Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Geriatric Hip Fractures > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/geriatric-hip-fractures

  Most hip fractures fall into one of two categories: those caused by a high-intensity trauma, such as a fall from a high place or a motor vehicle accident, and those that result from a fall, especially in someone with age-related osteoporosis. […] A hip fracture is a very traumatic event for an elderly person, says Dr. Shapiro. They know they are looking at the loss of their mobility and independence. […] Most patients are in so much pain that they cant walk or bear weight. Many find movement excruciating, which presents challenges for the emergency medical technicians, nurses, and doctors trying to diagnose and treat them. […] When patients are lying around waiting to be treated, there is a grave risk that a life-threatening blood clot will develop, Dr. Shapiro says.

• #2 Why Are Hip Fractures So Dangerous? | OrthoBethesda

  https://www.orthobethesda.com/blog/why-are-hip-fractures-so-dangerous/

  A hip fracture is a serious diagnosis, particularly for patients of an older demographic. […] Common conditions like osteoporosis, which causes bones to become brittle and weak, make hip fractures more likely following a fall. […] There is a vast range of medical conditions, however, that can increase the likelihood of a broken hip and can make recovery more complicated. […] Both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes reduce bone density, complicating recovery from a hip fracture. […] Patients with conditions like dementia, stroke or Parkinsons disease often have balance issues, making them more likely to have a traumatic fall. […] One common reason is their heightened risk of surgical and post-surgery complications. […] The initial trauma of the accident can be hard on a patients health. […] Post-surgical complications, like infections and pulmonary embolism, may also contribute to high death rates. […] A patients age and overall level of health will impact the recovery time.

• #3 The most common causes of hip fractures – Vivid Care

  https://www.vivid.care/insights/advice-tips/the-most-common-causes-of-hip-fractures/

  Hip fractures are one of the most common reasons that people require orthopaedic treatment in hospitals in the UK. In fact, over 70,000 hip fractures are treated in the UK every year, with 70-80% of those patients being women. […] Hip fractures can vary in severity, and most can be treated with rehabilitation and sometimes surgery. […] Older people are also more likely to have developed osteoporosis, especially women. Bone density is lost in older age and particularly when women have gone through menopause. This means that bones are weaker and consequently much easier to fracture because of impact injuries. […] Falls are by far the most common cause of hip fractures. Falls can happen to anyone at any age. […] Combined with their higher risk of osteoporosis, elderly people (particularly women) are also more susceptible to hip fractures following a fall.

• #4 Hip Fractures: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1200/hip-fractures.html

  Hip fractures are common causes of disability, with mortality rates reaching 30% at one year. Nonmodifiable risk factors include lower socioeconomic status, older age, female sex, prior fracture, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Modifiable risk factors include low body mass index, having osteoporosis, increased fall risk, medications that increase fall risk or decrease bone mineral density, and substance use. […] Hip fractures account for 87% of all femur fractures. They are classified by their location relative to the hip capsule and their degree of displacement. Intracapsular (femoral neck) fractures, comprising 45% to 53%, and intertrochanteric (between the greater and less trochanter) fractures, comprising 38% to 50%, are the most common of all hip fractures. […] Nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors increase the likelihood of sustaining a hip fracture. The most significant nonmodifiable risk factors for hip fracture are older age and female sex. Women older than 85 years have a 10-fold increased risk compared with women in their 60s. Other nonmodifiable risk factors include history of any fracture, lower socioeconomic status, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Several modifiable risk factors, of which falls are the most significant, are associated with up to 90% of hip fractures. Low body mass index (less than 18.5 kg per m2) is associated with a threefold higher risk. Low bone mineral density (BMD) also increases risk for fracture, with some estimates finding osteoporosis (T-score less than 2.5) associated with up to 50% of fractures.

• #5 Hip Fractures: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1200/hip-fractures.html

  Femoral neck stress fractures result from consistently high physical demands on normal bone or from normal physiologic loads on structurally compromised bone. The former cause is most prevalent among military service members, endurance athletes, and dancers 20 to 30 of years of age, with risk factors including female sex, delayed menarche, femoral acetabular impingement, relative energy deficiency in sport, low vitamin D level, smoking, sudden increase in training distance or intensity, and lack of recovery after training. The latter cause, commonly called insufficiency fracture, occurs in postmenopausal women and those with metabolic conditions that compromise bone strength (e.g., osteoporosis, hyperparathyroidism, renal disease). Both mechanisms lead to overload and mechanical failure and, if not recognized early, may progress to complete and displaced hip fracture.

• #6 Hip Fracture: Anatomy, Causes, and Consequences | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/64065

  Fall-induced hip fracture is a major worldwide health problem among the elderly population. […] The main cause of hip fracture is falling (90-92%), in particular falling in sideways direction (63-69% in fall-related fractures), as it induces a high level of force on the femur. […] In the elderly, most fractures occur after a low-trauma fall, which would not cause any severe injury to a healthy individual. Therefore, low bone strength is another main cause of hip fracture. Osteoporosis as a progressive bone disease, which is characterized by decreases in bone mass and density, has been identified as one of the main contributors of hip fracture. […] Apart from osteoporosis, several other causes may reduce the strength of the bone such as bone cancer and medical side effects. […] In addition to the mentioned causes, high-trauma falls and accidents such as car and motorcycle accidents can lead to hip fracture.

• #7 Hip Fracture: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Secondary Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0615/p945.html

  Hip fractures cause significant morbidity and are associated with increased mortality. […] Most hip fractures are associated with a fall, although other risk factors include decreased bone mineral density, reduced level of activity, and chronic medication use. […] The modifiable risk factors for hip fracture include falls, decreased bone mineral density, reduced level of activity, and chronic medication use. A fall is the most significant risk factor for hip fracture, with 90% of fractures associated with a fall. […] A bone mineral density T-score less than 2.5, as measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, is associated with an increased risk of fractures. […] Several medications are associated with an increased risk of falls or fractures. […] The presence of two of the following indicates a higher risk of bleeding: peritrochanteric fracture, initial hemoglobin level less than 12 g per dL (120 g per L), and age older than 75 years. […] Because a previous hip fracture is a risk factor for another hip fracture and because bisphosphonates reduce that risk, patients should receive bisphosphonate therapy, regardless of bone mineral density results, unless contraindicated.

• #8 Hip Fractures – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/hip-fractures

  Hip fractures can be very painful. For this reason, prompt surgical treatment is recommended. […] Most hip fractures occur in elderly patients whose bones have become weakened by osteoporosis. When a hip fracture occurs in a younger patient, it is typically the result of a high-energy event, such as a fall from a ladder or vehicle collision. […] Most hip fractures result from low-energy falls in elderly patients who have weakened or osteoporotic bone. In these patients, even a simple twisting or tripping injury may lead to a fracture. […] In some cases, the bone may be so weak that the fracture occurs spontaneously while someone is walking or standing. In this instance, it is often said that the break occurs before the fall. Spontaneous fractures usually occur in the femoral neck. […] Stress fractures or fractures from repeated impact may also occur in the femoral neck. These fractures are often seen in long distance runners, particularly military recruits in basic training. […] Fractures of the femoral head are rare and are usually the result of a high-impact injury or are part of a fracture dislocation of the hip.

• #9 Hip Fracture (Broken Hip): Symptoms, Risks & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17101-hip-fracture

  A hip fracture is the medical name for breaking the upper part of your thigh bone (femur) near your hip joint. […] It usually takes severe trauma to break your hip. The most common causes of hip fractures include: Falls, Car accidents, Sports injuries. […] It usually takes a fall from a big height (like off a ladder or roof) to fracture your hip. But adults older than 65 or people with health conditions that weaken their bones are much more likely to break a hip after minor slips and falls at home or in their daily routines. […] Any health condition that affects your balance, stability or ability to walk and move (your gait) can increase your risk of breaking a hip. Some conditions that can reduce your stability include: Parkinson’s disease, Vertigo, Gait abnormalities, Epilepsy and other conditions that cause seizures.

• #10 Hip Fracture | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/h/hip-fracture.html

  Most hip fractures happen to people older than age 65. The incidence of hip fractures increases with age. Caucasians and Asians are more likely to be affected than others. This is primarily because of a higher rate of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis (loss of bone tissue) is a disease that weakens bones. […] A fall is the most common reason for a hip fracture among the elderly. A few people may have a hip fracture happen spontaneously. If you are younger, a hip fracture is generally the result of a car accident, a fall from a great height, or severe trauma. […] Hip fracture is more common in older people. This is because bones become thinner and weaker from calcium loss as a person ages. This is generally due to osteoporosis. […] Bones affected by osteoporosis are more likely to break if you fall. Most hip fractures that older people get happen as a result of falling while walking on a level surface, often at home.

• #11 Hip Fractures – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/hip-fractures

  Hip fractures can be very painful. For this reason, prompt surgical treatment is recommended. […] Most hip fractures occur in elderly patients whose bones have become weakened by osteoporosis. When a hip fracture occurs in a younger patient, it is typically the result of a high-energy event, such as a fall from a ladder or vehicle collision. […] Most hip fractures result from low-energy falls in elderly patients who have weakened or osteoporotic bone. In these patients, even a simple twisting or tripping injury may lead to a fracture. […] In some cases, the bone may be so weak that the fracture occurs spontaneously while someone is walking or standing. In this instance, it is often said that the break occurs before the fall. Spontaneous fractures usually occur in the femoral neck. […] Stress fractures or fractures from repeated impact may also occur in the femoral neck. These fractures are often seen in long distance runners, particularly military recruits in basic training. […] Fractures of the femoral head are rare and are usually the result of a high-impact injury or are part of a fracture dislocation of the hip.

• #12 What Is A Stress Fracture Of The Hip?: Sports Medicine Oregon: Orthopedic Surgery

  https://www.sportsmedicineoregon.com/blog/what-is-a-stress-fracture-of-the-hip

  A stress fracture usually occurs when a bone is subjected to repetitive strain or impact. […] Hip stress fractures are most common among long-distance runners and other athletes who experience heavy, repeated leg impacts. In addition, people with low body mass (BMI), inadequate nutrition during a training program, or poor overall nutrition are at elevated risk for a hip stress fracture. […] Pain in the hip or groin should not be ignored, especially if an individual is regularly engaged in rigorous physical activity.

• #13 Hip Fracture Overview – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557514/

  A pathological fracture is defined as a fracture caused by a disease process and not related to trauma. The two most frequent causes in relation to hip fractures are malignancy and bisphosphonate use. […] Arguably many more hip fractures could be described as pathological due to underlying osteoporosis, but this group is rarely labeled in this way.

• #14 Hip Fracture Types and Complications

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hip-fracture-2548626

  Older adults who have osteoporosis are at an especially high risk of hip fractures. […] Hip fractures in older people are most frequently caused by osteoporosis, a condition in which the bones become thin, fragile, and lose bone mass. […] With thinner, weaker bones, people who have osteoporosis are at a much greater risk of developing a hip fracture from accidents such as falls. […] While a fall can cause a hip fracture, most hip fractures are actually due to fragile bone that breaks, which then causes the person to fall. […] A broken hip can also occur due to a pathologic fracture, which is a fracture that occurs in a weak portion of a bone, which can occur due to a tumor or infection.

• #15 Hip Fracture | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/h/hip-fracture.html

  Most hip fractures happen to people older than age 65. The incidence of hip fractures increases with age. Caucasians and Asians are more likely to be affected than others. This is primarily because of a higher rate of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis (loss of bone tissue) is a disease that weakens bones. […] A fall is the most common reason for a hip fracture among the elderly. A few people may have a hip fracture happen spontaneously. If you are younger, a hip fracture is generally the result of a car accident, a fall from a great height, or severe trauma. […] Hip fracture is more common in older people. This is because bones become thinner and weaker from calcium loss as a person ages. This is generally due to osteoporosis. […] Bones affected by osteoporosis are more likely to break if you fall. Most hip fractures that older people get happen as a result of falling while walking on a level surface, often at home.

• #16 Hip Fracture Types and Complications

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hip-fracture-2548626

  Older adults who have osteoporosis are at an especially high risk of hip fractures. […] Hip fractures in older people are most frequently caused by osteoporosis, a condition in which the bones become thin, fragile, and lose bone mass. […] With thinner, weaker bones, people who have osteoporosis are at a much greater risk of developing a hip fracture from accidents such as falls. […] While a fall can cause a hip fracture, most hip fractures are actually due to fragile bone that breaks, which then causes the person to fall. […] A broken hip can also occur due to a pathologic fracture, which is a fracture that occurs in a weak portion of a bone, which can occur due to a tumor or infection.

• #17 Risk Factors for Hip Fracture | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/bones-joints-and-muscles/hip-fracture/causes/risk-factors.html

  Osteoporosis is the leading cause of hip fracture. […] Age is also a major risk factor. […] Other possible risk factors for hip fracture may include, but are not limited to, the following: […] Excessive alcohol and caffeine consumption […] Lack of physical activity […] Low body weight […] Tall stature […] Vision problems […] Dementia […] Medications that cause bone loss […] Cigarette smoking […] Institutional living, such as an assisted-care facility […] Increased risk for falls, related to conditions such as weakness, disability, or unsteady gait.

• #18 7 Causes of Hip Fractures: Prevention, Signs and Symptoms – Saqsham Ortho

  https://saqshamortho.com/7-causes-of-hip-fractures-prevention-signs-and-symptoms/

  Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become weak and break easily, is the most common cause of hip fractures. […] Most fractures associated with osteoporosis are caused by a fall, with the most common fracture being a hip fracture. […] In the elderly, it is common to experience a loss of muscle strength and balance. […] Over time, these falls can result in a hip fracture. […] Falls from a height, such as from a standing position, pose a risk. […] Losing weight and engaging in strength-training exercises can reduce the chances of experiencing a hip fracture. […] A previous hip fracture often causes the bones to become weaker. […] People with other health conditions, such as Vitamin D deficiency or other forms of malnutrition, chronic diseases, and disorders, often have weak bones, which can increase the risk of a hip fracture.

• #19 Hip fracture – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hip-fracture/symptoms-causes/syc-20373468

  A severe impact, such as a car crash, can cause hip fractures in people of all ages. In older adults, a hip fracture is most often a result of a fall from a standing height. In people with very weak bones, a hip fracture can occur simply by standing on the leg and twisting. […] The risk of hip fracture can be increased if you have: […] Osteoporosis. This condition weakens bones and makes them more likely to break. […] Certain medications […] Cortisone medications, such as prednisone, can weaken bones if taken long-term. […] Nutritional problems […] Lack of calcium and vitamin D in the diet of young people lowers peak bone mass and increases risk of fracture later in life. […] Lifestyle choices […] Lack of regular weight-bearing exercise, such as walking, can result in weakened bones and muscles, making falls and fractures more likely.

• #20 Hip Fracture: Anatomy, Causes, and Consequences | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/64065

  Fall-induced hip fracture is a major worldwide health problem among the elderly population. […] The main cause of hip fracture is falling (90-92%), in particular falling in sideways direction (63-69% in fall-related fractures), as it induces a high level of force on the femur. […] In the elderly, most fractures occur after a low-trauma fall, which would not cause any severe injury to a healthy individual. Therefore, low bone strength is another main cause of hip fracture. Osteoporosis as a progressive bone disease, which is characterized by decreases in bone mass and density, has been identified as one of the main contributors of hip fracture. […] Apart from osteoporosis, several other causes may reduce the strength of the bone such as bone cancer and medical side effects. […] In addition to the mentioned causes, high-trauma falls and accidents such as car and motorcycle accidents can lead to hip fracture.

• #21 Hip Fracture: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Secondary Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0615/p945.html

  Hip fractures cause significant morbidity and are associated with increased mortality. […] Most hip fractures are associated with a fall, although other risk factors include decreased bone mineral density, reduced level of activity, and chronic medication use. […] The modifiable risk factors for hip fracture include falls, decreased bone mineral density, reduced level of activity, and chronic medication use. A fall is the most significant risk factor for hip fracture, with 90% of fractures associated with a fall. […] A bone mineral density T-score less than 2.5, as measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, is associated with an increased risk of fractures. […] Several medications are associated with an increased risk of falls or fractures. […] The presence of two of the following indicates a higher risk of bleeding: peritrochanteric fracture, initial hemoglobin level less than 12 g per dL (120 g per L), and age older than 75 years. […] Because a previous hip fracture is a risk factor for another hip fracture and because bisphosphonates reduce that risk, patients should receive bisphosphonate therapy, regardless of bone mineral density results, unless contraindicated.

• #22 Hip Fractures: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1200/hip-fractures.html

  Hip fractures are common causes of disability, with mortality rates reaching 30% at one year. Nonmodifiable risk factors include lower socioeconomic status, older age, female sex, prior fracture, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Modifiable risk factors include low body mass index, having osteoporosis, increased fall risk, medications that increase fall risk or decrease bone mineral density, and substance use. […] Hip fractures account for 87% of all femur fractures. They are classified by their location relative to the hip capsule and their degree of displacement. Intracapsular (femoral neck) fractures, comprising 45% to 53%, and intertrochanteric (between the greater and less trochanter) fractures, comprising 38% to 50%, are the most common of all hip fractures. […] Nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors increase the likelihood of sustaining a hip fracture. The most significant nonmodifiable risk factors for hip fracture are older age and female sex. Women older than 85 years have a 10-fold increased risk compared with women in their 60s. Other nonmodifiable risk factors include history of any fracture, lower socioeconomic status, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Several modifiable risk factors, of which falls are the most significant, are associated with up to 90% of hip fractures. Low body mass index (less than 18.5 kg per m2) is associated with a threefold higher risk. Low bone mineral density (BMD) also increases risk for fracture, with some estimates finding osteoporosis (T-score less than 2.5) associated with up to 50% of fractures.

• #23 Hip Fractures: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1200/hip-fractures.html

  Hip fractures are common causes of disability, with mortality rates reaching 30% at one year. Nonmodifiable risk factors include lower socioeconomic status, older age, female sex, prior fracture, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Modifiable risk factors include low body mass index, having osteoporosis, increased fall risk, medications that increase fall risk or decrease bone mineral density, and substance use. […] Hip fractures account for 87% of all femur fractures. They are classified by their location relative to the hip capsule and their degree of displacement. Intracapsular (femoral neck) fractures, comprising 45% to 53%, and intertrochanteric (between the greater and less trochanter) fractures, comprising 38% to 50%, are the most common of all hip fractures. […] Nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors increase the likelihood of sustaining a hip fracture. The most significant nonmodifiable risk factors for hip fracture are older age and female sex. Women older than 85 years have a 10-fold increased risk compared with women in their 60s. Other nonmodifiable risk factors include history of any fracture, lower socioeconomic status, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Several modifiable risk factors, of which falls are the most significant, are associated with up to 90% of hip fractures. Low body mass index (less than 18.5 kg per m2) is associated with a threefold higher risk. Low bone mineral density (BMD) also increases risk for fracture, with some estimates finding osteoporosis (T-score less than 2.5) associated with up to 50% of fractures.

• #24 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/Encyclopedia/Content.aspx?ContentTypeID=85&ContentID=P08957

  Most hip fractures happen to people older than age 65. The incidence of hip fractures increases with age. Caucasians and Asians are more likely to be affected than others. This is primarily because of a higher rate of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis (loss of bone tissue) is a disease that weakens bones. […] A fall is the most common reason for a hip fracture among the elderly. A few people may have a hip fracture happen spontaneously. If you are younger, a hip fracture is generally the result of a car accident, a fall from a great height, or severe trauma. […] Hip fracture is more common in older people. This is because bones become thinner and weaker from calcium loss as a person ages. This is generally due to osteoporosis. […] Bones affected by osteoporosis are more likely to break if you fall. Most hip fractures that older people get happen as a result of falling while walking on a level surface, often at home.

• #25 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/Encyclopedia/Content.aspx?ContentTypeID=85&ContentID=P08957

  If you are a woman, you lose 30% to 50% of your bone density as you age. The loss of bone speeds up dramatically after menopause because you make less estrogen. Estrogen contributes to maintaining bone density and strength. […] You are at risk for a hip fracture if you have osteoporosis. Older age also puts you at more risk. Other things that may raise your risk include: Excessive alcohol consumption, Lack of physical activity, Low body weight, Poor nutrition, including a diet low in calcium and vitamin D, Gender, Tall stature, Vision problems, Thinking problems such as dementia, Physical problems, Medicines that cause bone loss, Cigarette smoking, Living in an assisted-care facility, Increased risk for falls, related to conditions such as weakness, disability, or unsteady gait.

• #26 Hip Fractures: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1200/hip-fractures.html

  Hip fractures are common causes of disability, with mortality rates reaching 30% at one year. Nonmodifiable risk factors include lower socioeconomic status, older age, female sex, prior fracture, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Modifiable risk factors include low body mass index, having osteoporosis, increased fall risk, medications that increase fall risk or decrease bone mineral density, and substance use. […] Hip fractures account for 87% of all femur fractures. They are classified by their location relative to the hip capsule and their degree of displacement. Intracapsular (femoral neck) fractures, comprising 45% to 53%, and intertrochanteric (between the greater and less trochanter) fractures, comprising 38% to 50%, are the most common of all hip fractures. […] Nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors increase the likelihood of sustaining a hip fracture. The most significant nonmodifiable risk factors for hip fracture are older age and female sex. Women older than 85 years have a 10-fold increased risk compared with women in their 60s. Other nonmodifiable risk factors include history of any fracture, lower socioeconomic status, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Several modifiable risk factors, of which falls are the most significant, are associated with up to 90% of hip fractures. Low body mass index (less than 18.5 kg per m2) is associated with a threefold higher risk. Low bone mineral density (BMD) also increases risk for fracture, with some estimates finding osteoporosis (T-score less than 2.5) associated with up to 50% of fractures.

• #27 Hip Fracture | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/h/hip-fracture.html

  Most hip fractures happen to people older than age 65. The incidence of hip fractures increases with age. Caucasians and Asians are more likely to be affected than others. This is primarily because of a higher rate of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis (loss of bone tissue) is a disease that weakens bones. […] A fall is the most common reason for a hip fracture among the elderly. A few people may have a hip fracture happen spontaneously. If you are younger, a hip fracture is generally the result of a car accident, a fall from a great height, or severe trauma. […] Hip fracture is more common in older people. This is because bones become thinner and weaker from calcium loss as a person ages. This is generally due to osteoporosis. […] Bones affected by osteoporosis are more likely to break if you fall. Most hip fractures that older people get happen as a result of falling while walking on a level surface, often at home.

• #28 Hip Fracture | Lehigh Valley Health Network

  https://www.lvhn.org/conditions/hip-fracture

  A hip fracture is a break in the thighbone, or femur, at the hip joint. A hip fracture is a serious injury and requires immediate medical attention. […] About 90 percent of hip fractures happen to people over age 60. A fall is the most common cause of a hip fracture among the elderly. In younger people, a hip fracture generally is the result of a car accident, a fall from a great height or severe trauma. A small percentage of people may have a hip fracture occur spontaneously. […] Osteoporosis is the leading cause of hip fracture. Because women are more prone to osteoporosis than men, hip fractures are more common among women. Women experience about 80 percent of all hip fractures. […] In addition to osteoporosis, other risk factors include: Excessive consumption of alcohol or caffeine, Lack of physical activity, Low body weight, Tall stature, Medications that cause bone loss, Cigarette smoking.

• #29 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/Encyclopedia/Content.aspx?ContentTypeID=85&ContentID=P08957

  If you are a woman, you lose 30% to 50% of your bone density as you age. The loss of bone speeds up dramatically after menopause because you make less estrogen. Estrogen contributes to maintaining bone density and strength. […] You are at risk for a hip fracture if you have osteoporosis. Older age also puts you at more risk. Other things that may raise your risk include: Excessive alcohol consumption, Lack of physical activity, Low body weight, Poor nutrition, including a diet low in calcium and vitamin D, Gender, Tall stature, Vision problems, Thinking problems such as dementia, Physical problems, Medicines that cause bone loss, Cigarette smoking, Living in an assisted-care facility, Increased risk for falls, related to conditions such as weakness, disability, or unsteady gait.

• #30 Hip Fracture | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/h/hip-fracture.html

  If you are a woman, you lose 30% to 50% of your bone density as you age. The loss of bone speeds up dramatically after menopause because you make less estrogen. Estrogen contributes to maintaining bone density and strength. […] You are at risk for a hip fracture if you have osteoporosis. Older age also puts you at more risk. Other things that may raise your risk include: excessive alcohol consumption, lack of physical activity, low body weight, poor nutrition, including a diet low in calcium and vitamin D, gender, tall stature, vision problems, thinking problems such as dementia, physical problems, medicines that cause bone loss, cigarette smoking, living in an assisted-care facility, increased risk for falls, related to conditions such as weakness, disability, or unsteady gait.

• #31 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/Encyclopedia/Content.aspx?ContentTypeID=85&ContentID=P08957

  If you are a woman, you lose 30% to 50% of your bone density as you age. The loss of bone speeds up dramatically after menopause because you make less estrogen. Estrogen contributes to maintaining bone density and strength. […] You are at risk for a hip fracture if you have osteoporosis. Older age also puts you at more risk. Other things that may raise your risk include: Excessive alcohol consumption, Lack of physical activity, Low body weight, Poor nutrition, including a diet low in calcium and vitamin D, Gender, Tall stature, Vision problems, Thinking problems such as dementia, Physical problems, Medicines that cause bone loss, Cigarette smoking, Living in an assisted-care facility, Increased risk for falls, related to conditions such as weakness, disability, or unsteady gait.

• #32 Hip fracture: types, causes, symptoms and treatments

  https://www.operarme.com/blog/hip-fracture-types-causes-symptoms-and-treatments/

  Seventy percent of hip fractures occur in women, because the female gender loses bone density more rapidly. In addition, oestrogen levels drop with the menopause, accelerating bone loss. […] There are several diseases and nutritional problems, such as lack of calcium and vitamin D, which negatively affect bone mass. […] Problems such as thyroid disease or disorders affecting the brain and nervous system, such as dementia or Parkinson’s disease, also increase the risk of falls. […] Those containing cortisone weaken the bone if taken over a long period of time. In addition, combinations of certain drugs can make you feel dizzy and lose your balance. […] Exercise helps to maintain bone health and strengthen muscles. […] This affects bone health.

• #33 Hip Fractures: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1200/hip-fractures.html

  Hip fractures are common causes of disability, with mortality rates reaching 30% at one year. Nonmodifiable risk factors include lower socioeconomic status, older age, female sex, prior fracture, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Modifiable risk factors include low body mass index, having osteoporosis, increased fall risk, medications that increase fall risk or decrease bone mineral density, and substance use. […] Hip fractures account for 87% of all femur fractures. They are classified by their location relative to the hip capsule and their degree of displacement. Intracapsular (femoral neck) fractures, comprising 45% to 53%, and intertrochanteric (between the greater and less trochanter) fractures, comprising 38% to 50%, are the most common of all hip fractures. […] Nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors increase the likelihood of sustaining a hip fracture. The most significant nonmodifiable risk factors for hip fracture are older age and female sex. Women older than 85 years have a 10-fold increased risk compared with women in their 60s. Other nonmodifiable risk factors include history of any fracture, lower socioeconomic status, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Several modifiable risk factors, of which falls are the most significant, are associated with up to 90% of hip fractures. Low body mass index (less than 18.5 kg per m2) is associated with a threefold higher risk. Low bone mineral density (BMD) also increases risk for fracture, with some estimates finding osteoporosis (T-score less than 2.5) associated with up to 50% of fractures.

• #34 Hip Fracture: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Secondary Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0615/p945.html

  Hip fractures cause significant morbidity and are associated with increased mortality. […] Most hip fractures are associated with a fall, although other risk factors include decreased bone mineral density, reduced level of activity, and chronic medication use. […] The modifiable risk factors for hip fracture include falls, decreased bone mineral density, reduced level of activity, and chronic medication use. A fall is the most significant risk factor for hip fracture, with 90% of fractures associated with a fall. […] A bone mineral density T-score less than 2.5, as measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, is associated with an increased risk of fractures. […] Several medications are associated with an increased risk of falls or fractures. […] The presence of two of the following indicates a higher risk of bleeding: peritrochanteric fracture, initial hemoglobin level less than 12 g per dL (120 g per L), and age older than 75 years. […] Because a previous hip fracture is a risk factor for another hip fracture and because bisphosphonates reduce that risk, patients should receive bisphosphonate therapy, regardless of bone mineral density results, unless contraindicated.

• #35 Hip fracture – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hip-fracture/symptoms-causes/syc-20373468

  A severe impact, such as a car crash, can cause hip fractures in people of all ages. In older adults, a hip fracture is most often a result of a fall from a standing height. In people with very weak bones, a hip fracture can occur simply by standing on the leg and twisting. […] The risk of hip fracture can be increased if you have: […] Osteoporosis. This condition weakens bones and makes them more likely to break. […] Certain medications […] Cortisone medications, such as prednisone, can weaken bones if taken long-term. […] Nutritional problems […] Lack of calcium and vitamin D in the diet of young people lowers peak bone mass and increases risk of fracture later in life. […] Lifestyle choices […] Lack of regular weight-bearing exercise, such as walking, can result in weakened bones and muscles, making falls and fractures more likely.

• #36 Risk Factors for Hip Fracture | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/bones-joints-and-muscles/hip-fracture/causes/risk-factors.html

  Osteoporosis is the leading cause of hip fracture. […] Age is also a major risk factor. […] Other possible risk factors for hip fracture may include, but are not limited to, the following: […] Excessive alcohol and caffeine consumption […] Lack of physical activity […] Low body weight […] Tall stature […] Vision problems […] Dementia […] Medications that cause bone loss […] Cigarette smoking […] Institutional living, such as an assisted-care facility […] Increased risk for falls, related to conditions such as weakness, disability, or unsteady gait.

• #37 Hip fracture | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/hip-fracture?content_id=CON-20373451

  The risk of hip fracture rises with age. […] Multiple medications, poor vision and balance problems also make older people more likely to fall one of the most common causes of hip fracture. […] In older adults, a hip fracture is most often a result of a fall from a standing height. […] In people with very weak bones, a hip fracture can occur simply by standing on the leg and twisting. […] The risk of hip fracture can be increased if you have osteoporosis. […] This condition weakens bones and makes them more likely to break. […] An overactive thyroid can lead to fragile bones. […] Conditions that reduce absorption of vitamin D and calcium also can cause weakened bones. […] Cortisone medications, such as prednisone, can weaken bones if taken long-term. […] Lack of calcium and vitamin D in the diet of young people lowers peak bone mass and increases risk of fracture later in life. […] Lack of regular weight-bearing exercise, such as walking, can result in weakened bones and muscles, making falls and fractures more likely. […] Tobacco and alcohol both can interfere with the normal processes of bone building and maintenance, resulting in bone loss.

• #38 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/Encyclopedia/Content.aspx?ContentTypeID=85&ContentID=P08957

  If you are a woman, you lose 30% to 50% of your bone density as you age. The loss of bone speeds up dramatically after menopause because you make less estrogen. Estrogen contributes to maintaining bone density and strength. […] You are at risk for a hip fracture if you have osteoporosis. Older age also puts you at more risk. Other things that may raise your risk include: Excessive alcohol consumption, Lack of physical activity, Low body weight, Poor nutrition, including a diet low in calcium and vitamin D, Gender, Tall stature, Vision problems, Thinking problems such as dementia, Physical problems, Medicines that cause bone loss, Cigarette smoking, Living in an assisted-care facility, Increased risk for falls, related to conditions such as weakness, disability, or unsteady gait.

• #39 Risk Factors for Hip Fracture | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/bones-joints-and-muscles/hip-fracture/causes/risk-factors.html

  Osteoporosis is the leading cause of hip fracture. […] Age is also a major risk factor. […] Other possible risk factors for hip fracture may include, but are not limited to, the following: […] Excessive alcohol and caffeine consumption […] Lack of physical activity […] Low body weight […] Tall stature […] Vision problems […] Dementia […] Medications that cause bone loss […] Cigarette smoking […] Institutional living, such as an assisted-care facility […] Increased risk for falls, related to conditions such as weakness, disability, or unsteady gait.

• #40 Hip Fracture | Lehigh Valley Health Network

  https://www.lvhn.org/conditions/hip-fracture

  A hip fracture is a break in the thighbone, or femur, at the hip joint. A hip fracture is a serious injury and requires immediate medical attention. […] About 90 percent of hip fractures happen to people over age 60. A fall is the most common cause of a hip fracture among the elderly. In younger people, a hip fracture generally is the result of a car accident, a fall from a great height or severe trauma. A small percentage of people may have a hip fracture occur spontaneously. […] Osteoporosis is the leading cause of hip fracture. Because women are more prone to osteoporosis than men, hip fractures are more common among women. Women experience about 80 percent of all hip fractures. […] In addition to osteoporosis, other risk factors include: Excessive consumption of alcohol or caffeine, Lack of physical activity, Low body weight, Tall stature, Medications that cause bone loss, Cigarette smoking.

• #41 Hip Fractures: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1200/hip-fractures.html

  Hip fractures are common causes of disability, with mortality rates reaching 30% at one year. Nonmodifiable risk factors include lower socioeconomic status, older age, female sex, prior fracture, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Modifiable risk factors include low body mass index, having osteoporosis, increased fall risk, medications that increase fall risk or decrease bone mineral density, and substance use. […] Hip fractures account for 87% of all femur fractures. They are classified by their location relative to the hip capsule and their degree of displacement. Intracapsular (femoral neck) fractures, comprising 45% to 53%, and intertrochanteric (between the greater and less trochanter) fractures, comprising 38% to 50%, are the most common of all hip fractures. […] Nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors increase the likelihood of sustaining a hip fracture. The most significant nonmodifiable risk factors for hip fracture are older age and female sex. Women older than 85 years have a 10-fold increased risk compared with women in their 60s. Other nonmodifiable risk factors include history of any fracture, lower socioeconomic status, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Several modifiable risk factors, of which falls are the most significant, are associated with up to 90% of hip fractures. Low body mass index (less than 18.5 kg per m2) is associated with a threefold higher risk. Low bone mineral density (BMD) also increases risk for fracture, with some estimates finding osteoporosis (T-score less than 2.5) associated with up to 50% of fractures.

• #42 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/Encyclopedia/Content.aspx?ContentTypeID=85&ContentID=P08957

  If you are a woman, you lose 30% to 50% of your bone density as you age. The loss of bone speeds up dramatically after menopause because you make less estrogen. Estrogen contributes to maintaining bone density and strength. […] You are at risk for a hip fracture if you have osteoporosis. Older age also puts you at more risk. Other things that may raise your risk include: Excessive alcohol consumption, Lack of physical activity, Low body weight, Poor nutrition, including a diet low in calcium and vitamin D, Gender, Tall stature, Vision problems, Thinking problems such as dementia, Physical problems, Medicines that cause bone loss, Cigarette smoking, Living in an assisted-care facility, Increased risk for falls, related to conditions such as weakness, disability, or unsteady gait.

• #43 Hip fracture – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hip-fracture/symptoms-causes/syc-20373468

  A severe impact, such as a car crash, can cause hip fractures in people of all ages. In older adults, a hip fracture is most often a result of a fall from a standing height. In people with very weak bones, a hip fracture can occur simply by standing on the leg and twisting. […] The risk of hip fracture can be increased if you have: […] Osteoporosis. This condition weakens bones and makes them more likely to break. […] Certain medications […] Cortisone medications, such as prednisone, can weaken bones if taken long-term. […] Nutritional problems […] Lack of calcium and vitamin D in the diet of young people lowers peak bone mass and increases risk of fracture later in life. […] Lifestyle choices […] Lack of regular weight-bearing exercise, such as walking, can result in weakened bones and muscles, making falls and fractures more likely.

• #44 Broken Hip: Types, Causes, and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hip-fracture-surgeries

  A healthy diet includes nutrients that are important for your bone health, such as protein, vitamin D, and calcium. If you’re not getting enough calories or nutrients from your diet, you can become malnourished. This can put you at risk for fractures. Research has found that older adults who are malnourished have a greater risk of a hip break. It’s also important for children to get enough calcium and vitamin D for their future bone health.

• #45 Broken Hip: Types, Causes, and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hip-fracture-surgeries

  A healthy diet includes nutrients that are important for your bone health, such as protein, vitamin D, and calcium. If you’re not getting enough calories or nutrients from your diet, you can become malnourished. This can put you at risk for fractures. Research has found that older adults who are malnourished have a greater risk of a hip break. It’s also important for children to get enough calcium and vitamin D for their future bone health.

• #46 Hip Fracture | Fracture of the Hip – Causes Symptoms Risks Treatment

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/hip-fracture.htm

  Diet: Deficiency of calcium and vitamin D in the diet at a younger age increases the risk of a hip fracture in old age. Eating disorders like anorexia or bulimia may also cause deficiency of important nutrients required by the bone. […] Medications: Steroid medications, such as prednisolone, weaken the bone if taken for long durations. Sometimes, the multiple medications prescribed in older individuals can cause dizziness, making the patient more prone to falling. […] Other health conditions: Chronic osteoporosis is the foremost risk factor for hip fracture. Medical conditions such as chronic kidney disease and intestinal disorders diminish the absorption capacity of vitamin D and calcium in body, leading to brittle bones. Hyperthyroidism could also result in thinning of bones. […] Tobacco and alcohol use: Smoking and drinking alcohol can interfere with the bone building and reconstructing, resulting in bone loss. Thus, people who smoke or are heavy drinkers are at a higher risk for developing hip fractures.

• #47 Hip Fracture | Fracture of the Hip – Causes Symptoms Risks Treatment

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/hip-fracture.htm

  Diet: Deficiency of calcium and vitamin D in the diet at a younger age increases the risk of a hip fracture in old age. Eating disorders like anorexia or bulimia may also cause deficiency of important nutrients required by the bone. […] Medications: Steroid medications, such as prednisolone, weaken the bone if taken for long durations. Sometimes, the multiple medications prescribed in older individuals can cause dizziness, making the patient more prone to falling. […] Other health conditions: Chronic osteoporosis is the foremost risk factor for hip fracture. Medical conditions such as chronic kidney disease and intestinal disorders diminish the absorption capacity of vitamin D and calcium in body, leading to brittle bones. Hyperthyroidism could also result in thinning of bones. […] Tobacco and alcohol use: Smoking and drinking alcohol can interfere with the bone building and reconstructing, resulting in bone loss. Thus, people who smoke or are heavy drinkers are at a higher risk for developing hip fractures.

• #48 Low Energy Hip Fractures in Young Adults: A Case-Series

  https://www.gavinpublishers.com/article/view/low-energy-hip-fractures-in-young-adults-a-case-series

  Proximal femoral fractures are amongst the most common type of fractures in elderly patients. Osteoporosis is the main underlying cause of these low-energetic fractures. […] Known causes of osteoporosis in young adults include chronic inflammatory, endocrinal, neuromuscular, metabolic, and genetic diseases. Amongst these are anorexia nervosa, osteogenesis imperfecta and reserved load-bearing physical activity present in the reported cases. […] Osteoporosis is a known complication of anorexia nervosa. Chronic malnourishment can lead to multiaxial hormonal disturbances, increased reabsorption and insufficient mineralization of bone, causing loss of BMD. […] Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI), also known as brittle bone disease, is the most common heritable connective tissue disorder with an incidence of approximately 1/20,000 births. […] The prevalence of osteoporosis in spinal cord injury patients is well-studied and present in virtually all patients with paralyzed limbs. The main mechanism is based on decreased physical exercise and mechanical strain of the extremity, known as unloading.

• #49 Hip Fracture (Broken Hip): Symptoms, Risks & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17101-hip-fracture

  A hip fracture is the medical name for breaking the upper part of your thigh bone (femur) near your hip joint. […] It usually takes severe trauma to break your hip. The most common causes of hip fractures include: Falls, Car accidents, Sports injuries. […] It usually takes a fall from a big height (like off a ladder or roof) to fracture your hip. But adults older than 65 or people with health conditions that weaken their bones are much more likely to break a hip after minor slips and falls at home or in their daily routines. […] Any health condition that affects your balance, stability or ability to walk and move (your gait) can increase your risk of breaking a hip. Some conditions that can reduce your stability include: Parkinson’s disease, Vertigo, Gait abnormalities, Epilepsy and other conditions that cause seizures.

• #50 Hip Fracture Overview – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557514/

  Hip fractures are one of the most frequent fractures presenting to the emergency department and orthopedic trauma teams. […] The majority of hip fractures are the result of a fall in the elderly population. Risk factors for falls in the elderly population are numerous, but those with a strong independent association are a previous history of falls, gait abnormalities, the use of walking aids, vertigo, Parkinson disease, and antiepileptic medications. […] Many patients have multiple risk factors, and this, along with age-associated reduced bone quality, is the underpinning cause of most hip fractures. […] Hip fractures that occur in younger adults are often the result of high-energy trauma. […] Around 5% of hip fractures have no history of trauma, and in these cases, an alternative cause should be suspected.

• #51 Hip Fracture (Broken Hip): Symptoms, Risks & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17101-hip-fracture

  A hip fracture is the medical name for breaking the upper part of your thigh bone (femur) near your hip joint. […] It usually takes severe trauma to break your hip. The most common causes of hip fractures include: Falls, Car accidents, Sports injuries. […] It usually takes a fall from a big height (like off a ladder or roof) to fracture your hip. But adults older than 65 or people with health conditions that weaken their bones are much more likely to break a hip after minor slips and falls at home or in their daily routines. […] Any health condition that affects your balance, stability or ability to walk and move (your gait) can increase your risk of breaking a hip. Some conditions that can reduce your stability include: Parkinson’s disease, Vertigo, Gait abnormalities, Epilepsy and other conditions that cause seizures.

• #52 Common Causes of Hip Fractures for Older Adults – Avon Health Center

  https://www.avonhealthcenter.com/news/rehabilitation/causes-hip-fractures/

  Hip fractures can be a life-changing injury for older adults, reducing their mobility and independence. […] Unfortunately, multiple age-related changes and health conditions increase risks for a hip fracture, including osteoporosis, balance issues and poor vision. […] Risks increase with age and the condition becomes potentially life threatening. […] Yet for older adults, falls are the primary cause and risk increases based on bone strength. […] Other risk factors include: Vision and balance changes, due to age or a medication side effect; Sex, considering a woman’s bone density decreases at a faster rate; Osteoporosis or a condition affecting how well you absorb vitamin D and calcium; Taking medications that weaken bone density, like steroids; Hypothyroidism, peripheral neuropathy, low blood sugar or Parkinson’s disease; Experiencing a stroke; Consuming less calcium and vitamin D; Being underweight; A sedentary lifestyle; Regular tobacco and alcohol use. […] Staying physically active and getting enough calcium and vitamin D decrease the chances you will experience osteoporosis and subsequent hip fractures.

• #53 Hip fracture | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/hip-fracture?content_id=CON-20373451

  The risk of hip fracture rises with age. […] Multiple medications, poor vision and balance problems also make older people more likely to fall one of the most common causes of hip fracture. […] In older adults, a hip fracture is most often a result of a fall from a standing height. […] In people with very weak bones, a hip fracture can occur simply by standing on the leg and twisting. […] The risk of hip fracture can be increased if you have osteoporosis. […] This condition weakens bones and makes them more likely to break. […] An overactive thyroid can lead to fragile bones. […] Conditions that reduce absorption of vitamin D and calcium also can cause weakened bones. […] Cortisone medications, such as prednisone, can weaken bones if taken long-term. […] Lack of calcium and vitamin D in the diet of young people lowers peak bone mass and increases risk of fracture later in life. […] Lack of regular weight-bearing exercise, such as walking, can result in weakened bones and muscles, making falls and fractures more likely. […] Tobacco and alcohol both can interfere with the normal processes of bone building and maintenance, resulting in bone loss.

• #54 Hip fracture: types, causes, symptoms and treatments

  https://www.operarme.com/blog/hip-fracture-types-causes-symptoms-and-treatments/

  Seventy percent of hip fractures occur in women, because the female gender loses bone density more rapidly. In addition, oestrogen levels drop with the menopause, accelerating bone loss. […] There are several diseases and nutritional problems, such as lack of calcium and vitamin D, which negatively affect bone mass. […] Problems such as thyroid disease or disorders affecting the brain and nervous system, such as dementia or Parkinson’s disease, also increase the risk of falls. […] Those containing cortisone weaken the bone if taken over a long period of time. In addition, combinations of certain drugs can make you feel dizzy and lose your balance. […] Exercise helps to maintain bone health and strengthen muscles. […] This affects bone health.

• #55 Hip fracture | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/hip-fracture?content_id=CON-20373451

  The risk of hip fracture rises with age. […] Multiple medications, poor vision and balance problems also make older people more likely to fall one of the most common causes of hip fracture. […] In older adults, a hip fracture is most often a result of a fall from a standing height. […] In people with very weak bones, a hip fracture can occur simply by standing on the leg and twisting. […] The risk of hip fracture can be increased if you have osteoporosis. […] This condition weakens bones and makes them more likely to break. […] An overactive thyroid can lead to fragile bones. […] Conditions that reduce absorption of vitamin D and calcium also can cause weakened bones. […] Cortisone medications, such as prednisone, can weaken bones if taken long-term. […] Lack of calcium and vitamin D in the diet of young people lowers peak bone mass and increases risk of fracture later in life. […] Lack of regular weight-bearing exercise, such as walking, can result in weakened bones and muscles, making falls and fractures more likely. […] Tobacco and alcohol both can interfere with the normal processes of bone building and maintenance, resulting in bone loss.

• #56 Orthopaedic Specialists on causes, diagnosis and treatment of hip fractures

  https://os.clinic/conditions/hip/hip-fracture/

  A hip fracture is a serious injury that is particularly common among older people. […] Bones tend to become weaker and more brittle with age and older people are more prone to trips and falls as a result of certain medical conditions that cause confusion, or due to poor eyesight or balance problems. […] Fractures to the hip are normally caused by severe trauma to the hip, for example as the result of an impact during a car accident or as the result of falling heavily onto the hip. However, as the bones weaken with age, they can fracture as a result of seemingly minor movements, such as standing awkwardly or twisting. […] Around 70% of hip fractures occur in women as they lose bone density more quickly than men due to a drop in oestrogen levels during the menopause. Smoking, drinking alcohol and lack of exercise can also result in loss of bone density. Eating disorders can deprive the body of essential nutrients needed for building strong bones and too little calcium and vitamin D as a child can make you more prone to fractures later in life. Certain medical conditions, such as an overactive thyroid, weaken the bones, as do intestinal conditions that interfere with the body’s absorption of calcium and vitamin D.

• #57 Hip Fracture Overview – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557514/

  A pathological fracture is defined as a fracture caused by a disease process and not related to trauma. The two most frequent causes in relation to hip fractures are malignancy and bisphosphonate use. […] Arguably many more hip fractures could be described as pathological due to underlying osteoporosis, but this group is rarely labeled in this way.

• #58 Causes of Hip Fracture • Op. Dr. Seçkin Basılgan

  https://seckinbasilgan.com/en/causes-of-hip-fracture/

  It usually occurs as a result of trauma. It is more common in the elderly, people with osteoporosis, and people with low body weight. […] Causes of hip fracture, It is usually osteoporosis, falls, loss of balance in older people with a high risk of falling. Various factors such as high-impact traumas, traffic and bicycle accidents are among the causes. Osteoporosis can cause hip fractures because bones become weak and brittle. […] Bone cancer or other types of cancer can weaken bones and causes of hip fracture it could be. Bacterial or fungal infections can weaken bones. It may cause breakage. Conditions such as diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, or stroke increase the risk of instability and falls, which can lead to hip fracture. It is more common in people with risk factors, such as the elderly and those with osteoporosis. However, it can happen to anyone at any age. […] Causes of hip fracture After investigation, surgery is performed in different ways depending on the severity and location of the fracture requiring surgery. […] Causes of hip fracture and may vary depending on the age of the patient.

• #59 Why Are Hip Fractures So Dangerous? | OrthoBethesda

  https://www.orthobethesda.com/blog/why-are-hip-fractures-so-dangerous/

  A hip fracture is a serious diagnosis, particularly for patients of an older demographic. […] Common conditions like osteoporosis, which causes bones to become brittle and weak, make hip fractures more likely following a fall. […] There is a vast range of medical conditions, however, that can increase the likelihood of a broken hip and can make recovery more complicated. […] Both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes reduce bone density, complicating recovery from a hip fracture. […] Patients with conditions like dementia, stroke or Parkinsons disease often have balance issues, making them more likely to have a traumatic fall. […] One common reason is their heightened risk of surgical and post-surgery complications. […] The initial trauma of the accident can be hard on a patients health. […] Post-surgical complications, like infections and pulmonary embolism, may also contribute to high death rates. […] A patients age and overall level of health will impact the recovery time.

• #60 Common Causes of Hip Fractures for Older Adults – Avon Health Center

  https://www.avonhealthcenter.com/news/rehabilitation/causes-hip-fractures/

  Hip fractures can be a life-changing injury for older adults, reducing their mobility and independence. […] Unfortunately, multiple age-related changes and health conditions increase risks for a hip fracture, including osteoporosis, balance issues and poor vision. […] Risks increase with age and the condition becomes potentially life threatening. […] Yet for older adults, falls are the primary cause and risk increases based on bone strength. […] Other risk factors include: Vision and balance changes, due to age or a medication side effect; Sex, considering a woman’s bone density decreases at a faster rate; Osteoporosis or a condition affecting how well you absorb vitamin D and calcium; Taking medications that weaken bone density, like steroids; Hypothyroidism, peripheral neuropathy, low blood sugar or Parkinson’s disease; Experiencing a stroke; Consuming less calcium and vitamin D; Being underweight; A sedentary lifestyle; Regular tobacco and alcohol use. […] Staying physically active and getting enough calcium and vitamin D decrease the chances you will experience osteoporosis and subsequent hip fractures.

• #61 Hip Fracture: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Secondary Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0615/p945.html

  Hip fractures cause significant morbidity and are associated with increased mortality. […] Most hip fractures are associated with a fall, although other risk factors include decreased bone mineral density, reduced level of activity, and chronic medication use. […] The modifiable risk factors for hip fracture include falls, decreased bone mineral density, reduced level of activity, and chronic medication use. A fall is the most significant risk factor for hip fracture, with 90% of fractures associated with a fall. […] A bone mineral density T-score less than 2.5, as measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, is associated with an increased risk of fractures. […] Several medications are associated with an increased risk of falls or fractures. […] The presence of two of the following indicates a higher risk of bleeding: peritrochanteric fracture, initial hemoglobin level less than 12 g per dL (120 g per L), and age older than 75 years. […] Because a previous hip fracture is a risk factor for another hip fracture and because bisphosphonates reduce that risk, patients should receive bisphosphonate therapy, regardless of bone mineral density results, unless contraindicated.

• #62 Hip fracture: types, causes, symptoms and treatments

  https://www.operarme.com/blog/hip-fracture-types-causes-symptoms-and-treatments/

  Seventy percent of hip fractures occur in women, because the female gender loses bone density more rapidly. In addition, oestrogen levels drop with the menopause, accelerating bone loss. […] There are several diseases and nutritional problems, such as lack of calcium and vitamin D, which negatively affect bone mass. […] Problems such as thyroid disease or disorders affecting the brain and nervous system, such as dementia or Parkinson’s disease, also increase the risk of falls. […] Those containing cortisone weaken the bone if taken over a long period of time. In addition, combinations of certain drugs can make you feel dizzy and lose your balance. […] Exercise helps to maintain bone health and strengthen muscles. […] This affects bone health.

• #63 Hip fracture – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hip-fracture/symptoms-causes/syc-20373468

  A severe impact, such as a car crash, can cause hip fractures in people of all ages. In older adults, a hip fracture is most often a result of a fall from a standing height. In people with very weak bones, a hip fracture can occur simply by standing on the leg and twisting. […] The risk of hip fracture can be increased if you have: […] Osteoporosis. This condition weakens bones and makes them more likely to break. […] Certain medications […] Cortisone medications, such as prednisone, can weaken bones if taken long-term. […] Nutritional problems […] Lack of calcium and vitamin D in the diet of young people lowers peak bone mass and increases risk of fracture later in life. […] Lifestyle choices […] Lack of regular weight-bearing exercise, such as walking, can result in weakened bones and muscles, making falls and fractures more likely.

• #64 Hip fracture | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/hip-fracture?content_id=CON-20373451

  The risk of hip fracture rises with age. […] Multiple medications, poor vision and balance problems also make older people more likely to fall one of the most common causes of hip fracture. […] In older adults, a hip fracture is most often a result of a fall from a standing height. […] In people with very weak bones, a hip fracture can occur simply by standing on the leg and twisting. […] The risk of hip fracture can be increased if you have osteoporosis. […] This condition weakens bones and makes them more likely to break. […] An overactive thyroid can lead to fragile bones. […] Conditions that reduce absorption of vitamin D and calcium also can cause weakened bones. […] Cortisone medications, such as prednisone, can weaken bones if taken long-term. […] Lack of calcium and vitamin D in the diet of young people lowers peak bone mass and increases risk of fracture later in life. […] Lack of regular weight-bearing exercise, such as walking, can result in weakened bones and muscles, making falls and fractures more likely. […] Tobacco and alcohol both can interfere with the normal processes of bone building and maintenance, resulting in bone loss.

• #65 Hip Fracture Overview – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557514/

  Hip fractures are one of the most frequent fractures presenting to the emergency department and orthopedic trauma teams. […] The majority of hip fractures are the result of a fall in the elderly population. Risk factors for falls in the elderly population are numerous, but those with a strong independent association are a previous history of falls, gait abnormalities, the use of walking aids, vertigo, Parkinson disease, and antiepileptic medications. […] Many patients have multiple risk factors, and this, along with age-associated reduced bone quality, is the underpinning cause of most hip fractures. […] Hip fractures that occur in younger adults are often the result of high-energy trauma. […] Around 5% of hip fractures have no history of trauma, and in these cases, an alternative cause should be suspected.

• #66 Hip Fracture | Fracture of the Hip – Causes Symptoms Risks Treatment

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/hip-fracture.htm

  Diet: Deficiency of calcium and vitamin D in the diet at a younger age increases the risk of a hip fracture in old age. Eating disorders like anorexia or bulimia may also cause deficiency of important nutrients required by the bone. […] Medications: Steroid medications, such as prednisolone, weaken the bone if taken for long durations. Sometimes, the multiple medications prescribed in older individuals can cause dizziness, making the patient more prone to falling. […] Other health conditions: Chronic osteoporosis is the foremost risk factor for hip fracture. Medical conditions such as chronic kidney disease and intestinal disorders diminish the absorption capacity of vitamin D and calcium in body, leading to brittle bones. Hyperthyroidism could also result in thinning of bones. […] Tobacco and alcohol use: Smoking and drinking alcohol can interfere with the bone building and reconstructing, resulting in bone loss. Thus, people who smoke or are heavy drinkers are at a higher risk for developing hip fractures.

• #67 Hip Fracture O’Fallon, MO | External Fixation St Louis | Internal Fixation

  https://www.stlortho.com/hip-fracture-orthopedic-surgeons-ofallon-mo.html

  Hip fracture is most frequently caused after minor trauma in elderly patients with weak bones, and by a high-energy trauma or serious injuries in young people. […] Long term use of certain medicines, such as bisphosphonates to treat osteoporosis (a disease-causing weak bones) and other bone diseases, increases the risk of hip fractures.

• #68 Subtrochanteric Hip Fracture Treatment | MD West ONE

  https://mdwestone.com/subtrochanteric-hip-fracture/

  A hip fracture is a break that occurs near the hip in the upper part of the femur or thigh bone. […] A subtrochanteric hip fracture is most frequently caused by minor trauma in elderly patients with weak bones, and by high-energy trauma in young people. Long-term use of certain medicines, such as bisphosphonates to treat osteoporosis (a disease-causing weak bones) and other bone diseases, increases the risk of subtrochanteric hip fractures.

• #69 Hip fracture | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/hip-fracture?content_id=CON-20373451

  The risk of hip fracture rises with age. […] Multiple medications, poor vision and balance problems also make older people more likely to fall one of the most common causes of hip fracture. […] In older adults, a hip fracture is most often a result of a fall from a standing height. […] In people with very weak bones, a hip fracture can occur simply by standing on the leg and twisting. […] The risk of hip fracture can be increased if you have osteoporosis. […] This condition weakens bones and makes them more likely to break. […] An overactive thyroid can lead to fragile bones. […] Conditions that reduce absorption of vitamin D and calcium also can cause weakened bones. […] Cortisone medications, such as prednisone, can weaken bones if taken long-term. […] Lack of calcium and vitamin D in the diet of young people lowers peak bone mass and increases risk of fracture later in life. […] Lack of regular weight-bearing exercise, such as walking, can result in weakened bones and muscles, making falls and fractures more likely. […] Tobacco and alcohol both can interfere with the normal processes of bone building and maintenance, resulting in bone loss.

• #70 Hip Fracture | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/h/hip-fracture.html

  Most hip fractures happen to people older than age 65. The incidence of hip fractures increases with age. Caucasians and Asians are more likely to be affected than others. This is primarily because of a higher rate of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis (loss of bone tissue) is a disease that weakens bones. […] A fall is the most common reason for a hip fracture among the elderly. A few people may have a hip fracture happen spontaneously. If you are younger, a hip fracture is generally the result of a car accident, a fall from a great height, or severe trauma. […] Hip fracture is more common in older people. This is because bones become thinner and weaker from calcium loss as a person ages. This is generally due to osteoporosis. […] Bones affected by osteoporosis are more likely to break if you fall. Most hip fractures that older people get happen as a result of falling while walking on a level surface, often at home.

• #71 Broken Hip: Types, Causes, and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hip-fracture-surgeries

  A hip fracture usually occurs in the ball portion (femur) of your hip joint and can occur in different places. At times, the socket or acetabulum can become fractured. […] Potential causes of broken hips include: falling on a hard surface or from a great height, blunt trauma to the hip, such as from a car crash, diseases such as osteoporosis, which is a condition that causes a loss of bone tissue, obesity, which leads to too much pressure on the hip bones. […] If you’ve had a broken hip, you’re at a much greater risk of another one. […] If you’re of Asian or Caucasian descent, you’re at a higher risk of osteoporosis. […] If you’re a woman, your chances of breaking your hip increases. This is because women are more susceptible to osteoporosis than men. […] If you’re 60 years or older, you may be at increased risk of breaking your hip. As you age, the strength and density of your bones can decrease.

• #72 Hip Fracture | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/h/hip-fracture.html

  Most hip fractures happen to people older than age 65. The incidence of hip fractures increases with age. Caucasians and Asians are more likely to be affected than others. This is primarily because of a higher rate of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis (loss of bone tissue) is a disease that weakens bones. […] A fall is the most common reason for a hip fracture among the elderly. A few people may have a hip fracture happen spontaneously. If you are younger, a hip fracture is generally the result of a car accident, a fall from a great height, or severe trauma. […] Hip fracture is more common in older people. This is because bones become thinner and weaker from calcium loss as a person ages. This is generally due to osteoporosis. […] Bones affected by osteoporosis are more likely to break if you fall. Most hip fractures that older people get happen as a result of falling while walking on a level surface, often at home.

• #73 Hip Fracture Symptoms, Signs & Causes | Spire Healthcare

  https://www.spirehealthcare.com/conditions/hip-fracture/

  A hip fracture, or broken hip, is usually the result of a fall or an injury and requires immediate medical treatment. […] Hip fractures most commonly occur due to a fall or impact to the side of the hip eg from a car accident. […] Your risk of a hip fracture increases as you age and most often occurs in people aged 80 or over. This is because: […] You’re also more susceptible to fractures if you suffer from a condition that weakens the bones. The most common one is osteoporosis a condition that results in loss of bone density and is most likely to affect women after the menopause and people of Asian or Caucasian heritage. […] Smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol also increase your risk of hip fractures. […] In cases of extreme bone weakness, you can even suffer a fracture simply by twisting or standing awkwardly.

• #74 Understanding Hip Fractures, Including Causes & Risk Factors

  https://www.hipkneeortho.com.sg/understanding-hip-fractures-including-causes-and-risk-factors/

  The risk of hip fractures increases significantly with age. […] Women, especially postmenopausal women, are more prone to hip fractures due to reduced bone density caused by the decrease in oestrogen levels. […] Poor bone health, whether due to osteoporosis, vitamin D deficiency, or inadequate calcium intake, can significantly heighten the risk of fractures. […] Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a sedentary lifestyle can contribute to weaker bones. […] A family history of fractures or bone disorders can also increase your risk.

• #75 Low Energy Hip Fractures in Young Adults: A Case-Series

  https://www.gavinpublishers.com/article/view/low-energy-hip-fractures-in-young-adults-a-case-series

  Proximal femoral fractures are amongst the most common type of fractures in elderly patients. Osteoporosis is the main underlying cause of these low-energetic fractures. […] Known causes of osteoporosis in young adults include chronic inflammatory, endocrinal, neuromuscular, metabolic, and genetic diseases. Amongst these are anorexia nervosa, osteogenesis imperfecta and reserved load-bearing physical activity present in the reported cases. […] Osteoporosis is a known complication of anorexia nervosa. Chronic malnourishment can lead to multiaxial hormonal disturbances, increased reabsorption and insufficient mineralization of bone, causing loss of BMD. […] Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI), also known as brittle bone disease, is the most common heritable connective tissue disorder with an incidence of approximately 1/20,000 births. […] The prevalence of osteoporosis in spinal cord injury patients is well-studied and present in virtually all patients with paralyzed limbs. The main mechanism is based on decreased physical exercise and mechanical strain of the extremity, known as unloading.

• #76 Hip Fractures: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1200/hip-fractures.html

  Hip fractures are common causes of disability, with mortality rates reaching 30% at one year. Nonmodifiable risk factors include lower socioeconomic status, older age, female sex, prior fracture, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Modifiable risk factors include low body mass index, having osteoporosis, increased fall risk, medications that increase fall risk or decrease bone mineral density, and substance use. […] Hip fractures account for 87% of all femur fractures. They are classified by their location relative to the hip capsule and their degree of displacement. Intracapsular (femoral neck) fractures, comprising 45% to 53%, and intertrochanteric (between the greater and less trochanter) fractures, comprising 38% to 50%, are the most common of all hip fractures. […] Nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors increase the likelihood of sustaining a hip fracture. The most significant nonmodifiable risk factors for hip fracture are older age and female sex. Women older than 85 years have a 10-fold increased risk compared with women in their 60s. Other nonmodifiable risk factors include history of any fracture, lower socioeconomic status, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Several modifiable risk factors, of which falls are the most significant, are associated with up to 90% of hip fractures. Low body mass index (less than 18.5 kg per m2) is associated with a threefold higher risk. Low bone mineral density (BMD) also increases risk for fracture, with some estimates finding osteoporosis (T-score less than 2.5) associated with up to 50% of fractures.

• #77 Hip fracture – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hip-fracture/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373472

  Most hip fractures occur in one of two locations on the long bone that extends from the pelvis to your knee (femur): […] The two most common types of hip fractures […] Most hip fractures occur in one of two locations at the femoral neck or in the intertrochanteric region. The location of the fracture helps determine the best treatment options. […] Surgeons may recommend a full or partial hip replacement if the blood supply to the ball part of the hip joint was damaged during the fracture. That type of injury, which occurs most often in older people with femoral neck fractures, means the bone is less likely to heal properly.

• #78 Hip Fractures: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1200/hip-fractures.html

  Hip fractures are common causes of disability, with mortality rates reaching 30% at one year. Nonmodifiable risk factors include lower socioeconomic status, older age, female sex, prior fracture, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Modifiable risk factors include low body mass index, having osteoporosis, increased fall risk, medications that increase fall risk or decrease bone mineral density, and substance use. […] Hip fractures account for 87% of all femur fractures. They are classified by their location relative to the hip capsule and their degree of displacement. Intracapsular (femoral neck) fractures, comprising 45% to 53%, and intertrochanteric (between the greater and less trochanter) fractures, comprising 38% to 50%, are the most common of all hip fractures. […] Nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors increase the likelihood of sustaining a hip fracture. The most significant nonmodifiable risk factors for hip fracture are older age and female sex. Women older than 85 years have a 10-fold increased risk compared with women in their 60s. Other nonmodifiable risk factors include history of any fracture, lower socioeconomic status, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Several modifiable risk factors, of which falls are the most significant, are associated with up to 90% of hip fractures. Low body mass index (less than 18.5 kg per m2) is associated with a threefold higher risk. Low bone mineral density (BMD) also increases risk for fracture, with some estimates finding osteoporosis (T-score less than 2.5) associated with up to 50% of fractures.

• #79 Hip Fracture | Lehigh Valley Health Network

  https://www.lvhn.org/conditions/hip-fracture

  Almost all hip fractures fall into one of these two categories in relatively equal numbers: Femoral neck fracture. These fractures occur 1 to 2 inches from the hip joint and can be related to osteoporosis. This type usually cuts off the blood supply to the head of the femur, which can cause complications. Intertrochanteric hip fracture. These fractures occur 3 to 4 inches from the hip joint, do not interrupt the blood supply to the bone and may be easier to repair.

• #80 Hip Fractures: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1200/hip-fractures.html

  Hip fractures are common causes of disability, with mortality rates reaching 30% at one year. Nonmodifiable risk factors include lower socioeconomic status, older age, female sex, prior fracture, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Modifiable risk factors include low body mass index, having osteoporosis, increased fall risk, medications that increase fall risk or decrease bone mineral density, and substance use. […] Hip fractures account for 87% of all femur fractures. They are classified by their location relative to the hip capsule and their degree of displacement. Intracapsular (femoral neck) fractures, comprising 45% to 53%, and intertrochanteric (between the greater and less trochanter) fractures, comprising 38% to 50%, are the most common of all hip fractures. […] Nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors increase the likelihood of sustaining a hip fracture. The most significant nonmodifiable risk factors for hip fracture are older age and female sex. Women older than 85 years have a 10-fold increased risk compared with women in their 60s. Other nonmodifiable risk factors include history of any fracture, lower socioeconomic status, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Several modifiable risk factors, of which falls are the most significant, are associated with up to 90% of hip fractures. Low body mass index (less than 18.5 kg per m2) is associated with a threefold higher risk. Low bone mineral density (BMD) also increases risk for fracture, with some estimates finding osteoporosis (T-score less than 2.5) associated with up to 50% of fractures.

• #81 Hip Fracture | Lehigh Valley Health Network

  https://www.lvhn.org/conditions/hip-fracture

  Almost all hip fractures fall into one of these two categories in relatively equal numbers: Femoral neck fracture. These fractures occur 1 to 2 inches from the hip joint and can be related to osteoporosis. This type usually cuts off the blood supply to the head of the femur, which can cause complications. Intertrochanteric hip fracture. These fractures occur 3 to 4 inches from the hip joint, do not interrupt the blood supply to the bone and may be easier to repair.

• #82 Subtrochanteric Hip Fracture Treatment | MD West ONE

  https://mdwestone.com/subtrochanteric-hip-fracture/

  A hip fracture is a break that occurs near the hip in the upper part of the femur or thigh bone. […] A subtrochanteric hip fracture is most frequently caused by minor trauma in elderly patients with weak bones, and by high-energy trauma in young people. Long-term use of certain medicines, such as bisphosphonates to treat osteoporosis (a disease-causing weak bones) and other bone diseases, increases the risk of subtrochanteric hip fractures.

• #83 Hip Fractures – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/hip-fractures

  Hip fractures can be very painful. For this reason, prompt surgical treatment is recommended. […] Most hip fractures occur in elderly patients whose bones have become weakened by osteoporosis. When a hip fracture occurs in a younger patient, it is typically the result of a high-energy event, such as a fall from a ladder or vehicle collision. […] Most hip fractures result from low-energy falls in elderly patients who have weakened or osteoporotic bone. In these patients, even a simple twisting or tripping injury may lead to a fracture. […] In some cases, the bone may be so weak that the fracture occurs spontaneously while someone is walking or standing. In this instance, it is often said that the break occurs before the fall. Spontaneous fractures usually occur in the femoral neck. […] Stress fractures or fractures from repeated impact may also occur in the femoral neck. These fractures are often seen in long distance runners, particularly military recruits in basic training. […] Fractures of the femoral head are rare and are usually the result of a high-impact injury or are part of a fracture dislocation of the hip.

• #84 Hip Fracture: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Secondary Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0615/p945.html

  Hip fractures cause significant morbidity and are associated with increased mortality. […] Most hip fractures are associated with a fall, although other risk factors include decreased bone mineral density, reduced level of activity, and chronic medication use. […] The modifiable risk factors for hip fracture include falls, decreased bone mineral density, reduced level of activity, and chronic medication use. A fall is the most significant risk factor for hip fracture, with 90% of fractures associated with a fall. […] A bone mineral density T-score less than 2.5, as measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, is associated with an increased risk of fractures. […] Several medications are associated with an increased risk of falls or fractures. […] The presence of two of the following indicates a higher risk of bleeding: peritrochanteric fracture, initial hemoglobin level less than 12 g per dL (120 g per L), and age older than 75 years. […] Because a previous hip fracture is a risk factor for another hip fracture and because bisphosphonates reduce that risk, patients should receive bisphosphonate therapy, regardless of bone mineral density results, unless contraindicated.

• #85 Hip fractures in elderly often lead to bad outcomes | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/news/article/hip-fractures-in-elderly-often-lead-to-bad-outcomes

  A hip fracture is a serious and yet common outcome when an older adult has a fall. It occurs due to the progressive decrease in bone mass that often affects women and men as they age. Another risk for hip fracture is osteoporosis, a skeletal disease marked by a loss of bone density, which leaves bones porous, thin and brittle. […] Unfortunately, it’s true that a hip fracture in older adults can contribute to poor outcomes, including an increased risk of death. A number of factors play a role. These include the age of the patient, their sex, and the health problems the person was living with before the fracture, such as cardiovascular, pulmonary or neurological issues; diabetes; declining cognition or frailty.

• #86 Neck of Femur Fracture – Subcapital – Intertrochanteric – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/orthopaedic/hip/neck-femur-fracture/

  A fractured neck of femur (NOF) is a very common orthopaedic presentation. Over 65,000 hip fractures each year are recorded in the UK and they are becoming increasingly frequent due to an aging population. […] Neck of femur fractures are typically caused either by low energy injuries (the most common type), such as a fall in frail older patient, or high energy injuries, such as a road traffic collision or fall from height and are often associated with other significant injuries. […] The mortality of a femoral neck fracture is up to 30% at one year; consequently, these fractures require specialist care and, indeed, most orthopaedic units now have dedicated orthogeriatricians who specialise in the care of this vulnerable patient group.

• #87 Cause-specific excess mortality after hip fracture: the Norwegian Epidemiologic Osteoporosis Studies (NOREPOS) | BMC Geriatrics | Full Text

  https://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12877-023-03910-5

  Information on cause of death may help appraise the degree to which the high excess mortality after hip fracture reflects pre-existing comorbidities or the injury itself. […] We aimed to describe causes of death and cause-specific excess mortality through the first year after hip fracture. […] By 30 days post-fracture, external causes (mainly the fall causing the fracture) were the underlying cause for 53.8% of deaths, followed by circulatory diseases (19.8%), neoplasms (9.4%), respiratory diseases (5.7%), mental and behavioural disorders (2.0%) and diseases of the nervous system (1.3%). […] Hip fractures entail high excess mortality from all major causes of death. However, the traumatic injury of a hip fracture is the most frequently reported underlying cause of death among older patients who survive less than one year after their fracture.

• #88 Geriatric Hip Fractures > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/geriatric-hip-fractures

  Most hip fractures fall into one of two categories: those caused by a high-intensity trauma, such as a fall from a high place or a motor vehicle accident, and those that result from a fall, especially in someone with age-related osteoporosis. […] A hip fracture is a very traumatic event for an elderly person, says Dr. Shapiro. They know they are looking at the loss of their mobility and independence. […] Most patients are in so much pain that they cant walk or bear weight. Many find movement excruciating, which presents challenges for the emergency medical technicians, nurses, and doctors trying to diagnose and treat them. […] When patients are lying around waiting to be treated, there is a grave risk that a life-threatening blood clot will develop, Dr. Shapiro says.

• #89 Why Are Hip Fractures So Dangerous? | OrthoBethesda

  https://www.orthobethesda.com/blog/why-are-hip-fractures-so-dangerous/

  A hip fracture is a serious diagnosis, particularly for patients of an older demographic. […] Common conditions like osteoporosis, which causes bones to become brittle and weak, make hip fractures more likely following a fall. […] There is a vast range of medical conditions, however, that can increase the likelihood of a broken hip and can make recovery more complicated. […] Both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes reduce bone density, complicating recovery from a hip fracture. […] Patients with conditions like dementia, stroke or Parkinsons disease often have balance issues, making them more likely to have a traumatic fall. […] One common reason is their heightened risk of surgical and post-surgery complications. […] The initial trauma of the accident can be hard on a patients health. […] Post-surgical complications, like infections and pulmonary embolism, may also contribute to high death rates. […] A patients age and overall level of health will impact the recovery time.

• #90 Exploring mortality risk factors and specific causes of death within 30 days after hip fracture hospitalization | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-79297-z

  This study examined the sex-specific mortality risk and causes of death soon after hip fracture in Taiwan. The objective of this study was to evaluate the 30-day mortality risk and cause of death in patients with hip fracture and identify its associated risk factors. […] The causes of the high mortality rate after hip fracture are debated, with complications such as pulmonary embolism, infection, and heart failure potentially contributing. […] Previous studies indicated cardiovascular disease and pneumonia as common causes of death after hip fracture. However, the specific causes of death in the early postfracture period remain unclear. […] We also found that older age, male sex, higher CCI, residing in suburban, rural, or remote areas, and lower income level were risk factors for hip fracture mortality. Furthermore, circulatory system diseases, especially ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular diseases, were the leading cause of death within 30 days after hip fracture, followed by accidents and unintentional injuries, malignant neoplasms, and infectious diseases, with pneumonia being the most common among the latter.

• #91 Broken Hip: Types, Causes, and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hip-fracture-surgeries

  A hip fracture usually occurs in the ball portion (femur) of your hip joint and can occur in different places. At times, the socket or acetabulum can become fractured. […] Potential causes of broken hips include: falling on a hard surface or from a great height, blunt trauma to the hip, such as from a car crash, diseases such as osteoporosis, which is a condition that causes a loss of bone tissue, obesity, which leads to too much pressure on the hip bones. […] If you’ve had a broken hip, you’re at a much greater risk of another one. […] If you’re of Asian or Caucasian descent, you’re at a higher risk of osteoporosis. […] If you’re a woman, your chances of breaking your hip increases. This is because women are more susceptible to osteoporosis than men. […] If you’re 60 years or older, you may be at increased risk of breaking your hip. As you age, the strength and density of your bones can decrease.

• #92 Cause-specific excess mortality after hip fracture: the Norwegian Epidemiologic Osteoporosis Studies (NOREPOS) | BMC Geriatrics | Full Text

  https://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12877-023-03910-5

  Information on cause of death may help appraise the degree to which the high excess mortality after hip fracture reflects pre-existing comorbidities or the injury itself. […] We aimed to describe causes of death and cause-specific excess mortality through the first year after hip fracture. […] By 30 days post-fracture, external causes (mainly the fall causing the fracture) were the underlying cause for 53.8% of deaths, followed by circulatory diseases (19.8%), neoplasms (9.4%), respiratory diseases (5.7%), mental and behavioural disorders (2.0%) and diseases of the nervous system (1.3%). […] Hip fractures entail high excess mortality from all major causes of death. However, the traumatic injury of a hip fracture is the most frequently reported underlying cause of death among older patients who survive less than one year after their fracture.

• #93 Cause-specific excess mortality after hip fracture: the Norwegian Epidemiologic Osteoporosis Studies (NOREPOS) | BMC Geriatrics | Full Text

  https://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12877-023-03910-5

  A hip fracture, usually caused by a fall, is a serious injury particularly affecting older adults. […] To help target resources for prevention and care, we should elucidate the degree to which the excess mortality after hip fracture reflects comorbid diagnoses versus the trauma of the injury itself. […] For the majority (53.8%) of early deaths (within 30 days) after hip fracture, the accident involving the injury was identified as the underlying cause of death, defined as the event that initiated the train of morbid events leading directly to death. […] By one year post hip fracture, external causes and circulatory diseases comprised a similar proportion of deaths. […] The traumatic injury of a hip fracture is the leading underlying cause of death among older patients who survive less than one year after their fracture.

• #94 Hip Fractures: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1200/hip-fractures.html

  Hip fractures are common causes of disability, with mortality rates reaching 30% at one year. Nonmodifiable risk factors include lower socioeconomic status, older age, female sex, prior fracture, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Modifiable risk factors include low body mass index, having osteoporosis, increased fall risk, medications that increase fall risk or decrease bone mineral density, and substance use. […] Hip fractures account for 87% of all femur fractures. They are classified by their location relative to the hip capsule and their degree of displacement. Intracapsular (femoral neck) fractures, comprising 45% to 53%, and intertrochanteric (between the greater and less trochanter) fractures, comprising 38% to 50%, are the most common of all hip fractures. […] Nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors increase the likelihood of sustaining a hip fracture. The most significant nonmodifiable risk factors for hip fracture are older age and female sex. Women older than 85 years have a 10-fold increased risk compared with women in their 60s. Other nonmodifiable risk factors include history of any fracture, lower socioeconomic status, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Several modifiable risk factors, of which falls are the most significant, are associated with up to 90% of hip fractures. Low body mass index (less than 18.5 kg per m2) is associated with a threefold higher risk. Low bone mineral density (BMD) also increases risk for fracture, with some estimates finding osteoporosis (T-score less than 2.5) associated with up to 50% of fractures.

• #95 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/Encyclopedia/Content.aspx?ContentTypeID=85&ContentID=P08957

  If you are a woman, you lose 30% to 50% of your bone density as you age. The loss of bone speeds up dramatically after menopause because you make less estrogen. Estrogen contributes to maintaining bone density and strength. […] You are at risk for a hip fracture if you have osteoporosis. Older age also puts you at more risk. Other things that may raise your risk include: Excessive alcohol consumption, Lack of physical activity, Low body weight, Poor nutrition, including a diet low in calcium and vitamin D, Gender, Tall stature, Vision problems, Thinking problems such as dementia, Physical problems, Medicines that cause bone loss, Cigarette smoking, Living in an assisted-care facility, Increased risk for falls, related to conditions such as weakness, disability, or unsteady gait.

• #96 Hip Fracture | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/h/hip-fracture.html

  Most hip fractures happen to people older than age 65. The incidence of hip fractures increases with age. Caucasians and Asians are more likely to be affected than others. This is primarily because of a higher rate of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis (loss of bone tissue) is a disease that weakens bones. […] A fall is the most common reason for a hip fracture among the elderly. A few people may have a hip fracture happen spontaneously. If you are younger, a hip fracture is generally the result of a car accident, a fall from a great height, or severe trauma. […] Hip fracture is more common in older people. This is because bones become thinner and weaker from calcium loss as a person ages. This is generally due to osteoporosis. […] Bones affected by osteoporosis are more likely to break if you fall. Most hip fractures that older people get happen as a result of falling while walking on a level surface, often at home.

• #97 Hip Fracture | Lehigh Valley Health Network

  https://www.lvhn.org/conditions/hip-fracture

  A hip fracture is a break in the thighbone, or femur, at the hip joint. A hip fracture is a serious injury and requires immediate medical attention. […] About 90 percent of hip fractures happen to people over age 60. A fall is the most common cause of a hip fracture among the elderly. In younger people, a hip fracture generally is the result of a car accident, a fall from a great height or severe trauma. A small percentage of people may have a hip fracture occur spontaneously. […] Osteoporosis is the leading cause of hip fracture. Because women are more prone to osteoporosis than men, hip fractures are more common among women. Women experience about 80 percent of all hip fractures. […] In addition to osteoporosis, other risk factors include: Excessive consumption of alcohol or caffeine, Lack of physical activity, Low body weight, Tall stature, Medications that cause bone loss, Cigarette smoking.

• #98 Hip Fracture | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/h/hip-fracture.html

  Most hip fractures happen to people older than age 65. The incidence of hip fractures increases with age. Caucasians and Asians are more likely to be affected than others. This is primarily because of a higher rate of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis (loss of bone tissue) is a disease that weakens bones. […] A fall is the most common reason for a hip fracture among the elderly. A few people may have a hip fracture happen spontaneously. If you are younger, a hip fracture is generally the result of a car accident, a fall from a great height, or severe trauma. […] Hip fracture is more common in older people. This is because bones become thinner and weaker from calcium loss as a person ages. This is generally due to osteoporosis. […] Bones affected by osteoporosis are more likely to break if you fall. Most hip fractures that older people get happen as a result of falling while walking on a level surface, often at home.

• #99 Hip Fractures: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1200/hip-fractures.html

  Hip fractures are common causes of disability, with mortality rates reaching 30% at one year. Nonmodifiable risk factors include lower socioeconomic status, older age, female sex, prior fracture, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Modifiable risk factors include low body mass index, having osteoporosis, increased fall risk, medications that increase fall risk or decrease bone mineral density, and substance use. […] Hip fractures account for 87% of all femur fractures. They are classified by their location relative to the hip capsule and their degree of displacement. Intracapsular (femoral neck) fractures, comprising 45% to 53%, and intertrochanteric (between the greater and less trochanter) fractures, comprising 38% to 50%, are the most common of all hip fractures. […] Nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors increase the likelihood of sustaining a hip fracture. The most significant nonmodifiable risk factors for hip fracture are older age and female sex. Women older than 85 years have a 10-fold increased risk compared with women in their 60s. Other nonmodifiable risk factors include history of any fracture, lower socioeconomic status, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Several modifiable risk factors, of which falls are the most significant, are associated with up to 90% of hip fractures. Low body mass index (less than 18.5 kg per m2) is associated with a threefold higher risk. Low bone mineral density (BMD) also increases risk for fracture, with some estimates finding osteoporosis (T-score less than 2.5) associated with up to 50% of fractures.

• #100 Hip Fractures: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1200/hip-fractures.html

  Hip fractures are common causes of disability, with mortality rates reaching 30% at one year. Nonmodifiable risk factors include lower socioeconomic status, older age, female sex, prior fracture, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Modifiable risk factors include low body mass index, having osteoporosis, increased fall risk, medications that increase fall risk or decrease bone mineral density, and substance use. […] Hip fractures account for 87% of all femur fractures. They are classified by their location relative to the hip capsule and their degree of displacement. Intracapsular (femoral neck) fractures, comprising 45% to 53%, and intertrochanteric (between the greater and less trochanter) fractures, comprising 38% to 50%, are the most common of all hip fractures. […] Nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors increase the likelihood of sustaining a hip fracture. The most significant nonmodifiable risk factors for hip fracture are older age and female sex. Women older than 85 years have a 10-fold increased risk compared with women in their 60s. Other nonmodifiable risk factors include history of any fracture, lower socioeconomic status, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Several modifiable risk factors, of which falls are the most significant, are associated with up to 90% of hip fractures. Low body mass index (less than 18.5 kg per m2) is associated with a threefold higher risk. Low bone mineral density (BMD) also increases risk for fracture, with some estimates finding osteoporosis (T-score less than 2.5) associated with up to 50% of fractures.

• #101 Hip Fractures: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1200/hip-fractures.html

  Hip fractures are common causes of disability, with mortality rates reaching 30% at one year. Nonmodifiable risk factors include lower socioeconomic status, older age, female sex, prior fracture, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Modifiable risk factors include low body mass index, having osteoporosis, increased fall risk, medications that increase fall risk or decrease bone mineral density, and substance use. […] Hip fractures account for 87% of all femur fractures. They are classified by their location relative to the hip capsule and their degree of displacement. Intracapsular (femoral neck) fractures, comprising 45% to 53%, and intertrochanteric (between the greater and less trochanter) fractures, comprising 38% to 50%, are the most common of all hip fractures. […] Nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors increase the likelihood of sustaining a hip fracture. The most significant nonmodifiable risk factors for hip fracture are older age and female sex. Women older than 85 years have a 10-fold increased risk compared with women in their 60s. Other nonmodifiable risk factors include history of any fracture, lower socioeconomic status, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Several modifiable risk factors, of which falls are the most significant, are associated with up to 90% of hip fractures. Low body mass index (less than 18.5 kg per m2) is associated with a threefold higher risk. Low bone mineral density (BMD) also increases risk for fracture, with some estimates finding osteoporosis (T-score less than 2.5) associated with up to 50% of fractures.

• #102 Understanding Hip Fractures, Including Causes & Risk Factors

  https://www.hipkneeortho.com.sg/understanding-hip-fractures-including-causes-and-risk-factors/

  The risk of hip fractures increases significantly with age. […] Women, especially postmenopausal women, are more prone to hip fractures due to reduced bone density caused by the decrease in oestrogen levels. […] Poor bone health, whether due to osteoporosis, vitamin D deficiency, or inadequate calcium intake, can significantly heighten the risk of fractures. […] Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a sedentary lifestyle can contribute to weaker bones. […] A family history of fractures or bone disorders can also increase your risk.

• #103 Risk Factors for Hip Fracture | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/bones-joints-and-muscles/hip-fracture/causes/risk-factors.html

  Osteoporosis is the leading cause of hip fracture. […] Age is also a major risk factor. […] Other possible risk factors for hip fracture may include, but are not limited to, the following: […] Excessive alcohol and caffeine consumption […] Lack of physical activity […] Low body weight […] Tall stature […] Vision problems […] Dementia […] Medications that cause bone loss […] Cigarette smoking […] Institutional living, such as an assisted-care facility […] Increased risk for falls, related to conditions such as weakness, disability, or unsteady gait.

• #104 Risk Factors for Hip Fracture | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/bones-joints-and-muscles/hip-fracture/causes/risk-factors.html

  Osteoporosis is the leading cause of hip fracture. […] Age is also a major risk factor. […] Other possible risk factors for hip fracture may include, but are not limited to, the following: […] Excessive alcohol and caffeine consumption […] Lack of physical activity […] Low body weight […] Tall stature […] Vision problems […] Dementia […] Medications that cause bone loss […] Cigarette smoking […] Institutional living, such as an assisted-care facility […] Increased risk for falls, related to conditions such as weakness, disability, or unsteady gait.

• #105 Hip Fractures: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1200/hip-fractures.html

  Hip fractures are common causes of disability, with mortality rates reaching 30% at one year. Nonmodifiable risk factors include lower socioeconomic status, older age, female sex, prior fracture, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Modifiable risk factors include low body mass index, having osteoporosis, increased fall risk, medications that increase fall risk or decrease bone mineral density, and substance use. […] Hip fractures account for 87% of all femur fractures. They are classified by their location relative to the hip capsule and their degree of displacement. Intracapsular (femoral neck) fractures, comprising 45% to 53%, and intertrochanteric (between the greater and less trochanter) fractures, comprising 38% to 50%, are the most common of all hip fractures. […] Nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors increase the likelihood of sustaining a hip fracture. The most significant nonmodifiable risk factors for hip fracture are older age and female sex. Women older than 85 years have a 10-fold increased risk compared with women in their 60s. Other nonmodifiable risk factors include history of any fracture, lower socioeconomic status, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Several modifiable risk factors, of which falls are the most significant, are associated with up to 90% of hip fractures. Low body mass index (less than 18.5 kg per m2) is associated with a threefold higher risk. Low bone mineral density (BMD) also increases risk for fracture, with some estimates finding osteoporosis (T-score less than 2.5) associated with up to 50% of fractures.

• #106 Hip Fractures: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1200/hip-fractures.html

  Hip fractures are common causes of disability, with mortality rates reaching 30% at one year. Nonmodifiable risk factors include lower socioeconomic status, older age, female sex, prior fracture, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Modifiable risk factors include low body mass index, having osteoporosis, increased fall risk, medications that increase fall risk or decrease bone mineral density, and substance use. […] Hip fractures account for 87% of all femur fractures. They are classified by their location relative to the hip capsule and their degree of displacement. Intracapsular (femoral neck) fractures, comprising 45% to 53%, and intertrochanteric (between the greater and less trochanter) fractures, comprising 38% to 50%, are the most common of all hip fractures. […] Nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors increase the likelihood of sustaining a hip fracture. The most significant nonmodifiable risk factors for hip fracture are older age and female sex. Women older than 85 years have a 10-fold increased risk compared with women in their 60s. Other nonmodifiable risk factors include history of any fracture, lower socioeconomic status, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Several modifiable risk factors, of which falls are the most significant, are associated with up to 90% of hip fractures. Low body mass index (less than 18.5 kg per m2) is associated with a threefold higher risk. Low bone mineral density (BMD) also increases risk for fracture, with some estimates finding osteoporosis (T-score less than 2.5) associated with up to 50% of fractures.

• #107 Hip fracture – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hip-fracture/symptoms-causes/syc-20373468

  A severe impact, such as a car crash, can cause hip fractures in people of all ages. In older adults, a hip fracture is most often a result of a fall from a standing height. In people with very weak bones, a hip fracture can occur simply by standing on the leg and twisting. […] The risk of hip fracture can be increased if you have: […] Osteoporosis. This condition weakens bones and makes them more likely to break. […] Certain medications […] Cortisone medications, such as prednisone, can weaken bones if taken long-term. […] Nutritional problems […] Lack of calcium and vitamin D in the diet of young people lowers peak bone mass and increases risk of fracture later in life. […] Lifestyle choices […] Lack of regular weight-bearing exercise, such as walking, can result in weakened bones and muscles, making falls and fractures more likely.

• #108 Broken Hip: Types, Causes, and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hip-fracture-surgeries

  A healthy diet includes nutrients that are important for your bone health, such as protein, vitamin D, and calcium. If you’re not getting enough calories or nutrients from your diet, you can become malnourished. This can put you at risk for fractures. Research has found that older adults who are malnourished have a greater risk of a hip break. It’s also important for children to get enough calcium and vitamin D for their future bone health.

• #109 Risk Factors for Hip Fracture | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/bones-joints-and-muscles/hip-fracture/causes/risk-factors.html

  Osteoporosis is the leading cause of hip fracture. […] Age is also a major risk factor. […] Other possible risk factors for hip fracture may include, but are not limited to, the following: […] Excessive alcohol and caffeine consumption […] Lack of physical activity […] Low body weight […] Tall stature […] Vision problems […] Dementia […] Medications that cause bone loss […] Cigarette smoking […] Institutional living, such as an assisted-care facility […] Increased risk for falls, related to conditions such as weakness, disability, or unsteady gait.

• #110 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/Encyclopedia/Content.aspx?ContentTypeID=85&ContentID=P08957

  If you are a woman, you lose 30% to 50% of your bone density as you age. The loss of bone speeds up dramatically after menopause because you make less estrogen. Estrogen contributes to maintaining bone density and strength. […] You are at risk for a hip fracture if you have osteoporosis. Older age also puts you at more risk. Other things that may raise your risk include: Excessive alcohol consumption, Lack of physical activity, Low body weight, Poor nutrition, including a diet low in calcium and vitamin D, Gender, Tall stature, Vision problems, Thinking problems such as dementia, Physical problems, Medicines that cause bone loss, Cigarette smoking, Living in an assisted-care facility, Increased risk for falls, related to conditions such as weakness, disability, or unsteady gait.

• #111 Hip Fractures: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1200/hip-fractures.html

  Hip fractures are common causes of disability, with mortality rates reaching 30% at one year. Nonmodifiable risk factors include lower socioeconomic status, older age, female sex, prior fracture, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Modifiable risk factors include low body mass index, having osteoporosis, increased fall risk, medications that increase fall risk or decrease bone mineral density, and substance use. […] Hip fractures account for 87% of all femur fractures. They are classified by their location relative to the hip capsule and their degree of displacement. Intracapsular (femoral neck) fractures, comprising 45% to 53%, and intertrochanteric (between the greater and less trochanter) fractures, comprising 38% to 50%, are the most common of all hip fractures. […] Nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors increase the likelihood of sustaining a hip fracture. The most significant nonmodifiable risk factors for hip fracture are older age and female sex. Women older than 85 years have a 10-fold increased risk compared with women in their 60s. Other nonmodifiable risk factors include history of any fracture, lower socioeconomic status, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Several modifiable risk factors, of which falls are the most significant, are associated with up to 90% of hip fractures. Low body mass index (less than 18.5 kg per m2) is associated with a threefold higher risk. Low bone mineral density (BMD) also increases risk for fracture, with some estimates finding osteoporosis (T-score less than 2.5) associated with up to 50% of fractures.

• #112 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/Encyclopedia/Content.aspx?ContentTypeID=85&ContentID=P08957

  If you are a woman, you lose 30% to 50% of your bone density as you age. The loss of bone speeds up dramatically after menopause because you make less estrogen. Estrogen contributes to maintaining bone density and strength. […] You are at risk for a hip fracture if you have osteoporosis. Older age also puts you at more risk. Other things that may raise your risk include: Excessive alcohol consumption, Lack of physical activity, Low body weight, Poor nutrition, including a diet low in calcium and vitamin D, Gender, Tall stature, Vision problems, Thinking problems such as dementia, Physical problems, Medicines that cause bone loss, Cigarette smoking, Living in an assisted-care facility, Increased risk for falls, related to conditions such as weakness, disability, or unsteady gait.

• #113 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/Encyclopedia/Content.aspx?ContentTypeID=85&ContentID=P08957

  If you are a woman, you lose 30% to 50% of your bone density as you age. The loss of bone speeds up dramatically after menopause because you make less estrogen. Estrogen contributes to maintaining bone density and strength. […] You are at risk for a hip fracture if you have osteoporosis. Older age also puts you at more risk. Other things that may raise your risk include: Excessive alcohol consumption, Lack of physical activity, Low body weight, Poor nutrition, including a diet low in calcium and vitamin D, Gender, Tall stature, Vision problems, Thinking problems such as dementia, Physical problems, Medicines that cause bone loss, Cigarette smoking, Living in an assisted-care facility, Increased risk for falls, related to conditions such as weakness, disability, or unsteady gait.

• #114 Broken Hip: Types, Causes, and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hip-fracture-surgeries

  A healthy diet includes nutrients that are important for your bone health, such as protein, vitamin D, and calcium. If you’re not getting enough calories or nutrients from your diet, you can become malnourished. This can put you at risk for fractures. Research has found that older adults who are malnourished have a greater risk of a hip break. It’s also important for children to get enough calcium and vitamin D for their future bone health.

• #115 Hip fractures among the elderly: causes, consequences and control – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12437996/

  This review examines all pertinent literature sources published in the English language between 1966 to the present concerning hip fracture epidemiology, hip fracture injury mechanisms, and hip fracture management strategies. These data reveal hip fractures have several causes, but among these, the impact of falls and muscle weakness, along with low physical activity levels seems to be the most likely explanation for the rising incidence of hip fracture injuries. […] Related determinants of suboptimal nutrition, drugs that increase fall risk and lower the safety threshold and comorbid conditions of the neuromuscular system may also contribute to hip fracture disability.

• #116 Hip Fracture, Causes, Classification, and Management: A Literature Review

  https://environmentaljournals.org/article/hip-fracture-causes-classification-and-management-a-literature-review-mrztscpizzifdvx

  The most prevalent reason for admission to an acute orthopedic unit is a proximal femoral or hip fracture. […] Hip fractures are prevalent fragility fractures among older people, affecting the quality of life, health outcomes, and medical expenses. […] Identifying possible risk factors for falls and hip fractures, such as age-related physiological changes and low physical activity levels, is crucial. […] Increasing awareness and avoiding such characteristics may aid in minimizing the long-term and devastating effects of hip fracture injuries.

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