asymptomatic patients, including those with hemodynamically significant aortic stenosis. Patients should be educated about symptoms and the importance of promptly reporting them to their physicians. […] Cardiology referral is recommended for all patients with symptomatic aortic stenosis, those with severe aortic stenosis without apparent symptoms, and those with left ventricular dysfunction. […] Watchful waiting until symptoms are detected is appropriate in most patients with asymptomatic aortic stenosis. […] ACC/AHA guidelines recommend that serial Doppler echocardiography be performed annually for severe aortic stenosis, every one to two years for moderate aortic stenosis, and every three to five years for mild aortic stenosis.

• #28 Aortic Stenosis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0915/p717.html

  Aortic valve replacement should be recommended in most patients with any of these symptoms accompanied by evidence of significant aortic stenosis on echocardiography. […] Watchful waiting is recommended for most asymptomatic patients, including those with hemodynamically significant aortic stenosis. Patients should be educated about symptoms and the importance of promptly reporting them to their physicians. […] Cardiology referral is recommended for all patients with symptomatic aortic stenosis, those with severe aortic stenosis without apparent symptoms, and those with left ventricular dysfunction. […] Watchful waiting until symptoms are detected is appropriate in most patients with asymptomatic aortic stenosis. […] ACC/AHA guidelines recommend that serial Doppler echocardiography be performed annually for severe aortic stenosis, every one to two years for moderate aortic stenosis, and every three to five years for mild aortic stenosis.

• #29 Aortic Stenosis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0301/p371.html

  Watchful waiting is recommended for most asymptomatic patients with aortic stenosis, including those with severe disease. […] It is important to distinguish patients who are truly asymptomatic from those whose routine activity level has subtly decreased to below their symptom threshold. […] In asymptomatic patients, serial Doppler echocardiography should be performed every six to 12 months in those with severe aortic stenosis, every one to two years in those with moderate stenosis, and every three to five years in those with mild stenosis. […] Most importantly, patients should be educated about symptoms and the importance of promptly reporting them to their physician.

• #30 Medical management of symptomatic aortic stenosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/medical-management-of-symptomatic-aortic-stenosis

  This topic will discuss medical management of patients with symptomatic AS and possible indications for aortic valvotomy. Indications for AVR, surgical and transcatheter methods of AVR, and management of asymptomatic AS are discussed separately. […] Aortic valve replacement (AVR) is recommended for patients with symptoms due to severe AS. However, patients with symptomatic AS in the following settings may require temporary or indefinite medical management. Decisions regarding management (including surgical AVR, transcatheter aortic valve implantation [TAVI], and medical management) should involve a multidisciplinary heart team and a patient-centered approach.

• #31 Aortic Stenosis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0915/p717.html

  It is important to distinguish patients who are truly asymptomatic from those who have a routine activity level that has decreased to below their symptom threshold. […] Aortic valve replacement is also recommended for asymptomatic patients with severe aortic stenosis accompanied by LV systolic dysfunction (i.e., ejection fraction of less than 50 percent). […] However, watchful waiting is recommended in most asymptomatic patients with aortic stenosis, including those with severe disease. […] Patients with very severe aortic stenosis (aortic valve area of 0.6 cm2 or less or an aortic jet velocity of 5 m per second or more), a more rapid increase in aortic jet velocity over time (0.3 m per second or more per year), or severe valve calcification have a high risk of developing symptoms and of needing aortic valve replacement within the next one to two years. […] Cardiology evaluation should also be considered in patients with subtle or atypical presentations, such as decreased exercise tolerance or an episode of congestive heart failure precipitated by new-onset anemia.

• #32 Aortic stenosis: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and medical management of nonsurgical patients – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23547127/

  As the average lifespan continues to increase, nurses are managing more patients with aortic stenosis. […] Nursing care for patients with aortic stenosis requires advanced skills in patient assessment and an appreciation of the hemodynamic responses to activities of daily living and to nursing interventions such as administration of medications.

• #33 Nursing care plan for aortic valve replacement

  https://nursipedia.com/nursing-care-plan-aortic-valve-replacement/

  Aortic valve replacement (AVR) is a surgical procedure that replaces the diseased aortic valve with an artificial valve, or a mechanical valve or a tissue (bioprosthetic) valve. […] A proper nursing care plan must be in place to ensure successful surgery and recovery of the patient. […] The assessment for a patient undergoing Aortic Valve Replacement should include vital parameters, physical condition, functional status, level of comfort and stress, and cardiac output. […] The patient must be monitored for arrhythmias, dressings, signs of bleeding, drainage from the incisions, vital signs, airway patent and skin integrity. […] The patient’s emotions must be taken into consideration. […] Nurses play an important role in providing pre- and post-operative care for patients undergoing AVR.

• #34 Nursing care plan for aortic valve replacement

  https://nursipedia.com/nursing-care-plan-aortic-valve-replacement/

  Aortic valve replacement (AVR) is a surgical procedure that replaces the diseased aortic valve with an artificial valve, or a mechanical valve or a tissue (bioprosthetic) valve. […] A proper nursing care plan must be in place to ensure successful surgery and recovery of the patient. […] The assessment for a patient undergoing Aortic Valve Replacement should include vital parameters, physical condition, functional status, level of comfort and stress, and cardiac output. […] The patient must be monitored for arrhythmias, dressings, signs of bleeding, drainage from the incisions, vital signs, airway patent and skin integrity. […] The patient’s emotions must be taken into consideration. […] Nurses play an important role in providing pre- and post-operative care for patients undergoing AVR.

• #35 Nursing Interventions for Aortic StenosisNursing File | Nursing File

  https://nursingfile.com/nursing-care-plan/nursing-interventions/nursing-interventions-for-aortic-stenosis.html

  Allow the patient to express his fears and concerns about the disorder, its impact on his life, and any impending surgery. […] Monitor the patients vital signs, weight, and intake and output for signs of fluid overload. […] Evaluate patients activity tolerance and degree of fatigue. […] Monitor the patient for chest pain that may indicate cardiac ischemia. […] Regularly assess the patients cardiopulmonary function. […] Observe the patient for complications and adverse reactions to drug therapy.

• #36 Nursing Interventions for Aortic StenosisNursing File | Nursing File

  https://nursingfile.com/nursing-care-plan/nursing-interventions/nursing-interventions-for-aortic-stenosis.html

  Nursing Interventions: Aortic Stenosis […] Assist the patient in bathing, if necessary. […] Provide a bedside commode because using a commode puts less stress on the heart than using a bedpan. […] Offer diversional activities that are physically undemanding. […] Alternate periods of rest to prevent extreme fatigue and dyspnea. […] To reduce anxiety, allow the patient to express his concerns about the effects of activity restrictions on his responsibilities and routine. […] Keep the patients legs elevated while he sits in a chair to improve venous return in the heart. […] Place the patient in an upright position to relieve dyspnea. […] Administer oxygen as needed to prevent tissue hypoxia. […] Keep the patient in a low sodium diet. Consult with a dietitian to ensure that the patient receives foods that he likes while adhering to the diet restrictions.

• #37 Nursing Interventions for Aortic StenosisNursing File | Nursing File

  https://nursingfile.com/nursing-care-plan/nursing-interventions/nursing-interventions-for-aortic-stenosis.html

  Allow the patient to express his fears and concerns about the disorder, its impact on his life, and any impending surgery. […] Monitor the patients vital signs, weight, and intake and output for signs of fluid overload. […] Evaluate patients activity tolerance and degree of fatigue. […] Monitor the patient for chest pain that may indicate cardiac ischemia. […] Regularly assess the patients cardiopulmonary function. […] Observe the patient for complications and adverse reactions to drug therapy.

• #38 Nursing Interventions for Aortic StenosisNursing File | Nursing File

  https://nursingfile.com/nursing-care-plan/nursing-interventions/nursing-interventions-for-aortic-stenosis.html

  Nursing Interventions: Aortic Stenosis […] Assist the patient in bathing, if necessary. […] Provide a bedside commode because using a commode puts less stress on the heart than using a bedpan. […] Offer diversional activities that are physically undemanding. […] Alternate periods of rest to prevent extreme fatigue and dyspnea. […] To reduce anxiety, allow the patient to express his concerns about the effects of activity restrictions on his responsibilities and routine. […] Keep the patients legs elevated while he sits in a chair to improve venous return in the heart. […] Place the patient in an upright position to relieve dyspnea. […] Administer oxygen as needed to prevent tissue hypoxia. […] Keep the patient in a low sodium diet. Consult with a dietitian to ensure that the patient receives foods that he likes while adhering to the diet restrictions.

• #39 Nursing Interventions for Aortic StenosisNursing File | Nursing File

  https://nursingfile.com/nursing-care-plan/nursing-interventions/nursing-interventions-for-aortic-stenosis.html

  Allow the patient to express his fears and concerns about the disorder, its impact on his life, and any impending surgery. […] Monitor the patients vital signs, weight, and intake and output for signs of fluid overload. […] Evaluate patients activity tolerance and degree of fatigue. […] Monitor the patient for chest pain that may indicate cardiac ischemia. […] Regularly assess the patients cardiopulmonary function. […] Observe the patient for complications and adverse reactions to drug therapy.

• #40 Nursing Interventions for Aortic StenosisNursing File | Nursing File

  https://nursingfile.com/nursing-care-plan/nursing-interventions/nursing-interventions-for-aortic-stenosis.html

  Allow the patient to express his fears and concerns about the disorder, its impact on his life, and any impending surgery. […] Monitor the patients vital signs, weight, and intake and output for signs of fluid overload. […] Evaluate patients activity tolerance and degree of fatigue. […] Monitor the patient for chest pain that may indicate cardiac ischemia. […] Regularly assess the patients cardiopulmonary function. […] Observe the patient for complications and adverse reactions to drug therapy.

• #41 Nursing care plan for aortic valve replacement

  https://nursipedia.com/nursing-care-plan-aortic-valve-replacement/

  Aortic valve replacement (AVR) is a surgical procedure that replaces the diseased aortic valve with an artificial valve, or a mechanical valve or a tissue (bioprosthetic) valve. […] A proper nursing care plan must be in place to ensure successful surgery and recovery of the patient. […] The assessment for a patient undergoing Aortic Valve Replacement should include vital parameters, physical condition, functional status, level of comfort and stress, and cardiac output. […] The patient must be monitored for arrhythmias, dressings, signs of bleeding, drainage from the incisions, vital signs, airway patent and skin integrity. […] The patient’s emotions must be taken into consideration. […] Nurses play an important role in providing pre- and post-operative care for patients undergoing AVR.

• #42 Nursing care plan for aortic valve replacement

  https://nursipedia.com/nursing-care-plan-aortic-valve-replacement/

  This includes providing emotional support, monitoring vital signs and oxygen saturation, observing for signs of bleeding, infection and pain, promoting rest periods, providing education regarding post-operative care, medications and exercises, and positioning the patient for comfort and improved respiration. […] Aortic valve replacement requires careful pre- and post-operative nursing care. […] The development of a customized nursing care plan is important to ensure the patient’s safety and recovery. […] The success of this surgery depends greatly on the nursing care provided to the patient.

• #43 Nursing care plan for aortic valve replacement

  https://nursipedia.com/nursing-care-plan-aortic-valve-replacement/

  Aortic valve replacement (AVR) is a surgical procedure that replaces the diseased aortic valve with an artificial valve, or a mechanical valve or a tissue (bioprosthetic) valve. […] A proper nursing care plan must be in place to ensure successful surgery and recovery of the patient. […] The assessment for a patient undergoing Aortic Valve Replacement should include vital parameters, physical condition, functional status, level of comfort and stress, and cardiac output. […] The patient must be monitored for arrhythmias, dressings, signs of bleeding, drainage from the incisions, vital signs, airway patent and skin integrity. […] The patient’s emotions must be taken into consideration. […] Nurses play an important role in providing pre- and post-operative care for patients undergoing AVR.

• #44 Nursing care plan for aortic valve replacement

  https://nursipedia.com/nursing-care-plan-aortic-valve-replacement/

  This includes providing emotional support, monitoring vital signs and oxygen saturation, observing for signs of bleeding, infection and pain, promoting rest periods, providing education regarding post-operative care, medications and exercises, and positioning the patient for comfort and improved respiration. […] Aortic valve replacement requires careful pre- and post-operative nursing care. […] The development of a customized nursing care plan is important to ensure the patient’s safety and recovery. […] The success of this surgery depends greatly on the nursing care provided to the patient.

• #45 Nursing Care Plan for Heart Valve Disorders | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-heart-valve-disorders-2

  Aortic Stenosis aortic valve cannot open fully or is narrowed, therefore blood cant get out of LV. […] Assess Heart SoundsTo identify murmur: […] The easiest way for a nurse to determine the presence of a valve disorder is to listen for murmurs. A murmur indicates abnormal or turbulent blood flow through the valve. […] If the valve should be open, but doesnt open fully stenosis […] Assess and Monitor CV status […] Valve disorders can compromise cardiac output. Assess cardiovascular status to determine if there is decreased perfusion to the tissues. […] Assess respiratory status […] If blood is not going forward or backing up, it can cause pulmonary congestion leading to pulmonary edema. […] Educate patient about post-op requirements after valve replacement surgery […] Patients who receive artificial valve replacements will require lifelong anticoagulant therapy. […] Patients with artificial heart valves are at high risk of developing endocarditis. […] Oral hygiene is imperative to prevention of endocarditis after valve repair.

• #46 Nursing Interventions for Aortic StenosisNursing File | Nursing File

  https://nursingfile.com/nursing-care-plan/nursing-interventions/nursing-interventions-for-aortic-stenosis.html

  Nursing Interventions: Aortic Stenosis […] Assist the patient in bathing, if necessary. […] Provide a bedside commode because using a commode puts less stress on the heart than using a bedpan. […] Offer diversional activities that are physically undemanding. […] Alternate periods of rest to prevent extreme fatigue and dyspnea. […] To reduce anxiety, allow the patient to express his concerns about the effects of activity restrictions on his responsibilities and routine. […] Keep the patients legs elevated while he sits in a chair to improve venous return in the heart. […] Place the patient in an upright position to relieve dyspnea. […] Administer oxygen as needed to prevent tissue hypoxia. […] Keep the patient in a low sodium diet. Consult with a dietitian to ensure that the patient receives foods that he likes while adhering to the diet restrictions.

• #47 Aortic Valve Stenosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/aortic-valve-stenosis

  Your doctor may advise a procedure to repair or replace your damaged valve. […] If a heart condition makes you feel anxious or depressed, talking about these concerns may make you feel better. […] Your doctor will help you decide when it’s safe to drive again, usually 1-4 weeks after your procedure. […] Your doctor may give you a specific diet to follow. […] Your doctor will give you guidelines on exercise. You’ll need to avoid heavy lifting and strenuous activities for several days.

• #48 Aortic Stenosis: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23046-aortic-valve-stenosis

  Aortic valve stenosis (or aortic stenosis) happens when the aortic valve in your heart is narrowed or blocked. This interferes with the normal blood flow out of your heart. It makes your heart work harder, causing heart damage, major health problems and even death. Replacing the valve is the best treatment and gives you a good prognosis. […] A problem with this valve can be concerning. But today, there are more options than ever to treat aortic stenosis. […] If you have stenosis but no symptoms, your healthcare provider may advise you to simply monitor the issue with follow-up visits and tests. If you develop symptoms, your provider can offer you aortic stenosis treatment options, including: […] Providers treat milder cases of aortic valve stenosis with medications. These may include blood thinners, diuretics and other medicines to treat heart rhythm disorders, high blood pressure or heart failure. Medications help with symptoms but cant keep stenosis from getting worse.

• #49 Aortic Stenosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Emergency Department Care, Percutaneous Balloon Valvuloplasty

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/150638-treatment

  The only definitive treatment for aortic stenosis in adults is aortic valve replacement, performed surgically or percutaneously. The development of symptoms due to aortic stenosis provides a clear indication for replacement. For patients who are not candidates for aortic replacement, percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasty may provide some symptom relief. […] Medical treatment (such as diuretic therapy) in aortic stenosis may provide temporary symptom relief but is generally not effective long term. […] Consultation with a cardiologist or cardiothoracic surgeon is appropriate. […] Prehospital and emergency department management is focused on acute exacerbations of the symptoms of aortic stenosis. As always, assess and address airway, breathing, and circulation. If the patient is in cardiopulmonary arrest, perform resuscitation according to the recommendations of the AHA in their Advanced Cardiac Life Support guidelines.

• #50 Aortic Stenosis: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23046-aortic-valve-stenosis

  Aortic valve stenosis (or aortic stenosis) happens when the aortic valve in your heart is narrowed or blocked. This interferes with the normal blood flow out of your heart. It makes your heart work harder, causing heart damage, major health problems and even death. Replacing the valve is the best treatment and gives you a good prognosis. […] A problem with this valve can be concerning. But today, there are more options than ever to treat aortic stenosis. […] If you have stenosis but no symptoms, your healthcare provider may advise you to simply monitor the issue with follow-up visits and tests. If you develop symptoms, your provider can offer you aortic stenosis treatment options, including: […] Providers treat milder cases of aortic valve stenosis with medications. These may include blood thinners, diuretics and other medicines to treat heart rhythm disorders, high blood pressure or heart failure. Medications help with symptoms but cant keep stenosis from getting worse.

• #51 Aortic Stenosis: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23046-aortic-valve-stenosis

  If you have mild aortic stenosis or no symptoms, you may only need routine echocardiograms and regular follow-up appointments. […] With severe aortic valve stenosis, youll likely need follow-up visits after a valve repair or replacement. You may also need to take certain medicines. […] For all severity levels, your provider will likely recommend eating low-salt, low-fat foods and getting regular physical activity. They can tell you what level of activity is right for you.

• #52 Heart Aortic Valve Stenosis | SSM Health

  https://www.ssmhealth.com/services/heart-vascular/valvular-disease/aortic-valve-stenosis

  If you have mild or no symptoms, your doctor may simply monitor your condition without treatment. In that case you may be advised to limit strenuous activity and to quit smoking if you currently are. […] While there are no medications to treat aortic stenosis specifically, your doctor may prescribe medication to treat the symptoms, including diuretics, nitrates, and beta-blockers. […] Your doctor may recommend surgery to repair or replace the valve. […] Make an appointment with our heart and vascular team to learn more about this procedure and whether it might be right for you. We’re here to answer questions, ease your concerns and help you decide about treatment. […] If you’ve already been diagnosed with a heart valve disease and would like a second opinion from a highly skilled, multidisciplinary heart team please contact your SSM Health primary care provider or cardiology expert.

• #53 Aortic Stenosis: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23046-aortic-valve-stenosis

  If you have mild aortic stenosis or no symptoms, you may only need routine echocardiograms and regular follow-up appointments. […] With severe aortic valve stenosis, youll likely need follow-up visits after a valve repair or replacement. You may also need to take certain medicines. […] For all severity levels, your provider will likely recommend eating low-salt, low-fat foods and getting regular physical activity. They can tell you what level of activity is right for you.

• #54 Aortic Valve Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/aortic-stenosis

  Aortic valve stenosis occurs when the aortic valve narrows and doesnt open as it should. It can cause chest pain and shortness of breath, especially after exertion. […] Untreated, aortic valve stenosis can be serious or deadly. Early treatment options aim to help slow disease progression or repair or replace the narrowed valve. […] If you have no symptoms or only mild ones, you may not require treatment. Doctors typically recommend maintaining a heart-healthy lifestyle to prevent disease progression. This can include: adopting a heart-healthy diet, getting regular physical activity, maintaining a moderate weight, avoiding smoking, or quit smoking if you smoke, getting treatment for any severe sore throat to prevent rheumatic fever, practicing proper dental hygiene, as dental infections can travel through the bloodstream and damage the heart valves and muscles, managing your blood pressure.

• #55 Aortic Valve Stenosis | CommonSpirit Health

  http://www.chistvincent.com/clinical-services/heart-care/heart-valve-disease-and-aortic-stenosis/what-is-aortic-stenosis

  Eat heart-healthy foods. These include vegetables, fruits, nuts, beans, lean meat, fish, and whole grains. Limit sodium, alcohol, and sugar. […] Be active. Ask your doctor what type and level of exercise is safe for you. […] Do not smoke. […] Stay at a healthy weight. Lose weight if you need to. […] Manage other health problems. If you think you may have a problem with alcohol or drug use, talk to your doctor. […] Take care of your teeth and gums. Get regular dental checkups. Good dental health is important because bacteria can spread from infected teeth and gums to the heart valves.

• #56 Aortic Stenosis: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23046-aortic-valve-stenosis

  Aortic valve stenosis (or aortic stenosis) happens when the aortic valve in your heart is narrowed or blocked. This interferes with the normal blood flow out of your heart. It makes your heart work harder, causing heart damage, major health problems and even death. Replacing the valve is the best treatment and gives you a good prognosis. […] A problem with this valve can be concerning. But today, there are more options than ever to treat aortic stenosis. […] If you have stenosis but no symptoms, your healthcare provider may advise you to simply monitor the issue with follow-up visits and tests. If you develop symptoms, your provider can offer you aortic stenosis treatment options, including: […] Providers treat milder cases of aortic valve stenosis with medications. These may include blood thinners, diuretics and other medicines to treat heart rhythm disorders, high blood pressure or heart failure. Medications help with symptoms but cant keep stenosis from getting worse.

• #57 Aortic Valve Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/aortic-stenosis

  If your aortic valve stenosis is moderate to severe or you’re experiencing symptoms, a doctor typically recommends a procedure or surgery to repair or replace the damaged valve. Procedures can include: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), Surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR), Valvuloplasty. […] A doctor may prescribe medications to manage symptoms or reduce the burden on your heart. Medications can include: Antibiotics, Blood pressure medications, Blood thinners, Antiarrhythmics. […] Your health may improve dramatically once you receive treatment. Surgical treatments for aortic valve stenosis may allow you to resume an active life. Your outlook depends on a combination of factors: how long you’ve lived with the condition, the extent of damage to your heart, any complications that may arise from your condition. […] Without treatment, people with severe aortic valve stenosis typically live for 1 to 3 years from diagnosis.

• #58 Heart Aortic Valve Stenosis | SSM Health

  https://www.ssmhealth.com/services/heart-vascular/valvular-disease/aortic-valve-stenosis

  If you have mild or no symptoms, your doctor may simply monitor your condition without treatment. In that case you may be advised to limit strenuous activity and to quit smoking if you currently are. […] While there are no medications to treat aortic stenosis specifically, your doctor may prescribe medication to treat the symptoms, including diuretics, nitrates, and beta-blockers. […] Your doctor may recommend surgery to repair or replace the valve. […] Make an appointment with our heart and vascular team to learn more about this procedure and whether it might be right for you. We’re here to answer questions, ease your concerns and help you decide about treatment. […] If you’ve already been diagnosed with a heart valve disease and would like a second opinion from a highly skilled, multidisciplinary heart team please contact your SSM Health primary care provider or cardiology expert.

• #59 Aortic Stenosis: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23046-aortic-valve-stenosis

  Aortic valve stenosis (or aortic stenosis) happens when the aortic valve in your heart is narrowed or blocked. This interferes with the normal blood flow out of your heart. It makes your heart work harder, causing heart damage, major health problems and even death. Replacing the valve is the best treatment and gives you a good prognosis. […] A problem with this valve can be concerning. But today, there are more options than ever to treat aortic stenosis. […] If you have stenosis but no symptoms, your healthcare provider may advise you to simply monitor the issue with follow-up visits and tests. If you develop symptoms, your provider can offer you aortic stenosis treatment options, including: […] Providers treat milder cases of aortic valve stenosis with medications. These may include blood thinners, diuretics and other medicines to treat heart rhythm disorders, high blood pressure or heart failure. Medications help with symptoms but cant keep stenosis from getting worse.

• #60 Aortic Valve Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/aortic-stenosis

  If your aortic valve stenosis is moderate to severe or you’re experiencing symptoms, a doctor typically recommends a procedure or surgery to repair or replace the damaged valve. Procedures can include: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), Surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR), Valvuloplasty. […] A doctor may prescribe medications to manage symptoms or reduce the burden on your heart. Medications can include: Antibiotics, Blood pressure medications, Blood thinners, Antiarrhythmics. […] Your health may improve dramatically once you receive treatment. Surgical treatments for aortic valve stenosis may allow you to resume an active life. Your outlook depends on a combination of factors: how long you’ve lived with the condition, the extent of damage to your heart, any complications that may arise from your condition. […] Without treatment, people with severe aortic valve stenosis typically live for 1 to 3 years from diagnosis.

• #61 Heart Aortic Valve Stenosis | SSM Health

  https://www.ssmhealth.com/services/heart-vascular/valvular-disease/aortic-valve-stenosis

  If you have mild or no symptoms, your doctor may simply monitor your condition without treatment. In that case you may be advised to limit strenuous activity and to quit smoking if you currently are. […] While there are no medications to treat aortic stenosis specifically, your doctor may prescribe medication to treat the symptoms, including diuretics, nitrates, and beta-blockers. […] Your doctor may recommend surgery to repair or replace the valve. […] Make an appointment with our heart and vascular team to learn more about this procedure and whether it might be right for you. We’re here to answer questions, ease your concerns and help you decide about treatment. […] If you’ve already been diagnosed with a heart valve disease and would like a second opinion from a highly skilled, multidisciplinary heart team please contact your SSM Health primary care provider or cardiology expert.

• #62 Aortic Stenosis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0301/p371.html

  Aortic valve replacement is recommended for most symptomatic patients with evidence of significant aortic stenosis on echocardiography. […] Watchful waiting is recommended for most asymptomatic patients. […] Patients should be educated about the importance of promptly reporting symptoms to their physicians. […] In asymptomatic patients, serial Doppler echocardiography is recommended every six to 12 months for severe aortic stenosis, every one to two years for moderate disease, and every three to five years for mild disease. […] Cardiology referral is recommended for all patients with symptomatic moderate and severe aortic stenosis, those with severe aortic stenosis without apparent symptoms, and those with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. […] Aortic valve replacement is the only effective treatment for symptomatic, hemodynamically severe aortic stenosis.

• #63 Aortic Stenosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Emergency Department Care, Percutaneous Balloon Valvuloplasty

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/150638-treatment

  The only definitive treatment for aortic stenosis in adults is aortic valve replacement, performed surgically or percutaneously. The development of symptoms due to aortic stenosis provides a clear indication for replacement. For patients who are not candidates for aortic replacement, percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasty may provide some symptom relief. […] Medical treatment (such as diuretic therapy) in aortic stenosis may provide temporary symptom relief but is generally not effective long term. […] Consultation with a cardiologist or cardiothoracic surgeon is appropriate. […] Prehospital and emergency department management is focused on acute exacerbations of the symptoms of aortic stenosis. As always, assess and address airway, breathing, and circulation. If the patient is in cardiopulmonary arrest, perform resuscitation according to the recommendations of the AHA in their Advanced Cardiac Life Support guidelines.

• #64 Aortic Stenosis: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23046-aortic-valve-stenosis

  Valve replacement offers several options for people who cant have a valve repair. Aortic valve surgery replaces the valve with a donor valve (usually from a cow or pig), a mechanical valve or a bioprosthetic valve. Another option is a Ross procedure, which uses your own pulmonary valve to replace your damaged aortic valve. A provider then uses a donor valve to replace your pulmonary valve. Finally, a transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) allows for the replacement of an aortic valve without surgery. This procedure involves inserting a catheter-based device into an artery and then threading it to your heart. […] Recovery from aortic valve stenosis repair or replacement depends on the method a provider uses. Surgical methods take the longest. People who have surgery are typically in the hospital for several days, with full recovery usually taking several weeks.

• #65 Aortic Stenosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Emergency Department Care, Percutaneous Balloon Valvuloplasty

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/150638-treatment

  In most adults with symptomatic, severe aortic stenosis, aortic valve replacement is the surgical treatment of choice. […] Successful aortic valve replacement produces substantial clinical and hemodynamic improvement in patients with aortic stenosis, including octogenarians. […] Aortic valve replacement improves outcomes in patients with low-flow aortic stenosis. […] The choice of prosthesis is determined by the anticipated longevity of the patient and his/her ability to tolerate anticoagulation. […] The surgical mortality risk in patients with normal LV systolic function and no other comorbid conditions is less than 5%. […] Overall, the 5-year survival rate in all adults after aortic valve replacement is 80-94%, and the 10-year survival rate is 68-89%. […] The medical treatment options are limited in symptomatic patients with aortic stenosis who are not candidates for surgery.

• #66 Aortic Stenosis: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23046-aortic-valve-stenosis

  Valve replacement offers several options for people who cant have a valve repair. Aortic valve surgery replaces the valve with a donor valve (usually from a cow or pig), a mechanical valve or a bioprosthetic valve. Another option is a Ross procedure, which uses your own pulmonary valve to replace your damaged aortic valve. A provider then uses a donor valve to replace your pulmonary valve. Finally, a transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) allows for the replacement of an aortic valve without surgery. This procedure involves inserting a catheter-based device into an artery and then threading it to your heart. […] Recovery from aortic valve stenosis repair or replacement depends on the method a provider uses. Surgical methods take the longest. People who have surgery are typically in the hospital for several days, with full recovery usually taking several weeks.

• #67 Aortic Valve Stenosis Causes, Symptoms, Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/heart-vascular/conditions/aortic-stenosis

  Aortic stenosis is a serious condition. If left untreated, it can cause your heart to weaken and lead to heart failure. […] At UPMC, we take a team-based approach to tailoring the right aortic valve stenosis treatment to your unique needs. […] See your UPMC heart doctor regularly. Ongoing follow-up care is vital to check your heart valve disease for possible progression. […] Your heart doctor will design a treatment plan to control AS and any other health problems it may cause. Your plan may include: […] Open heart surgery to replace aortic valves is the standard treatment for AS. […] TAVR is a minimally invasive approach to replace your aortic valve through a small tube or catheter. Your doctor may suggest you have a TAVR procedure if you have severe aortic stenosis that causes symptoms, but you are not a candidate for open-chest surgery. […] Your UPMC team will recommend the most appropriate procedure based on your age, disease stage, and overall health.

• #68 Aortic Valve Disease | Frankel Cardiovascular Center | Michigan Medicine

  https://www.umcvc.org/conditions-treatments/aortic-valve-disease

  At the Frankel Cardiovascular Center, youll find expert, patient-centered care. Our team approach brings together cardiologists, surgeons, radiologists, nurse practitioners, care coordinators and many others to offer patients: […] Not all patients with aortic valve disease will require surgery. Depending on your age, health, condition and symptoms, we may recommend nonsurgical treatments such as medications and lifestyle changes. […] TAVR is a minimally invasive procedure for patients with severe aortic stenosis. […] During TAVR, the doctor uses a catheter to insert a replacement valve inside the diseased valve. […] Though many patients prefer minimally invasive procedures, sometimes open surgery in which the surgeon uses a larger incision to directly access the heart is the best option. […] During open surgery, the aortic valve can be replaced or repaired. Patients with stenosis typically require valve replacement. […] Our surgeons have developed a reputation as leaders in aortic valve open surgery.

• #69 Aortic Stenosis | Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/aortic-stenosis

  Aortic stenosis is a complex condition that requires expert care. […] Aortic stenosis symptoms can include: Chest pain, pressure, or tightness; Dizziness, fainting, or weakness; Feeling tired; Heart palpitations; Shortness of breath. […] Let your doctor know right away if you notice any of these symptoms. […] You may not need treatment right away for this condition. Your doctor will monitor your condition with regular exams. In severe cases, you may need an aortic valve replacement. […] Aortic valve repair and replacement procedures include minimally invasive and traditional surgery as well as several types of replacement material. […] Aortic valvuloplasty is a minimally invasive procedure to open the aortic valve inside your heart.

• #70 Aortic Stenosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Emergency Department Care, Percutaneous Balloon Valvuloplasty

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/150638-treatment

  The only definitive treatment for aortic stenosis in adults is aortic valve replacement, performed surgically or percutaneously. The development of symptoms due to aortic stenosis provides a clear indication for replacement. For patients who are not candidates for aortic replacement, percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasty may provide some symptom relief. […] Medical treatment (such as diuretic therapy) in aortic stenosis may provide temporary symptom relief but is generally not effective long term. […] Consultation with a cardiologist or cardiothoracic surgeon is appropriate. […] Prehospital and emergency department management is focused on acute exacerbations of the symptoms of aortic stenosis. As always, assess and address airway, breathing, and circulation. If the patient is in cardiopulmonary arrest, perform resuscitation according to the recommendations of the AHA in their Advanced Cardiac Life Support guidelines.

• #71 Your Aortic Stenosis Care Team | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/understanding-your-heart-valve-treatment-options/your-aortic-stenosis-care-team

  Aortic stenosis, a narrowing of the aortic valve opening that restricts blood flow out of the heart, requires careful monitoring and often surgery or other intervention to replace the valve. Here are some of the health care professionals who will treat or help you manage the condition: […] Other team members that are involved in patient care and management before, during and after their procedure include cardiovascular nurses, cardiovascular anesthesiologists and intensivists. Intensivists are physicians who specialize in the care and treatment of patients in intensive care. […] Because aortic stenosis can lead to heart failure, a heart failure specialist can be an important team member to help you carefully manage your condition. Advanced practice providers such as nurse practitioners and physician assistants work in various health care settings and can do many tasks that physicians do. These include taking your medical history, conducting exams and ordering lab work and other tests. A valve clinic coordinator is typically your first contact at a hospital that performs aortic valve surgery. The valve clinic coordinator helps patients navigate treatment and address related issues from referral through follow-up care. Large medical centers often create heart teams, or structural heart teams, of health care professionals from varied specialties. They are also known as multidisciplinary teams. Team members pool their expertise as they guide patients to decide the best course of treatment, especially in complex cases.

• #72 Medical management of symptomatic aortic stenosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/medical-management-of-symptomatic-aortic-stenosis

  This topic will discuss medical management of patients with symptomatic AS and possible indications for aortic valvotomy. Indications for AVR, surgical and transcatheter methods of AVR, and management of asymptomatic AS are discussed separately. […] Aortic valve replacement (AVR) is recommended for patients with symptoms due to severe AS. However, patients with symptomatic AS in the following settings may require temporary or indefinite medical management. Decisions regarding management (including surgical AVR, transcatheter aortic valve implantation [TAVI], and medical management) should involve a multidisciplinary heart team and a patient-centered approach.

• #73 The past, present and future of aortic stenosis treatment

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2023/03/the-past-present-and-future-of-aortic-stenosis-treatment/

  Based on Class IA evidence, the ESC/EACTS guidelines recommend transfemoral TAVI as the standard of care for patients aged 75 years and over. These guidelines emphasise the need for a Heart Team assessment to balance clinical evidence and patient perspectives to ensure an individualised treatment choice. […] Remaining barriers to the wider treatment of AS include physician and patient awareness, variations in access to diagnostic imaging, and the reluctance of general practitioners, general physicians and cardiologists to refer patients based on perceived futility of treatment. Educational efforts and greater collaboration between Heart Teams, physicians and elderly care specialists are now required to ensure timely referral and prompt Heart Team assessment of all patients with severe AS to enable appropriate intervention that will enhance their quality of life and overall survival.

• #74

  https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/simedbull/article/view/263170

  Aortic stenosis (AS) is a common defect of the heart valve, especially among the elderly. […] Particularly within the first 24 hours post TAVR procedure, nurses play a crucial role in caring for patients to achieve treatment goals and ensure safety from potential complications. Therefore, nurses must possess knowledge and nursing skills for assessment and close monitoring of changing conditions. […] Understanding TAVR approaches, post-procedural monitoring, and potential complications will enable nurses to provide better care for patients undergoing TAVR and ensure the best possible outcomes.

• #75 Aortic Stenosis – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/aortic-stenosis

  Aortic stenosis is treated with repair of the obstructed valve. Several options are currently available. […] Specific treatment for aortic stenosis will be determined by your child’s doctor based on: […] Aortic stenosis is treated with repair of the obstructed valve. Several options are currently available. […] Some infants will be very sick, require care in the intensive care unit (ICU) prior to the procedure, and could possibly even need emergency repair of the aortic stenosis. Others, who have few symptoms, will have the repair scheduled on a less urgent basis. […] Some children with severe stenosis may have activity or exercise restricted prior to repair. For instance, competitive sports that require endurance or intense activity, such as weightlifting, may be restricted. […] If your child needs surgery, he or she will go to the intensive care unit (ICU) after the procedure. While your child is in the ICU, special equipment will be used to help him or her recover from surgery, and may include the following:

• #76 Aortic Stenosis – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/aortic-stenosis

  Your child will be kept as comfortable as possible with several different medications; some of which relieve pain and some of which relieve anxiety. The staff will also be asking for your input as to how best to soothe and comfort your child. […] After discharge from the ICU, your child will recuperate on another hospital unit for a few days before going home. You will learn how to care for your child at home before your child is discharged. Your child may need to take medications for a while and these will be explained to you. The staff will give you instructions regarding medications, activity limitations and follow-up appointments before your child is discharged. […] Most children who have had an aortic stenosis surgical repair will live healthy lives. Activity levels, appetite and growth should eventually return to normal. […] Regular follow-up care at a specialized cardiac center should continue throughout life. […] Your child’s cardiologist may recommend that antibiotics be given to prevent bacterial endocarditis after discharge from the hospital.

• #77 Aortic Valve Stenosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/aortic-valve-stenosis

  Aortic valve stenosis nursing care involves monitoring the patient’s condition and managing symptoms. […] If you develop complications such as high blood pressure or arrhythmia, your doctor may prescribe medication to treat them. […] Your recovery depends on what type of procedure you had and how healthy you were before the procedure. […] Your health care team will keep tabs on your vital signs and your pain level. They’ll also urge you to get up and move around as soon as you’re able to do so. […] Your doctor may want you to have cardiac rehab to help you recover. […] After an open-heart procedure, you’ll need to do deep breathing and coughing to clear your lungs. […] Aortic stenosis raises your risk for infective endocarditis, a severe infection of the heart lining and valves.

• #78 Aortic Stenosis – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/aortic-stenosis

  Your child will be kept as comfortable as possible with several different medications; some of which relieve pain and some of which relieve anxiety. The staff will also be asking for your input as to how best to soothe and comfort your child. […] After discharge from the ICU, your child will recuperate on another hospital unit for a few days before going home. You will learn how to care for your child at home before your child is discharged. Your child may need to take medications for a while and these will be explained to you. The staff will give you instructions regarding medications, activity limitations and follow-up appointments before your child is discharged. […] Most children who have had an aortic stenosis surgical repair will live healthy lives. Activity levels, appetite and growth should eventually return to normal. […] Regular follow-up care at a specialized cardiac center should continue throughout life. […] Your child’s cardiologist may recommend that antibiotics be given to prevent bacterial endocarditis after discharge from the hospital.

• #79 TAVR Nursing Care Nursing CEU – Nursing CE Central

  https://nursingcecentral.com/lessons/care-of-the-aortic-stenosis-patient-undergoing-transaortic-valve-replacement-tavr-2/

  The heart valve team is tasked with deciding the best pathway for the client based on current evidence and guidelines. […] The decision to proceed to intervention is based on several factors: the clients goals and beliefs, the presence or absence of symptoms, the severity of the lesion, remodeling of the ventricles, pulmonary or systemic congestion, a change from baseline heart rhythm, risk/benefit based on age, co-morbidities and life expectancy. […] Pain management should be titrated to the clients needs. […] Early mobilization is linked to shorter hospital stays and a decreased risk of venous thrombus.

• #80

  https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/simedbull/article/view/263170

  Aortic stenosis (AS) is a common defect of the heart valve, especially among the elderly. […] Particularly within the first 24 hours post TAVR procedure, nurses play a crucial role in caring for patients to achieve treatment goals and ensure safety from potential complications. Therefore, nurses must possess knowledge and nursing skills for assessment and close monitoring of changing conditions. […] Understanding TAVR approaches, post-procedural monitoring, and potential complications will enable nurses to provide better care for patients undergoing TAVR and ensure the best possible outcomes.

• #81

  https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/simedbull/article/view/263170

  Aortic stenosis (AS) is a common defect of the heart valve, especially among the elderly. […] Particularly within the first 24 hours post TAVR procedure, nurses play a crucial role in caring for patients to achieve treatment goals and ensure safety from potential complications. Therefore, nurses must possess knowledge and nursing skills for assessment and close monitoring of changing conditions. […] Understanding TAVR approaches, post-procedural monitoring, and potential complications will enable nurses to provide better care for patients undergoing TAVR and ensure the best possible outcomes.

• #82 Aortic Valve Stenosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/aortic-valve-stenosis

  Aortic valve stenosis nursing care involves monitoring the patient’s condition and managing symptoms. […] If you develop complications such as high blood pressure or arrhythmia, your doctor may prescribe medication to treat them. […] Your recovery depends on what type of procedure you had and how healthy you were before the procedure. […] Your health care team will keep tabs on your vital signs and your pain level. They’ll also urge you to get up and move around as soon as you’re able to do so. […] Your doctor may want you to have cardiac rehab to help you recover. […] After an open-heart procedure, you’ll need to do deep breathing and coughing to clear your lungs. […] Aortic stenosis raises your risk for infective endocarditis, a severe infection of the heart lining and valves.

• #83 Aortic Valve Stenosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/aortic-valve-stenosis

  Your doctor may advise a procedure to repair or replace your damaged valve. […] If a heart condition makes you feel anxious or depressed, talking about these concerns may make you feel better. […] Your doctor will help you decide when it’s safe to drive again, usually 1-4 weeks after your procedure. […] Your doctor may give you a specific diet to follow. […] Your doctor will give you guidelines on exercise. You’ll need to avoid heavy lifting and strenuous activities for several days.

• #84 Aortic Stenosis – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/aortic-stenosis

  Your child will be kept as comfortable as possible with several different medications; some of which relieve pain and some of which relieve anxiety. The staff will also be asking for your input as to how best to soothe and comfort your child. […] After discharge from the ICU, your child will recuperate on another hospital unit for a few days before going home. You will learn how to care for your child at home before your child is discharged. Your child may need to take medications for a while and these will be explained to you. The staff will give you instructions regarding medications, activity limitations and follow-up appointments before your child is discharged. […] Most children who have had an aortic stenosis surgical repair will live healthy lives. Activity levels, appetite and growth should eventually return to normal. […] Regular follow-up care at a specialized cardiac center should continue throughout life. […] Your child’s cardiologist may recommend that antibiotics be given to prevent bacterial endocarditis after discharge from the hospital.

• #85 Aortic Valve Stenosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/aortic-valve-stenosis

  Your doctor may advise a procedure to repair or replace your damaged valve. […] If a heart condition makes you feel anxious or depressed, talking about these concerns may make you feel better. […] Your doctor will help you decide when it’s safe to drive again, usually 1-4 weeks after your procedure. […] Your doctor may give you a specific diet to follow. […] Your doctor will give you guidelines on exercise. You’ll need to avoid heavy lifting and strenuous activities for several days.

• #86 Aortic Valve Stenosis Symptoms, Causes & Treatments | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/aortic-valve-stenosis

  Sometimes, aortic valve replacement must be done through traditional open surgery. During open surgery, the diseased aortic valve is replaced with a valve made from man-made materials or from animal or human tissue. […] Recovery depends upon how your body heals and the type of surgery. After open surgery, you will be in the hospital for up to 10 days and it may be three to six months before you feel able to fully resume normal activities. After TAVR, you will be in the hospital for a few days and it may be four to six weeks before full recovery.

• #87 Aortic Stenosis: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23046-aortic-valve-stenosis

  Valve replacement offers several options for people who cant have a valve repair. Aortic valve surgery replaces the valve with a donor valve (usually from a cow or pig), a mechanical valve or a bioprosthetic valve. Another option is a Ross procedure, which uses your own pulmonary valve to replace your damaged aortic valve. A provider then uses a donor valve to replace your pulmonary valve. Finally, a transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) allows for the replacement of an aortic valve without surgery. This procedure involves inserting a catheter-based device into an artery and then threading it to your heart. […] Recovery from aortic valve stenosis repair or replacement depends on the method a provider uses. Surgical methods take the longest. People who have surgery are typically in the hospital for several days, with full recovery usually taking several weeks.

• #88 Aortic Valve Stenosis Symptoms, Causes & Treatments | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/aortic-valve-stenosis

  Sometimes, aortic valve replacement must be done through traditional open surgery. During open surgery, the diseased aortic valve is replaced with a valve made from man-made materials or from animal or human tissue. […] Recovery depends upon how your body heals and the type of surgery. After open surgery, you will be in the hospital for up to 10 days and it may be three to six months before you feel able to fully resume normal activities. After TAVR, you will be in the hospital for a few days and it may be four to six weeks before full recovery.

• #89 Aortic stenosis | Deranged Physiology

  https://derangedphysiology.com/main/required-reading/cardiovascular-intensive-care/Chapter-36/aortic-stenosis

  The college is particularly fond of aortic stenosis, as is demonstrated by their constant asking of questions on this topic. […] Beyond the issue of cynical exam cramming, there is also the management of the aortic stenosis patient who is haemodynamically unstable, and knowing what to expect from their circulatory performance in response to stress. […] In summary, for severe aortic stenosis: Keep them well filled; avoid venodilators and diuretics. […] Slow the rate (50-60), but avoid excessive beta-blockade. […] Avoid AF as much as possible. […] If there is evidence of heart failure, avoid drugs which impair contractility (eg. beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers). […] Avoid high afterload (it overload the LV) but keep an adequate diastolic pressure to prevent coronary insufficiency.

• #90 Aortic Stenosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Emergency Department Care, Percutaneous Balloon Valvuloplasty

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/150638-treatment

  A patient presenting with uncontrolled heart failure should be treated supportively with oxygen, cardiac and oximetry monitoring, intravenous access, loop diuretics, nitrates (remembering the potential nitrate sensitivity of patients with aortic stenosis), morphine (as needed and tolerated), and noninvasive or invasive ventilatory support (as indicated). […] Patients with severe heart failure due to aortic stenosis that is resistant to medical management should be considered for urgent surgery. […] A patient presenting with angina pectoris requires monitoring and studies as listed above. Measures should be taken to relieve the chest discomfort. This may include the administration of nitrates, oxygen, and morphine. […] Atrial fibrillation in the setting of aortic stenosis is considered a medical emergency, and sinus rhythm should be restored urgently in patients who are hemodynamically unstable. Associated symptoms also should be treated urgently.

• #91 Aortic stenosis | Deranged Physiology

  https://derangedphysiology.com/main/required-reading/cardiovascular-intensive-care/Chapter-36/aortic-stenosis

  The college is particularly fond of aortic stenosis, as is demonstrated by their constant asking of questions on this topic. […] Beyond the issue of cynical exam cramming, there is also the management of the aortic stenosis patient who is haemodynamically unstable, and knowing what to expect from their circulatory performance in response to stress. […] In summary, for severe aortic stenosis: Keep them well filled; avoid venodilators and diuretics. […] Slow the rate (50-60), but avoid excessive beta-blockade. […] Avoid AF as much as possible. […] If there is evidence of heart failure, avoid drugs which impair contractility (eg. beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers). […] Avoid high afterload (it overload the LV) but keep an adequate diastolic pressure to prevent coronary insufficiency.

• #92 Aortic stenosis | Deranged Physiology

  https://derangedphysiology.com/main/required-reading/cardiovascular-intensive-care/Chapter-36/aortic-stenosis

  A balloon pump might be of some use if the patient is in cardiogenic shock. […] Diuretics and vasodilators- particularly venodilators- should be avoided. A drop in preload would be disastrous for the cardiac output. […] It is critically important to maintain sinus rhythm. […] Increased myocardial contractility is the mechanism of adjustment to extreme valve narrowing. […] Control of hypertension is important. […] It is important to keep the diastolic pressure high. […] If the blood pressure is high, it is reasonable to use afterload-reducing arterial vasodilators.

• #93 Aortic stenosis | Deranged Physiology

  https://derangedphysiology.com/main/required-reading/cardiovascular-intensive-care/Chapter-36/aortic-stenosis

  A balloon pump might be of some use if the patient is in cardiogenic shock. […] Diuretics and vasodilators- particularly venodilators- should be avoided. A drop in preload would be disastrous for the cardiac output. […] It is critically important to maintain sinus rhythm. […] Increased myocardial contractility is the mechanism of adjustment to extreme valve narrowing. […] Control of hypertension is important. […] It is important to keep the diastolic pressure high. […] If the blood pressure is high, it is reasonable to use afterload-reducing arterial vasodilators.

• #94 Medical management of symptomatic aortic stenosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/medical-management-of-symptomatic-aortic-stenosis

  Aortic valve replacement (AVR, including surgical aortic valve replacement and transcatheter aortic valve implantation [TAVI]) is the mainstay of treatment of symptomatic aortic stenosis (AS). AVR offers substantial improvements in symptoms and life expectancy. Medical therapy may not prolong life in patients with AS and has limited utility in treating symptoms. […] In patients who are awaiting AVR, medical therapy to optimize hemodynamics in the preoperative setting may be needed. When severe symptoms are present, it may be prudent to admit the patient to the hospital and perform AVR urgently, as there is a high risk of cardiac death once severe symptoms are present. […] Longer-term palliative medical management of symptomatic AS is appropriate for patients who are not candidates for aortic valve intervention due to coexisting medical conditions and in patients who decline aortic valve intervention. TAVI enables AVR in many patients with prohibitive or high operative risk for surgical AVR. However, TAVI may not be feasible in some patients due to anatomic factors or may not be appropriate in patients with a limited life expectancy due to other comorbidities or extreme frailty.

• #95 FF #467 Palliative Care Issues in Aortic Stenosis | Palliative Care Network of Wisconsin

  https://www.mypcnow.org/fast-fact/palliative-care-issues-in-aortic-stenosis/

  Fast Fact Number: 467 […] Background: Aortic stenosis (AS) is a common form of valvular heart disease that is graded based on cardiac testing (e.g., echocardiogram). Severe AS is defined by aortic valve area ≤1 cm², mean transaortic pressure gradient ≥ 40 mmHg, and peak aortic jet velocity ≥4 m/s. […] The end-of-life illness trajectory of untreated AS resembles that of heart failure. As such, recurrent hospitalizations, functional decline, and a poor quality of life are common. […] The only treatment option that improves symptoms and survival for severe AS is AVR. Indications for AVR are generally determined by symptom status, AS severity, and left ventricular ejection fraction. […] The goal of most pharmacotherapy in AS is to treat concurrent medical conditions such as atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, volume overload, and hypertension, since there are no known medications which slow down the progression of AS. Common palliative-based interventions for AS-related symptom management include diuretics, supplemental oxygen, low dose opioids for dyspnea or angina, benzodiazepines for dyspnea-related anxiety, and behavioral strategies for dizziness, dyspnea, or syncope. […] Generalist clinicians and cardiovascular specialists should introduce discussions about care preferences, quality of life values, prognosis, and advance care planning when severe AS is diagnosed. […] Patients with severe AS should be provided with early education regarding hospice resources.

• #96 FF #467 Palliative Care Issues in Aortic Stenosis | Palliative Care Network of Wisconsin

  https://www.mypcnow.org/fast-fact/palliative-care-issues-in-aortic-stenosis/

  Fast Fact Number: 467 […] Background: Aortic stenosis (AS) is a common form of valvular heart disease that is graded based on cardiac testing (e.g., echocardiogram). Severe AS is defined by aortic valve area ≤1 cm², mean transaortic pressure gradient ≥ 40 mmHg, and peak aortic jet velocity ≥4 m/s. […] The end-of-life illness trajectory of untreated AS resembles that of heart failure. As such, recurrent hospitalizations, functional decline, and a poor quality of life are common. […] The only treatment option that improves symptoms and survival for severe AS is AVR. Indications for AVR are generally determined by symptom status, AS severity, and left ventricular ejection fraction. […] The goal of most pharmacotherapy in AS is to treat concurrent medical conditions such as atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, volume overload, and hypertension, since there are no known medications which slow down the progression of AS. Common palliative-based interventions for AS-related symptom management include diuretics, supplemental oxygen, low dose opioids for dyspnea or angina, benzodiazepines for dyspnea-related anxiety, and behavioral strategies for dizziness, dyspnea, or syncope. […] Generalist clinicians and cardiovascular specialists should introduce discussions about care preferences, quality of life values, prognosis, and advance care planning when severe AS is diagnosed. […] Patients with severe AS should be provided with early education regarding hospice resources.

• #97 FF #467 Palliative Care Issues in Aortic Stenosis | Palliative Care Network of Wisconsin

  https://www.mypcnow.org/fast-fact/palliative-care-issues-in-aortic-stenosis/

  Fast Fact Number: 467 […] Background: Aortic stenosis (AS) is a common form of valvular heart disease that is graded based on cardiac testing (e.g., echocardiogram). Severe AS is defined by aortic valve area ≤1 cm², mean transaortic pressure gradient ≥ 40 mmHg, and peak aortic jet velocity ≥4 m/s. […] The end-of-life illness trajectory of untreated AS resembles that of heart failure. As such, recurrent hospitalizations, functional decline, and a poor quality of life are common. […] The only treatment option that improves symptoms and survival for severe AS is AVR. Indications for AVR are generally determined by symptom status, AS severity, and left ventricular ejection fraction. […] The goal of most pharmacotherapy in AS is to treat concurrent medical conditions such as atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, volume overload, and hypertension, since there are no known medications which slow down the progression of AS. Common palliative-based interventions for AS-related symptom management include diuretics, supplemental oxygen, low dose opioids for dyspnea or angina, benzodiazepines for dyspnea-related anxiety, and behavioral strategies for dizziness, dyspnea, or syncope. […] Generalist clinicians and cardiovascular specialists should introduce discussions about care preferences, quality of life values, prognosis, and advance care planning when severe AS is diagnosed. […] Patients with severe AS should be provided with early education regarding hospice resources.

• #98 FF #467 Palliative Care Issues in Aortic Stenosis | Palliative Care Network of Wisconsin

  https://www.mypcnow.org/fast-fact/palliative-care-issues-in-aortic-stenosis/

  Fast Fact Number: 467 […] Background: Aortic stenosis (AS) is a common form of valvular heart disease that is graded based on cardiac testing (e.g., echocardiogram). Severe AS is defined by aortic valve area ≤1 cm², mean transaortic pressure gradient ≥ 40 mmHg, and peak aortic jet velocity ≥4 m/s. […] The end-of-life illness trajectory of untreated AS resembles that of heart failure. As such, recurrent hospitalizations, functional decline, and a poor quality of life are common. […] The only treatment option that improves symptoms and survival for severe AS is AVR. Indications for AVR are generally determined by symptom status, AS severity, and left ventricular ejection fraction. […] The goal of most pharmacotherapy in AS is to treat concurrent medical conditions such as atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, volume overload, and hypertension, since there are no known medications which slow down the progression of AS. Common palliative-based interventions for AS-related symptom management include diuretics, supplemental oxygen, low dose opioids for dyspnea or angina, benzodiazepines for dyspnea-related anxiety, and behavioral strategies for dizziness, dyspnea, or syncope. […] Generalist clinicians and cardiovascular specialists should introduce discussions about care preferences, quality of life values, prognosis, and advance care planning when severe AS is diagnosed. […] Patients with severe AS should be provided with early education regarding hospice resources.

• #99 Aortic stenosis: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and medical management of nonsurgical patients – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23547127/

  As the average lifespan continues to increase, nurses are managing more patients with aortic stenosis. […] Nursing care for patients with aortic stenosis requires advanced skills in patient assessment and an appreciation of the hemodynamic responses to activities of daily living and to nursing interventions such as administration of medications.

• #100

  https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/simedbull/article/view/263170

  Aortic stenosis (AS) is a common defect of the heart valve, especially among the elderly. […] Particularly within the first 24 hours post TAVR procedure, nurses play a crucial role in caring for patients to achieve treatment goals and ensure safety from potential complications. Therefore, nurses must possess knowledge and nursing skills for assessment and close monitoring of changing conditions. […] Understanding TAVR approaches, post-procedural monitoring, and potential complications will enable nurses to provide better care for patients undergoing TAVR and ensure the best possible outcomes.

• #101

  https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/simedbull/article/view/263170

  Aortic stenosis (AS) is a common defect of the heart valve, especially among the elderly. […] Particularly within the first 24 hours post TAVR procedure, nurses play a crucial role in caring for patients to achieve treatment goals and ensure safety from potential complications. Therefore, nurses must possess knowledge and nursing skills for assessment and close monitoring of changing conditions. […] Understanding TAVR approaches, post-procedural monitoring, and potential complications will enable nurses to provide better care for patients undergoing TAVR and ensure the best possible outcomes.

• #102 Your Aortic Stenosis Care Team | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/understanding-your-heart-valve-treatment-options/your-aortic-stenosis-care-team

  Aortic stenosis, a narrowing of the aortic valve opening that restricts blood flow out of the heart, requires careful monitoring and often surgery or other intervention to replace the valve. Here are some of the health care professionals who will treat or help you manage the condition: […] Other team members that are involved in patient care and management before, during and after their procedure include cardiovascular nurses, cardiovascular anesthesiologists and intensivists. Intensivists are physicians who specialize in the care and treatment of patients in intensive care. […] Because aortic stenosis can lead to heart failure, a heart failure specialist can be an important team member to help you carefully manage your condition. Advanced practice providers such as nurse practitioners and physician assistants work in various health care settings and can do many tasks that physicians do. These include taking your medical history, conducting exams and ordering lab work and other tests. A valve clinic coordinator is typically your first contact at a hospital that performs aortic valve surgery. The valve clinic coordinator helps patients navigate treatment and address related issues from referral through follow-up care. Large medical centers often create heart teams, or structural heart teams, of health care professionals from varied specialties. They are also known as multidisciplinary teams. Team members pool their expertise as they guide patients to decide the best course of treatment, especially in complex cases.

• #103 The past, present and future of aortic stenosis treatment

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2023/03/the-past-present-and-future-of-aortic-stenosis-treatment/

  Based on Class IA evidence, the ESC/EACTS guidelines recommend transfemoral TAVI as the standard of care for patients aged 75 years and over. These guidelines emphasise the need for a Heart Team assessment to balance clinical evidence and patient perspectives to ensure an individualised treatment choice. […] Remaining barriers to the wider treatment of AS include physician and patient awareness, variations in access to diagnostic imaging, and the reluctance of general practitioners, general physicians and cardiologists to refer patients based on perceived futility of treatment. Educational efforts and greater collaboration between Heart Teams, physicians and elderly care specialists are now required to ensure timely referral and prompt Heart Team assessment of all patients with severe AS to enable appropriate intervention that will enhance their quality of life and overall survival.

• #104 Nursing care plan for aortic valve replacement

  https://nursipedia.com/nursing-care-plan-aortic-valve-replacement/

  This includes providing emotional support, monitoring vital signs and oxygen saturation, observing for signs of bleeding, infection and pain, promoting rest periods, providing education regarding post-operative care, medications and exercises, and positioning the patient for comfort and improved respiration. […] Aortic valve replacement requires careful pre- and post-operative nursing care. […] The development of a customized nursing care plan is important to ensure the patient’s safety and recovery. […] The success of this surgery depends greatly on the nursing care provided to the patient.

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