Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436002/

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening condition characterized by poor oxygenation and non-compliant or „stiff” lungs. The disorder is associated with capillary endothelial injury and diffuse alveolar damage. Once ARDS develops, patients usually have varying degrees of pulmonary artery vasoconstriction and may develop pulmonary hypertension. ARDS carries a high mortality, and few effective therapeutic modalities exist to alleviate this deadly condition. […] ARDS is an acute, diffuse, inflammatory form of lung injury and life-threatening condition in seriously ill patients, characterized by poor oxygenation, pulmonary infiltrates, and acute onset. On a microscopic level, the disorder is associated with capillary endothelial injury and diffuse alveolar damage. […] ARDS is an acute disorder that starts within seven days of the inciting event and is characterized by bilateral lung infiltrates and severe progressive hypoxemia in the absence of any evidence of cardiogenic pulmonary edema.

• #2 Acute respiratory distress syndrome | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0069-0

  The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common cause of respiratory failure in critically ill patients and is defined by the acute onset of noncardiogenic pulmonary oedema, hypoxaemia and the need for mechanical ventilation. ARDS occurs most often in the setting of pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration of gastric contents or severe trauma and is present in ~10% of all patients in intensive care units worldwide. […] Despite some improvements, mortality remains high at 30-40% in most studies. […] Long-term outcomes of patients with ARDS are increasingly recognized as important research targets, as many patients survive ARDS only to have ongoing functional and/or psychological sequelae. […] Future directions include efforts to facilitate earlier recognition of ARDS, identifying responsive subsets of patients and ongoing efforts to understand fundamental mechanisms of lung injury to design specific treatments.

• #3 ARDS – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ards/symptoms-causes/syc-20355576

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) occurs when lung swelling causes fluid to build up in the tiny elastic air sacs in the lungs. These air sacs, called alveoli, have a protective membrane, but lung swelling damages that membrane. The fluid leaking into the air sacs keeps the lungs from filling with enough air. This means less oxygen reaches the bloodstream, so the body’s organs don’t get the oxygen they need to work properly. […] ARDS usually occurs in people who are already critically ill or have major injuries. People usually are severely short of breath the main symptom of ARDS within a few hours to a few days after the injury or infection that caused ARDS. […] The seriousness of ARDS symptoms can vary depending on what’s causing them and whether there is underlying heart or lung disease. Symptoms include: Severe shortness of breath. Labored and rapid breathing that is not usual. Cough. Chest discomfort. Fast heart rate. Confusion and extreme tiredness. […] Many people who get ARDS don’t survive. The risk of death gets higher with age and how severe the illness is. Of the people who survive ARDS, some fully recover. But others have lasting lung damage.

• #4 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15283-acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-ards

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung injury caused by sepsis, pneumonia, COVID-19 and other conditions. ARDS tends to develop within a few hours to few days of the event that caused it, and can worsen quickly. People with ARDS may have to be put in an intensive care unit (ICU) and on a ventilator to help them breathe. […] ARDS prevents your lungs from filling up with air and causes dangerously low oxygen levels in your blood (hypoxia). […] Symptoms of ARDS depend on the cause and severity of the case, as well as preexisting lung or heart conditions. Symptoms include severe shortness of breath, fast and labored breathing, rapid heart rate, and bluish color of fingernails and lips due to low oxygen level in the blood. […] ARDS tends to develop within a few hours to a few days of the event that caused it. ARDS can worsen rapidly.

• #5 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/374

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) typically presents with dyspnoea and hypoxaemia, which progress to acute respiratory failure. […] Common causes are pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration, and severe trauma. […] Mortality is between 30% and 50%. […] Complications include pneumothorax, ventilator-associated pneumonia, multiple organ failure, and pulmonary fibrosis with prolonged respiratory failure. […] Diagnosis of ARDS is based on fulfilling three criteria: Acute onset (within 1 week), Bilateral opacities on chest radiography or computed tomography (CT), or bilateral B lines and/or consolidations on ultrasound not fully explained by effusions, atelectasis, or nodules/masses, PaO/FiO (arterial to inspired oxygen) ratio of 300 or SpO2/FiO2 (pulse oximetric saturation to inspired oxygen) ratio of 315.

• #6 ARDS – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ards/symptoms-causes/syc-20355576

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) occurs when lung swelling causes fluid to build up in the tiny elastic air sacs in the lungs. These air sacs, called alveoli, have a protective membrane, but lung swelling damages that membrane. The fluid leaking into the air sacs keeps the lungs from filling with enough air. This means less oxygen reaches the bloodstream, so the body’s organs don’t get the oxygen they need to work properly. […] ARDS usually occurs in people who are already critically ill or have major injuries. People usually are severely short of breath the main symptom of ARDS within a few hours to a few days after the injury or infection that caused ARDS. […] The seriousness of ARDS symptoms can vary depending on what’s causing them and whether there is underlying heart or lung disease. Symptoms include: Severe shortness of breath. Labored and rapid breathing that is not usual. Cough. Chest discomfort. Fast heart rate. Confusion and extreme tiredness. […] Many people who get ARDS don’t survive. The risk of death gets higher with age and how severe the illness is. Of the people who survive ARDS, some fully recover. But others have lasting lung damage.

• #7 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/374

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) typically presents with dyspnoea and hypoxaemia, which progress to acute respiratory failure. […] Common causes are pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration, and severe trauma. […] Mortality is between 30% and 50%. […] Complications include pneumothorax, ventilator-associated pneumonia, multiple organ failure, and pulmonary fibrosis with prolonged respiratory failure. […] Diagnosis of ARDS is based on fulfilling three criteria: Acute onset (within 1 week), Bilateral opacities on chest radiography or computed tomography (CT), or bilateral B lines and/or consolidations on ultrasound not fully explained by effusions, atelectasis, or nodules/masses, PaO/FiO (arterial to inspired oxygen) ratio of 300 or SpO2/FiO2 (pulse oximetric saturation to inspired oxygen) ratio of 315.

• #8 Acute respiratory distress syndrome | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0069-0

  The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common cause of respiratory failure in critically ill patients and is defined by the acute onset of noncardiogenic pulmonary oedema, hypoxaemia and the need for mechanical ventilation. ARDS occurs most often in the setting of pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration of gastric contents or severe trauma and is present in ~10% of all patients in intensive care units worldwide. […] Despite some improvements, mortality remains high at 30-40% in most studies. […] Long-term outcomes of patients with ARDS are increasingly recognized as important research targets, as many patients survive ARDS only to have ongoing functional and/or psychological sequelae. […] Future directions include efforts to facilitate earlier recognition of ARDS, identifying responsive subsets of patients and ongoing efforts to understand fundamental mechanisms of lung injury to design specific treatments.

• #9 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0615/p730.html

  Risk factors include older age and conditions that cause direct lung injury (e.g., aspiration, inhalation injury, pulmonary contusion) or indirect lung injury (e.g., drug toxicity, burns, transfusion-related acute lung injury). […] Mild, moderate, and severe cases of ARDS are associated with hospital mortality rates of 27% to 35%, 32% to 40%, and 46% to 60%, respectively. […] ARDS should be suspected if hypoxia does not resolve with supplemental oxygen. […] Treatment of ARDS is generally supportive, consisting of mechanical ventilation, prevention of stress ulcers and venous thromboembolism, and nutritional support while addressing the underlying etiology. […] Although mild cases of ARDS may respond to noninvasive ventilation, most patients require sedation, intubation, and ventilation while the underlying injury is treated.

• #10 Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Acute (ARDS) | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688506/0.2/Respiratory_Distress_Syndrome_Acute__ARDS_

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is defined as the onset of acute hypoxemia within 7 days of a known clinical insult, or new or worsening respiratory symptoms with bilateral opacities (patchy, diffuse, or homogenous) consistent with pulmonary edema on imaging. It is a diagnosis of exclusion. […] Progression of the diffuse alveolar damage in ARDS is divided into three phases. […] Exudative phase The initial highly inflammatory phase when alveolar macrophages are activated due to lung injury, leading to complement activation, release of proinflammatory mediators, and activation of neutrophils. This causes epithelial-endothelial barrier disruption, leading to intra-alveolar and extra-alveolar flooding with fluid. This is followed by hyaline membrane formation leading to alveolar collapse.

• #11 Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Acute (ARDS) | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688506/0.2/Respiratory_Distress_Syndrome_Acute__ARDS_

  Proliferative phase The second phase characterized by fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and alveolar epithelial cell (ACE) II mediated repair. Formation of new matrix, differentiation into ACE I, and formation of cellular junctions begins which leads to expression of aquaporin and ion channels, aiding in the reabsorption of fluid. […] Fibrotic phase The final phase, not experienced by every patient, is characterized by prolonged mechanical ventilation and associated with increased mortality.

• #12 Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Acute (ARDS) | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688506/0.2/Respiratory_Distress_Syndrome_Acute__ARDS_

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is defined as the onset of acute hypoxemia within 7 days of a known clinical insult, or new or worsening respiratory symptoms with bilateral opacities (patchy, diffuse, or homogenous) consistent with pulmonary edema on imaging. It is a diagnosis of exclusion. […] Progression of the diffuse alveolar damage in ARDS is divided into three phases. […] Exudative phase The initial highly inflammatory phase when alveolar macrophages are activated due to lung injury, leading to complement activation, release of proinflammatory mediators, and activation of neutrophils. This causes epithelial-endothelial barrier disruption, leading to intra-alveolar and extra-alveolar flooding with fluid. This is followed by hyaline membrane formation leading to alveolar collapse.

• #13 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0615/p730.html

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is noncardiogenic pulmonary edema that manifests as rapidly progressive dyspnea, tachypnea, and hypoxemia. […] ARDS is thought to occur when a pulmonary or extrapulmonary insult causes the release of inflammatory mediators, promoting inflammatory cell accumulation in the alveoli and microcirculation of the lung. […] Most cases are associated with pneumonia or sepsis. […] In-hospital mortality for patients with severe ARDS ranges from 46% to 60%. […] ARDS progresses through several phases after a direct pulmonary or indirect extrapulmonary insult. In the exudative phase, which may last seven to 10 days, alveolar macrophages secrete mediators that lead to accumulation of inflammatory cells in the lung. […] The fibrotic phase, which does not occur in all patients, is characterized by ongoing inflammation, extensive basement membrane damage, persistent edema, intra-alveolar and interstitial fibrosis, and microvascular damage.

• #14 Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Acute (ARDS) | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688506/0.2/Respiratory_Distress_Syndrome_Acute__ARDS_

  Proliferative phase The second phase characterized by fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and alveolar epithelial cell (ACE) II mediated repair. Formation of new matrix, differentiation into ACE I, and formation of cellular junctions begins which leads to expression of aquaporin and ion channels, aiding in the reabsorption of fluid. […] Fibrotic phase The final phase, not experienced by every patient, is characterized by prolonged mechanical ventilation and associated with increased mortality.

• #15 Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Acute (ARDS) | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688506/0.2/Respiratory_Distress_Syndrome_Acute__ARDS_

  Proliferative phase The second phase characterized by fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and alveolar epithelial cell (ACE) II mediated repair. Formation of new matrix, differentiation into ACE I, and formation of cellular junctions begins which leads to expression of aquaporin and ion channels, aiding in the reabsorption of fluid. […] Fibrotic phase The final phase, not experienced by every patient, is characterized by prolonged mechanical ventilation and associated with increased mortality.

• #16 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0615/p730.html

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is noncardiogenic pulmonary edema that manifests as rapidly progressive dyspnea, tachypnea, and hypoxemia. […] ARDS is thought to occur when a pulmonary or extrapulmonary insult causes the release of inflammatory mediators, promoting inflammatory cell accumulation in the alveoli and microcirculation of the lung. […] Most cases are associated with pneumonia or sepsis. […] In-hospital mortality for patients with severe ARDS ranges from 46% to 60%. […] ARDS progresses through several phases after a direct pulmonary or indirect extrapulmonary insult. In the exudative phase, which may last seven to 10 days, alveolar macrophages secrete mediators that lead to accumulation of inflammatory cells in the lung. […] The fibrotic phase, which does not occur in all patients, is characterized by ongoing inflammation, extensive basement membrane damage, persistent edema, intra-alveolar and interstitial fibrosis, and microvascular damage.

• #17 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Symptoms, Doctors, Treatments, Advances & More | MediFind

  https://www.medifind.com/conditions/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome/5614

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung condition that prevents enough oxygen from getting to the lungs and into the blood. […] Symptoms usually develop within 24 to 48 hours of the injury or illness. Often, people with ARDS are so sick they cannot report symptoms. Symptoms can include any of the following: Shortness of breath, Fast heartbeat, Low blood pressure and organ failure, Rapid breathing. […] ARDS leads to a buildup of fluid in the air sacs (alveoli). This fluid prevents enough oxygen from passing into the bloodstream. […] The fluid buildup also makes the lungs heavy and stiff. This decreases the lungs’ ability to expand. The level of oxygen in the blood can stay dangerously low, even if the person receives oxygen from a breathing machine (ventilator) through a breathing tube (endotracheal tube).

• #18 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436002/

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening condition characterized by poor oxygenation and non-compliant or „stiff” lungs. The disorder is associated with capillary endothelial injury and diffuse alveolar damage. Once ARDS develops, patients usually have varying degrees of pulmonary artery vasoconstriction and may develop pulmonary hypertension. ARDS carries a high mortality, and few effective therapeutic modalities exist to alleviate this deadly condition. […] ARDS is an acute, diffuse, inflammatory form of lung injury and life-threatening condition in seriously ill patients, characterized by poor oxygenation, pulmonary infiltrates, and acute onset. On a microscopic level, the disorder is associated with capillary endothelial injury and diffuse alveolar damage. […] ARDS is an acute disorder that starts within seven days of the inciting event and is characterized by bilateral lung infiltrates and severe progressive hypoxemia in the absence of any evidence of cardiogenic pulmonary edema.

• #19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436002/

  Once ARDS develops, patients usually have varying degrees of pulmonary artery vasoconstriction and may subsequently develop pulmonary hypertension. ARDS carries a high mortality, and few effective therapeutic modalities exist to combat this condition. […] The syndrome is characterized by dyspnea and hypoxemia, progressively worsening within 6 to 72 hours of the inciting event, frequently requiring mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit-level care. […] Within 12 to 24 hours, the respiratory distress escalates, becoming severe and requiring mechanical ventilation to prevent hypoxia. […] The diagnosis of ARDS is based on the following criteria: acute onset, bilateral lung infiltrates on chest radiography or CT scan (who are of non-cardiac origin), and a PaO2/FiO2 ratio of less than 300 mm Hg. It is further sub-classified into mild (PaO2/FiO2 200 mm Hg, but 300 mm Hg), moderate (PaO2/FiO2 100 mm Hg, but 200 mm Hg), and severe (PaO2/FiO2 100 mm Hg) subtypes. Mortality and ventilator-free days increase with severity.

• #20 Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Clinical features, diagnosis, and complications in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-clinical-features-diagnosis-and-complications-in-adults

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an acute, diffuse, inflammatory form of lung injury that is associated with a variety of etiologies. Recognizing and promptly treating ARDS is critical to reduce the associated high mortality. […] Patients with ARDS present with the features of ARDS itself as well as features due to the inciting event. However, the manifestations are so nonspecific that the diagnosis is often missed until the disease progresses. […] ARDS should be suspected in patients with progressive symptoms of dyspnea, an increasing requirement for oxygen, and alveolar infiltrates on chest imaging within 6 to 72 hours of an inciting event. […] Patients typically present with dyspnea and a reduction in arterial oxygen saturation after 6 to 72 hours (or up to a week) following an inciting event. On examination patients may have tachypnea, tachycardia, and diffuse crackles. When severe, acute confusion, respiratory distress, cyanosis, and diaphoresis may be evident.

• #21 Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Clinical features, diagnosis, and complications in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-clinical-features-diagnosis-and-complications-in-adults

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an acute, diffuse, inflammatory form of lung injury that is associated with a variety of etiologies. Recognizing and promptly treating ARDS is critical to reduce the associated high mortality. […] Patients with ARDS present with the features of ARDS itself as well as features due to the inciting event. However, the manifestations are so nonspecific that the diagnosis is often missed until the disease progresses. […] ARDS should be suspected in patients with progressive symptoms of dyspnea, an increasing requirement for oxygen, and alveolar infiltrates on chest imaging within 6 to 72 hours of an inciting event. […] Patients typically present with dyspnea and a reduction in arterial oxygen saturation after 6 to 72 hours (or up to a week) following an inciting event. On examination patients may have tachypnea, tachycardia, and diffuse crackles. When severe, acute confusion, respiratory distress, cyanosis, and diaphoresis may be evident.

• #22 ARDS – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ards/symptoms-causes/syc-20355576

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) occurs when lung swelling causes fluid to build up in the tiny elastic air sacs in the lungs. These air sacs, called alveoli, have a protective membrane, but lung swelling damages that membrane. The fluid leaking into the air sacs keeps the lungs from filling with enough air. This means less oxygen reaches the bloodstream, so the body’s organs don’t get the oxygen they need to work properly. […] ARDS usually occurs in people who are already critically ill or have major injuries. People usually are severely short of breath the main symptom of ARDS within a few hours to a few days after the injury or infection that caused ARDS. […] The seriousness of ARDS symptoms can vary depending on what’s causing them and whether there is underlying heart or lung disease. Symptoms include: Severe shortness of breath. Labored and rapid breathing that is not usual. Cough. Chest discomfort. Fast heart rate. Confusion and extreme tiredness. […] Many people who get ARDS don’t survive. The risk of death gets higher with age and how severe the illness is. Of the people who survive ARDS, some fully recover. But others have lasting lung damage.

• #23 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – Symptoms | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/ards/symptoms

  Difficulty breathing is usually the first symptom of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Other symptoms may vary depending on how serious the underlying cause is. ARDS may take several days to develop, or it can rapidly get worse. Complications may include blood clots, infections, additional lung problems, or organ failure. […] Warning signs that you are developing or are at risk for ARDS may include: Shortness of breath, Fast breathing, or taking lots of rapid, shallow breaths, Fast heart rate, Coughing that produces phlegm, Blue fingernails or blue tone to the skin or lips, Extreme tiredness, Fever, Crackling sound in the lungs, Chest pain, especially when trying to breathe deeply, Low blood pressure, Confusion. […] If you have trouble breathing or have severe shortness of breath, call 9-1-1 right away.

• #24 ARDS – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ards/symptoms-causes/syc-20355576

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) occurs when lung swelling causes fluid to build up in the tiny elastic air sacs in the lungs. These air sacs, called alveoli, have a protective membrane, but lung swelling damages that membrane. The fluid leaking into the air sacs keeps the lungs from filling with enough air. This means less oxygen reaches the bloodstream, so the body’s organs don’t get the oxygen they need to work properly. […] ARDS usually occurs in people who are already critically ill or have major injuries. People usually are severely short of breath the main symptom of ARDS within a few hours to a few days after the injury or infection that caused ARDS. […] The seriousness of ARDS symptoms can vary depending on what’s causing them and whether there is underlying heart or lung disease. Symptoms include: Severe shortness of breath. Labored and rapid breathing that is not usual. Cough. Chest discomfort. Fast heart rate. Confusion and extreme tiredness. […] Many people who get ARDS don’t survive. The risk of death gets higher with age and how severe the illness is. Of the people who survive ARDS, some fully recover. But others have lasting lung damage.

• #25 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165139-clinical

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by the development of acute dyspnea and hypoxemia within hours to days of an inciting event, such as trauma, sepsis, drug overdose, massive transfusion, acute pancreatitis, or aspiration. In many cases, the inciting event is obvious, but, in others (e.g., drug overdose), it may be harder to identify. […] Patients developing ARDS are critically ill, often with multisystem organ failure, and they may not be capable of providing historical information. Typically, the illness develops within 12-48 hours after the inciting event, although, in rare instances, it may take up to a few days. […] With the onset of lung injury, patients initially note dyspnea with exertion. This rapidly progresses to severe dyspnea at rest, tachypnea, anxiety, agitation, and the need for increasingly high concentrations of inspired oxygen.

• #26 ARDS Symptoms | What are Signs of ARDS?

  https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/ards/symptoms

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is caused by a severe inflammatory response in the body when there is a severe infection or after there has been trauma to the body. This inflammation causes fluid to leak into the lungs, which makes it extremely difficult to breathe and decreases the amount of oxygen going into the bloodstream. The lack of oxygen can harm the brain, kidneys, and other internal organs. Most people who develop ARDS are already in the hospital because of another disease or injury. […] Common signs and symptoms of ARDS include: […] Shortness of Breath (dyspnea) This is the feeling of being short of breath and having difficulty catching your breath. […] Rapid breathing (tachypnea) and heartbeat (tachycardia) Healthy adults take 12 to 20 breaths per minute. More than 20 breaths indicate abnormally rapid breathing (tachypnea). A resting heart rate higher than the normal 60 to 100 beats per minute is called tachycardia.

• #27 ARDS Symptoms | What are Signs of ARDS?

  https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/ards/symptoms

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is caused by a severe inflammatory response in the body when there is a severe infection or after there has been trauma to the body. This inflammation causes fluid to leak into the lungs, which makes it extremely difficult to breathe and decreases the amount of oxygen going into the bloodstream. The lack of oxygen can harm the brain, kidneys, and other internal organs. Most people who develop ARDS are already in the hospital because of another disease or injury. […] Common signs and symptoms of ARDS include: […] Shortness of Breath (dyspnea) This is the feeling of being short of breath and having difficulty catching your breath. […] Rapid breathing (tachypnea) and heartbeat (tachycardia) Healthy adults take 12 to 20 breaths per minute. More than 20 breaths indicate abnormally rapid breathing (tachypnea). A resting heart rate higher than the normal 60 to 100 beats per minute is called tachycardia.

• #28 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) – Lung and Airway Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/lung-and-airway-disorders/respiratory-failure-and-acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-ards

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a type of respiratory (lung) failure resulting from many different disorders that cause fluid to accumulate in the lungs and oxygen levels in the blood to be too low. […] The person has shortness of breath, usually with rapid, shallow breathing, the skin may become gray or ashen or blue (cyanosis), and other organs such as the heart and brain may malfunction. […] ARDS usually develops within 24 to 48 hours of the original injury or disease but may take as long as 4 or 5 days to occur. The person first has shortness of breath, usually with rapid, shallow breathing. […] Using a stethoscope, a doctor may hear crackling or wheezing sounds in the lungs. Low oxygen levels in the blood may cause the skin to become mottled or blue (cyanosis) in people with light skin, and gray or whitish coloration may develop in the mouth, around the eyes, and under the nails in people with dark-skin. Other organs such as the heart and brain may malfunction, resulting in a rapid heart rate, abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), confusion, and sleepiness.

• #29 ARDS Symptoms | What are Signs of ARDS?

  https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/ards/symptoms

  Cough This cough can be with or without phlegm or mucus. […] Blue lips and fingernails A lower oxygen level in the blood causes the lips and fingernails to turn blue. […] Chest discomfort or pain This feeling can happen when inhaling. […] Low blood pressure Infection, prolonged bed rest or heart problems can lead to lower blood pressure. […] Confusion Lack of adequate oxygen to the brain can cause confusion. […] Pain or discomfort from the area causing ARDS Pneumonia can cause pain in the lungs or when breathing. Pancreatitis can cause stomach pain. Infections also can cause pain and discomfort on the skin infection and in the urinary tract and more.

• #30 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436002/

  Once ARDS develops, patients usually have varying degrees of pulmonary artery vasoconstriction and may subsequently develop pulmonary hypertension. ARDS carries a high mortality, and few effective therapeutic modalities exist to combat this condition. […] The syndrome is characterized by dyspnea and hypoxemia, progressively worsening within 6 to 72 hours of the inciting event, frequently requiring mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit-level care. […] Within 12 to 24 hours, the respiratory distress escalates, becoming severe and requiring mechanical ventilation to prevent hypoxia. […] The diagnosis of ARDS is based on the following criteria: acute onset, bilateral lung infiltrates on chest radiography or CT scan (who are of non-cardiac origin), and a PaO2/FiO2 ratio of less than 300 mm Hg. It is further sub-classified into mild (PaO2/FiO2 200 mm Hg, but 300 mm Hg), moderate (PaO2/FiO2 100 mm Hg, but 200 mm Hg), and severe (PaO2/FiO2 100 mm Hg) subtypes. Mortality and ventilator-free days increase with severity.

• #31 ARDS – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ards/symptoms-causes/syc-20355576

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) occurs when lung swelling causes fluid to build up in the tiny elastic air sacs in the lungs. These air sacs, called alveoli, have a protective membrane, but lung swelling damages that membrane. The fluid leaking into the air sacs keeps the lungs from filling with enough air. This means less oxygen reaches the bloodstream, so the body’s organs don’t get the oxygen they need to work properly. […] ARDS usually occurs in people who are already critically ill or have major injuries. People usually are severely short of breath the main symptom of ARDS within a few hours to a few days after the injury or infection that caused ARDS. […] The seriousness of ARDS symptoms can vary depending on what’s causing them and whether there is underlying heart or lung disease. Symptoms include: Severe shortness of breath. Labored and rapid breathing that is not usual. Cough. Chest discomfort. Fast heart rate. Confusion and extreme tiredness. […] Many people who get ARDS don’t survive. The risk of death gets higher with age and how severe the illness is. Of the people who survive ARDS, some fully recover. But others have lasting lung damage.

• #32 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/ards

  Symptoms include difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, confusion, and dizziness. […] The first symptoms of ARDS usually develop within a few hours to a week after lung injury. […] People typically experience extreme difficulty breathing and shortness of breath. This is often accompanied by rapid, shallow breathing. Low oxygen levels in the blood can also produce a range of other symptoms, including confusion, dizziness, excessive sweating, low blood pressure, and rapid heart rate. Some people may notice that their fingertips, lips, or skin take on a bluish hue, a sign of insufficient blood oxygen level. […] ARDS is a serious condition. Even with treatment, about 25% to 40% of people with ARDS do not survive.

• #33 ARDS Symptoms and Diagnosis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/ards/ards-symptoms-and-diagnoses

  Patients with ARDS are short of breath, often to a distressing level. They are breathing faster and their heart is beating faster. They may have pain as they try to take a breath. As the oxygen in the blood falls, their fingernails and lips may have a bluish color. […] When patients present with the above symptoms, doctors will do a chest X-ray to look for fluid in the lungs and a blood test to find out the severity of the oxygen starvation. ARDS has to be separated from heart failure and chronic lung disease. Doctors suspect ARDS if they can identify a lung injury. If you have heart disease or chronic lung disease, this may be more difficult because ARDS and heart problems have similar symptoms.

• #34 ARDS Symptoms | What are Signs of ARDS?

  https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/ards/symptoms

  Cough This cough can be with or without phlegm or mucus. […] Blue lips and fingernails A lower oxygen level in the blood causes the lips and fingernails to turn blue. […] Chest discomfort or pain This feeling can happen when inhaling. […] Low blood pressure Infection, prolonged bed rest or heart problems can lead to lower blood pressure. […] Confusion Lack of adequate oxygen to the brain can cause confusion. […] Pain or discomfort from the area causing ARDS Pneumonia can cause pain in the lungs or when breathing. Pancreatitis can cause stomach pain. Infections also can cause pain and discomfort on the skin infection and in the urinary tract and more.

• #35 ARDS Symptoms | What are Signs of ARDS?

  https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/ards/symptoms

  Cough This cough can be with or without phlegm or mucus. […] Blue lips and fingernails A lower oxygen level in the blood causes the lips and fingernails to turn blue. […] Chest discomfort or pain This feeling can happen when inhaling. […] Low blood pressure Infection, prolonged bed rest or heart problems can lead to lower blood pressure. […] Confusion Lack of adequate oxygen to the brain can cause confusion. […] Pain or discomfort from the area causing ARDS Pneumonia can cause pain in the lungs or when breathing. Pancreatitis can cause stomach pain. Infections also can cause pain and discomfort on the skin infection and in the urinary tract and more.

• #36 ARDS – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ards/symptoms-causes/syc-20355576

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) occurs when lung swelling causes fluid to build up in the tiny elastic air sacs in the lungs. These air sacs, called alveoli, have a protective membrane, but lung swelling damages that membrane. The fluid leaking into the air sacs keeps the lungs from filling with enough air. This means less oxygen reaches the bloodstream, so the body’s organs don’t get the oxygen they need to work properly. […] ARDS usually occurs in people who are already critically ill or have major injuries. People usually are severely short of breath the main symptom of ARDS within a few hours to a few days after the injury or infection that caused ARDS. […] The seriousness of ARDS symptoms can vary depending on what’s causing them and whether there is underlying heart or lung disease. Symptoms include: Severe shortness of breath. Labored and rapid breathing that is not usual. Cough. Chest discomfort. Fast heart rate. Confusion and extreme tiredness. […] Many people who get ARDS don’t survive. The risk of death gets higher with age and how severe the illness is. Of the people who survive ARDS, some fully recover. But others have lasting lung damage.

• #37 ARDS Symptoms | What are Signs of ARDS?

  https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/ards/symptoms

  Cough This cough can be with or without phlegm or mucus. […] Blue lips and fingernails A lower oxygen level in the blood causes the lips and fingernails to turn blue. […] Chest discomfort or pain This feeling can happen when inhaling. […] Low blood pressure Infection, prolonged bed rest or heart problems can lead to lower blood pressure. […] Confusion Lack of adequate oxygen to the brain can cause confusion. […] Pain or discomfort from the area causing ARDS Pneumonia can cause pain in the lungs or when breathing. Pancreatitis can cause stomach pain. Infections also can cause pain and discomfort on the skin infection and in the urinary tract and more.

• #38 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/ards

  Symptoms include difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, confusion, and dizziness. […] The first symptoms of ARDS usually develop within a few hours to a week after lung injury. […] People typically experience extreme difficulty breathing and shortness of breath. This is often accompanied by rapid, shallow breathing. Low oxygen levels in the blood can also produce a range of other symptoms, including confusion, dizziness, excessive sweating, low blood pressure, and rapid heart rate. Some people may notice that their fingertips, lips, or skin take on a bluish hue, a sign of insufficient blood oxygen level. […] ARDS is a serious condition. Even with treatment, about 25% to 40% of people with ARDS do not survive.

• #39 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Acute-Respiratory-Distress-Syndrome-(ARDS).aspx

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a potentially fatal condition where the lungs cannot provide enough oxygen to the body’s vital organs. […] ARDS symptoms typically appear between one and three days after the trauma, injury, or severe pneumonia. It may become life-threatening when there is widespread inflammation of the lungs, which may begin in just one lung, but eventually, it would affect both. […] When the fluid accumulates in the alveoli, they lose their ability to oxygenate the blood and eliminate carbon dioxide. Patients with ARDS may start having severe shortness of breath, muscle fatigue, general weakness, low blood pressure, rapid and shallow breathing, drowsiness or confusion, feeling faint, dry and hacking cough, headaches, and fever. […] In severe cases, the lungs may become heavy and unable to expand, with patients requiring mechanical ventilation due to respiratory failure. With ARDS, other organs may fail to work properly, leading to multiorgan failure, affecting the heart, kidneys, liver, bloodstream, and brain.

• #40 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Acute-Respiratory-Distress-Syndrome-(ARDS).aspx

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a potentially fatal condition where the lungs cannot provide enough oxygen to the body’s vital organs. […] ARDS symptoms typically appear between one and three days after the trauma, injury, or severe pneumonia. It may become life-threatening when there is widespread inflammation of the lungs, which may begin in just one lung, but eventually, it would affect both. […] When the fluid accumulates in the alveoli, they lose their ability to oxygenate the blood and eliminate carbon dioxide. Patients with ARDS may start having severe shortness of breath, muscle fatigue, general weakness, low blood pressure, rapid and shallow breathing, drowsiness or confusion, feeling faint, dry and hacking cough, headaches, and fever. […] In severe cases, the lungs may become heavy and unable to expand, with patients requiring mechanical ventilation due to respiratory failure. With ARDS, other organs may fail to work properly, leading to multiorgan failure, affecting the heart, kidneys, liver, bloodstream, and brain.

• #41 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436002/

  Once ARDS develops, patients usually have varying degrees of pulmonary artery vasoconstriction and may subsequently develop pulmonary hypertension. ARDS carries a high mortality, and few effective therapeutic modalities exist to combat this condition. […] The syndrome is characterized by dyspnea and hypoxemia, progressively worsening within 6 to 72 hours of the inciting event, frequently requiring mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit-level care. […] Within 12 to 24 hours, the respiratory distress escalates, becoming severe and requiring mechanical ventilation to prevent hypoxia. […] The diagnosis of ARDS is based on the following criteria: acute onset, bilateral lung infiltrates on chest radiography or CT scan (who are of non-cardiac origin), and a PaO2/FiO2 ratio of less than 300 mm Hg. It is further sub-classified into mild (PaO2/FiO2 200 mm Hg, but 300 mm Hg), moderate (PaO2/FiO2 100 mm Hg, but 200 mm Hg), and severe (PaO2/FiO2 100 mm Hg) subtypes. Mortality and ventilator-free days increase with severity.

• #42 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165139-overview

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is recognized as the most severe form of acute lung injury (ALI), a form of diffuse alveolar injury. Initially, the American-European Consensus Conference (AECC) defined ARDS as an acute condition characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and severe hypoxemia in the absence of evidence for cardiogenic pulmonary edema. The severity of hypoxemia necessary to make the diagnosis of ARDS was defined by the ratio of the partial pressure of oxygen in the patients arterial blood (PaO2) to the fraction of oxygen in the inspired air (FiO2). ARDS was defined by a PaO2/FiO2 ratio of less than 200, and in ALI, less than 300. […] ARDS is defined by timing (within 1 week of clinical insult or onset of respiratory symptoms); radiographic changes (bilateral opacities not fully explained by effusions, consolidation, or atelectasis); origin of edema (not fully explained by cardiac failure or fluid overload); and severity based on the PaO2/FiO2 ratio on at least 5 cm of H2O end expiratory pressure. The three categories are mild (PaO2/FiO2 200-300), moderate (PaO2/FiO2 100-200), and severe (PaO2/FiO2 100).

• #43 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436002/

  Once ARDS develops, patients usually have varying degrees of pulmonary artery vasoconstriction and may subsequently develop pulmonary hypertension. ARDS carries a high mortality, and few effective therapeutic modalities exist to combat this condition. […] The syndrome is characterized by dyspnea and hypoxemia, progressively worsening within 6 to 72 hours of the inciting event, frequently requiring mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit-level care. […] Within 12 to 24 hours, the respiratory distress escalates, becoming severe and requiring mechanical ventilation to prevent hypoxia. […] The diagnosis of ARDS is based on the following criteria: acute onset, bilateral lung infiltrates on chest radiography or CT scan (who are of non-cardiac origin), and a PaO2/FiO2 ratio of less than 300 mm Hg. It is further sub-classified into mild (PaO2/FiO2 200 mm Hg, but 300 mm Hg), moderate (PaO2/FiO2 100 mm Hg, but 200 mm Hg), and severe (PaO2/FiO2 100 mm Hg) subtypes. Mortality and ventilator-free days increase with severity.

• #44 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0615/p730.html

  Risk factors include older age and conditions that cause direct lung injury (e.g., aspiration, inhalation injury, pulmonary contusion) or indirect lung injury (e.g., drug toxicity, burns, transfusion-related acute lung injury). […] Mild, moderate, and severe cases of ARDS are associated with hospital mortality rates of 27% to 35%, 32% to 40%, and 46% to 60%, respectively. […] ARDS should be suspected if hypoxia does not resolve with supplemental oxygen. […] Treatment of ARDS is generally supportive, consisting of mechanical ventilation, prevention of stress ulcers and venous thromboembolism, and nutritional support while addressing the underlying etiology. […] Although mild cases of ARDS may respond to noninvasive ventilation, most patients require sedation, intubation, and ventilation while the underlying injury is treated.

• #45 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Adults

  https://elsevier.health/en-US/preview/ards-in-adults

  Mild acute respiratory distress syndrome is associated with 34.9% mortality. […] Moderate disease is associated with 40.3% mortality. […] Severe disease is associated with 46.1% mortality. […] The highest risk of death is when sepsis is the underlying cause; trauma-related cases have a lower mortality rate than those unrelated to trauma.

• #46 Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Clinical features, diagnosis, and complications in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-clinical-features-diagnosis-and-complications-in-adults/print

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an acute, diffuse, inflammatory form of lung injury that is associated with a variety of etiologies. Recognizing and promptly treating ARDS is critical to reduce the associated high mortality. […] Patients with ARDS present with the features of ARDS itself as well as features due to the inciting event. However, the manifestations are so nonspecific that the diagnosis is often missed until the disease progresses. […] Findings of ARDS — ARDS should be suspected in patients with progressive symptoms of dyspnea, an increasing requirement for oxygen, and alveolar infiltrates on chest imaging within 6 to 72 hours of an inciting event. […] Patients typically present with dyspnea and a reduction in arterial oxygen saturation after 6 to 72 hours (or up to a week) following an inciting event. On examination patients may have tachypnea, tachycardia, and diffuse crackles. When severe, acute confusion, respiratory distress, cyanosis, and diaphoresis may be evident.

• #47 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/374

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) typically presents with dyspnoea and hypoxaemia, which progress to acute respiratory failure. […] Common causes are pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration, and severe trauma. […] Mortality is between 30% and 50%. […] Complications include pneumothorax, ventilator-associated pneumonia, multiple organ failure, and pulmonary fibrosis with prolonged respiratory failure. […] Diagnosis of ARDS is based on fulfilling three criteria: Acute onset (within 1 week), Bilateral opacities on chest radiography or computed tomography (CT), or bilateral B lines and/or consolidations on ultrasound not fully explained by effusions, atelectasis, or nodules/masses, PaO/FiO (arterial to inspired oxygen) ratio of 300 or SpO2/FiO2 (pulse oximetric saturation to inspired oxygen) ratio of 315.

• #48 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/374

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) typically presents with dyspnea and hypoxemia, which progress to acute respiratory failure. […] Common causes are pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration, and severe trauma. […] Mortality is between 30% and 50%. […] Complications include pneumothorax, ventilator-associated pneumonia, multiple organ failure, and pulmonary fibrosis with prolonged respiratory failure. […] Diagnosis of ARDS is based on fulfilling three criteria: Acute onset (within 1 week), bilateral opacities on chest radiography or computed tomography (CT), or bilateral B lines and/or consolidations on ultrasound not fully explained by effusions, atelectasis, or nodules/masses, PaO/FiO (arterial to inspired oxygen) ratio of 300 or SpO2/FiO2 (pulse oximetric saturation to inspired oxygen) ratio of 315. […] Key diagnostic factors include low oxygen saturation and acute respiratory failure. […] Other diagnostic factors include critically ill patient, dyspnea, increased respiratory rate, pulmonary crepitations, low lung compliance, fever, cough, pleuritic chest pain, and frothy sputum.

• #49 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/374

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) typically presents with dyspnea and hypoxemia, which progress to acute respiratory failure. […] Common causes are pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration, and severe trauma. […] Mortality is between 30% and 50%. […] Complications include pneumothorax, ventilator-associated pneumonia, multiple organ failure, and pulmonary fibrosis with prolonged respiratory failure. […] Diagnosis of ARDS is based on fulfilling three criteria: Acute onset (within 1 week), bilateral opacities on chest radiography or computed tomography (CT), or bilateral B lines and/or consolidations on ultrasound not fully explained by effusions, atelectasis, or nodules/masses, PaO/FiO (arterial to inspired oxygen) ratio of 300 or SpO2/FiO2 (pulse oximetric saturation to inspired oxygen) ratio of 315. […] Key diagnostic factors include low oxygen saturation and acute respiratory failure. […] Other diagnostic factors include critically ill patient, dyspnea, increased respiratory rate, pulmonary crepitations, low lung compliance, fever, cough, pleuritic chest pain, and frothy sputum.

• #50 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/374

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) typically presents with dyspnea and hypoxemia, which progress to acute respiratory failure. […] Common causes are pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration, and severe trauma. […] Mortality is between 30% and 50%. […] Complications include pneumothorax, ventilator-associated pneumonia, multiple organ failure, and pulmonary fibrosis with prolonged respiratory failure. […] Diagnosis of ARDS is based on fulfilling three criteria: Acute onset (within 1 week), bilateral opacities on chest radiography or computed tomography (CT), or bilateral B lines and/or consolidations on ultrasound not fully explained by effusions, atelectasis, or nodules/masses, PaO/FiO (arterial to inspired oxygen) ratio of 300 or SpO2/FiO2 (pulse oximetric saturation to inspired oxygen) ratio of 315. […] Key diagnostic factors include low oxygen saturation and acute respiratory failure. […] Other diagnostic factors include critically ill patient, dyspnea, increased respiratory rate, pulmonary crepitations, low lung compliance, fever, cough, pleuritic chest pain, and frothy sputum.

• #51 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0615/p730.html

  Risk factors include older age and conditions that cause direct lung injury (e.g., aspiration, inhalation injury, pulmonary contusion) or indirect lung injury (e.g., drug toxicity, burns, transfusion-related acute lung injury). […] Mild, moderate, and severe cases of ARDS are associated with hospital mortality rates of 27% to 35%, 32% to 40%, and 46% to 60%, respectively. […] ARDS should be suspected if hypoxia does not resolve with supplemental oxygen. […] Treatment of ARDS is generally supportive, consisting of mechanical ventilation, prevention of stress ulcers and venous thromboembolism, and nutritional support while addressing the underlying etiology. […] Although mild cases of ARDS may respond to noninvasive ventilation, most patients require sedation, intubation, and ventilation while the underlying injury is treated.

• #52 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) – Lung and Airway Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/lung-and-airway-disorders/respiratory-failure-and-acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-ards

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a type of respiratory (lung) failure resulting from many different disorders that cause fluid to accumulate in the lungs and oxygen levels in the blood to be too low. […] The person has shortness of breath, usually with rapid, shallow breathing, the skin may become gray or ashen or blue (cyanosis), and other organs such as the heart and brain may malfunction. […] ARDS usually develops within 24 to 48 hours of the original injury or disease but may take as long as 4 or 5 days to occur. The person first has shortness of breath, usually with rapid, shallow breathing. […] Using a stethoscope, a doctor may hear crackling or wheezing sounds in the lungs. Low oxygen levels in the blood may cause the skin to become mottled or blue (cyanosis) in people with light skin, and gray or whitish coloration may develop in the mouth, around the eyes, and under the nails in people with dark-skin. Other organs such as the heart and brain may malfunction, resulting in a rapid heart rate, abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), confusion, and sleepiness.

• #53 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0615/p730.html

  Risk factors include older age and conditions that cause direct lung injury (e.g., aspiration, inhalation injury, pulmonary contusion) or indirect lung injury (e.g., drug toxicity, burns, transfusion-related acute lung injury). […] Mild, moderate, and severe cases of ARDS are associated with hospital mortality rates of 27% to 35%, 32% to 40%, and 46% to 60%, respectively. […] ARDS should be suspected if hypoxia does not resolve with supplemental oxygen. […] Treatment of ARDS is generally supportive, consisting of mechanical ventilation, prevention of stress ulcers and venous thromboembolism, and nutritional support while addressing the underlying etiology. […] Although mild cases of ARDS may respond to noninvasive ventilation, most patients require sedation, intubation, and ventilation while the underlying injury is treated.

• #54 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0615/p730.html

  Patients with ARDS spend an average of 16 days (standard deviation = 15.8) in the ICU and a total of 26 days (standard deviation = 27.7) in the hospital. […] After discharge from the ICU, patients with ARDS may have a lower quality of life, significant weakness from neuropathy or myopathy, persistent cognitive impairment, and delayed return to work. […] ARDS is less common in children and less likely to lead to death. The estimated incidence in children is 2.0 to 12.8 cases per 100,000 person-years, and the estimated mortality rate is 18% to 27%.

• #55 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436002/

  The chief treatment strategy is supportive care, focusing on 1) reducing shunt fraction, 2) increasing oxygen delivery, 3) decreasing oxygen consumption, and 4) avoiding further injury. […] Patients are mechanically ventilated, guarded against fluid overload with diuretics, and given nutritional support until improvement is observed. […] The prognosis for ARDS was abysmal until very recently. There are reports of 30% to 40% mortality up until the 1990s, but over the past 20 years, there has been a significant decrease in the mortality rate, even for severe ARDS. […] While mortality rates are now around 9% to 20%, it is much higher in older patients. ARDS has significant morbidity as these patients remain in the hospital for extended periods and have significant weight loss, poor muscle function, and functional impairment. […] Despite advances in critical care, ARDS still has high morbidity and mortality. Even those who survive can have a poorer quality of life.

• #56 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436002/

  The chief treatment strategy is supportive care, focusing on 1) reducing shunt fraction, 2) increasing oxygen delivery, 3) decreasing oxygen consumption, and 4) avoiding further injury. […] Patients are mechanically ventilated, guarded against fluid overload with diuretics, and given nutritional support until improvement is observed. […] The prognosis for ARDS was abysmal until very recently. There are reports of 30% to 40% mortality up until the 1990s, but over the past 20 years, there has been a significant decrease in the mortality rate, even for severe ARDS. […] While mortality rates are now around 9% to 20%, it is much higher in older patients. ARDS has significant morbidity as these patients remain in the hospital for extended periods and have significant weight loss, poor muscle function, and functional impairment. […] Despite advances in critical care, ARDS still has high morbidity and mortality. Even those who survive can have a poorer quality of life.

• #57 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/374

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) typically presents with dyspnoea and hypoxaemia, which progress to acute respiratory failure. […] Common causes are pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration, and severe trauma. […] Mortality is between 30% and 50%. […] Complications include pneumothorax, ventilator-associated pneumonia, multiple organ failure, and pulmonary fibrosis with prolonged respiratory failure. […] Diagnosis of ARDS is based on fulfilling three criteria: Acute onset (within 1 week), Bilateral opacities on chest radiography or computed tomography (CT), or bilateral B lines and/or consolidations on ultrasound not fully explained by effusions, atelectasis, or nodules/masses, PaO/FiO (arterial to inspired oxygen) ratio of 300 or SpO2/FiO2 (pulse oximetric saturation to inspired oxygen) ratio of 315.

• #58 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/374

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) typically presents with dyspnoea and hypoxaemia, which progress to acute respiratory failure. […] Common causes are pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration, and severe trauma. […] Mortality is between 30% and 50%. […] Complications include pneumothorax, ventilator-associated pneumonia, multiple organ failure, and pulmonary fibrosis with prolonged respiratory failure. […] Diagnosis of ARDS is based on fulfilling three criteria: Acute onset (within 1 week), Bilateral opacities on chest radiography or computed tomography (CT), or bilateral B lines and/or consolidations on ultrasound not fully explained by effusions, atelectasis, or nodules/masses, PaO/FiO (arterial to inspired oxygen) ratio of 300 or SpO2/FiO2 (pulse oximetric saturation to inspired oxygen) ratio of 315.

• #59 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/374

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) typically presents with dyspnoea and hypoxaemia, which progress to acute respiratory failure. […] Common causes are pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration, and severe trauma. […] Mortality is between 30% and 50%. […] Complications include pneumothorax, ventilator-associated pneumonia, multiple organ failure, and pulmonary fibrosis with prolonged respiratory failure. […] Diagnosis of ARDS is based on fulfilling three criteria: Acute onset (within 1 week), Bilateral opacities on chest radiography or computed tomography (CT), or bilateral B lines and/or consolidations on ultrasound not fully explained by effusions, atelectasis, or nodules/masses, PaO/FiO (arterial to inspired oxygen) ratio of 300 or SpO2/FiO2 (pulse oximetric saturation to inspired oxygen) ratio of 315.

• #60 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/374

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) typically presents with dyspnoea and hypoxaemia, which progress to acute respiratory failure. […] Common causes are pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration, and severe trauma. […] Mortality is between 30% and 50%. […] Complications include pneumothorax, ventilator-associated pneumonia, multiple organ failure, and pulmonary fibrosis with prolonged respiratory failure. […] Diagnosis of ARDS is based on fulfilling three criteria: Acute onset (within 1 week), Bilateral opacities on chest radiography or computed tomography (CT), or bilateral B lines and/or consolidations on ultrasound not fully explained by effusions, atelectasis, or nodules/masses, PaO/FiO (arterial to inspired oxygen) ratio of 300 or SpO2/FiO2 (pulse oximetric saturation to inspired oxygen) ratio of 315.

• #61 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/374

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) typically presents with dyspnoea and hypoxaemia, which progress to acute respiratory failure. […] Common causes are pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration, and severe trauma. […] Mortality is between 30% and 50%. […] Complications include pneumothorax, ventilator-associated pneumonia, multiple organ failure, and pulmonary fibrosis with prolonged respiratory failure. […] Diagnosis of ARDS is based on fulfilling three criteria: Acute onset (within 1 week), Bilateral opacities on chest radiography or computed tomography (CT), or bilateral B lines and/or consolidations on ultrasound not fully explained by effusions, atelectasis, or nodules/masses, PaO/FiO (arterial to inspired oxygen) ratio of 300 or SpO2/FiO2 (pulse oximetric saturation to inspired oxygen) ratio of 315.

• #62 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) | Cigna

  https://www.cigna.com/knowledge-center/hw/medical-topics/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-abn1432

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a serious lung problem. Fluid builds up in the lungs, causing breathing failure and low oxygen levels in the blood. ARDS can get worse quickly. People with ARDS have severe trouble breathing. They feel short of breath and breathe fast. […] Among people who survive ARDS, some recover completely. But it can take a few years to do so. Others have long-term health problems, such as: Breathing problems, like shortness of breath. For some people, this goes away within 6 months. But for others, breathing problems don’t go away.

• #63 Acute respiratory distress syndrome – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome

  ARDS often occurs along with the failure of other organ systems, such as the heart, liver or kidneys. […] About one third of people with ARDS die of the disease. Those who live often get back most of their normal lung function, but many people have permanent (usually mild) lung damage. […] Many people who survive ARDS have memory loss or other quality-of-life problems after they recover. This is due to brain damage that occurred when the lungs were not working properly and the brain was not getting enough oxygen. Some people can also have post-traumatic stress after surviving ARDS.

• #64 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Symptoms, Doctors, Treatments, Advances & More | MediFind

  https://www.medifind.com/conditions/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome/5614

  About one third of people with ARDS die of the disease. Those who live often get back most of their normal lung function, but many people have permanent (usually mild) lung damage. […] Many people who survive ARDS have memory loss or other quality-of-life problems after they recover. This is due to brain damage that occurred when the lungs were not working properly and the brain was not getting enough oxygen. Some people can also have post-traumatic stress after surviving ARDS.

• #65 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) | Cigna

  https://www.cigna.com/knowledge-center/hw/medical-topics/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-abn1432

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a serious lung problem. Fluid builds up in the lungs, causing breathing failure and low oxygen levels in the blood. ARDS can get worse quickly. People with ARDS have severe trouble breathing. They feel short of breath and breathe fast. […] Among people who survive ARDS, some recover completely. But it can take a few years to do so. Others have long-term health problems, such as: Breathing problems, like shortness of breath. For some people, this goes away within 6 months. But for others, breathing problems don’t go away.

• #66 ARDS: Causes, Symptoms, Risks, Diagnosis, and TreatmentHealthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung condition. It occurs when fluid fills up the air sacs in your lungs. […] Symptoms usually occur within a day or two of the original illness or trauma, and they may include extreme shortness of breath and gasping for air. […] The symptoms of ARDS typically appear within one week of an injury or trauma. […] Common symptoms and signs of ARDS include: labored and rapid breathing, muscle fatigue and general weakness, low blood pressure, discolored skin or nails, a dry, hacking cough, a fever, headaches, a fast pulse rate, mental confusion. […] In some cases, an ARDS diagnosis can cause or be linked to other health conditions that will need to be addressed. […] Many survivors of ARDS fully recover within a few months. However, some people may have lifelong lung damage. Other side effects may include: muscle weakness, fatigue, an impaired quality of life, compromised mental health.

• #67 ARDS: Causes, Symptoms, Risks, Diagnosis, and TreatmentHealthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung condition. It occurs when fluid fills up the air sacs in your lungs. […] Symptoms usually occur within a day or two of the original illness or trauma, and they may include extreme shortness of breath and gasping for air. […] The symptoms of ARDS typically appear within one week of an injury or trauma. […] Common symptoms and signs of ARDS include: labored and rapid breathing, muscle fatigue and general weakness, low blood pressure, discolored skin or nails, a dry, hacking cough, a fever, headaches, a fast pulse rate, mental confusion. […] In some cases, an ARDS diagnosis can cause or be linked to other health conditions that will need to be addressed. […] Many survivors of ARDS fully recover within a few months. However, some people may have lifelong lung damage. Other side effects may include: muscle weakness, fatigue, an impaired quality of life, compromised mental health.

• #68 ARDS: Causes, Symptoms, Risks, Diagnosis, and TreatmentHealthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung condition. It occurs when fluid fills up the air sacs in your lungs. […] Symptoms usually occur within a day or two of the original illness or trauma, and they may include extreme shortness of breath and gasping for air. […] The symptoms of ARDS typically appear within one week of an injury or trauma. […] Common symptoms and signs of ARDS include: labored and rapid breathing, muscle fatigue and general weakness, low blood pressure, discolored skin or nails, a dry, hacking cough, a fever, headaches, a fast pulse rate, mental confusion. […] In some cases, an ARDS diagnosis can cause or be linked to other health conditions that will need to be addressed. […] Many survivors of ARDS fully recover within a few months. However, some people may have lifelong lung damage. Other side effects may include: muscle weakness, fatigue, an impaired quality of life, compromised mental health.

• #69 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Symptoms, Doctors, Treatments, Advances & More | MediFind

  https://www.medifind.com/conditions/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome/5614

  About one third of people with ARDS die of the disease. Those who live often get back most of their normal lung function, but many people have permanent (usually mild) lung damage. […] Many people who survive ARDS have memory loss or other quality-of-life problems after they recover. This is due to brain damage that occurred when the lungs were not working properly and the brain was not getting enough oxygen. Some people can also have post-traumatic stress after surviving ARDS.

• #70 American Thoracic Society | Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

  https://site.thoracic.org/advocacy-patients/patient-resources/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome

  Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening illness in which the lungs are severely inflamed. Swelling throughout the lungs causes the air sacs (alveoli) to fill with fluid so oxygen cannot get into the blood. Patients with ARDS need extra oxygen and sometimes need a ventilator to help them breathe. Even with the best care, about 40 percent of people with ARDS die. […] Common symptoms include shortness of breath, cough (often with white or pink frothy sputum), fatigue, or fever. […] ARDS is an unpredictable and serious medical problem. Even with the best medical care, almost half of patients die. Some people recover within a short period of time, while others may not recover for weeks or months. […] After leaving the hospital, the ARDS survivors may need help while recovering at home. They may need oxygen or physical or occupational therapy. They may also have shortness of breath, cough, hoarseness, fatigue, anxiety, depression or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). […] A person recovering from ARDS will need check-ups with his or her health care provider, who will monitor his/her improvement, and check his/her lung function on a regular basis.

• #71 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Symptoms, Doctors, Treatments, Advances & More | MediFind

  https://www.medifind.com/conditions/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome/5614

  About one third of people with ARDS die of the disease. Those who live often get back most of their normal lung function, but many people have permanent (usually mild) lung damage. […] Many people who survive ARDS have memory loss or other quality-of-life problems after they recover. This is due to brain damage that occurred when the lungs were not working properly and the brain was not getting enough oxygen. Some people can also have post-traumatic stress after surviving ARDS.

• #72 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0615/p730.html

  Patients with ARDS spend an average of 16 days (standard deviation = 15.8) in the ICU and a total of 26 days (standard deviation = 27.7) in the hospital. […] After discharge from the ICU, patients with ARDS may have a lower quality of life, significant weakness from neuropathy or myopathy, persistent cognitive impairment, and delayed return to work. […] ARDS is less common in children and less likely to lead to death. The estimated incidence in children is 2.0 to 12.8 cases per 100,000 person-years, and the estimated mortality rate is 18% to 27%.

• #73 COVID-19 and ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome)

  https://elite24er.com/covid-19-and-ards-acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome/

  COVID-19 can cause lasting lung damage, and one of the severe lung complications caused by COVID-19 is ARDS. Patients with ARDS may find it difficult to breathe on their own. They may require ventilator support to help in oxygen circulation through the body. […] After a severe case of COVID-19, recovery from lung damage takes time. It could take between three months to a year or even more for a persons lung function to return to its pre-COVID level. […] While many people with ARDS recover their lung function, others may face breathing problems for the rest of their lives. […] The low oxygen levels in the blood could lead to memory loss or cognitive problems. In some cases, the damage could be permanent. […] Some ARDS survivors may also go through a period of depression which is treatable. […] Prolonged treatment in the hospital could weaken the muscles. […] If symptoms of ARDS are present, seek immediate medical care.

• #74 COVID-19 and ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome)

  https://elite24er.com/covid-19-and-ards-acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome/

  COVID-19 can cause lasting lung damage, and one of the severe lung complications caused by COVID-19 is ARDS. Patients with ARDS may find it difficult to breathe on their own. They may require ventilator support to help in oxygen circulation through the body. […] After a severe case of COVID-19, recovery from lung damage takes time. It could take between three months to a year or even more for a persons lung function to return to its pre-COVID level. […] While many people with ARDS recover their lung function, others may face breathing problems for the rest of their lives. […] The low oxygen levels in the blood could lead to memory loss or cognitive problems. In some cases, the damage could be permanent. […] Some ARDS survivors may also go through a period of depression which is treatable. […] Prolonged treatment in the hospital could weaken the muscles. […] If symptoms of ARDS are present, seek immediate medical care.

• #75 Clinical features and progression of acute respiratory distress syndrome in coronavirus disease 2019 | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.20024166v2

  The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) results in a cluster of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We reported the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and further investigated the treatment and progression of ARDS in COVID-19. […] Among 109 patients, mean age was 55 years, and 59 patients were male. With a median 15 days (range, 4 to 30 days) follow-up period, 31 patients (28.4%) died, while 78 (71.6%) survived and discharged. Of all patients, 53 (48.6%) developed ARDS. Compared to non-ARDS patients, ARDS patients were elder (mean age, 61 years vs. 49 years), and more likely to have the coexistent conditions, including diabetes (20.8% vs. 1.8%), cerebrovascular disease (11.3% vs. 0%), and chronic kidney disease (15.1% vs. 3.6%). Compared to mild ARDS patients, those with moderate and severe ARDS had higher mortality rates. No significant effect of antivirus, glucocorticoid, or immunoglobulin treatment on survival was observed in patients with ARDS. […] The mortality rate increased with the severity of ARDS in COVID-19, and the effects of current therapies on the survival for these patients were not satisfactory, which needs more attention from clinicians.

• #76 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0615/p730.html

  Patients with ARDS spend an average of 16 days (standard deviation = 15.8) in the ICU and a total of 26 days (standard deviation = 27.7) in the hospital. […] After discharge from the ICU, patients with ARDS may have a lower quality of life, significant weakness from neuropathy or myopathy, persistent cognitive impairment, and delayed return to work. […] ARDS is less common in children and less likely to lead to death. The estimated incidence in children is 2.0 to 12.8 cases per 100,000 person-years, and the estimated mortality rate is 18% to 27%.

• #77 Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) – Children’s Health Pulmonology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-ards

  Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) occurs when fluid fills the lungs due to an infection or injury. This prevents air from filling the lungs effectively and deprives the body of oxygen. […] ARDS most often affects children who are already hospitalized, causing their lungs to become inflamed and fill with fluid. This makes them stiff and unable to properly expand when breathing. Oxygen levels will drop in the bloodstream and compromise the health of other organs. Patients will need a ventilator to breath for them and allow the lungs to heal. […] Symptoms of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) include: Abdominal pain (in pancreatitis), Cough (often with white or pink frothy sputum), Fatigue, Fever, Shortness of breath.

• #78 Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) – Children’s Health Pulmonology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-ards

  Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) occurs when fluid fills the lungs due to an infection or injury. This prevents air from filling the lungs effectively and deprives the body of oxygen. […] ARDS most often affects children who are already hospitalized, causing their lungs to become inflamed and fill with fluid. This makes them stiff and unable to properly expand when breathing. Oxygen levels will drop in the bloodstream and compromise the health of other organs. Patients will need a ventilator to breath for them and allow the lungs to heal. […] Symptoms of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) include: Abdominal pain (in pancreatitis), Cough (often with white or pink frothy sputum), Fatigue, Fever, Shortness of breath.

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