Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436002/

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening condition characterized by poor oxygenation and non-compliant or „stiff” lungs. The disorder is associated with capillary endothelial injury and diffuse alveolar damage. ARDS has many risk factors. Besides pulmonary infection or aspiration, extra-pulmonary sources include sepsis, trauma, massive transfusion, drowning, drug overdose, fat embolism, inhalation of toxic fumes, and pancreatitis. These extra-thoracic illnesses and injuries trigger an inflammatory cascade, culminating in pulmonary injury. Some risk factors for ARDS include advanced age, female gender, smoking, alcohol use, aortic vascular surgery, cardiovascular surgery, traumatic brain injury, pancreatitis, pulmonary contusion, infectious pneumonia, and drugs (radiation, chemotherapeutic agents, amiodarone).

• #1 Acute respiratory distress syndrome | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-1?lang=us

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a form of acute lung injury and occurs as a result of a severe pulmonary injury that causes alveolar damage heterogeneously throughout the lung. It can either result from a direct pulmonary source or as a response to systemic injury. […] The causes of ARDS can result from a direct lung injury, termed pulmonary ARDS, or extrapulmonary where the triggering insult is outside of the lungs. These two etiological subtypes respond in different ways to mechanical ventilation. Some authors have described distinct early phase radiological appearances between the two. […] Pulmonary causes include fat embolism, drowning, infection (viral pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia), pulmonary irritants (chlorine, chloramines, ammonia, phosgene, oxides of nitrogen), oxygen toxicity, smoke inhalation, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, aspiration (gastric contents, barium contrast), and thoracic trauma (lung contusion).

• #2 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0615/p730.html

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is noncardiogenic pulmonary edema that manifests as rapidly progressive dyspnea, tachypnea, and hypoxemia. […] ARDS is thought to occur when a pulmonary or extrapulmonary insult causes the release of inflammatory mediators, promoting inflammatory cell accumulation in the alveoli and microcirculation of the lung. […] Most cases are associated with pneumonia or sepsis. […] Most cases of ARDS in adults are associated with pneumonia with or without sepsis (60%) or with nonpulmonary sepsis (16%). […] Risk factors include older age and conditions that cause direct lung injury (e.g., aspiration, inhalation injury, pulmonary contusion) or indirect lung injury (e.g., drug toxicity, burns, transfusion-related acute lung injury). […] Pneumonia is a leading cause of ARDS, and distinguishing patients with uncomplicated pneumonia from those with ARDS can be a diagnostic challenge.

• #2 Acute respiratory distress syndrome | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-1?lang=us

  Extrapulmonary causes include systemic inflammation (pancreatitis, burns, trauma, sepsis), neurogenic pulmonary edema, transfusion-related lung injury (TRALI), post-cardiopulmonary bypass, abdominal compartment syndrome, and systemic toxicologic exposures (medications like colchicine, amiodarone, salicylates; drugs like opioids, sedative-hypnotics, cocaine; bipyridyl herbicides like paraquat).

• #3 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/ards/causes

  Damage to the lungs air sacs (called alveoli) causes ARDS. Fluid from tiny blood vessels leaks through the damaged walls of the air sacs and collects, limiting the lungs normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The damage also causes inflammation that leads to the breakdown of surfactant a liquid that helps keep your air sacs open. […] The air sacs may become damaged as a result of an illness, such as a lung infection, or breathing in smoke. Other illnesses or injuries may trigger inflammation that damages the air sacs. […] Infections are the most common risk factors for ARDS. The most common are flu or other virus, such as respiratory syncytial virus and SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. […] Other medical conditions, injuries, or medical procedures can raise your risk for ARDS. These may include inhaling vomit, smoke, chemical fumes, or water during a near drowning. […] Newborn lung conditions can raise your babys risk of neonatal ARDS. These conditions include pneumonia and a condition where the unborn baby passes stool while still in the womb and then inhales the stool into his or her lungs.

• #3 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome/

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome results from clinical disorders that affect the lungs either directly or indirectly. […] Sepsis and Septic Shock is the most common cause of ARDS. […] The underlying mechanism of ARDS is diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). […] Direct lung injury includes bacterial pneumonia, viral pneumonia, aspiration of gastric contents, pulmonary contusion, near-drowning incidents, toxic inhalation injury, and lung transplant. […] Indirect lung injury includes sepsis (most common cause), severe trauma, pancreatitis, multiple transfusions, drug overdose, postcardiopulmonary bypass, hematopoietic stem cell transplant, fat embolism, and amniotic fluid embolism. […] Risk of ARDS increases in a patient with multiple predisposing clinical conditions. […] Direct lung injuries result in twice the number of mortalities compared to indirect causes of lung injury.

• #4 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436002/

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening condition characterized by poor oxygenation and non-compliant or „stiff” lungs. The disorder is associated with capillary endothelial injury and diffuse alveolar damage. ARDS has many risk factors. Besides pulmonary infection or aspiration, extra-pulmonary sources include sepsis, trauma, massive transfusion, drowning, drug overdose, fat embolism, inhalation of toxic fumes, and pancreatitis. These extra-thoracic illnesses and injuries trigger an inflammatory cascade, culminating in pulmonary injury. Some risk factors for ARDS include advanced age, female gender, smoking, alcohol use, aortic vascular surgery, cardiovascular surgery, traumatic brain injury, pancreatitis, pulmonary contusion, infectious pneumonia, and drugs (radiation, chemotherapeutic agents, amiodarone).

• #5 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436002/

  ARDS represents a stereotypic response to various etiologies. ARDS progresses through different phases, starting with alveolar-capillary damage, a proliferative phase characterized by improved lung function and healing, and a final fibrotic phase signaling the end of the acute disease process. The pulmonary epithelial and endothelial cellular damage is characterized by inflammation, apoptosis, necrosis, and increased alveolar-capillary permeability, leading to alveolar edema and proteinosis. […] ARDS has significant morbidity as these patients remain in the hospital for extended periods and have significant weight loss, poor muscle function, and functional impairment.

• #6 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/ards

  Though it has become part of a vocabulary around COVID-19, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, or ARDS for short, refers to a type of lung damage that can result from a variety of causes, including illness, trauma, or even as a complication that occurs following certain medical procedures. ARDS is always caused by an injury to the lungs, whether from illness or injury, but it can affect people of any age. […] Doctors divide the causes of lung injury that lead to ARDS into two broad categories: direct lung injury and indirect lung injury. Direct lung injuries are those that occur in or directly affect the lungs. Indirect injuries are those that occur elsewhere in the body, yet ultimately end up harming the lungs. […] Conditions that cause direct lung injury include: Pneumonia, Aspiration (inhalation of stomach contents into the lungs), Inhalation of toxic substances, Bruising of the lungs caused by chest trauma, Near-drowning, Fat embolism (when a clot of fat enters the pulmonary circulation), Lung transplantation, Viral infection of the lungs, including by SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 infection.

• #7 Acute respiratory distress syndrome | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-1?lang=us

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a form of acute lung injury and occurs as a result of a severe pulmonary injury that causes alveolar damage heterogeneously throughout the lung. It can either result from a direct pulmonary source or as a response to systemic injury. […] The causes of ARDS can result from a direct lung injury, termed pulmonary ARDS, or extrapulmonary where the triggering insult is outside of the lungs. These two etiological subtypes respond in different ways to mechanical ventilation. Some authors have described distinct early phase radiological appearances between the two. […] Pulmonary causes include fat embolism, drowning, infection (viral pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia), pulmonary irritants (chlorine, chloramines, ammonia, phosgene, oxides of nitrogen), oxygen toxicity, smoke inhalation, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, aspiration (gastric contents, barium contrast), and thoracic trauma (lung contusion).

• #8 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0215/p352.html

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome manifests as rapidly progressive dyspnea, tachypnea, and hypoxemia. […] Acute respiratory distress syndrome is believed to occur when a pulmonary or extrapulmonary insult causes the release of inflammatory mediators, promoting neutrophil accumulation in the microcirculation of the lung. […] Most cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome are associated with pneumonia or sepsis. […] Most cases of ARDS in adults are associated with pulmonary sepsis (46 percent) or nonpulmonary sepsis (33 percent). […] Risk factors include those causing direct lung injury (e.g., pneumonia, inhalation injury, pulmonary contusion) and those causing indirect lung injury (e.g., nonpulmonary sepsis, burns, transfusion-related acute lung injury). […] Recent studies indicate that the incidence of adult acute lung injury and ARDS is 22 to 86 cases per 100,000 person-years and up to 64 cases per 100,000 person-years, respectively. […] Risk factors for mortality include increasing age, worsening multiorgan dysfunction, presence of pulmonary and nonpulmonary comorbidities, higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score, and acidosis. […] Most ARDS-related deaths are due to multiorgan failure.

• #9 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0615/p730.html

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is noncardiogenic pulmonary edema that manifests as rapidly progressive dyspnea, tachypnea, and hypoxemia. […] ARDS is thought to occur when a pulmonary or extrapulmonary insult causes the release of inflammatory mediators, promoting inflammatory cell accumulation in the alveoli and microcirculation of the lung. […] Most cases are associated with pneumonia or sepsis. […] Most cases of ARDS in adults are associated with pneumonia with or without sepsis (60%) or with nonpulmonary sepsis (16%). […] Risk factors include older age and conditions that cause direct lung injury (e.g., aspiration, inhalation injury, pulmonary contusion) or indirect lung injury (e.g., drug toxicity, burns, transfusion-related acute lung injury). […] Pneumonia is a leading cause of ARDS, and distinguishing patients with uncomplicated pneumonia from those with ARDS can be a diagnostic challenge.

• #10 Acute respiratory distress syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome

  Worldwide, severe sepsis is the most common trigger causing ARDS. Other triggers include mechanical ventilation, sepsis, pneumonia, Gilchrist’s disease, drowning, circulatory shock, aspiration, trauma especially pulmonary contusion major surgery, massive blood transfusions, smoke inhalation, drug reaction or overdose, fat emboli and reperfusion pulmonary edema after lung transplantation or pulmonary embolectomy. However, the majority of patients with all these conditions mentioned do not develop ARDS. […] Pneumonia and sepsis are the most common triggers, and pneumonia is present in up to 60% of patients and may be either causes or complications of ARDS.

• #11 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Acute-Respiratory-Distress-Syndrome-(ARDS).aspx

  Another cause of ARDS is pneumonia, which is the infection of the lungs. The common signs and symptoms include cough, fever, sputum production, chills, and fluid accumulation in the space surrounding the lungs. Bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens may cause infection of the lungs. […] Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) is the lesion that underlies and is responsible for most acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). DAD can follow a large number of precipitating events, including infection, sepsis, trauma, shock, toxic inhalants, drug toxicity, burns, and others.

• #12 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165139-overview

  Since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2) in 2019 and the subsequent global pandemic, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become the leading cause of ARDS world-wide. In the United States, there was a five-fold increase in ARDS-related deaths during the first year of the pandemic in 2020. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 studies with 2845 participants found an overall pooled ARDS prevalence of 32.2% among patients with COVID-19. […] Multiple risk factors exist for ARDS. Approximately 20% of patients with ARDS have no identified risk factor. ARDS risk factors include sepsis, direct lung injury (most commonly aspiration of gastric contents), systemic illnesses, and injuries. […] Given the number of adult studies, major risk factors associated with the development of ARDS include the following: COVID-19, Bacteremia, Sepsis, Trauma, with or without pulmonary contusion, Fractures, particularly multiple fractures and long bone fractures, Burns, Massive transfusion, Pneumonia, Aspiration, Drug overdose, Near drowning, Postperfusion injury after cardiopulmonary bypass, Pancreatitis, Fat embolism.

• #13 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/ards

  Conditions that cause indirect lung injury include: Sepsis (the body’s overreaction to an infection that can damage multiple organ systems, including the lungs), Severe trauma to the body (head trauma, burns, multiple bone fractures), Massive blood transfusion, Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), Cardiopulmonary bypass (heart-lung bypass surgery), Drug overdose. […] Out of these possible causes of lung injury, two of them—sepsis and pneumonia—make up 40% to 60% of all ARDS cases. […] In some cases, the virus travels beyond the upper airway, moves through the lungs, and ends up in the alveoli. When this occurs, COVID-19 can lead to ARDS, typically setting in about eight days after the onset of initial symptoms. Certain risk factors increase the likelihood of the development of ARDS in people with COVID-19, including advanced age, diabetes, and high blood pressure.

• #14 ARDS: Causes, Symptoms, Risks, Diagnosis, and TreatmentHealthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome

  Understanding Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) […] Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung condition. It occurs when fluid fills up the air sacs in your lungs. […] ARDS can prevent your organs from getting the oxygen they need to function, and it can eventually cause organ failure. […] ARDS most commonly affects hospitalized people who are very ill. It can also be caused by serious trauma, can sometimes begin as a “walking pneumonia,” or even as an infection somewhere else in the body. […] ARDS is primarily caused by damage to the tiny blood vessels in your lungs. Fluid from these vessels leaks into the air sacs of the lungs. […] Some common things that may lead to this type of lung damage include: inhaling toxic substances, such as salt water, chemicals, smoke, and vomit; developing a severe blood infection; developing a severe infection of the lungs, such as pneumonia; receiving an injury to the chest or head, such as during a car wreck or contact sports; overdosing on sedatives or tricyclic antidepressants. […] ARDS is usually a complication of another condition.

• #15 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165139-overview

  Since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2) in 2019 and the subsequent global pandemic, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become the leading cause of ARDS world-wide. In the United States, there was a five-fold increase in ARDS-related deaths during the first year of the pandemic in 2020. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 studies with 2845 participants found an overall pooled ARDS prevalence of 32.2% among patients with COVID-19. […] Multiple risk factors exist for ARDS. Approximately 20% of patients with ARDS have no identified risk factor. ARDS risk factors include sepsis, direct lung injury (most commonly aspiration of gastric contents), systemic illnesses, and injuries. […] Given the number of adult studies, major risk factors associated with the development of ARDS include the following: COVID-19, Bacteremia, Sepsis, Trauma, with or without pulmonary contusion, Fractures, particularly multiple fractures and long bone fractures, Burns, Massive transfusion, Pneumonia, Aspiration, Drug overdose, Near drowning, Postperfusion injury after cardiopulmonary bypass, Pancreatitis, Fat embolism.

• #16 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome/article_em.htm

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by the development of sudden breathlessness within hours to days of an inciting event. Inciting events include: trauma, sepsis (microorganisms growing in a person’s blood), drug overdose, massive transfusion of blood products, acute pancreatitis, or aspiration (fluid entering the lungs, especially stomach contents). […] ARDS is caused due to fluid leakage from the small lung vessels into the lung air sacs (alveoli). It causes difficulty in breathing and severe falls in oxygen in the body. A number of risk factors are associated with the development of ARDS. Sepsis (presence of various pathogenic microorganisms, or their toxins, in the blood or tissues), severe traumatic injury (especially multiple fractures), severe head injury, and injury to the chest, fracture of the long bones, transfusion of multiple units of blood, acute pancreatitis, drug overdose, aspiration, viral pneumonia, bacterial and fungal pneumonia, near drowning, toxic inhalations.

• #17 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/ards

  Though it has become part of a vocabulary around COVID-19, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, or ARDS for short, refers to a type of lung damage that can result from a variety of causes, including illness, trauma, or even as a complication that occurs following certain medical procedures. ARDS is always caused by an injury to the lungs, whether from illness or injury, but it can affect people of any age. […] Doctors divide the causes of lung injury that lead to ARDS into two broad categories: direct lung injury and indirect lung injury. Direct lung injuries are those that occur in or directly affect the lungs. Indirect injuries are those that occur elsewhere in the body, yet ultimately end up harming the lungs. […] Conditions that cause direct lung injury include: Pneumonia, Aspiration (inhalation of stomach contents into the lungs), Inhalation of toxic substances, Bruising of the lungs caused by chest trauma, Near-drowning, Fat embolism (when a clot of fat enters the pulmonary circulation), Lung transplantation, Viral infection of the lungs, including by SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 infection.

• #18 ARDS: Causes, Symptoms, Risks, Diagnosis, and TreatmentHealthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome

  Understanding Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) […] Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung condition. It occurs when fluid fills up the air sacs in your lungs. […] ARDS can prevent your organs from getting the oxygen they need to function, and it can eventually cause organ failure. […] ARDS most commonly affects hospitalized people who are very ill. It can also be caused by serious trauma, can sometimes begin as a “walking pneumonia,” or even as an infection somewhere else in the body. […] ARDS is primarily caused by damage to the tiny blood vessels in your lungs. Fluid from these vessels leaks into the air sacs of the lungs. […] Some common things that may lead to this type of lung damage include: inhaling toxic substances, such as salt water, chemicals, smoke, and vomit; developing a severe blood infection; developing a severe infection of the lungs, such as pneumonia; receiving an injury to the chest or head, such as during a car wreck or contact sports; overdosing on sedatives or tricyclic antidepressants. […] ARDS is usually a complication of another condition.

• #19

  https://lptmedical.com/blogs/respiratory-resource-center/what-is-acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-ards-in-copd?srsltid=AfmBOoqkG-p-flaQ7IZTDTafsZQudzK4BhTDOJjZ5l1yYpxop6RYxp0q

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome causes are divided into two different categories: direct (pulmonary or primary) lung injury or indirect (extrapulmonary or secondary) lung injury. Direct lung injury occurs within the lung epithelium and indirect lung injury is a systemic disorder that diffusely damages the lung epithelium. […] Pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome are very similar. They both result in the buildup of fluid in the alveoli of the lungs. However, pneumonia is caused by either a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection, whereas ARDS has a number of direct and indirect causes. […] Thoracic trauma is another way of saying physical trauma thats done to the chest. According to Science Direct, trauma patients account for 10% to 30% of all patients who develop ARDS. […] Airborne particles like smoke and gas are a risk factor or direct cause of many chronic lung conditions like COPD, pulmonary fibrosis, and more.

• #20 Acute respiratory distress syndrome | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-1?lang=us

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a form of acute lung injury and occurs as a result of a severe pulmonary injury that causes alveolar damage heterogeneously throughout the lung. It can either result from a direct pulmonary source or as a response to systemic injury. […] The causes of ARDS can result from a direct lung injury, termed pulmonary ARDS, or extrapulmonary where the triggering insult is outside of the lungs. These two etiological subtypes respond in different ways to mechanical ventilation. Some authors have described distinct early phase radiological appearances between the two. […] Pulmonary causes include fat embolism, drowning, infection (viral pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia), pulmonary irritants (chlorine, chloramines, ammonia, phosgene, oxides of nitrogen), oxygen toxicity, smoke inhalation, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, aspiration (gastric contents, barium contrast), and thoracic trauma (lung contusion).

• #21 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/ards

  Though it has become part of a vocabulary around COVID-19, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, or ARDS for short, refers to a type of lung damage that can result from a variety of causes, including illness, trauma, or even as a complication that occurs following certain medical procedures. ARDS is always caused by an injury to the lungs, whether from illness or injury, but it can affect people of any age. […] Doctors divide the causes of lung injury that lead to ARDS into two broad categories: direct lung injury and indirect lung injury. Direct lung injuries are those that occur in or directly affect the lungs. Indirect injuries are those that occur elsewhere in the body, yet ultimately end up harming the lungs. […] Conditions that cause direct lung injury include: Pneumonia, Aspiration (inhalation of stomach contents into the lungs), Inhalation of toxic substances, Bruising of the lungs caused by chest trauma, Near-drowning, Fat embolism (when a clot of fat enters the pulmonary circulation), Lung transplantation, Viral infection of the lungs, including by SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 infection.

• #22 ARDS: Causes, Symptoms, Risks, Diagnosis, and TreatmentHealthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome

  Understanding Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) […] Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung condition. It occurs when fluid fills up the air sacs in your lungs. […] ARDS can prevent your organs from getting the oxygen they need to function, and it can eventually cause organ failure. […] ARDS most commonly affects hospitalized people who are very ill. It can also be caused by serious trauma, can sometimes begin as a “walking pneumonia,” or even as an infection somewhere else in the body. […] ARDS is primarily caused by damage to the tiny blood vessels in your lungs. Fluid from these vessels leaks into the air sacs of the lungs. […] Some common things that may lead to this type of lung damage include: inhaling toxic substances, such as salt water, chemicals, smoke, and vomit; developing a severe blood infection; developing a severe infection of the lungs, such as pneumonia; receiving an injury to the chest or head, such as during a car wreck or contact sports; overdosing on sedatives or tricyclic antidepressants. […] ARDS is usually a complication of another condition.

• #23 ARDS: Causes, Symptoms, Risks, Diagnosis, and TreatmentHealthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome

  Understanding Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) […] Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung condition. It occurs when fluid fills up the air sacs in your lungs. […] ARDS can prevent your organs from getting the oxygen they need to function, and it can eventually cause organ failure. […] ARDS most commonly affects hospitalized people who are very ill. It can also be caused by serious trauma, can sometimes begin as a “walking pneumonia,” or even as an infection somewhere else in the body. […] ARDS is primarily caused by damage to the tiny blood vessels in your lungs. Fluid from these vessels leaks into the air sacs of the lungs. […] Some common things that may lead to this type of lung damage include: inhaling toxic substances, such as salt water, chemicals, smoke, and vomit; developing a severe blood infection; developing a severe infection of the lungs, such as pneumonia; receiving an injury to the chest or head, such as during a car wreck or contact sports; overdosing on sedatives or tricyclic antidepressants. […] ARDS is usually a complication of another condition.

• #24 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/ards

  Though it has become part of a vocabulary around COVID-19, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, or ARDS for short, refers to a type of lung damage that can result from a variety of causes, including illness, trauma, or even as a complication that occurs following certain medical procedures. ARDS is always caused by an injury to the lungs, whether from illness or injury, but it can affect people of any age. […] Doctors divide the causes of lung injury that lead to ARDS into two broad categories: direct lung injury and indirect lung injury. Direct lung injuries are those that occur in or directly affect the lungs. Indirect injuries are those that occur elsewhere in the body, yet ultimately end up harming the lungs. […] Conditions that cause direct lung injury include: Pneumonia, Aspiration (inhalation of stomach contents into the lungs), Inhalation of toxic substances, Bruising of the lungs caused by chest trauma, Near-drowning, Fat embolism (when a clot of fat enters the pulmonary circulation), Lung transplantation, Viral infection of the lungs, including by SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 infection.

• #25 Acute respiratory distress syndrome | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-1?lang=us

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a form of acute lung injury and occurs as a result of a severe pulmonary injury that causes alveolar damage heterogeneously throughout the lung. It can either result from a direct pulmonary source or as a response to systemic injury. […] The causes of ARDS can result from a direct lung injury, termed pulmonary ARDS, or extrapulmonary where the triggering insult is outside of the lungs. These two etiological subtypes respond in different ways to mechanical ventilation. Some authors have described distinct early phase radiological appearances between the two. […] Pulmonary causes include fat embolism, drowning, infection (viral pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia), pulmonary irritants (chlorine, chloramines, ammonia, phosgene, oxides of nitrogen), oxygen toxicity, smoke inhalation, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, aspiration (gastric contents, barium contrast), and thoracic trauma (lung contusion).

• #26 Acute respiratory distress syndrome | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-1?lang=us

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a form of acute lung injury and occurs as a result of a severe pulmonary injury that causes alveolar damage heterogeneously throughout the lung. It can either result from a direct pulmonary source or as a response to systemic injury. […] The causes of ARDS can result from a direct lung injury, termed pulmonary ARDS, or extrapulmonary where the triggering insult is outside of the lungs. These two etiological subtypes respond in different ways to mechanical ventilation. Some authors have described distinct early phase radiological appearances between the two. […] Pulmonary causes include fat embolism, drowning, infection (viral pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia), pulmonary irritants (chlorine, chloramines, ammonia, phosgene, oxides of nitrogen), oxygen toxicity, smoke inhalation, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, aspiration (gastric contents, barium contrast), and thoracic trauma (lung contusion).

• #27 Acute respiratory distress syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000103.htm

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung condition that prevents enough oxygen from getting to the lungs and into the blood. […] ARDS can be caused by any major direct or indirect injury to the lung. Common causes include: […] Breathing vomit into the lungs (aspiration) […] Inhaling chemicals […] Lung transplant […] Pneumonia, including COVID-19 infection […] Septic shock (infection throughout the body) […] Transfusions (multiple) […] Trauma. […] ARDS leads to a buildup of fluid in the air sacs (alveoli). This fluid prevents enough oxygen from passing into the bloodstream. […] Cigarette smoking and heavy alcohol use may be risk factors for its development.

• #28 Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, pathology, and etiology in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-epidemiology-pathophysiology-pathology-and-etiology-in-adults

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, pathology, and etiology in adults […] ETIOLOGIES AND PREDISPOSING FACTORS […] – Sepsis […] – Aspiration […] – Pneumonia […] – Severe trauma […] – Massive transfusion […] – Transfusion-related acute lung injury […] – Lung and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation […] – Drugs and alcohol […] – Genetic determinants […] – Other risk factors […] The epidemiology, pathophysiology, pathologic stages, and etiologies of ARDS will be reviewed here. […] A distinct type of hypoxemic respiratory failure characterized by acute abnormality of both lungs was first recognized during the 1960s. […] Subsequent recognition that individuals of any age could be afflicted led to the current term, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

• #29 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/ards

  Conditions that cause indirect lung injury include: Sepsis (the body’s overreaction to an infection that can damage multiple organ systems, including the lungs), Severe trauma to the body (head trauma, burns, multiple bone fractures), Massive blood transfusion, Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), Cardiopulmonary bypass (heart-lung bypass surgery), Drug overdose. […] Out of these possible causes of lung injury, two of them—sepsis and pneumonia—make up 40% to 60% of all ARDS cases. […] In some cases, the virus travels beyond the upper airway, moves through the lungs, and ends up in the alveoli. When this occurs, COVID-19 can lead to ARDS, typically setting in about eight days after the onset of initial symptoms. Certain risk factors increase the likelihood of the development of ARDS in people with COVID-19, including advanced age, diabetes, and high blood pressure.

• #30 Acute respiratory distress syndrome | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-1?lang=us

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a form of acute lung injury and occurs as a result of a severe pulmonary injury that causes alveolar damage heterogeneously throughout the lung. It can either result from a direct pulmonary source or as a response to systemic injury. […] The causes of ARDS can result from a direct lung injury, termed pulmonary ARDS, or extrapulmonary where the triggering insult is outside of the lungs. These two etiological subtypes respond in different ways to mechanical ventilation. Some authors have described distinct early phase radiological appearances between the two. […] Pulmonary causes include fat embolism, drowning, infection (viral pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia), pulmonary irritants (chlorine, chloramines, ammonia, phosgene, oxides of nitrogen), oxygen toxicity, smoke inhalation, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, aspiration (gastric contents, barium contrast), and thoracic trauma (lung contusion).

• #31 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Definition, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/ards-acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome?page=2

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a condition that causes fluid to build up in your lungs so oxygen cant get to your organs. […] ARDS is usually triggered by another health problem, so most people who have it are already in the hospital for something else. Causes of ARDS include: Sepsis. This is when you get an infection in your bloodstream and your immune system goes into overdrive, causing inflammation, small blood clots, and bleeding. […] Other possible causes of ARDS include: Pneumonia, Bleeding that makes you need a transfusion, Inflamed pancreas, Drug overdose, Near-drowning, Burns, Reactions to medications, Breathing food into your lungs (aspiration). […] Doctors dont know why some people get ARDS and others dont. Risk factors include: A problem in your genes, Heavy alcohol use, Smoking tobacco, Using oxygen for a lung condition, Recent high-risk surgery or chemotherapy, Obesity.

• #32 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome/

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome results from clinical disorders that affect the lungs either directly or indirectly. […] Sepsis and Septic Shock is the most common cause of ARDS. […] The underlying mechanism of ARDS is diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). […] Direct lung injury includes bacterial pneumonia, viral pneumonia, aspiration of gastric contents, pulmonary contusion, near-drowning incidents, toxic inhalation injury, and lung transplant. […] Indirect lung injury includes sepsis (most common cause), severe trauma, pancreatitis, multiple transfusions, drug overdose, postcardiopulmonary bypass, hematopoietic stem cell transplant, fat embolism, and amniotic fluid embolism. […] Risk of ARDS increases in a patient with multiple predisposing clinical conditions. […] Direct lung injuries result in twice the number of mortalities compared to indirect causes of lung injury.

• #33 Acute respiratory distress syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome

  Worldwide, severe sepsis is the most common trigger causing ARDS. Other triggers include mechanical ventilation, sepsis, pneumonia, Gilchrist’s disease, drowning, circulatory shock, aspiration, trauma especially pulmonary contusion major surgery, massive blood transfusions, smoke inhalation, drug reaction or overdose, fat emboli and reperfusion pulmonary edema after lung transplantation or pulmonary embolectomy. However, the majority of patients with all these conditions mentioned do not develop ARDS. […] Pneumonia and sepsis are the most common triggers, and pneumonia is present in up to 60% of patients and may be either causes or complications of ARDS.

• #34 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) – Creative Med Doses

  https://creativemeddoses.com/topics-list/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-ards/

  Most cases are attributed to Pneumonia and Sepsis (40-60%). […] Clinical Disorders Commonly Associated with ARDS can be of two types- […] Direct Lung Injury […] Indirect Lung Injury.

• #35 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165139-overview

  Since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2) in 2019 and the subsequent global pandemic, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become the leading cause of ARDS world-wide. In the United States, there was a five-fold increase in ARDS-related deaths during the first year of the pandemic in 2020. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 studies with 2845 participants found an overall pooled ARDS prevalence of 32.2% among patients with COVID-19. […] Multiple risk factors exist for ARDS. Approximately 20% of patients with ARDS have no identified risk factor. ARDS risk factors include sepsis, direct lung injury (most commonly aspiration of gastric contents), systemic illnesses, and injuries. […] Given the number of adult studies, major risk factors associated with the development of ARDS include the following: COVID-19, Bacteremia, Sepsis, Trauma, with or without pulmonary contusion, Fractures, particularly multiple fractures and long bone fractures, Burns, Massive transfusion, Pneumonia, Aspiration, Drug overdose, Near drowning, Postperfusion injury after cardiopulmonary bypass, Pancreatitis, Fat embolism.

• #36 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome/article_em.htm

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by the development of sudden breathlessness within hours to days of an inciting event. Inciting events include: trauma, sepsis (microorganisms growing in a person’s blood), drug overdose, massive transfusion of blood products, acute pancreatitis, or aspiration (fluid entering the lungs, especially stomach contents). […] ARDS is caused due to fluid leakage from the small lung vessels into the lung air sacs (alveoli). It causes difficulty in breathing and severe falls in oxygen in the body. A number of risk factors are associated with the development of ARDS. Sepsis (presence of various pathogenic microorganisms, or their toxins, in the blood or tissues), severe traumatic injury (especially multiple fractures), severe head injury, and injury to the chest, fracture of the long bones, transfusion of multiple units of blood, acute pancreatitis, drug overdose, aspiration, viral pneumonia, bacterial and fungal pneumonia, near drowning, toxic inhalations.

• #37 The acute respiratory distress syndrome: a clinical review – Aronson – Journal of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine

  https://jeccm.amegroups.org/article/view/3832/html

  The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates with refractory hypoxemia that is non-cardiogenic in origin, and has a high incidence in hospitalized patients with a significant mortality rate. […] A multitude of etiologies have the potential to trigger the clinical syndrome of ARDS. These have been grouped into direct and indirect causes of the disease. Direct causes would include those that cause primary injury to the lung epithelium, such as: pneumonia, aspiration, toxic inhalation, drowning. Indirect causes would include those that cause lung injury in the setting of systemic inflammation and diffusely damage the vascular endothelium of the lung. These include but are not limited to extra-pulmonary sepsis, non-cardiogenic shock, trauma, transfusions, pancreatitis, drug overdose, and vasculitis. […] ARDS develops after one of these insults provokes a dysregulated host systemic inflammatory response in the lung, usually within the first 12-48 hours of exposure.

• #38 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165139-overview

  Since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2) in 2019 and the subsequent global pandemic, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become the leading cause of ARDS world-wide. In the United States, there was a five-fold increase in ARDS-related deaths during the first year of the pandemic in 2020. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 studies with 2845 participants found an overall pooled ARDS prevalence of 32.2% among patients with COVID-19. […] Multiple risk factors exist for ARDS. Approximately 20% of patients with ARDS have no identified risk factor. ARDS risk factors include sepsis, direct lung injury (most commonly aspiration of gastric contents), systemic illnesses, and injuries. […] Given the number of adult studies, major risk factors associated with the development of ARDS include the following: COVID-19, Bacteremia, Sepsis, Trauma, with or without pulmonary contusion, Fractures, particularly multiple fractures and long bone fractures, Burns, Massive transfusion, Pneumonia, Aspiration, Drug overdose, Near drowning, Postperfusion injury after cardiopulmonary bypass, Pancreatitis, Fat embolism.

• #39 Acute respiratory distress syndrome | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-1?lang=us

  Extrapulmonary causes include systemic inflammation (pancreatitis, burns, trauma, sepsis), neurogenic pulmonary edema, transfusion-related lung injury (TRALI), post-cardiopulmonary bypass, abdominal compartment syndrome, and systemic toxicologic exposures (medications like colchicine, amiodarone, salicylates; drugs like opioids, sedative-hypnotics, cocaine; bipyridyl herbicides like paraquat).

• #40 Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, pathology, and etiology in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-epidemiology-pathophysiology-pathology-and-etiology-in-adults

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, pathology, and etiology in adults […] ETIOLOGIES AND PREDISPOSING FACTORS […] – Sepsis […] – Aspiration […] – Pneumonia […] – Severe trauma […] – Massive transfusion […] – Transfusion-related acute lung injury […] – Lung and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation […] – Drugs and alcohol […] – Genetic determinants […] – Other risk factors […] The epidemiology, pathophysiology, pathologic stages, and etiologies of ARDS will be reviewed here. […] A distinct type of hypoxemic respiratory failure characterized by acute abnormality of both lungs was first recognized during the 1960s. […] Subsequent recognition that individuals of any age could be afflicted led to the current term, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

• #41 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165139-overview

  Since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2) in 2019 and the subsequent global pandemic, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become the leading cause of ARDS world-wide. In the United States, there was a five-fold increase in ARDS-related deaths during the first year of the pandemic in 2020. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 studies with 2845 participants found an overall pooled ARDS prevalence of 32.2% among patients with COVID-19. […] Multiple risk factors exist for ARDS. Approximately 20% of patients with ARDS have no identified risk factor. ARDS risk factors include sepsis, direct lung injury (most commonly aspiration of gastric contents), systemic illnesses, and injuries. […] Given the number of adult studies, major risk factors associated with the development of ARDS include the following: COVID-19, Bacteremia, Sepsis, Trauma, with or without pulmonary contusion, Fractures, particularly multiple fractures and long bone fractures, Burns, Massive transfusion, Pneumonia, Aspiration, Drug overdose, Near drowning, Postperfusion injury after cardiopulmonary bypass, Pancreatitis, Fat embolism.

• #42 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) | Asthma + Lung UK

  https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/conditions/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-ards

  ARDS happens when the lungs become severely inflamed. Most people who develop ARDS are already in hospital, as it usually follows a serious illness or injury. ARDS can be triggered by: an infection such as pneumonia, severe flu, or coronavirus – its thought around 70% of people with coronavirus needing treatment in intensive care will develop ARDS […] blood poisoning (sepsis) […] inhaling vomit, smoke or toxic chemicals […] a severe chest injury […] near drowning […] acute pancreatitis a serious condition where the pancreas becomes inflamed over a short period of time […] an adverse reaction to a blood transfusion. […] Although ARDS is usually a complication of an existing serious health condition, this isnt always the case. It can start quickly because of an infection or if someone inhales their vomit (breathes vomit into their lungs).

• #43

  https://lptmedical.com/blogs/respiratory-resource-center/what-is-acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-ards-in-copd?srsltid=AfmBOoqkG-p-flaQ7IZTDTafsZQudzK4BhTDOJjZ5l1yYpxop6RYxp0q

  Sepsis is a blood condition that results when you have an unusual reaction to an infection. […] The pancreas is an organ that sits just behind the lower part of the stomach. Its part of the endocrine system and its responsible for secreting hormones and fluids that assist with the digestion of sugars, fats, and starches. […] According to PubMed, alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines, benzodiazepines, and opiates can all cause acute respiratory distress syndrome. Studies have shown that about 10% of all ARDS cases are drug induced. […] ARDS and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are commonly confused, but they are not the same condition. Whereas ARDS is a condition that develops quickly and can often be life-threatening if its not treated quickly, COPD is a condition that develops over the course of many years. […] Although COPD doesnt directly cause ARDS, it is a risk factor. […] Current or previous smokers are at a higher risk of contracting and experiencing severe symptoms from sepsis, pneumonia, and pancreatitis, all of which are causes of ARDS.

• #44 Acute respiratory distress syndrome | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-1?lang=us

  Extrapulmonary causes include systemic inflammation (pancreatitis, burns, trauma, sepsis), neurogenic pulmonary edema, transfusion-related lung injury (TRALI), post-cardiopulmonary bypass, abdominal compartment syndrome, and systemic toxicologic exposures (medications like colchicine, amiodarone, salicylates; drugs like opioids, sedative-hypnotics, cocaine; bipyridyl herbicides like paraquat).

• #45

  https://lptmedical.com/blogs/respiratory-resource-center/what-is-acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-ards-in-copd?srsltid=AfmBOoqkG-p-flaQ7IZTDTafsZQudzK4BhTDOJjZ5l1yYpxop6RYxp0q

  Sepsis is a blood condition that results when you have an unusual reaction to an infection. […] The pancreas is an organ that sits just behind the lower part of the stomach. Its part of the endocrine system and its responsible for secreting hormones and fluids that assist with the digestion of sugars, fats, and starches. […] According to PubMed, alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines, benzodiazepines, and opiates can all cause acute respiratory distress syndrome. Studies have shown that about 10% of all ARDS cases are drug induced. […] ARDS and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are commonly confused, but they are not the same condition. Whereas ARDS is a condition that develops quickly and can often be life-threatening if its not treated quickly, COPD is a condition that develops over the course of many years. […] Although COPD doesnt directly cause ARDS, it is a risk factor. […] Current or previous smokers are at a higher risk of contracting and experiencing severe symptoms from sepsis, pneumonia, and pancreatitis, all of which are causes of ARDS.

• #46

  https://lptmedical.com/blogs/respiratory-resource-center/what-is-acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-ards-in-copd?srsltid=AfmBOoqkG-p-flaQ7IZTDTafsZQudzK4BhTDOJjZ5l1yYpxop6RYxp0q

  Sepsis is a blood condition that results when you have an unusual reaction to an infection. […] The pancreas is an organ that sits just behind the lower part of the stomach. Its part of the endocrine system and its responsible for secreting hormones and fluids that assist with the digestion of sugars, fats, and starches. […] According to PubMed, alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines, benzodiazepines, and opiates can all cause acute respiratory distress syndrome. Studies have shown that about 10% of all ARDS cases are drug induced. […] ARDS and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are commonly confused, but they are not the same condition. Whereas ARDS is a condition that develops quickly and can often be life-threatening if its not treated quickly, COPD is a condition that develops over the course of many years. […] Although COPD doesnt directly cause ARDS, it is a risk factor. […] Current or previous smokers are at a higher risk of contracting and experiencing severe symptoms from sepsis, pneumonia, and pancreatitis, all of which are causes of ARDS.

• #47 Acute respiratory distress syndrome | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-1?lang=us

  Extrapulmonary causes include systemic inflammation (pancreatitis, burns, trauma, sepsis), neurogenic pulmonary edema, transfusion-related lung injury (TRALI), post-cardiopulmonary bypass, abdominal compartment syndrome, and systemic toxicologic exposures (medications like colchicine, amiodarone, salicylates; drugs like opioids, sedative-hypnotics, cocaine; bipyridyl herbicides like paraquat).

• #48 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165139-overview

  Since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2) in 2019 and the subsequent global pandemic, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become the leading cause of ARDS world-wide. In the United States, there was a five-fold increase in ARDS-related deaths during the first year of the pandemic in 2020. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 studies with 2845 participants found an overall pooled ARDS prevalence of 32.2% among patients with COVID-19. […] Multiple risk factors exist for ARDS. Approximately 20% of patients with ARDS have no identified risk factor. ARDS risk factors include sepsis, direct lung injury (most commonly aspiration of gastric contents), systemic illnesses, and injuries. […] Given the number of adult studies, major risk factors associated with the development of ARDS include the following: COVID-19, Bacteremia, Sepsis, Trauma, with or without pulmonary contusion, Fractures, particularly multiple fractures and long bone fractures, Burns, Massive transfusion, Pneumonia, Aspiration, Drug overdose, Near drowning, Postperfusion injury after cardiopulmonary bypass, Pancreatitis, Fat embolism.

• #49 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/acute-adult-respiratory-distress-syndrome

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common and devastating condition which can affect all adult patients – eg, medical, surgical and obstetric patients. It occurs when non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema (secondary to acute damage to the alveoli) leads to acute respiratory failure. […] The more risk factors present, the greater the chance of ARDS. […] Most common risk factors: Sepsis. Massive trauma with shock and multiple transfusions. Hypovolaemic shock. Pneumonia. Gastric aspiration. […] Other risk factors: Smoke inhalation. Burns. Near drowning. Diabetic ketoacidosis. Pregnancy. Eclampsia. Amniotic fluid embolus. Drugs – paraquat, heroin, aspirin. Acute pancreatitis. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Head injury/raised intracranial pressure (ICP). Fat emboli. Transfusions of blood products. Heart/lung bypass. Tumour lysis syndrome. Pulmonary contusion.

• #50 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165139-overview

  General risk factors for ARDS have not been prospectively studied using the 1994 EACC criteria. However, several factors appear to increase the risk of ARDS after an inciting event, including advanced age, female sex (noted only in trauma cases), cigarette smoking, and alcohol use. For any underlying cause, increasingly severe illness as predicted by a severity scoring system such as the Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) increases the risk of development of ARDS. […] A study by Glavan et al examined the association between genetic variations in the FAS gene and ALI susceptibility. The study identified associations between four single nucleotide polymorphisms and increased ALI susceptibility. Further studies are needed to examine the role of FAS in ALI.

• #51 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165139-overview

  General risk factors for ARDS have not been prospectively studied using the 1994 EACC criteria. However, several factors appear to increase the risk of ARDS after an inciting event, including advanced age, female sex (noted only in trauma cases), cigarette smoking, and alcohol use. For any underlying cause, increasingly severe illness as predicted by a severity scoring system such as the Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) increases the risk of development of ARDS. […] A study by Glavan et al examined the association between genetic variations in the FAS gene and ALI susceptibility. The study identified associations between four single nucleotide polymorphisms and increased ALI susceptibility. Further studies are needed to examine the role of FAS in ALI.

• #52 ARDS: Causes, Symptoms, Risks, Diagnosis, and TreatmentHealthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome

  These factors increase the risk of developing ARDS: age over 65 years; chronic lung disease; a history of alcohol misuse or cigarette smoking. […] The symptoms of ARDS typically appear within one week of an injury or trauma. […] Common symptoms and signs of ARDS include: labored and rapid breathing; muscle fatigue and general weakness; low blood pressure; discolored skin or nails; a dry, hacking cough; a fever; headaches; a fast pulse rate; mental confusion. […] In some cases, an ARDS diagnosis can cause or be linked to other health conditions that will need to be addressed. […] These complications can include: multiple organ failure; pulmonary hypertension (increase in blood pressure); blood clots forming during treatment; atelectasis (collapse of the lung’s small air pockets). […] If you suspect that someone you know has ARDS, you should call 911 or take them to the emergency room.

• #53 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15283-acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-ards

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung injury caused by sepsis, pneumonia, COVID-19 and other conditions. […] ARDS typically happens when a person is in the hospital receiving treatment for an infection, illness or trauma. […] Causes of ARDS include: Sepsis: Sepsis is the most common cause of ARDS. It can happen when you have a serious infection in your lungs (pneumonia) or other organs with widespread inflammation. […] COVID-19: The COVID-19 virus may develop into severe ARDS. […] ARDS can be life-threatening and scary. […] The outlook is typically better in people younger than 65 and when trauma or a blood transfusion causes ARDS.

• #54 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165139-overview

  General risk factors for ARDS have not been prospectively studied using the 1994 EACC criteria. However, several factors appear to increase the risk of ARDS after an inciting event, including advanced age, female sex (noted only in trauma cases), cigarette smoking, and alcohol use. For any underlying cause, increasingly severe illness as predicted by a severity scoring system such as the Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) increases the risk of development of ARDS. […] A study by Glavan et al examined the association between genetic variations in the FAS gene and ALI susceptibility. The study identified associations between four single nucleotide polymorphisms and increased ALI susceptibility. Further studies are needed to examine the role of FAS in ALI.

• #55 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436002/

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening condition characterized by poor oxygenation and non-compliant or „stiff” lungs. The disorder is associated with capillary endothelial injury and diffuse alveolar damage. ARDS has many risk factors. Besides pulmonary infection or aspiration, extra-pulmonary sources include sepsis, trauma, massive transfusion, drowning, drug overdose, fat embolism, inhalation of toxic fumes, and pancreatitis. These extra-thoracic illnesses and injuries trigger an inflammatory cascade, culminating in pulmonary injury. Some risk factors for ARDS include advanced age, female gender, smoking, alcohol use, aortic vascular surgery, cardiovascular surgery, traumatic brain injury, pancreatitis, pulmonary contusion, infectious pneumonia, and drugs (radiation, chemotherapeutic agents, amiodarone).

• #56 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165139-overview

  General risk factors for ARDS have not been prospectively studied using the 1994 EACC criteria. However, several factors appear to increase the risk of ARDS after an inciting event, including advanced age, female sex (noted only in trauma cases), cigarette smoking, and alcohol use. For any underlying cause, increasingly severe illness as predicted by a severity scoring system such as the Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) increases the risk of development of ARDS. […] A study by Glavan et al examined the association between genetic variations in the FAS gene and ALI susceptibility. The study identified associations between four single nucleotide polymorphisms and increased ALI susceptibility. Further studies are needed to examine the role of FAS in ALI.

• #57 ARDS: Causes, Symptoms, Risks, Diagnosis, and TreatmentHealthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome

  These factors increase the risk of developing ARDS: age over 65 years; chronic lung disease; a history of alcohol misuse or cigarette smoking. […] The symptoms of ARDS typically appear within one week of an injury or trauma. […] Common symptoms and signs of ARDS include: labored and rapid breathing; muscle fatigue and general weakness; low blood pressure; discolored skin or nails; a dry, hacking cough; a fever; headaches; a fast pulse rate; mental confusion. […] In some cases, an ARDS diagnosis can cause or be linked to other health conditions that will need to be addressed. […] These complications can include: multiple organ failure; pulmonary hypertension (increase in blood pressure); blood clots forming during treatment; atelectasis (collapse of the lung’s small air pockets). […] If you suspect that someone you know has ARDS, you should call 911 or take them to the emergency room.

• #58

  https://lptmedical.com/blogs/respiratory-resource-center/what-is-acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-ards-in-copd?srsltid=AfmBOoqkG-p-flaQ7IZTDTafsZQudzK4BhTDOJjZ5l1yYpxop6RYxp0q

  Sepsis is a blood condition that results when you have an unusual reaction to an infection. […] The pancreas is an organ that sits just behind the lower part of the stomach. Its part of the endocrine system and its responsible for secreting hormones and fluids that assist with the digestion of sugars, fats, and starches. […] According to PubMed, alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines, benzodiazepines, and opiates can all cause acute respiratory distress syndrome. Studies have shown that about 10% of all ARDS cases are drug induced. […] ARDS and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are commonly confused, but they are not the same condition. Whereas ARDS is a condition that develops quickly and can often be life-threatening if its not treated quickly, COPD is a condition that develops over the course of many years. […] Although COPD doesnt directly cause ARDS, it is a risk factor. […] Current or previous smokers are at a higher risk of contracting and experiencing severe symptoms from sepsis, pneumonia, and pancreatitis, all of which are causes of ARDS.

• #59 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165139-overview

  General risk factors for ARDS have not been prospectively studied using the 1994 EACC criteria. However, several factors appear to increase the risk of ARDS after an inciting event, including advanced age, female sex (noted only in trauma cases), cigarette smoking, and alcohol use. For any underlying cause, increasingly severe illness as predicted by a severity scoring system such as the Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) increases the risk of development of ARDS. […] A study by Glavan et al examined the association between genetic variations in the FAS gene and ALI susceptibility. The study identified associations between four single nucleotide polymorphisms and increased ALI susceptibility. Further studies are needed to examine the role of FAS in ALI.

• #60 ARDS: Causes, Symptoms, Risks, Diagnosis, and TreatmentHealthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome

  These factors increase the risk of developing ARDS: age over 65 years; chronic lung disease; a history of alcohol misuse or cigarette smoking. […] The symptoms of ARDS typically appear within one week of an injury or trauma. […] Common symptoms and signs of ARDS include: labored and rapid breathing; muscle fatigue and general weakness; low blood pressure; discolored skin or nails; a dry, hacking cough; a fever; headaches; a fast pulse rate; mental confusion. […] In some cases, an ARDS diagnosis can cause or be linked to other health conditions that will need to be addressed. […] These complications can include: multiple organ failure; pulmonary hypertension (increase in blood pressure); blood clots forming during treatment; atelectasis (collapse of the lung’s small air pockets). […] If you suspect that someone you know has ARDS, you should call 911 or take them to the emergency room.

• #61 Acute respiratory distress syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000103.htm

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung condition that prevents enough oxygen from getting to the lungs and into the blood. […] ARDS can be caused by any major direct or indirect injury to the lung. Common causes include: […] Breathing vomit into the lungs (aspiration) […] Inhaling chemicals […] Lung transplant […] Pneumonia, including COVID-19 infection […] Septic shock (infection throughout the body) […] Transfusions (multiple) […] Trauma. […] ARDS leads to a buildup of fluid in the air sacs (alveoli). This fluid prevents enough oxygen from passing into the bloodstream. […] Cigarette smoking and heavy alcohol use may be risk factors for its development.

• #62 Learn About ARDS | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/ards/learn-about-ards

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) occurs when our lungs are severely injured, often by infection or trauma. […] ARDS causes fluid to leak into the lungs, making it difficult to get oxygen into the bloodstream. […] ARDS results from lung injury. The exact nature of the injury is not always clear. Common injuries are: Sepsis, a life-threatening condition occurs when your immune system must work aggressively to fight off infection or trauma, inhaling harmful substances, pneumonia, trauma to the head, chest or other areas of the body, blood transfusions, pancreatitis, near drowning. […] While it is not clear who will develop ARDS, certain factors may increase the risk for ARDS including: advanced age, a history of tobacco use, a history of alcoholism, presence of chronic lung disease, high-risk surgery.

• #63

  https://www.advocatehealth.com/health-services/lung-respiratory-care/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-ards

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome happens after an injury or infection of the lungs. […] The most common causes of ARDS are infections such as the flu, COVID or other viruses. Pneumonia and sepsis (an extreme, life-threatening reaction to an infection) are other common causes. […] Other injuries and traumas that may lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome symptoms are: Trauma to the head, chest or other body parts, Near drowning experience, Blood transfusions, Pancreatitis, Inhaling harmful substances, Reaction to some medicines, Being on a heart-lung bypass machine or a ventilator. […] You may be more likely to develop ARDS if you are older or have: History of tobacco use, History of alcoholism, Chronic lung disease, High-risk surgery, Exposure to chronic air pollution, Some genetic conditions.

• #64

  https://lptmedical.com/blogs/respiratory-resource-center/what-is-acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-ards-in-copd?srsltid=AfmBOoqkG-p-flaQ7IZTDTafsZQudzK4BhTDOJjZ5l1yYpxop6RYxp0q

  Sepsis is a blood condition that results when you have an unusual reaction to an infection. […] The pancreas is an organ that sits just behind the lower part of the stomach. Its part of the endocrine system and its responsible for secreting hormones and fluids that assist with the digestion of sugars, fats, and starches. […] According to PubMed, alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines, benzodiazepines, and opiates can all cause acute respiratory distress syndrome. Studies have shown that about 10% of all ARDS cases are drug induced. […] ARDS and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are commonly confused, but they are not the same condition. Whereas ARDS is a condition that develops quickly and can often be life-threatening if its not treated quickly, COPD is a condition that develops over the course of many years. […] Although COPD doesnt directly cause ARDS, it is a risk factor. […] Current or previous smokers are at a higher risk of contracting and experiencing severe symptoms from sepsis, pneumonia, and pancreatitis, all of which are causes of ARDS.

• #65 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436002/

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening condition characterized by poor oxygenation and non-compliant or „stiff” lungs. The disorder is associated with capillary endothelial injury and diffuse alveolar damage. ARDS has many risk factors. Besides pulmonary infection or aspiration, extra-pulmonary sources include sepsis, trauma, massive transfusion, drowning, drug overdose, fat embolism, inhalation of toxic fumes, and pancreatitis. These extra-thoracic illnesses and injuries trigger an inflammatory cascade, culminating in pulmonary injury. Some risk factors for ARDS include advanced age, female gender, smoking, alcohol use, aortic vascular surgery, cardiovascular surgery, traumatic brain injury, pancreatitis, pulmonary contusion, infectious pneumonia, and drugs (radiation, chemotherapeutic agents, amiodarone).

• #66 Understanding Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 

  https://ukhcib.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/Encyclopedia/3,90903

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung condition. ARDS causes lungs to become inflamed and the small air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) to fill with fluid. […] Experts dont yet understand why ARDS occurs in some people and not in others. It can happen after an illness or injury, such as: Viral infection, such as COVID-19 or flu, Severe body inflammation (sepsis), Breathing stomach contents into the lungs (aspiration), Breathing water into the lungs in a near-drowning, Lung infection, such as pneumonia, Chest injury that bruises the lungs, Breathing in smoke or other fumes, Severe burns or bleeding, Severe reaction to medicine, such as chemotherapy, Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), Other severe injury. […] Certain things can make you more at risk for ARDS. These include: Recent high-risk surgery, such as heart or abdominal surgery, Having a large blood transfusion, Being a smoker, Heavy alcohol use, Obesity. […] ARDS can cause scarring of the lungs (fibrosis). It can cause organ failure from lack of oxygen to the organs. It can also cause death.

• #67 Understanding Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 

  https://ukhcib.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/Encyclopedia/3,90903

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung condition. ARDS causes lungs to become inflamed and the small air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) to fill with fluid. […] Experts dont yet understand why ARDS occurs in some people and not in others. It can happen after an illness or injury, such as: Viral infection, such as COVID-19 or flu, Severe body inflammation (sepsis), Breathing stomach contents into the lungs (aspiration), Breathing water into the lungs in a near-drowning, Lung infection, such as pneumonia, Chest injury that bruises the lungs, Breathing in smoke or other fumes, Severe burns or bleeding, Severe reaction to medicine, such as chemotherapy, Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), Other severe injury. […] Certain things can make you more at risk for ARDS. These include: Recent high-risk surgery, such as heart or abdominal surgery, Having a large blood transfusion, Being a smoker, Heavy alcohol use, Obesity. […] ARDS can cause scarring of the lungs (fibrosis). It can cause organ failure from lack of oxygen to the organs. It can also cause death.

• #68 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Definition, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/ards-acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome?page=2

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a condition that causes fluid to build up in your lungs so oxygen cant get to your organs. […] ARDS is usually triggered by another health problem, so most people who have it are already in the hospital for something else. Causes of ARDS include: Sepsis. This is when you get an infection in your bloodstream and your immune system goes into overdrive, causing inflammation, small blood clots, and bleeding. […] Other possible causes of ARDS include: Pneumonia, Bleeding that makes you need a transfusion, Inflamed pancreas, Drug overdose, Near-drowning, Burns, Reactions to medications, Breathing food into your lungs (aspiration). […] Doctors dont know why some people get ARDS and others dont. Risk factors include: A problem in your genes, Heavy alcohol use, Smoking tobacco, Using oxygen for a lung condition, Recent high-risk surgery or chemotherapy, Obesity.

• #69 Understanding Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 

  https://ukhcib.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/Encyclopedia/3,90903

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung condition. ARDS causes lungs to become inflamed and the small air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) to fill with fluid. […] Experts dont yet understand why ARDS occurs in some people and not in others. It can happen after an illness or injury, such as: Viral infection, such as COVID-19 or flu, Severe body inflammation (sepsis), Breathing stomach contents into the lungs (aspiration), Breathing water into the lungs in a near-drowning, Lung infection, such as pneumonia, Chest injury that bruises the lungs, Breathing in smoke or other fumes, Severe burns or bleeding, Severe reaction to medicine, such as chemotherapy, Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), Other severe injury. […] Certain things can make you more at risk for ARDS. These include: Recent high-risk surgery, such as heart or abdominal surgery, Having a large blood transfusion, Being a smoker, Heavy alcohol use, Obesity. […] ARDS can cause scarring of the lungs (fibrosis). It can cause organ failure from lack of oxygen to the organs. It can also cause death.

• #70 Understanding Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 

  https://ukhcib.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/Encyclopedia/3,90903

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung condition. ARDS causes lungs to become inflamed and the small air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) to fill with fluid. […] Experts dont yet understand why ARDS occurs in some people and not in others. It can happen after an illness or injury, such as: Viral infection, such as COVID-19 or flu, Severe body inflammation (sepsis), Breathing stomach contents into the lungs (aspiration), Breathing water into the lungs in a near-drowning, Lung infection, such as pneumonia, Chest injury that bruises the lungs, Breathing in smoke or other fumes, Severe burns or bleeding, Severe reaction to medicine, such as chemotherapy, Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), Other severe injury. […] Certain things can make you more at risk for ARDS. These include: Recent high-risk surgery, such as heart or abdominal surgery, Having a large blood transfusion, Being a smoker, Heavy alcohol use, Obesity. […] ARDS can cause scarring of the lungs (fibrosis). It can cause organ failure from lack of oxygen to the organs. It can also cause death.

• #71 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Definition, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/ards-acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome?page=2

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a condition that causes fluid to build up in your lungs so oxygen cant get to your organs. […] ARDS is usually triggered by another health problem, so most people who have it are already in the hospital for something else. Causes of ARDS include: Sepsis. This is when you get an infection in your bloodstream and your immune system goes into overdrive, causing inflammation, small blood clots, and bleeding. […] Other possible causes of ARDS include: Pneumonia, Bleeding that makes you need a transfusion, Inflamed pancreas, Drug overdose, Near-drowning, Burns, Reactions to medications, Breathing food into your lungs (aspiration). […] Doctors dont know why some people get ARDS and others dont. Risk factors include: A problem in your genes, Heavy alcohol use, Smoking tobacco, Using oxygen for a lung condition, Recent high-risk surgery or chemotherapy, Obesity.

• #72 Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, pathology, and etiology in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-epidemiology-pathophysiology-pathology-and-etiology-in-adults

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, pathology, and etiology in adults […] ETIOLOGIES AND PREDISPOSING FACTORS […] – Sepsis […] – Aspiration […] – Pneumonia […] – Severe trauma […] – Massive transfusion […] – Transfusion-related acute lung injury […] – Lung and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation […] – Drugs and alcohol […] – Genetic determinants […] – Other risk factors […] The epidemiology, pathophysiology, pathologic stages, and etiologies of ARDS will be reviewed here. […] A distinct type of hypoxemic respiratory failure characterized by acute abnormality of both lungs was first recognized during the 1960s. […] Subsequent recognition that individuals of any age could be afflicted led to the current term, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

• #73 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165139-overview

  General risk factors for ARDS have not been prospectively studied using the 1994 EACC criteria. However, several factors appear to increase the risk of ARDS after an inciting event, including advanced age, female sex (noted only in trauma cases), cigarette smoking, and alcohol use. For any underlying cause, increasingly severe illness as predicted by a severity scoring system such as the Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) increases the risk of development of ARDS. […] A study by Glavan et al examined the association between genetic variations in the FAS gene and ALI susceptibility. The study identified associations between four single nucleotide polymorphisms and increased ALI susceptibility. Further studies are needed to examine the role of FAS in ALI.

• #74 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) – Creative Med Doses

  https://creativemeddoses.com/topics-list/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-ards/

  Most cases are attributed to Pneumonia and Sepsis (40-60%). […] Clinical Disorders Commonly Associated with ARDS can be of two types- […] Direct Lung Injury […] Indirect Lung Injury.

• #75 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/ards

  Conditions that cause indirect lung injury include: Sepsis (the body’s overreaction to an infection that can damage multiple organ systems, including the lungs), Severe trauma to the body (head trauma, burns, multiple bone fractures), Massive blood transfusion, Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), Cardiopulmonary bypass (heart-lung bypass surgery), Drug overdose. […] Out of these possible causes of lung injury, two of them—sepsis and pneumonia—make up 40% to 60% of all ARDS cases. […] In some cases, the virus travels beyond the upper airway, moves through the lungs, and ends up in the alveoli. When this occurs, COVID-19 can lead to ARDS, typically setting in about eight days after the onset of initial symptoms. Certain risk factors increase the likelihood of the development of ARDS in people with COVID-19, including advanced age, diabetes, and high blood pressure.

• #76 Acute respiratory distress syndrome | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-1?lang=us

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a form of acute lung injury and occurs as a result of a severe pulmonary injury that causes alveolar damage heterogeneously throughout the lung. It can either result from a direct pulmonary source or as a response to systemic injury. […] The causes of ARDS can result from a direct lung injury, termed pulmonary ARDS, or extrapulmonary where the triggering insult is outside of the lungs. These two etiological subtypes respond in different ways to mechanical ventilation. Some authors have described distinct early phase radiological appearances between the two. […] Pulmonary causes include fat embolism, drowning, infection (viral pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia), pulmonary irritants (chlorine, chloramines, ammonia, phosgene, oxides of nitrogen), oxygen toxicity, smoke inhalation, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, aspiration (gastric contents, barium contrast), and thoracic trauma (lung contusion).

• #77 Acute respiratory distress syndrome | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-1?lang=us

  Extrapulmonary causes include systemic inflammation (pancreatitis, burns, trauma, sepsis), neurogenic pulmonary edema, transfusion-related lung injury (TRALI), post-cardiopulmonary bypass, abdominal compartment syndrome, and systemic toxicologic exposures (medications like colchicine, amiodarone, salicylates; drugs like opioids, sedative-hypnotics, cocaine; bipyridyl herbicides like paraquat).

• #78 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165139-overview

  Since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2) in 2019 and the subsequent global pandemic, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become the leading cause of ARDS world-wide. In the United States, there was a five-fold increase in ARDS-related deaths during the first year of the pandemic in 2020. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 studies with 2845 participants found an overall pooled ARDS prevalence of 32.2% among patients with COVID-19. […] Multiple risk factors exist for ARDS. Approximately 20% of patients with ARDS have no identified risk factor. ARDS risk factors include sepsis, direct lung injury (most commonly aspiration of gastric contents), systemic illnesses, and injuries. […] Given the number of adult studies, major risk factors associated with the development of ARDS include the following: COVID-19, Bacteremia, Sepsis, Trauma, with or without pulmonary contusion, Fractures, particularly multiple fractures and long bone fractures, Burns, Massive transfusion, Pneumonia, Aspiration, Drug overdose, Near drowning, Postperfusion injury after cardiopulmonary bypass, Pancreatitis, Fat embolism.

• #79

  https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?id=7054855&pid=12886

  Any disease process that can lead to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) can cause ALI/ARDS. […] The presence of more than one risk factor significantly enhances the likelihood of developing ARDS. […] The most common risk factors reported in the human literature include aspiration pneumonia, pancreatitis, pulmonary contusion, traumatic injury, fat embolism, ischemia/reperfusion, and sepsis. […] Acute lung injury and ARDS are secondary disorders caused by a severe inflammatory reaction, the origin of which may be the lung or a site distant to the lung. […] Diagnosing acute lung injury or ARDS provides important prognostic information for clients.

• #80 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome/

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome results from clinical disorders that affect the lungs either directly or indirectly. […] Sepsis and Septic Shock is the most common cause of ARDS. […] The underlying mechanism of ARDS is diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). […] Direct lung injury includes bacterial pneumonia, viral pneumonia, aspiration of gastric contents, pulmonary contusion, near-drowning incidents, toxic inhalation injury, and lung transplant. […] Indirect lung injury includes sepsis (most common cause), severe trauma, pancreatitis, multiple transfusions, drug overdose, postcardiopulmonary bypass, hematopoietic stem cell transplant, fat embolism, and amniotic fluid embolism. […] Risk of ARDS increases in a patient with multiple predisposing clinical conditions. […] Direct lung injuries result in twice the number of mortalities compared to indirect causes of lung injury.

• #81 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – Causes – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/perioperative/cardiorespiratory/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome/

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a form of acute lung injury, which is characterised by severe hypoxemia in the absence of a cardiogenic cause. […] It occurs when there is inflammatory damage to the alveoli, which leads to pulmonary oedema, respiratory compromise, and ultimately acute respiratory failure. […] The causes of acute respiratory distress syndrome can be divided into direct and indirect: Direct causes include pneumonia, smoke inhalation, aspiration, and fat embolus. Indirect causes include sepsis, acute pancreatitis, polytrauma, and major burns. […] The pathophysiology of ARDS is complex, and can be divided into an exudative phase, a proliferative phase, and a fibrotic phase. […] Acute respiratory distress syndrome remains associated with a high mortality (around 40% in many centres), although it varies dependent on multiple factors. […] Its causes can be divided into either direct or indirect.

• #82 Acute respiratory distress syndrome: causes, pathophysiology, and phenotypes | ICU Research

  https://icuresearch.nl/publications/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-causes-pathophysiology-and-phenotypes

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common clinical syndrome of acute respiratory failure as a result of diffuse lung inflammation and oedema. ARDS can be precipitated by a variety of causes. […] The pathophysiology of ARDS is complex and involves the activation and dysregulation of multiple overlapping and interacting pathways of injury, inflammation, and coagulation, both in the lung and systemically. […] Mechanical ventilation can contribute to a cycle of lung injury and inflammation.

• #83 The acute respiratory distress syndrome: a clinical review – Aronson – Journal of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine

  https://jeccm.amegroups.org/article/view/3832/html

  The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates with refractory hypoxemia that is non-cardiogenic in origin, and has a high incidence in hospitalized patients with a significant mortality rate. […] A multitude of etiologies have the potential to trigger the clinical syndrome of ARDS. These have been grouped into direct and indirect causes of the disease. Direct causes would include those that cause primary injury to the lung epithelium, such as: pneumonia, aspiration, toxic inhalation, drowning. Indirect causes would include those that cause lung injury in the setting of systemic inflammation and diffusely damage the vascular endothelium of the lung. These include but are not limited to extra-pulmonary sepsis, non-cardiogenic shock, trauma, transfusions, pancreatitis, drug overdose, and vasculitis. […] ARDS develops after one of these insults provokes a dysregulated host systemic inflammatory response in the lung, usually within the first 12-48 hours of exposure.

• #84 The acute respiratory distress syndrome: a clinical review – Aronson – Journal of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine

  https://jeccm.amegroups.org/article/view/3832/4481

  The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) contributes greatly to the morbidity and mortality of patients admitted to intensive care units. […] A multitude of etiologies have the potential to trigger the clinical syndrome of ARDS. These have been grouped into direct and indirect causes of the disease. Direct causes would include those that cause primary injury to the lung epithelium, such as: pneumonia, aspiration, toxic inhalation, drowning. Indirect causes would include those that the cause lung injury in the setting of systemic inflammation and diffusely damage the vascular endothelium of the lung. These include but are not limited to extra-pulmonary sepsis, non-cardiogenic shock, trauma, transfusions, pancreatitis, drug overdose, and vasculitis. […] ARDS develops after one of these insults provokes a dysregulated host systemic inflammatory response in the lung, usually within the first 12-48 hours of exposure. […] Understanding the differences in damage to the epithelium and endothelium between each type of ARDS insult may help to tailor novel targets for treatment beyond our current methods of mechanical ventilation.

• #85 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – Causes – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/perioperative/cardiorespiratory/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome/

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a form of acute lung injury, which is characterised by severe hypoxemia in the absence of a cardiogenic cause. […] It occurs when there is inflammatory damage to the alveoli, which leads to pulmonary oedema, respiratory compromise, and ultimately acute respiratory failure. […] The causes of acute respiratory distress syndrome can be divided into direct and indirect: Direct causes include pneumonia, smoke inhalation, aspiration, and fat embolus. Indirect causes include sepsis, acute pancreatitis, polytrauma, and major burns. […] The pathophysiology of ARDS is complex, and can be divided into an exudative phase, a proliferative phase, and a fibrotic phase. […] Acute respiratory distress syndrome remains associated with a high mortality (around 40% in many centres), although it varies dependent on multiple factors. […] Its causes can be divided into either direct or indirect.

• #86 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – Pulmonary Pathophysiology for Pre-Clinical Students

  https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/pulmonarypathophysiology/chapter/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome/

  Regardless of the insults route or indeed form, the ensuing pathological events are similar and lead to the same alteration of the lungs. What is initiated is a defensive inflammatory response, and what results is vascular endothelial and alveolar epithelial damage and a leaky alveolar capillary membrane. […] The injury causes release of inflammatory cytokines, and tumor necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and IL-8 have been shown to be particularly involved in ARDS. […] The neutrophils, however, begin to release toxic mediators, but rather than resolve the underlying, initial problem, the released reactive oxygen species and proteases disrupt the capillary endothelium and the alveolar epithelium. […] The lack of gas exchange from affected areas produces a right-left shunt and hypoxemia will result.

• #87 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – Pulmonary Pathophysiology for Pre-Clinical Students

  https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/pulmonarypathophysiology/chapter/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome/

  The loss of type II cells causes surfactant production to decline. This of course reduces lung compliance, and the resultant increase in the work of breathing contributes to the patients dyspnea. […] The fibrin clots forming obstructions in the lung microvasculature lead to V/Q mismatches, and these contribute to the hypoxemia.

• #88 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – Pulmonary Pathophysiology for Pre-Clinical Students

  https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/pulmonarypathophysiology/chapter/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome/

  Regardless of the insults route or indeed form, the ensuing pathological events are similar and lead to the same alteration of the lungs. What is initiated is a defensive inflammatory response, and what results is vascular endothelial and alveolar epithelial damage and a leaky alveolar capillary membrane. […] The injury causes release of inflammatory cytokines, and tumor necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and IL-8 have been shown to be particularly involved in ARDS. […] The neutrophils, however, begin to release toxic mediators, but rather than resolve the underlying, initial problem, the released reactive oxygen species and proteases disrupt the capillary endothelium and the alveolar epithelium. […] The lack of gas exchange from affected areas produces a right-left shunt and hypoxemia will result.

• #89 The acute respiratory distress syndrome: a clinical review – Aronson – Journal of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine

  https://jeccm.amegroups.org/article/view/3832/html

  The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates with refractory hypoxemia that is non-cardiogenic in origin, and has a high incidence in hospitalized patients with a significant mortality rate. […] A multitude of etiologies have the potential to trigger the clinical syndrome of ARDS. These have been grouped into direct and indirect causes of the disease. Direct causes would include those that cause primary injury to the lung epithelium, such as: pneumonia, aspiration, toxic inhalation, drowning. Indirect causes would include those that cause lung injury in the setting of systemic inflammation and diffusely damage the vascular endothelium of the lung. These include but are not limited to extra-pulmonary sepsis, non-cardiogenic shock, trauma, transfusions, pancreatitis, drug overdose, and vasculitis. […] ARDS develops after one of these insults provokes a dysregulated host systemic inflammatory response in the lung, usually within the first 12-48 hours of exposure.

• #90 The acute respiratory distress syndrome: a clinical review – Aronson – Journal of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine

  https://jeccm.amegroups.org/article/view/3832/4481

  The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) contributes greatly to the morbidity and mortality of patients admitted to intensive care units. […] A multitude of etiologies have the potential to trigger the clinical syndrome of ARDS. These have been grouped into direct and indirect causes of the disease. Direct causes would include those that cause primary injury to the lung epithelium, such as: pneumonia, aspiration, toxic inhalation, drowning. Indirect causes would include those that the cause lung injury in the setting of systemic inflammation and diffusely damage the vascular endothelium of the lung. These include but are not limited to extra-pulmonary sepsis, non-cardiogenic shock, trauma, transfusions, pancreatitis, drug overdose, and vasculitis. […] ARDS develops after one of these insults provokes a dysregulated host systemic inflammatory response in the lung, usually within the first 12-48 hours of exposure. […] Understanding the differences in damage to the epithelium and endothelium between each type of ARDS insult may help to tailor novel targets for treatment beyond our current methods of mechanical ventilation.

• #91 Pathophysiology and biomarkers of acute respiratory distress syndrome | Journal of Intensive Care | Full Text

  https://jintensivecare.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2052-0492-2-32

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is defined as an acute-onset, progressive, hypoxic condition with radiographic bilateral lung infiltration, which develops after several diseases or injuries, and is not derived from hydrostatic pulmonary edema. […] Infection, including severe sepsis and pneumonia, is the leading predisposing factor for ARDS. […] The high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) was one of the earliest discovered nuclear binding proteins demonstrated to function as a DAMP. […] The revised ARDS definition was significantly improved by the inclusion of timing, underlying conditions, and the mandated determination of the PaO2/FIO2 ratio under positive airway pressure. […] Numerous proinflammatory cytokines play major roles in acute inflammation and the development of inflammatory lung diseases, including ARDS.

• #92 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436002/

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening condition characterized by poor oxygenation and non-compliant or „stiff” lungs. The disorder is associated with capillary endothelial injury and diffuse alveolar damage. ARDS has many risk factors. Besides pulmonary infection or aspiration, extra-pulmonary sources include sepsis, trauma, massive transfusion, drowning, drug overdose, fat embolism, inhalation of toxic fumes, and pancreatitis. These extra-thoracic illnesses and injuries trigger an inflammatory cascade, culminating in pulmonary injury. Some risk factors for ARDS include advanced age, female gender, smoking, alcohol use, aortic vascular surgery, cardiovascular surgery, traumatic brain injury, pancreatitis, pulmonary contusion, infectious pneumonia, and drugs (radiation, chemotherapeutic agents, amiodarone).

• #93 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436002/

  ARDS represents a stereotypic response to various etiologies. ARDS progresses through different phases, starting with alveolar-capillary damage, a proliferative phase characterized by improved lung function and healing, and a final fibrotic phase signaling the end of the acute disease process. The pulmonary epithelial and endothelial cellular damage is characterized by inflammation, apoptosis, necrosis, and increased alveolar-capillary permeability, leading to alveolar edema and proteinosis. […] ARDS has significant morbidity as these patients remain in the hospital for extended periods and have significant weight loss, poor muscle function, and functional impairment.

• #94 Acute respiratory distress syndrome | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0069-0

  The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common cause of respiratory failure in critically ill patients and is defined by the acute onset of noncardiogenic pulmonary oedema, hypoxaemia and the need for mechanical ventilation. ARDS occurs most often in the setting of pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration of gastric contents or severe trauma and is present in ~10% of all patients in intensive care units worldwide. […] Pathological specimens from patients with ARDS frequently reveal diffuse alveolar damage, and laboratory studies have demonstrated both alveolar epithelial and lung endothelial injury, resulting in accumulation of protein-rich inflammatory oedematous fluid in the alveolar space. […] Future directions include efforts to facilitate earlier recognition of ARDS, identifying responsive subsets of patients and ongoing efforts to understand fundamental mechanisms of lung injury to design specific treatments.

• #95 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436002/

  ARDS represents a stereotypic response to various etiologies. ARDS progresses through different phases, starting with alveolar-capillary damage, a proliferative phase characterized by improved lung function and healing, and a final fibrotic phase signaling the end of the acute disease process. The pulmonary epithelial and endothelial cellular damage is characterized by inflammation, apoptosis, necrosis, and increased alveolar-capillary permeability, leading to alveolar edema and proteinosis. […] ARDS has significant morbidity as these patients remain in the hospital for extended periods and have significant weight loss, poor muscle function, and functional impairment.

• #96 Acute respiratory distress syndrome: causes, pathophysiology, and phenotypes | ICU Research

  https://icuresearch.nl/publications/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-causes-pathophysiology-and-phenotypes

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common clinical syndrome of acute respiratory failure as a result of diffuse lung inflammation and oedema. ARDS can be precipitated by a variety of causes. […] The pathophysiology of ARDS is complex and involves the activation and dysregulation of multiple overlapping and interacting pathways of injury, inflammation, and coagulation, both in the lung and systemically. […] Mechanical ventilation can contribute to a cycle of lung injury and inflammation.

• #97 Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803573-overview

  ARDS occurs as a consequence of diverse pulmonary and nonpulmonary etiologies. The most common conditions associated with ARDS are sepsis and infectious pneumonia (bacterial and viral). […] Other more common etiologies include bronchiolitis, aspiration pneumonia, aspiration of gastric contents, major trauma, pulmonary contusion, burns, inhalational injury, massive transfusions, or transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). […] Other causes include acute pancreatitis, fat embolism, envenomation, drowning or submersion injuries, drug reaction, malignancy, and lung transplantation. […] Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) has also been documented as one of the etiologies for development of ARDS. […] Noninfectious lung injury can occur after stem cell transplantation. However, a separate entity of idiopathic pulmonary syndrome has been described as well in this context.

• #98 Acute respiratory distress syndrome – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome/

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe inflammatory reaction of the lungs to pulmonary damage. While sepsis is the most common cause, a variety of systemic and pulmonary factors (e.g., pneumonia, aspiration) can lead to ARDS. […] Sepsis is the most common cause of ARDS. […] A defining feature of ARDS is a PaO2/FiO2 ratio 300 mm Hg. […] ARDS is a clinical syndrome of acute respiratory failure characterized by hypoxemia and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates that cannot be fully accounted for by heart failure or fluid overload. […] The chief finding in ARDS is hypoxemic respiratory failure with decreased arterial oxygen pressure, which can progress to hypercapnic respiratory failure. […] Management of ARDS is focused on maintaining adequate oxygenation, which often requires intubation and lung-protective mechanical ventilation.

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