Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Acute respiratory distress syndrome | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0069-0

  The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common cause of respiratory failure in critically ill patients and is defined by the acute onset of noncardiogenic pulmonary oedema, hypoxaemia and the need for mechanical ventilation. ARDS occurs most often in the setting of pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration of gastric contents or severe trauma and is present in ~10% of all patients in intensive care units worldwide. […] Despite some improvements, mortality remains high at 30-40% in most studies. […] This international study provides major new insights into the challenges in recognizing and diagnosing ARDS, the high prevalence in intensive care units and the shortcomings in applying treatment with lung-protective ventilation to a substantial proportion of patients with ARDS. […] The epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome. A 50th birthday review.

• #2 Formal guidelines: management of acute respiratory distress syndrome | Annals of Intensive Care | Full Text

  https://annalsofintensivecare.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13613-019-0540-9

  Much information on the epidemiology of ARDS has accrued from LUNG SAFE, an international, multicenter, prospective study conducted in over 29,000 patients in 50 countries. During this study, ARDS accounted for 10% of admissions to intensive care unit (ICU) and 23% of ventilated patients. Hospital mortality, which increased with the severity of ARDS, was about 40%, and reached 45% in patients presenting with severe ARDS. […] One of the most important results of the LUNG SAFE study was that ARDS was not identified as such by the primary care clinician in almost 40% of cases. This was particularly so for mild ARDS, in which only 51% of cases were identified. When all ARDS criteria were met, only 34% of ARDS patients were identified, suggesting that there was a delay in adapting the treatment, in particular mechanical ventilation.

• #3 The Epidemiology of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Before and After Coronavirus Disease 2019

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8449138/

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a heterogeneous syndrome of high morbidity and mortality with global impact. Current epidemiologic estimates are imprecise given differences in patient populations, risk factors, resources, and practice styles around the world. […] The Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic has resulted in a large number of ARDS cases that, despite less heterogeneity than multietiologic ARDS populations, still exhibit wide variation in physiology and outcomes. […] Intensive care unit rates of death have varied widely in studies to date because of a variety of patient and hospital-level factors. […] Further epidemiologic studies are needed to help characterize the epidemiology of ARDS subphenotypes to facilitate identification of targeted therapies. […] ARDS has high incidence among intensive care unit patients.

• #4 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436002/

  Estimates of the incidence of ARDS in the United States range from 64.2 to 78.9 cases/100,000 person-years. […] Approximately 10 to 15% of patients admitted to the intensive care units and up to 23% of mechanically ventilated patients meet the criteria for ARDS. […] A literature review revealed a mortality decrease of 1.1% per year from 1994 through 2006. However, the overall pooled mortality rate for all the studies evaluated was 43%. […] The mortality of ARDS is commensurate with the severity of the disease: 27%, 32%, and 45% for mild, moderate, and severe disease, respectively.

• #5 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0615/p730.html

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is responsible for one in 10 admissions to intensive care units and one in four mechanical ventilations. […] According to a retrospective U.S. study, the estimated incidence of ARDS in 2014 was 193.4 cases per 100,000 people. […] A prospective Canadian study estimated the incidence to be 27.6 cases per 100,000 patient-years. […] Another study found that ARDS was responsible for 10% of ICU admissions and 23% of mechanical ventilations. […] Mild, moderate, and severe cases of ARDS are associated with hospital mortality rates of 27% to 35%, 32% to 40%, and 46% to 60%, respectively, and hospitals with higher ARDS case volume have lower ARDS mortality. […] Most cases of ARDS in adults are associated with pneumonia with or without sepsis (60%) or with nonpulmonary sepsis (16%).

• #6 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165139-overview

  The incidence of ARDS varies widely, partly because studies have used different definitions of the disease. […] The incidence of ARDS increased five-fold in 2020 during the initial spread of COVID-19, and although improved treatments have since decreased the incidence and mortality rates for COVID-19-associated ARDS, the incidence and mortality rates remain high among patients in the ICU. […] On the basis of these statistics, it is estimated that 190,600 cases exist in the United States annually and that these cases are associated with 74,500 deaths. […] The first study to use the 1994 AECC definitions was performed in Scandinavia, which reported annual rates of 17.9 cases per 100,000 population for ALI and 13.5 cases per 100,000 population for ARDS. […] ARDS may occur in people of any age. Its incidence increases with advancing age, ranging from 16 cases per 100,000 person-years in those aged 15-19 years to 306 cases per 100,000 person-years in those between the ages of 75 and 84 years. […] For ARDS associated with sepsis and most other causes, no differences in the incidence between males and females appear to exist. However, in trauma patients only, the incidence of the disease may be slightly higher among females.

• #7 The Epidemiology of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Before and After Coronavirus Disease 2019

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8449138/

  ARDS has high morbidity and mortality. […] Improved supportive care has decreased ARDS incidence and mortality. […] COVID-19-associated ARDS is a syndrome within the known ARDS spectrum. […] The incidence of ARDS varies globally by over 400%. […] Likely the highest quality evidence on ARDS incidence and management patterns originates from LUNG-SAFE, a prevalence study conducted during a 4-week period in 459 ICUs in 50 countries. […] ARDS remains a common, deadly problem among critically ill patients around the world. […] COVID-19 has brought new challenges including a large, and relatively homogeneous, population of ARDS patients but does not seem to cause a truly unique respiratory failure syndrome distinct from ARDS generally nor even engender a truly homogenous subtype of ARDS.

• #8 Definition and epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/15694/15774

  In this review, we cover the history that led to the current worldwide accepted Berlin definition of ARDS and we summarize the recent data regarding ARDS epidemiology. […] It is surprising the huge variability of ARDS incidence, including all ARDS categories, in various population-based studies between different continents such as South America (10.1 per 100,000 person-years), Europe (17.9 per 100,000 person-years), Australia (34 per 100,000 person-years) and USA (78.9 per 100,000 person-years) with a relevant geographic diversity. […] Furthermore, in countries of the same continent such as Europe, ARDS occurrence varies consistently, ranging from 10.6 per 100,000 person-years in Finland, to 17.9 per 100,000 person-years in Scandinavia, to 25.5 per 100,000 person-years in Spain. […] Recent insights about the epidemiology of ARDS, according to the current Berlin definition, came from the LUNG SAFE study, an International, multicenter, prospective cohort study conducted in Intensive Care Units in 50 countries.

• #9 Definition and epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/15694/html

  It is surprising the huge variability of ARDS incidence, including all ARDS categories, in various population-based studies between different continents such as South America (10.1 per 100,000 person-years), Europe (17.9 per 100,000 person-years), Australia (34 per 100,000 person-years) and USA (78.9 per 100,000 person-years) with a relevant geographic diversity. […] Furthermore, in countries of the same continent such as Europe, ARDS occurrence varies consistently, ranging from 10.6 per 100,000 person-years in Finland, to 17.9 per 100,000 person-years in Scandinavia, to 25.5 per 100,000 person-years in Spain. […] Recent insights about the epidemiology of ARDS, according to the current Berlin definition, came from the LUNG SAFE study, an International, multicenter, prospective cohort study conducted in Intensive Care Units in 50 countries.

• #10 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/acute-adult-respiratory-distress-syndrome

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common and devastating condition which can affect all adult patients – eg, medical, surgical and obstetric patients. It occurs when non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema (secondary to acute damage to the alveoli) leads to acute respiratory failure.1 […] Various population-based studies conducted before the COVID-19 pandemic, revealed a huge global variation in incidence – eg, South America (10.1 per 100,000 person-years), Europe, (17.9 per 100,000 person-years), Australia (34 per 100,000 person-years), USA (78.9 per 100,000 person-years). Even within Europe, considerable variation exists: 10.6 per 100,000 person-years in Finland, 17.9 per 100,000 person-years in Scandinavia, 25.5 per 100,000 person-years in Spain. […] In the UK, in one prospective six-month study to determine the incidence and outcome of ARDS in a UK adult University Hospital ICU, 344 patients were admitted during the study period, of which 43 (12.5%) were determined to have acute respiratory distress syndrome.4

• #11 Definition and epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/15694/15774

  In this review, we cover the history that led to the current worldwide accepted Berlin definition of ARDS and we summarize the recent data regarding ARDS epidemiology. […] It is surprising the huge variability of ARDS incidence, including all ARDS categories, in various population-based studies between different continents such as South America (10.1 per 100,000 person-years), Europe (17.9 per 100,000 person-years), Australia (34 per 100,000 person-years) and USA (78.9 per 100,000 person-years) with a relevant geographic diversity. […] Furthermore, in countries of the same continent such as Europe, ARDS occurrence varies consistently, ranging from 10.6 per 100,000 person-years in Finland, to 17.9 per 100,000 person-years in Scandinavia, to 25.5 per 100,000 person-years in Spain. […] Recent insights about the epidemiology of ARDS, according to the current Berlin definition, came from the LUNG SAFE study, an International, multicenter, prospective cohort study conducted in Intensive Care Units in 50 countries.

• #12 Definition and epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/15694/html

  It is surprising the huge variability of ARDS incidence, including all ARDS categories, in various population-based studies between different continents such as South America (10.1 per 100,000 person-years), Europe (17.9 per 100,000 person-years), Australia (34 per 100,000 person-years) and USA (78.9 per 100,000 person-years) with a relevant geographic diversity. […] Furthermore, in countries of the same continent such as Europe, ARDS occurrence varies consistently, ranging from 10.6 per 100,000 person-years in Finland, to 17.9 per 100,000 person-years in Scandinavia, to 25.5 per 100,000 person-years in Spain. […] Recent insights about the epidemiology of ARDS, according to the current Berlin definition, came from the LUNG SAFE study, an International, multicenter, prospective cohort study conducted in Intensive Care Units in 50 countries.

• #13 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436002/

  Estimates of the incidence of ARDS in the United States range from 64.2 to 78.9 cases/100,000 person-years. […] Approximately 10 to 15% of patients admitted to the intensive care units and up to 23% of mechanically ventilated patients meet the criteria for ARDS. […] A literature review revealed a mortality decrease of 1.1% per year from 1994 through 2006. However, the overall pooled mortality rate for all the studies evaluated was 43%. […] The mortality of ARDS is commensurate with the severity of the disease: 27%, 32%, and 45% for mild, moderate, and severe disease, respectively.

• #14 The Epidemiology of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Before and After Coronavirus Disease 2019

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8449138/

  ARDS has high morbidity and mortality. […] Improved supportive care has decreased ARDS incidence and mortality. […] COVID-19-associated ARDS is a syndrome within the known ARDS spectrum. […] The incidence of ARDS varies globally by over 400%. […] Likely the highest quality evidence on ARDS incidence and management patterns originates from LUNG-SAFE, a prevalence study conducted during a 4-week period in 459 ICUs in 50 countries. […] ARDS remains a common, deadly problem among critically ill patients around the world. […] COVID-19 has brought new challenges including a large, and relatively homogeneous, population of ARDS patients but does not seem to cause a truly unique respiratory failure syndrome distinct from ARDS generally nor even engender a truly homogenous subtype of ARDS.

• #15 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome : Virtual Library

  https://resources.wfsahq.org/atotw/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome/

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a syndrome of hypoxaemic respiratory failure associated with noncardiogenic pulmonary oedema which occurs in 10% of intensive care unit (ICU) patients. […] The LUNG SAFE study was a prospective observational study of the epidemiology and management of ARDS encompassing 29 000 patients in over 50 countries. It found that ARDS criteria were fulfilled in 10% of all intensive care admissions and in 23% of cases requiring mechanical ventilation. […] ICU and hospital mortality were 34% and 40% respectively. The study concluded that ARDS was underrecognised and undertreated with a high mortality.

• #16 Definition and epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/15694/15774

  ARDS occurrence was estimated to be 10.4% in all ICU admissions and in more than double (23.4%) among the mechanically ventilated patients. […] One of the most striking finding of the LUNG SAFE study was that of all ARDS patients, clinicians missed almost 40% of ARDS diagnosis, despite a specific online training on ARDS diagnosis, which was offered to all investigators. […] In LUNG SAFE, organizational and patient factors were reported to be associated with higher clinician recognition of ARDS in invasively ventilated patients. […] Mortality in ARDS patients is still high. The LUNG SAFE study reports a hospital mortality of 40%, with a significant increase across the ARDS severity categories, in line with Berlin definition (34.9%, in mild ARDS; 40.3% in moderate ARDS; 46.1% in severe ARDS). […] These results proof that the Berlin definition of ARDS is an excellent predictor of outcomes in the studied population.

• #17 Definition and epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/15694/html

  ARDS occurrence was estimated to be 10.4% in all ICU admissions and in more than double (23.4%) among the mechanically ventilated patients. […] One of the most striking finding of the LUNG SAFE study was that of all ARDS patients, clinicians missed almost 40% of ARDS diagnosis, despite a specific online training on ARDS diagnosis, which was offered to all investigators. […] Mortality in ARDS patients is still high. The LUNG SAFE study reports a hospital mortality of 40%, with a significant increase across the ARDS severity categories, in line with Berlin definition (34.9%, in mild ARDS; 40.3% in moderate ARDS; 46.1% in severe ARDS). […] These findings are corroborated by mortality data of the recent LUNG SAFE study.

• #18 Epidemiology, Patterns of Care, and Mortality for Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Intensive Care Units in 50 Countries

  https://lirias.kuleuven.be/1944635

  IMPORTANCE: Limited information exists about the epidemiology, recognition, management, and outcomes of patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). […] The primary outcome was ICU incidence of ARDS. […] Of 29,144 patients admitted to participating ICUs, 3022 (10.4%) fulfilled ARDS criteria. […] ARDS represented 0.42 cases per ICU bed over 4 weeks and represented 10.4% (95% CI, 10.0%-10.7%) of ICU admissions and 23.4% of patients requiring mechanical ventilation. […] Among ICUs in 50 countries, the period prevalence of ARDS was 10.4% of ICU admissions. This syndrome appeared to be underrecognized and undertreated and associated with a high mortality rate.

• #19 Epidemiology, Patterns of Care, and Mortality for Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Intensive Care Units in 50 Countries

  https://lirias.kuleuven.be/1944635

  IMPORTANCE: Limited information exists about the epidemiology, recognition, management, and outcomes of patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). […] The primary outcome was ICU incidence of ARDS. […] Of 29,144 patients admitted to participating ICUs, 3022 (10.4%) fulfilled ARDS criteria. […] ARDS represented 0.42 cases per ICU bed over 4 weeks and represented 10.4% (95% CI, 10.0%-10.7%) of ICU admissions and 23.4% of patients requiring mechanical ventilation. […] Among ICUs in 50 countries, the period prevalence of ARDS was 10.4% of ICU admissions. This syndrome appeared to be underrecognized and undertreated and associated with a high mortality rate.

• #20 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of ARDS: How Many Is the Real Incidence of ARDS? | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-8371-8_2

  The incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) varies significantly from study to study, from 5.0 to 78.9 per 100,000 persons per year regardless of severity. […] Among patients admitted to ICU, 1620% of patients under mechanical ventilation are diagnosed as ARDS. […] ICU mortality among ARDS patients is between 30% and 49%, and hospital mortality is between 37% and 58% from data collected after the AmericanEuropean Consensus Conference (AECC) definition. […] Risk factors for ARDS include pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration, and trauma as primary diseases; chronic alcohol abuse, cigarette smoking, air pollution, and hypoproteinemia as comorbidities. […] Interestingly, patients with diabetes have a lower risk of developing ARDS. […] Thus, evading as many risk factors as possible is essential when treating ARDS patients or those at risk.

• #21 Acute respiratory distress syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome

  The annual rate of ARDS is generally 1323 people per 100,000 in the general population. […] It is more common in people who are mechanically ventilated with acute lung injury (ALI) occurring in 16% of ventilated people. […] Rates increased in 2020 due to COVID-19, with some cases also appearing similar to HAPE. […] Worldwide, severe sepsis is the most common trigger causing ARDS. […] Other triggers include mechanical ventilation, sepsis, pneumonia, Gilchrist’s disease, drowning, circulatory shock, aspiration, traumaespecially pulmonary contusionmajor surgery, massive blood transfusions, smoke inhalation, drug reaction or overdose, fat emboli and reperfusion pulmonary edema after lung transplantation or pulmonary embolectomy. […] However, the majority of patients with all these conditions mentioned do not develop ARDS.

• #22 Advances in acute respiratory distress syndrome: focusing on heterogeneity, pathophysiology, and therapeutic strategies | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-025-02127-9

  However, in another multicentre prospective longitudinal study, the incidence of ARDS was low; of 18,793 ICU patients, only 3.6% met the criteria outlined in the Berlin definition of ARDS, with an in-hospital mortality rate of 244 (46.3%). […] Moreover, the epidemiology of COVID-19-related ARDS (CARDS) in China has varied among different cohort studies. […] Pneumonia is the most common cause of ARDS, followed by extrapulmonary sepsis, aspiration, and trauma. […] Notably, some viruses that cause pneumonia are more likely to cause ARDS, including SARS-CoV (2003), H1N1 influenza (2009), MERS-CoV (2012), and most notably SARS-CoV-2 (2019), which led to the COVID-19 pandemic. […] Substantial evidence has shown that smoking cigarettes and chronic consumption of large amounts of alcohol increase the risk of developing ARDS.

• #23 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0615/p730.html

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is responsible for one in 10 admissions to intensive care units and one in four mechanical ventilations. […] According to a retrospective U.S. study, the estimated incidence of ARDS in 2014 was 193.4 cases per 100,000 people. […] A prospective Canadian study estimated the incidence to be 27.6 cases per 100,000 patient-years. […] Another study found that ARDS was responsible for 10% of ICU admissions and 23% of mechanical ventilations. […] Mild, moderate, and severe cases of ARDS are associated with hospital mortality rates of 27% to 35%, 32% to 40%, and 46% to 60%, respectively, and hospitals with higher ARDS case volume have lower ARDS mortality. […] Most cases of ARDS in adults are associated with pneumonia with or without sepsis (60%) or with nonpulmonary sepsis (16%).

• #24 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Epidemiology 2017-2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200713005331/en/Acute-Respiratory-Distress-Syndrome-ARDS-Epidemiology-2017-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  Generally, the highest number of incident cases were assessed for ARDS due to pneumonia, in all the 7MM countries, except the United Kingdom, in which sepsis was the primary risk factor for ARDS. […] The estimates show a higher incidence of ARDS in the United States with 495,655 cases in 2017. […] The report assesses the disease risk and burden and highlights the unmet needs of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). […] Total Incident Population of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in the 7MM is estimated to increase at a CAGR of 1.07%. […] Severity-specific Incident Population of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in the 7MM is projected to rise at a CAGR of 0.92%.

• #25 Acute respiratory distress syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome

  It is unclear why some people with the mentioned factors above do not develop ARDS and others do. […] Pneumonia and sepsis are the most common triggers, and pneumonia is present in up to 60% of patients and may be either causes or complications of ARDS. […] Alcohol excess appears to increase the risk of ARDS. […] Diabetes was originally thought to decrease the risk of ARDS, but this has shown to be due to an increase in the risk of pulmonary edema. […] Elevated abdominal pressure of any cause is also probably a risk factor for the development of ARDS, particularly during mechanical ventilation.

• #26 Advances in acute respiratory distress syndrome: focusing on heterogeneity, pathophysiology, and therapeutic strategies | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-025-02127-9

  Additionally, blood product transfusion and e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) were identified as risk factors for ARDS in several trials. […] Notably, long-term exposure to air pollutants, especially ozone, has also been reported to be a potential modifiable environmental risk factor for ARDS.

• #27 Acute respiratory distress syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome

  It is unclear why some people with the mentioned factors above do not develop ARDS and others do. […] Pneumonia and sepsis are the most common triggers, and pneumonia is present in up to 60% of patients and may be either causes or complications of ARDS. […] Alcohol excess appears to increase the risk of ARDS. […] Diabetes was originally thought to decrease the risk of ARDS, but this has shown to be due to an increase in the risk of pulmonary edema. […] Elevated abdominal pressure of any cause is also probably a risk factor for the development of ARDS, particularly during mechanical ventilation.

• #28 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of ARDS: How Many Is the Real Incidence of ARDS? | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-8371-8_2

  The incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) varies significantly from study to study, from 5.0 to 78.9 per 100,000 persons per year regardless of severity. […] Among patients admitted to ICU, 1620% of patients under mechanical ventilation are diagnosed as ARDS. […] ICU mortality among ARDS patients is between 30% and 49%, and hospital mortality is between 37% and 58% from data collected after the AmericanEuropean Consensus Conference (AECC) definition. […] Risk factors for ARDS include pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration, and trauma as primary diseases; chronic alcohol abuse, cigarette smoking, air pollution, and hypoproteinemia as comorbidities. […] Interestingly, patients with diabetes have a lower risk of developing ARDS. […] Thus, evading as many risk factors as possible is essential when treating ARDS patients or those at risk.

• #29 Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, pathology, and etiology in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-epidemiology-pathophysiology-pathology-and-etiology-in-adults

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, pathology, and etiology in adults […] The epidemiology, pathophysiology, pathologic stages, and etiologies of ARDS will be reviewed here. […] The incidence of acute lung injury was determined in a multicenter, population-based, prospective cohort study in the United States. […] The age-adjusted incidence was 86 per 100,000 person-years for individuals with an arterial oxygen tension to fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) ratio ≤300 mmHg and 64 per 100,000 person-years for individuals with a PaO2/FiO2 ≤200 mmHg. […] The incidence increased with patient age from 16 per 100,000 person-years among individuals 15 to 19 years of age to 306 per 100,000 person-years among individuals 75 to 84 years of age.

• #30 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165139-overview

  The incidence of ARDS varies widely, partly because studies have used different definitions of the disease. […] The incidence of ARDS increased five-fold in 2020 during the initial spread of COVID-19, and although improved treatments have since decreased the incidence and mortality rates for COVID-19-associated ARDS, the incidence and mortality rates remain high among patients in the ICU. […] On the basis of these statistics, it is estimated that 190,600 cases exist in the United States annually and that these cases are associated with 74,500 deaths. […] The first study to use the 1994 AECC definitions was performed in Scandinavia, which reported annual rates of 17.9 cases per 100,000 population for ALI and 13.5 cases per 100,000 population for ARDS. […] ARDS may occur in people of any age. Its incidence increases with advancing age, ranging from 16 cases per 100,000 person-years in those aged 15-19 years to 306 cases per 100,000 person-years in those between the ages of 75 and 84 years. […] For ARDS associated with sepsis and most other causes, no differences in the incidence between males and females appear to exist. However, in trauma patients only, the incidence of the disease may be slightly higher among females.

• #31 Advances in acute respiratory distress syndrome: focusing on heterogeneity, pathophysiology, and therapeutic strategies | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-025-02127-9

  In recent years, the incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been gradually increasing. […] Despite advances in supportive care, ARDS remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. […] The incidence of ARDS is age dependent, increasing from 16/100,000 person-years for individuals 15-19 years of age to 306/100,000 person-years for individuals 75-84 years of age. […] In addition, the incidence of ARDS is also gender dependent, and men (62%) are more likely to develop ARDS than women (38%). […] The incidence of ARDS among ICU patients was investigated in a large-scale study; 10% of ICU patients met the criteria for ARDS, and a quarter of all critically ill patients who required mechanical ventilation developed ARDS. […] Despite advances in supportive care, ARDS remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients, with high mortality rates of 35% (for mild cases), 40% (for moderate cases), and 45% (for severe cases).

• #32 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165139-overview

  The incidence of ARDS varies widely, partly because studies have used different definitions of the disease. […] The incidence of ARDS increased five-fold in 2020 during the initial spread of COVID-19, and although improved treatments have since decreased the incidence and mortality rates for COVID-19-associated ARDS, the incidence and mortality rates remain high among patients in the ICU. […] On the basis of these statistics, it is estimated that 190,600 cases exist in the United States annually and that these cases are associated with 74,500 deaths. […] The first study to use the 1994 AECC definitions was performed in Scandinavia, which reported annual rates of 17.9 cases per 100,000 population for ALI and 13.5 cases per 100,000 population for ARDS. […] ARDS may occur in people of any age. Its incidence increases with advancing age, ranging from 16 cases per 100,000 person-years in those aged 15-19 years to 306 cases per 100,000 person-years in those between the ages of 75 and 84 years. […] For ARDS associated with sepsis and most other causes, no differences in the incidence between males and females appear to exist. However, in trauma patients only, the incidence of the disease may be slightly higher among females.

• #33 Advances in acute respiratory distress syndrome: focusing on heterogeneity, pathophysiology, and therapeutic strategies | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-025-02127-9

  In recent years, the incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been gradually increasing. […] Despite advances in supportive care, ARDS remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. […] The incidence of ARDS is age dependent, increasing from 16/100,000 person-years for individuals 15-19 years of age to 306/100,000 person-years for individuals 75-84 years of age. […] In addition, the incidence of ARDS is also gender dependent, and men (62%) are more likely to develop ARDS than women (38%). […] The incidence of ARDS among ICU patients was investigated in a large-scale study; 10% of ICU patients met the criteria for ARDS, and a quarter of all critically ill patients who required mechanical ventilation developed ARDS. […] Despite advances in supportive care, ARDS remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients, with high mortality rates of 35% (for mild cases), 40% (for moderate cases), and 45% (for severe cases).

• #34 Acute respiratory distress syndrome | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0069-0

  The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common cause of respiratory failure in critically ill patients and is defined by the acute onset of noncardiogenic pulmonary oedema, hypoxaemia and the need for mechanical ventilation. ARDS occurs most often in the setting of pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration of gastric contents or severe trauma and is present in ~10% of all patients in intensive care units worldwide. […] Despite some improvements, mortality remains high at 30-40% in most studies. […] This international study provides major new insights into the challenges in recognizing and diagnosing ARDS, the high prevalence in intensive care units and the shortcomings in applying treatment with lung-protective ventilation to a substantial proportion of patients with ARDS. […] The epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome. A 50th birthday review.

• #35 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436002/

  Estimates of the incidence of ARDS in the United States range from 64.2 to 78.9 cases/100,000 person-years. […] Approximately 10 to 15% of patients admitted to the intensive care units and up to 23% of mechanically ventilated patients meet the criteria for ARDS. […] A literature review revealed a mortality decrease of 1.1% per year from 1994 through 2006. However, the overall pooled mortality rate for all the studies evaluated was 43%. […] The mortality of ARDS is commensurate with the severity of the disease: 27%, 32%, and 45% for mild, moderate, and severe disease, respectively.

• #36 Definition and epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/15694/15774

  ARDS occurrence was estimated to be 10.4% in all ICU admissions and in more than double (23.4%) among the mechanically ventilated patients. […] One of the most striking finding of the LUNG SAFE study was that of all ARDS patients, clinicians missed almost 40% of ARDS diagnosis, despite a specific online training on ARDS diagnosis, which was offered to all investigators. […] In LUNG SAFE, organizational and patient factors were reported to be associated with higher clinician recognition of ARDS in invasively ventilated patients. […] Mortality in ARDS patients is still high. The LUNG SAFE study reports a hospital mortality of 40%, with a significant increase across the ARDS severity categories, in line with Berlin definition (34.9%, in mild ARDS; 40.3% in moderate ARDS; 46.1% in severe ARDS). […] These results proof that the Berlin definition of ARDS is an excellent predictor of outcomes in the studied population.

• #37 Definition and epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/15694/html

  ARDS occurrence was estimated to be 10.4% in all ICU admissions and in more than double (23.4%) among the mechanically ventilated patients. […] One of the most striking finding of the LUNG SAFE study was that of all ARDS patients, clinicians missed almost 40% of ARDS diagnosis, despite a specific online training on ARDS diagnosis, which was offered to all investigators. […] Mortality in ARDS patients is still high. The LUNG SAFE study reports a hospital mortality of 40%, with a significant increase across the ARDS severity categories, in line with Berlin definition (34.9%, in mild ARDS; 40.3% in moderate ARDS; 46.1% in severe ARDS). […] These findings are corroborated by mortality data of the recent LUNG SAFE study.

• #38 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0615/p730.html

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is responsible for one in 10 admissions to intensive care units and one in four mechanical ventilations. […] According to a retrospective U.S. study, the estimated incidence of ARDS in 2014 was 193.4 cases per 100,000 people. […] A prospective Canadian study estimated the incidence to be 27.6 cases per 100,000 patient-years. […] Another study found that ARDS was responsible for 10% of ICU admissions and 23% of mechanical ventilations. […] Mild, moderate, and severe cases of ARDS are associated with hospital mortality rates of 27% to 35%, 32% to 40%, and 46% to 60%, respectively, and hospitals with higher ARDS case volume have lower ARDS mortality. […] Most cases of ARDS in adults are associated with pneumonia with or without sepsis (60%) or with nonpulmonary sepsis (16%).

• #39 Advances in acute respiratory distress syndrome: focusing on heterogeneity, pathophysiology, and therapeutic strategies | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-025-02127-9

  In recent years, the incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been gradually increasing. […] Despite advances in supportive care, ARDS remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. […] The incidence of ARDS is age dependent, increasing from 16/100,000 person-years for individuals 15-19 years of age to 306/100,000 person-years for individuals 75-84 years of age. […] In addition, the incidence of ARDS is also gender dependent, and men (62%) are more likely to develop ARDS than women (38%). […] The incidence of ARDS among ICU patients was investigated in a large-scale study; 10% of ICU patients met the criteria for ARDS, and a quarter of all critically ill patients who required mechanical ventilation developed ARDS. […] Despite advances in supportive care, ARDS remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients, with high mortality rates of 35% (for mild cases), 40% (for moderate cases), and 45% (for severe cases).

• #40

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00134-023-07050-7

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the term applied to a spectrum of conditions with different etiologies which share common clinical-pathological characteristics including: (1) increased permeability of the alveolo-capillary membrane, resulting in inflammatory edema; (2) increased non-aerated lung tissue resulting in higher lung elastance (lower compliance); and (3) increased venous admixture and dead space, which result in hypoxemia and hypercapnia. […] ARDS accounts for~10% of admissions to intensive care unit (ICU) and 23% of ventilated patients, with mortality up to 45% in the severe category. […] The aim of these guidelines is to review and summarize the literature published since the last clinical practice guideline (CPG) of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) across different aspects of ARDS and AHRF, including ARDS due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in ICU.

• #41 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436002/

  Estimates of the incidence of ARDS in the United States range from 64.2 to 78.9 cases/100,000 person-years. […] Approximately 10 to 15% of patients admitted to the intensive care units and up to 23% of mechanically ventilated patients meet the criteria for ARDS. […] A literature review revealed a mortality decrease of 1.1% per year from 1994 through 2006. However, the overall pooled mortality rate for all the studies evaluated was 43%. […] The mortality of ARDS is commensurate with the severity of the disease: 27%, 32%, and 45% for mild, moderate, and severe disease, respectively.

• #42 Formal guidelines: management of acute respiratory distress syndrome | Annals of Intensive Care | Full Text

  https://annalsofintensivecare.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13613-019-0540-9

  Much information on the epidemiology of ARDS has accrued from LUNG SAFE, an international, multicenter, prospective study conducted in over 29,000 patients in 50 countries. During this study, ARDS accounted for 10% of admissions to intensive care unit (ICU) and 23% of ventilated patients. Hospital mortality, which increased with the severity of ARDS, was about 40%, and reached 45% in patients presenting with severe ARDS. […] One of the most important results of the LUNG SAFE study was that ARDS was not identified as such by the primary care clinician in almost 40% of cases. This was particularly so for mild ARDS, in which only 51% of cases were identified. When all ARDS criteria were met, only 34% of ARDS patients were identified, suggesting that there was a delay in adapting the treatment, in particular mechanical ventilation.

• #43 The Epidemiology of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Before and After Coronavirus Disease 2019

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8449138/

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a heterogeneous syndrome of high morbidity and mortality with global impact. Current epidemiologic estimates are imprecise given differences in patient populations, risk factors, resources, and practice styles around the world. […] The Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic has resulted in a large number of ARDS cases that, despite less heterogeneity than multietiologic ARDS populations, still exhibit wide variation in physiology and outcomes. […] Intensive care unit rates of death have varied widely in studies to date because of a variety of patient and hospital-level factors. […] Further epidemiologic studies are needed to help characterize the epidemiology of ARDS subphenotypes to facilitate identification of targeted therapies. […] ARDS has high incidence among intensive care unit patients.

• #44 The Epidemiology of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Before and After Coronavirus Disease 2019

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8449138/

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a heterogeneous syndrome of high morbidity and mortality with global impact. Current epidemiologic estimates are imprecise given differences in patient populations, risk factors, resources, and practice styles around the world. […] The Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic has resulted in a large number of ARDS cases that, despite less heterogeneity than multietiologic ARDS populations, still exhibit wide variation in physiology and outcomes. […] Intensive care unit rates of death have varied widely in studies to date because of a variety of patient and hospital-level factors. […] Further epidemiologic studies are needed to help characterize the epidemiology of ARDS subphenotypes to facilitate identification of targeted therapies. […] ARDS has high incidence among intensive care unit patients.

• #45 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Epidemiology

  https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/12/23/2149996/28124/en/Acute-Respiratory-Distress-Syndrome-ARDS-Epidemiology-Forecast-Report-2017-2030-Focus-on-United-States-Germany-France-Italy-and-United-Kingdom-and-Japan.html

  In the 7MM, the total incident population of ARDS is estimated to be 799,872, in 2017. […] Generally, the highest number of incident cases were assessed for ARDS due to Pneumonia, in all the 7MM countries, except the United Kingdom, in which Sepsis was the primary risk factor for ARDS. […] Due to occurrence of COVID-19, there is a sudden increase in the cases of ARDS in the US, from 495,655 in 2017, to 550,371 in 2020. […] Among the EU-5 countries, Germany had the highest incident population of ARDS with 148,302 cases, followed by Italy, with 44,700 cases, in 2017. On the other hand, Spain had the lowest incident population of 20,839 in 2017. Besides, Japan had 19,137 incident cases of ARDS in 2017. […] Total Incident Population of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in the 7MM is estimated to increase during the forecasted period (2020-2030). […] Severity-specific Incident Population of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in the 7MM is projected to rise during the study period (2017-2030).

• #46 Global Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Epidemiology Forecast to 2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20201231005113/en/Global-Acute-Respiratory-Distress-Syndrome-ARDS-Epidemiology-Forecast-to-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  In the 7MM, the total incident population of ARDS is estimated to be 799,872, in 2017. […] Generally, the highest number of incident cases were assessed for ARDS due to Pneumonia, in all the 7MM countries, except the United Kingdom, in which Sepsis was the primary risk factor for ARDS. […] Due to occurrence of COVID-19, there is a sudden increase in the cases of ARDS in the US, from 495,655 in 2017, to 550,371 in 2020. […] Among the EU-5 countries, Germany had the highest incident population of ARDS with 148,302 cases, followed by Italy, with 44,700 cases, in 2017. On the other hand, Spain had the lowest incident population of 20,839 in 2017. Besides, Japan had 19,137 incident cases of ARDS in 2017. […] Total Incident Population of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in the 7MM is estimated to increase during the forecasted period (2020-2030). […] Severity-specific Incident Population of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in the 7MM is projected to rise during the study period (2017-2030).

• #47 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165139-overview

  The incidence of ARDS varies widely, partly because studies have used different definitions of the disease. […] The incidence of ARDS increased five-fold in 2020 during the initial spread of COVID-19, and although improved treatments have since decreased the incidence and mortality rates for COVID-19-associated ARDS, the incidence and mortality rates remain high among patients in the ICU. […] On the basis of these statistics, it is estimated that 190,600 cases exist in the United States annually and that these cases are associated with 74,500 deaths. […] The first study to use the 1994 AECC definitions was performed in Scandinavia, which reported annual rates of 17.9 cases per 100,000 population for ALI and 13.5 cases per 100,000 population for ARDS. […] ARDS may occur in people of any age. Its incidence increases with advancing age, ranging from 16 cases per 100,000 person-years in those aged 15-19 years to 306 cases per 100,000 person-years in those between the ages of 75 and 84 years. […] For ARDS associated with sepsis and most other causes, no differences in the incidence between males and females appear to exist. However, in trauma patients only, the incidence of the disease may be slightly higher among females.

• #48 Same but Different? Comparing the Epidemiology, Treatments and Outcomes of COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 ARDS Cases in Germany Using a Sample of Claims Data from 2021 and 2019

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/6/1324

  Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung condition that can be caused by a variety of underlying illnesses. Due to SARS-CoV-2, the number of cases with ARDS has increased worldwide, making it essential to compare this form of acute respiratory failure with classical causes of ARDS. […] Since the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, the incidence of ARDS cases has increased drastically, as ARDS is an important complication of COVID-19. An early global literature survey reported that around 33% of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 developed ARDS in 2020. […] In Germany, there is only limited evidence on the epidemiology of ARDS during and prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. […] This study highlights the importance of comprehending the contrasting epidemiological features and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 ARDS.

• #49 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome; A Review of Recent Updates and a Glance into the Future

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/13/9/1528

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a rapidly progressive form of respiratory failure that accounts for 10% of admissions to the ICU and is associated with approximately 40% mortality in severe cases. […] SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19, brought ARDS to the public’s attention, as roughly 6–10% of COVID-19 patients progressed to COVID-19-associated ARDS and required ICU care. […] Despite advances in therapies, documented mortality rates range from 34–46% depending on the severity of the ARDS. […] The Berlin definition gives four criteria to diagnose ARDS, but it is best to understand ARDS as a multifaceted syndrome characterized by dysregulated systemic inflammation, increased endothelial and epithelial permeability, and diffuse alveolar damage, leading to alveolar edema, fibrosis, necrosis, and proteinosis.

• #50 Definition and epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/15694/15774

  ARDS occurrence was estimated to be 10.4% in all ICU admissions and in more than double (23.4%) among the mechanically ventilated patients. […] One of the most striking finding of the LUNG SAFE study was that of all ARDS patients, clinicians missed almost 40% of ARDS diagnosis, despite a specific online training on ARDS diagnosis, which was offered to all investigators. […] In LUNG SAFE, organizational and patient factors were reported to be associated with higher clinician recognition of ARDS in invasively ventilated patients. […] Mortality in ARDS patients is still high. The LUNG SAFE study reports a hospital mortality of 40%, with a significant increase across the ARDS severity categories, in line with Berlin definition (34.9%, in mild ARDS; 40.3% in moderate ARDS; 46.1% in severe ARDS). […] These results proof that the Berlin definition of ARDS is an excellent predictor of outcomes in the studied population.

• #51 Definition and epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/15694/html

  ARDS occurrence was estimated to be 10.4% in all ICU admissions and in more than double (23.4%) among the mechanically ventilated patients. […] One of the most striking finding of the LUNG SAFE study was that of all ARDS patients, clinicians missed almost 40% of ARDS diagnosis, despite a specific online training on ARDS diagnosis, which was offered to all investigators. […] Mortality in ARDS patients is still high. The LUNG SAFE study reports a hospital mortality of 40%, with a significant increase across the ARDS severity categories, in line with Berlin definition (34.9%, in mild ARDS; 40.3% in moderate ARDS; 46.1% in severe ARDS). […] These findings are corroborated by mortality data of the recent LUNG SAFE study.

• #52 Formal guidelines: management of acute respiratory distress syndrome | Annals of Intensive Care | Full Text

  https://annalsofintensivecare.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13613-019-0540-9

  Much information on the epidemiology of ARDS has accrued from LUNG SAFE, an international, multicenter, prospective study conducted in over 29,000 patients in 50 countries. During this study, ARDS accounted for 10% of admissions to intensive care unit (ICU) and 23% of ventilated patients. Hospital mortality, which increased with the severity of ARDS, was about 40%, and reached 45% in patients presenting with severe ARDS. […] One of the most important results of the LUNG SAFE study was that ARDS was not identified as such by the primary care clinician in almost 40% of cases. This was particularly so for mild ARDS, in which only 51% of cases were identified. When all ARDS criteria were met, only 34% of ARDS patients were identified, suggesting that there was a delay in adapting the treatment, in particular mechanical ventilation.

• #53 Formal guidelines: management of acute respiratory distress syndrome | Annals of Intensive Care | Full Text

  https://annalsofintensivecare.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13613-019-0540-9

  Much information on the epidemiology of ARDS has accrued from LUNG SAFE, an international, multicenter, prospective study conducted in over 29,000 patients in 50 countries. During this study, ARDS accounted for 10% of admissions to intensive care unit (ICU) and 23% of ventilated patients. Hospital mortality, which increased with the severity of ARDS, was about 40%, and reached 45% in patients presenting with severe ARDS. […] One of the most important results of the LUNG SAFE study was that ARDS was not identified as such by the primary care clinician in almost 40% of cases. This was particularly so for mild ARDS, in which only 51% of cases were identified. When all ARDS criteria were met, only 34% of ARDS patients were identified, suggesting that there was a delay in adapting the treatment, in particular mechanical ventilation.

• #54 Definition and epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/15694/15774

  Fifty years ago, Ashbaugh and colleagues defined for the first time the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), one among the most challenging clinical condition of the critical care medicine. […] Epidemiologic information about ARDS is limited in the era of the new Berlin definition, and wide differences are reported among countries all over the world. […] Despite decades of study in the field of lung injury, ARDS is still so far under-recognized, with 2 out of 5 cases missed by clinicians. […] Furthermore, although advances of ventilator strategies in the management of ARDS associated with outcome improvements such as protective mechanical ventilation, lower driving pressure, higher PEEP levels and prone positioning, ARDS appears to be undertreated and mortality remains elevated up to 40%.

• #55 Definition and epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/15694/html

  Fifty years ago, Ashbaugh and colleagues defined for the first time the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), one among the most challenging clinical condition of the critical care medicine. […] Epidemiologic information about ARDS is limited in the era of the new Berlin definition, and wide differences are reported among countries all over the world. […] Despite decades of study in the field of lung injury, ARDS is still so far under-recognized, with 2 out of 5 cases missed by clinicians. […] Furthermore, although advances of ventilator strategies in the management of ARDS associated with outcome improvements such as protective mechanical ventilation, lower driving pressure, higher PEEP levels and prone positioning, ARDS appears to be undertreated and mortality remains elevated up to 40%.

• #56 Epidemiological trends of mechanically ventilated acute respiratory distress syndrome in the twenty-first century: a nationwide, population-based retrospective study | Journal of Intensive Care | Full Text

  https://jintensivecare.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40560-025-00781-3

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a prevalent respiratory condition associated with significant mortality. Current literature on ARDS epidemiology reports a wide range of incidence (7.2-78.9/100,000 population/year), hospital mortality (32-51%), and associated costs ($8476-$547,974). […] We have analyzed epidemiological trends of mechanically ventilated ARDS (MV-ARDS) in Spain from 2000 to 2022 using the Minimum Basic Data Set (MBDS), focusing on MV-ARDS incidence, associated mortality, and economic impact. […] We analyzed 93,192 records of patients with a new diagnosis of MV-ARDS during the study period. MV-ARDS incidence ranged from 2.96 to 20.14/100,000 population-years, peaking in 2021. Mortality ranged between 38.0 and 55.0%, showing a declining trend, while the cost per patient increased, stabilizing ~30,000-40,000 after reaching a peak of 42,812 in 2011.

• #57 Epidemiological trends of mechanically ventilated acute respiratory distress syndrome in the twenty-first century: a nationwide, population-based retrospective study | Journal of Intensive Care | Full Text

  https://jintensivecare.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40560-025-00781-3

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a prevalent respiratory condition associated with significant mortality. Current literature on ARDS epidemiology reports a wide range of incidence (7.2-78.9/100,000 population/year), hospital mortality (32-51%), and associated costs ($8476-$547,974). […] We have analyzed epidemiological trends of mechanically ventilated ARDS (MV-ARDS) in Spain from 2000 to 2022 using the Minimum Basic Data Set (MBDS), focusing on MV-ARDS incidence, associated mortality, and economic impact. […] We analyzed 93,192 records of patients with a new diagnosis of MV-ARDS during the study period. MV-ARDS incidence ranged from 2.96 to 20.14/100,000 population-years, peaking in 2021. Mortality ranged between 38.0 and 55.0%, showing a declining trend, while the cost per patient increased, stabilizing ~30,000-40,000 after reaching a peak of 42,812 in 2011.

• #58 Acute respiratory distress syndrome readmissions: A nationwide cross-sectional analysis of epidemiology and costs of care | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0263000

  The mean cost for ARDS index admission and readmission were over $71,004 and $26,971, respectively, for annual total costs over $1.09 billion and $75.6 million, respectively. […] It is unclear what effect, if any, readmissions within the first month after discharge have on the overall disease recovery trajectory in ARDS.

• #59 Acute respiratory distress syndrome readmissions: A nationwide cross-sectional analysis of epidemiology and costs of care | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0263000

  Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome affects approximately 10% of patients admitted to intensive care units internationally, with as many as 40%-52% of patients reporting re-hospitalization within one year. […] Thirty-day readmission occurred in 18.4% of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in this sample, and early readmission is strongly associated with increased mortality compared to late readmission. […] The ongoing burden of healthcare utilization for patients with ARDS is high, with 40%-52% of patients requiring re-hospitalization in one year. […] The national estimate of index admissions with at least one readmission within 30 days is 2,889 (95% CI 2,656-3,122), reflecting 18.4% (95% CI 17.4-19.3) of all eligible index admissions. […] In the largest study of its kind, we demonstrate that 30-day readmission occurs in nearly one fifth of patients admitted with acute respiratory distress syndrome.

• #60 Acute respiratory distress syndrome readmissions: A nationwide cross-sectional analysis of epidemiology and costs of care | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0263000

  Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome affects approximately 10% of patients admitted to intensive care units internationally, with as many as 40%-52% of patients reporting re-hospitalization within one year. […] Thirty-day readmission occurred in 18.4% of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in this sample, and early readmission is strongly associated with increased mortality compared to late readmission. […] The ongoing burden of healthcare utilization for patients with ARDS is high, with 40%-52% of patients requiring re-hospitalization in one year. […] The national estimate of index admissions with at least one readmission within 30 days is 2,889 (95% CI 2,656-3,122), reflecting 18.4% (95% CI 17.4-19.3) of all eligible index admissions. […] In the largest study of its kind, we demonstrate that 30-day readmission occurs in nearly one fifth of patients admitted with acute respiratory distress syndrome.

• #61 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Epidemiology

  https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/12/23/2149996/28124/en/Acute-Respiratory-Distress-Syndrome-ARDS-Epidemiology-Forecast-Report-2017-2030-Focus-on-United-States-Germany-France-Italy-and-United-Kingdom-and-Japan.html

  In the 7MM, the total incident population of ARDS is estimated to be 799,872, in 2017. […] Generally, the highest number of incident cases were assessed for ARDS due to Pneumonia, in all the 7MM countries, except the United Kingdom, in which Sepsis was the primary risk factor for ARDS. […] Due to occurrence of COVID-19, there is a sudden increase in the cases of ARDS in the US, from 495,655 in 2017, to 550,371 in 2020. […] Among the EU-5 countries, Germany had the highest incident population of ARDS with 148,302 cases, followed by Italy, with 44,700 cases, in 2017. On the other hand, Spain had the lowest incident population of 20,839 in 2017. Besides, Japan had 19,137 incident cases of ARDS in 2017. […] Total Incident Population of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in the 7MM is estimated to increase during the forecasted period (2020-2030). […] Severity-specific Incident Population of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in the 7MM is projected to rise during the study period (2017-2030).

• #62 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Epidemiology 2017-2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200713005331/en/Acute-Respiratory-Distress-Syndrome-ARDS-Epidemiology-2017-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  The „Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) – Epidemiology Forecast – 2030” report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com’s offering. […] This report delivers an in-depth understanding of the disease, historical and forecasted Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) epidemiology in the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and United Kingdom), and Japan. […] The disease epidemiology covered in the report provides historical as well as forecasted epidemiology segmented by Total Incident Population of ARDS, Severity-specific Incidence of ARDS and Incidence of ARDS by Risk Factors scenario of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in the 7MM covering the United States, EU5 countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and United Kingdom) and Japan from 2017 to 2030. […] In the 7MM, the total incident population of ARDS is estimated to be 799,872 in 2017.

• #63 Global Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Epidemiology Forecast to 2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20201231005113/en/Global-Acute-Respiratory-Distress-Syndrome-ARDS-Epidemiology-Forecast-to-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  In the 7MM, the total incident population of ARDS is estimated to be 799,872, in 2017. […] Generally, the highest number of incident cases were assessed for ARDS due to Pneumonia, in all the 7MM countries, except the United Kingdom, in which Sepsis was the primary risk factor for ARDS. […] Due to occurrence of COVID-19, there is a sudden increase in the cases of ARDS in the US, from 495,655 in 2017, to 550,371 in 2020. […] Among the EU-5 countries, Germany had the highest incident population of ARDS with 148,302 cases, followed by Italy, with 44,700 cases, in 2017. On the other hand, Spain had the lowest incident population of 20,839 in 2017. Besides, Japan had 19,137 incident cases of ARDS in 2017. […] Total Incident Population of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in the 7MM is estimated to increase during the forecasted period (2020-2030). […] Severity-specific Incident Population of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in the 7MM is projected to rise during the study period (2017-2030).

• #64 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Epidemiology

  https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/12/23/2149996/28124/en/Acute-Respiratory-Distress-Syndrome-ARDS-Epidemiology-Forecast-Report-2017-2030-Focus-on-United-States-Germany-France-Italy-and-United-Kingdom-and-Japan.html

  In the 7MM, the total incident population of ARDS is estimated to be 799,872, in 2017. […] Generally, the highest number of incident cases were assessed for ARDS due to Pneumonia, in all the 7MM countries, except the United Kingdom, in which Sepsis was the primary risk factor for ARDS. […] Due to occurrence of COVID-19, there is a sudden increase in the cases of ARDS in the US, from 495,655 in 2017, to 550,371 in 2020. […] Among the EU-5 countries, Germany had the highest incident population of ARDS with 148,302 cases, followed by Italy, with 44,700 cases, in 2017. On the other hand, Spain had the lowest incident population of 20,839 in 2017. Besides, Japan had 19,137 incident cases of ARDS in 2017. […] Total Incident Population of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in the 7MM is estimated to increase during the forecasted period (2020-2030). […] Severity-specific Incident Population of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in the 7MM is projected to rise during the study period (2017-2030).

• #65 Global Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Epidemiology Forecast to 2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20201231005113/en/Global-Acute-Respiratory-Distress-Syndrome-ARDS-Epidemiology-Forecast-to-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  In the 7MM, the total incident population of ARDS is estimated to be 799,872, in 2017. […] Generally, the highest number of incident cases were assessed for ARDS due to Pneumonia, in all the 7MM countries, except the United Kingdom, in which Sepsis was the primary risk factor for ARDS. […] Due to occurrence of COVID-19, there is a sudden increase in the cases of ARDS in the US, from 495,655 in 2017, to 550,371 in 2020. […] Among the EU-5 countries, Germany had the highest incident population of ARDS with 148,302 cases, followed by Italy, with 44,700 cases, in 2017. On the other hand, Spain had the lowest incident population of 20,839 in 2017. Besides, Japan had 19,137 incident cases of ARDS in 2017. […] Total Incident Population of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in the 7MM is estimated to increase during the forecasted period (2020-2030). […] Severity-specific Incident Population of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in the 7MM is projected to rise during the study period (2017-2030).

• #66 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Epidemiology

  https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/12/23/2149996/28124/en/Acute-Respiratory-Distress-Syndrome-ARDS-Epidemiology-Forecast-Report-2017-2030-Focus-on-United-States-Germany-France-Italy-and-United-Kingdom-and-Japan.html

  In the 7MM, the total incident population of ARDS is estimated to be 799,872, in 2017. […] Generally, the highest number of incident cases were assessed for ARDS due to Pneumonia, in all the 7MM countries, except the United Kingdom, in which Sepsis was the primary risk factor for ARDS. […] Due to occurrence of COVID-19, there is a sudden increase in the cases of ARDS in the US, from 495,655 in 2017, to 550,371 in 2020. […] Among the EU-5 countries, Germany had the highest incident population of ARDS with 148,302 cases, followed by Italy, with 44,700 cases, in 2017. On the other hand, Spain had the lowest incident population of 20,839 in 2017. Besides, Japan had 19,137 incident cases of ARDS in 2017. […] Total Incident Population of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in the 7MM is estimated to increase during the forecasted period (2020-2030). […] Severity-specific Incident Population of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in the 7MM is projected to rise during the study period (2017-2030).

• #67 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Epidemiology 2017-2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200713005331/en/Acute-Respiratory-Distress-Syndrome-ARDS-Epidemiology-2017-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  Generally, the highest number of incident cases were assessed for ARDS due to pneumonia, in all the 7MM countries, except the United Kingdom, in which sepsis was the primary risk factor for ARDS. […] The estimates show a higher incidence of ARDS in the United States with 495,655 cases in 2017. […] The report assesses the disease risk and burden and highlights the unmet needs of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). […] Total Incident Population of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in the 7MM is estimated to increase at a CAGR of 1.07%. […] Severity-specific Incident Population of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in the 7MM is projected to rise at a CAGR of 0.92%.

• #68 Global Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Epidemiology Forecast to 2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20201231005113/en/Global-Acute-Respiratory-Distress-Syndrome-ARDS-Epidemiology-Forecast-to-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  In the 7MM, the total incident population of ARDS is estimated to be 799,872, in 2017. […] Generally, the highest number of incident cases were assessed for ARDS due to Pneumonia, in all the 7MM countries, except the United Kingdom, in which Sepsis was the primary risk factor for ARDS. […] Due to occurrence of COVID-19, there is a sudden increase in the cases of ARDS in the US, from 495,655 in 2017, to 550,371 in 2020. […] Among the EU-5 countries, Germany had the highest incident population of ARDS with 148,302 cases, followed by Italy, with 44,700 cases, in 2017. On the other hand, Spain had the lowest incident population of 20,839 in 2017. Besides, Japan had 19,137 incident cases of ARDS in 2017. […] Total Incident Population of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in the 7MM is estimated to increase during the forecasted period (2020-2030). […] Severity-specific Incident Population of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in the 7MM is projected to rise during the study period (2017-2030).

• #69 The Epidemiology of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Before and After Coronavirus Disease 2019

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8449138/

  ARDS has high morbidity and mortality. […] Improved supportive care has decreased ARDS incidence and mortality. […] COVID-19-associated ARDS is a syndrome within the known ARDS spectrum. […] The incidence of ARDS varies globally by over 400%. […] Likely the highest quality evidence on ARDS incidence and management patterns originates from LUNG-SAFE, a prevalence study conducted during a 4-week period in 459 ICUs in 50 countries. […] ARDS remains a common, deadly problem among critically ill patients around the world. […] COVID-19 has brought new challenges including a large, and relatively homogeneous, population of ARDS patients but does not seem to cause a truly unique respiratory failure syndrome distinct from ARDS generally nor even engender a truly homogenous subtype of ARDS.

• #70 Acute respiratory distress syndrome | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0069-0

  The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common cause of respiratory failure in critically ill patients and is defined by the acute onset of noncardiogenic pulmonary oedema, hypoxaemia and the need for mechanical ventilation. ARDS occurs most often in the setting of pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration of gastric contents or severe trauma and is present in ~10% of all patients in intensive care units worldwide. […] Despite some improvements, mortality remains high at 30-40% in most studies. […] This international study provides major new insights into the challenges in recognizing and diagnosing ARDS, the high prevalence in intensive care units and the shortcomings in applying treatment with lung-protective ventilation to a substantial proportion of patients with ARDS. […] The epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome. A 50th birthday review.

• #71 Acute respiratory distress syndrome | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0069-0

  Long-term outcomes of patients with ARDS are increasingly recognized as important research targets, as many patients survive ARDS only to have ongoing functional and/or psychological sequelae. […] Future directions include efforts to facilitate earlier recognition of ARDS, identifying responsive subsets of patients and ongoing efforts to understand fundamental mechanisms of lung injury to design specific treatments.

• #72 The Epidemiology of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Before and After Coronavirus Disease 2019

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8449138/

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a heterogeneous syndrome of high morbidity and mortality with global impact. Current epidemiologic estimates are imprecise given differences in patient populations, risk factors, resources, and practice styles around the world. […] The Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic has resulted in a large number of ARDS cases that, despite less heterogeneity than multietiologic ARDS populations, still exhibit wide variation in physiology and outcomes. […] Intensive care unit rates of death have varied widely in studies to date because of a variety of patient and hospital-level factors. […] Further epidemiologic studies are needed to help characterize the epidemiology of ARDS subphenotypes to facilitate identification of targeted therapies. […] ARDS has high incidence among intensive care unit patients.

• #73 Acute respiratory distress syndrome | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0069-0

  Long-term outcomes of patients with ARDS are increasingly recognized as important research targets, as many patients survive ARDS only to have ongoing functional and/or psychological sequelae. […] Future directions include efforts to facilitate earlier recognition of ARDS, identifying responsive subsets of patients and ongoing efforts to understand fundamental mechanisms of lung injury to design specific treatments.

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