Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Metabolic syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_syndrome

  Metabolic syndrome is associated with the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. […] The syndrome is thought to be caused by an underlying disorder of energy utilization and storage, but the cause of the syndrome is an area of ongoing medical research. […] The most important risk factors are diet (particularly sugar-sweetened beverage consumption), genetics, aging, sedentary behavior or low physical activity, disrupted chronobiology/sleep, mood disorders/psychotropic medication use, and excessive alcohol use. […] Recent studies have highlighted the global prevalence of metabolic syndrome, driven by the rise in obesity and type 2 diabetes. […] There is debate regarding whether obesity or insulin resistance is the cause of the metabolic syndrome or if they are consequences of a more far-reaching metabolic derangement.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12020-023-03642-x

  Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex disorder characterized by abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, and elevated fasting blood glucose levels. […] The etiology of MetS is believed to involve a complex interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental factors. […] While genetic predisposition explains only a small part of MetS pathogenesis, modifiable environmental risk factors play a significant role. Factors such as maternal weight during pregnancy, children’s lifestyle, sedentariness, high-fat diet, fructose and branched-chain amino acid consumption, vitamin D deficiency, and sleep disturbances contribute to the development of MetS. […] MetS is becoming increasingly common in children and adolescents and the disparity in consensus makes it challenging for clinicians to compare studies that employ different diagnostic standards.

• #3 Metabolic Syndrome: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10783-metabolic-syndrome

  Metabolic syndrome involves having at least 3 out of 5 health conditions that increase your risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke and Type 2 diabetes. It can cause other complications as well. Each condition is treatable with lifestyle changes and/or medication. […] Metabolic syndrome is a group of conditions that together increase your risk of cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes and stroke. It can lead to other health problems as well, like conditions related to plaque buildup in artery walls (atherosclerosis) and organ damage. […] Several factors contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome and its a complex web of factors. But researchers think insulin resistance is the main driver behind the syndrome. […] Insulin resistance happens when cells in your muscles, fat and liver dont respond as they should to insulin, a hormone your pancreas makes thats essential for life and regulating blood glucose (sugar) levels.

• #4 Metabolic syndrome – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/metabolic-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20351916

  Metabolic syndrome is closely linked to overweight or obesity and inactivity. […] It’s also linked to a condition called insulin resistance. Usually, the digestive system breaks down foods into sugar. The pancreas makes the hormone insulin. And insulin helps sugar enter cells to be used as fuel. […] In people with insulin resistance, cells don’t respond as expected to insulin. So sugar, known as glucose, can’t get into the cells as easily. As a result, blood sugar levels rise even though the body is making more insulin to try to lower the blood sugar.

• #5 Metabolic Syndrome: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10783-metabolic-syndrome

  Metabolic syndrome involves having at least 3 out of 5 health conditions that increase your risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke and Type 2 diabetes. It can cause other complications as well. Each condition is treatable with lifestyle changes and/or medication. […] Metabolic syndrome is a group of conditions that together increase your risk of cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes and stroke. It can lead to other health problems as well, like conditions related to plaque buildup in artery walls (atherosclerosis) and organ damage. […] Several factors contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome and its a complex web of factors. But researchers think insulin resistance is the main driver behind the syndrome. […] Insulin resistance happens when cells in your muscles, fat and liver dont respond as they should to insulin, a hormone your pancreas makes thats essential for life and regulating blood glucose (sugar) levels.

• #6 Metabolic Syndrome – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/metabolic-syndrome/causes

  Metabolic syndrome has several causes, and each affects the other. You can control some of these causes, such as your diet and physical activity levels. Other causes, such as your age and your genes, cannot be controlled. […] A persons weight is a major cause of metabolic syndrome. […] Free fatty acids and insulin resistance can raise your bad LDL cholesterol and lower your good HDL cholesterol. Insulin resistance can also raise your blood pressure and blood triglyceride levels. […] Also, cells from your immune system can cause your extra fat cells to make chemicals that increase inflammation in your body. This inflammation can cause plaque, a waxy substance, to build up inside your blood vessels. […] Your risk of metabolic syndrome increases as you get older. […] Your genes can affect your weight or how your body responds to insulin. You have a higher risk of metabolic syndrome if others in your family have had diabetes, metabolic syndrome, or any of its risk factors.

• #7 Etiology of Metabolic Syndrome and Dietary Intervention

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/1/128

  MetS is also widely known as insulin resistance syndrome due to the causative role insulin resistance plays in the syndrome. […] In order to understand insulin resistance, it is important to understand the basis of insulin action and its signaling cascades. […] In an abnormal, or insulin-resistant state, there is a loss of initial insulin secretion (first phase) in response to a glucose load, resulting in postprandial hyperglycemia. […] Insulin resistance locally in the key insulin-responsive tissues, such as adipose tissue, liver, muscle, brain, immune cells and intestine cells, works alone or synergistically towards systemic insulin resistance. […] Obesity is closely related to a variety of chronic diseases, such as CVD, T2D, NAFLD, and cancer. […] High, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) are almost always observed. These have been shown to be an important contributor to insulin resistance and inflammation. […] Chronic low-grade inflammation has been observed in obesity, T2D, CVD, and other MetS-related chronic diseases. […] It is widely established that immune cells play an important role in this pathogenesis.

• #8 Metabolic Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459248/

  Metabolic syndrome, characterized by a constellation of metabolic abnormalities, including central obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, poses a significant risk for the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and type II diabetes mellitus. […] The underlying etiology of metabolic syndrome is multifactorial. The proposed causes include genetic predisposition and multiple environmental or lifestyle factors, including obesity, lack of physical activity, and unhealthy dietary habits. […] Insulin resistance can be acquired or due to genetic predisposition. Impairment of the signaling pathway, insulin receptor defects, and defective insulin secretion can all contribute to insulin resistance. […] Although environmental factors are considered the leading cause of metabolic syndrome and its pathogenesis, genetic factors cannot be ignored. Results from studies have shown that the offspring of obese parents have a higher chance of obesity than healthy individuals.

• #9 Metabolic Syndrome: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10783-metabolic-syndrome

  If your body cant produce enough insulin to effectively manage your blood sugar, it leads to high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) and prediabetes or Type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia can also contribute to: Obesity, Cardiovascular disease, Fatty liver disease, Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). […] The following can all contribute to insulin resistance: Excess weight around your abdomen or having obesity, Lack of physical activity, Certain medications, Genetics. […] Yes, its possible to reverse metabolic syndrome. Lifestyle changes can do a lot to improve your health. Medications can help as well. Your healthcare provider will work with you to find the best plan for you.

• #10 What is Metabolic Syndrome? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/metabolic-syndrome/about-metabolic-syndrome

  Metabolic syndrome is a serious health condition that puts people at higher risk of heart disease, diabetes, stroke and diseases related to fatty buildups in artery walls (atherosclerosis). Underlying causes of metabolic syndrome include overweight and obesity, insulin resistance, physical inactivity, genetic factors and increasing age. […] Although metabolic syndrome is a serious condition, you can reduce your risks significantly by losing weight; increasing your physical activity; eating a heart-healthy diet that’s rich in whole grains, fruits, vegetables and fish; and working with your health care team to monitor and manage your blood glucose, blood cholesterol and blood pressure.

• #11 Metabolic Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459248/

  The sedentary lifestyle and excess consumption of calories have significantly increased the proportion of the population with obesity in the last few decades. […] Due to this exponential growth in population obesity, the incidence of metabolic syndrome has increased significantly over the last 2 decades. […] Central obesity is the primary component of metabolic syndrome, leading to insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. […] The crux of the syndrome is a buildup of fatty tissue, especially in the abdomen, leading to insulin resistance. […] Visceral obesity has been identified as the main trigger of all pathways involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, and high-calorie intake is the primary cause of visceral fat accumulation.

• #12 Metabolic Syndrome: Symptoms, causes, treatments, and your questions answered.

  https://examine.com/conditions/metabolic-syndrome/?srsltid=AfmBOoolcJKe1sSTzQFCievphhYxEB-Sl6QzuoGCo7dCwkYl4H6Y_9qd

  MetS is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, namely a high caloric intake and physical inactivity. […] The resultant excess adiposity particularly in the intra-abdominal region (i.e., visceral fat) leads to adipose tissue dysfunction and insulin resistance. […] Expansion of visceral fat and insulin resistance increases circulating free fatty acids (FFAs), which infiltrate the liver and skeletal muscle and disrupt glucose and lipid homeostasis. […] Additionally, expansion of visceral fat causes altered secretion of adipokines (i.e., hormones, cytokines, and other proteins secreted by fat tissue), including increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha) and reduced secretion of adiponectin, contributing to a state of chronic low-grade inflammation and a deterioration in cardiometabolic health.

• #13 Understanding Metabolic Syndrome: Causes, Risks, and Management

  https://wholisticmatters.com/what-is-metabolic-syndrome/

  Consuming a low-quality diet contributes to each risk factor for MetS, as well as overall CVD risk, often through inflammatory pathways. […] Insulin resistance also increases circulating levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) which can cause vasoconstriction, alter lipid metabolism, and signal the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines from adipose tissue leading to low-grade, chronic inflammation. […] Overeating combined with a sedentary lifestyle results in visceral adiposity, or central obesity, which has negative effects on blood pressure, inflammation, hormonal signaling, insulin sensitivity, and lipid metabolism. […] Dyslipidemia, or the imbalance of blood lipids including high levels of TGs and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), increases the risk of heart disease.

• #14 Metabolic Syndrome – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/metabolic-syndrome/causes

  Metabolic syndrome has several causes, and each affects the other. You can control some of these causes, such as your diet and physical activity levels. Other causes, such as your age and your genes, cannot be controlled. […] A persons weight is a major cause of metabolic syndrome. […] Free fatty acids and insulin resistance can raise your bad LDL cholesterol and lower your good HDL cholesterol. Insulin resistance can also raise your blood pressure and blood triglyceride levels. […] Also, cells from your immune system can cause your extra fat cells to make chemicals that increase inflammation in your body. This inflammation can cause plaque, a waxy substance, to build up inside your blood vessels. […] Your risk of metabolic syndrome increases as you get older. […] Your genes can affect your weight or how your body responds to insulin. You have a higher risk of metabolic syndrome if others in your family have had diabetes, metabolic syndrome, or any of its risk factors.

• #15

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12020-023-03642-x

  The ambiguity in using different definitions became evident in a recent comparative study of Reisinger C et al. where prevalence of pediatric MetS ranges between 2.1% using the IDF definition and 11.2% using Ferranti’s definition. […] MetS is the result of a complex interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental factors. […] Environmental factors, including behaviour of the mother during pregnancy and children’s lifestyle, can contribute to the early development of MetS. […] A sedentary lifestyle, obesity and insulin resistance (IR) trigger MetS. […] Vitamin D deficiency in youth has been associated with the presence of MetS. […] Chronic inflammation ascribed to obesity plays an important role in triggering the mechanisms that lead to insulin resistance and cardiovascular events.

• #16 Metabolic syndrome

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/metabolic-syndrome

  Metabolic syndrome is the combination of obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance. […] Important factors contributing to metabolic syndrome include: Genetic predisposition, Ageing ie, men over 45 and post-menopausal women, Hormonal imbalance, Physical inactivity, Excessive carbohydrates in the diet, Certain medications that contribute to weight increase eg, antidepressants, Rarely, congenital lipodystrophy. […] Metabolic syndrome is present in about 5% of people with normal body weight, 22% of those who are overweight, and 60% of those considered obese. Obesity is a major risk factor for developing metabolic syndrome. […] There is debate regarding whether insulin resistance is the cause of the metabolic syndrome or a consequence of it. […] Fat stored in the abdominal region is more likely than fat in other sites to break down into free fatty acids (lipolysis), which get deposited in the liver. These fat cells produce pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF, which induce insulin resistance. […] The greater the number of risk factors, the greater the chance of developing heart disease, diabetes, or stroke.

• #17 Metabolic Syndrome: Symptoms, causes, treatments, and your questions answered.

  https://examine.com/conditions/metabolic-syndrome/?srsltid=AfmBOoolcJKe1sSTzQFCievphhYxEB-Sl6QzuoGCo7dCwkYl4H6Y_9qd

  MetS is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, namely a high caloric intake and physical inactivity. […] The resultant excess adiposity particularly in the intra-abdominal region (i.e., visceral fat) leads to adipose tissue dysfunction and insulin resistance. […] Expansion of visceral fat and insulin resistance increases circulating free fatty acids (FFAs), which infiltrate the liver and skeletal muscle and disrupt glucose and lipid homeostasis. […] Additionally, expansion of visceral fat causes altered secretion of adipokines (i.e., hormones, cytokines, and other proteins secreted by fat tissue), including increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha) and reduced secretion of adiponectin, contributing to a state of chronic low-grade inflammation and a deterioration in cardiometabolic health.

• #18 A Review On The Metabolic Syndrome: Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, Causes Of Mets, Diagnosis And Treatment

  https://www.ijpsjournal.com/article/A+Review+On+The+Metabolic+Syndrome+Risk+Factors+Pathophysiology+Causes+Of+Mets+Diagnosis+And+Treatment

  Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a collection of metabolic abnormalities that includes visceral obesity, insulin resistance, fatty liver, hypertension, and atherogenic cardiovascular illnesses. […] The main factor causing metabolic syndrome is central obesity, which also causes insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. […] Genetic factors account for 60% of the variation in body mass index (BMI), according to research on twins, adoptees, and relatives. BMI is derived from calorie intake and energy expenditure, both of which are influenced by genetic factors. […] The other symptoms of the syndrome in humans have been connected to Hyperinsulinemia in experimental studies conducted on mice given diets high in fructose or sucrose. Discusses the role of Hyperinsulinemia in the formation of the metabolic syndrome, which is characterized by the appearance of elevated triglyceride levels, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and a decline in high-density lipoprotein.

• #19 Metabolic Syndrome – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/metabolic-syndrome/causes

  Metabolic syndrome has several causes, and each affects the other. You can control some of these causes, such as your diet and physical activity levels. Other causes, such as your age and your genes, cannot be controlled. […] A persons weight is a major cause of metabolic syndrome. […] Free fatty acids and insulin resistance can raise your bad LDL cholesterol and lower your good HDL cholesterol. Insulin resistance can also raise your blood pressure and blood triglyceride levels. […] Also, cells from your immune system can cause your extra fat cells to make chemicals that increase inflammation in your body. This inflammation can cause plaque, a waxy substance, to build up inside your blood vessels. […] Your risk of metabolic syndrome increases as you get older. […] Your genes can affect your weight or how your body responds to insulin. You have a higher risk of metabolic syndrome if others in your family have had diabetes, metabolic syndrome, or any of its risk factors.

• #20 Metabolic Syndrome Causes, Signs, Symptoms, Treatment, Diet

  https://www.medicinenet.com/metabolic_syndrome/article.htm

  Metabolic syndrome is considered to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. […] Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic risk factors that come together in a single individual. These metabolic factors include insulin resistance, hypertension (high blood pressure), cholesterol abnormalities, and an increased risk for blood clotting. […] An association between certain metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease has been known since the 1940s. […] As is true with many medical conditions, genetics and the environment both play important roles in the development of metabolic syndrome. […] Genetic factors influence each individual component of the syndrome, and the syndrome itself. […] A family history that includes type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and early heart disease greatly increases the chance that an individual will develop metabolic syndrome.

• #21 Metabolic Syndrome Causes, Signs, Symptoms, Treatment, Diet

  https://www.medicinenet.com/metabolic_syndrome/article.htm

  Metabolic syndrome is considered to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. […] Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic risk factors that come together in a single individual. These metabolic factors include insulin resistance, hypertension (high blood pressure), cholesterol abnormalities, and an increased risk for blood clotting. […] An association between certain metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease has been known since the 1940s. […] As is true with many medical conditions, genetics and the environment both play important roles in the development of metabolic syndrome. […] Genetic factors influence each individual component of the syndrome, and the syndrome itself. […] A family history that includes type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and early heart disease greatly increases the chance that an individual will develop metabolic syndrome.

• #22 Understanding Metabolic Syndrome: Causes, Risks, and Management

  https://wholisticmatters.com/what-is-metabolic-syndrome/

  Inflammation, caused by visceral adiposity or insulin resistance, negatively impacts endothelial function, elevating blood pressure. […] Genetics play a role in MetS, but it is likely much smaller than people like to believe. […] Epigenetics, changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to DNA sequence, likely play a much larger role than genetics in promoting the development of MetS.

• #23 Metabolic syndrome: definitions and controversies | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-9-48

  Despite advances in pathophysiology and delineation of risk factors that predispose to MetS, there are many key aspects that remain unclear. […] Although obesity and IR remain at the core of the pathophysiology of MetS, a number of other factors such as chronic stress and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and autonomic nervous system (ANS), increases in cellular oxidative stress, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity, and intrinsic tissue glucocorticoid actions, as well as currently discovered molecules such as micro RNAs can also be involved in its pathogenesis. […] Chronic hypersecretion of stress mediators, such as cortisol, in individuals with a genetic predisposition exposed to a permissive environment, may lead to visceral fat accumulation as a result of chronic hypercortisolism, low growth hormone secretion and hypogonadism.

• #24 Understanding Metabolic Syndrome: Causes, Risks, and Management

  https://wholisticmatters.com/what-is-metabolic-syndrome/

  Inflammation, caused by visceral adiposity or insulin resistance, negatively impacts endothelial function, elevating blood pressure. […] Genetics play a role in MetS, but it is likely much smaller than people like to believe. […] Epigenetics, changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to DNA sequence, likely play a much larger role than genetics in promoting the development of MetS.

• #25 What is Metabolic Syndrome? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/metabolic-syndrome/about-metabolic-syndrome

  Metabolic syndrome is a serious health condition that puts people at higher risk of heart disease, diabetes, stroke and diseases related to fatty buildups in artery walls (atherosclerosis). Underlying causes of metabolic syndrome include overweight and obesity, insulin resistance, physical inactivity, genetic factors and increasing age. […] Although metabolic syndrome is a serious condition, you can reduce your risks significantly by losing weight; increasing your physical activity; eating a heart-healthy diet that’s rich in whole grains, fruits, vegetables and fish; and working with your health care team to monitor and manage your blood glucose, blood cholesterol and blood pressure.

• #26 Metabolic Syndrome: Risk Factors and Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/heart/metabolic-syndrome/metabolic-syndrome-what-is-it

  Metabolic syndrome, also known as insulin resistance syndrome or syndrome X, happens when you have a group of health conditions that put you at a greater risk of developing heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. […] Experts aren’t sure why metabolic syndrome develops. It’s a collection of risk factors, not a single disease. So it probably has many causes. Some risk factors are: […] Insulin resistance is closely connected to having excess weight in the belly. Some experts believe that insulin resistance plays the biggest role in metabolic syndrome. […] Obesity, especially abdominal obesity, is an important risk factor. […] Experts say that metabolic syndrome is becoming more common because of rising obesity rates. […] Eating a diet high in unhealthy processed foods and not getting enough physical activity contributes to the development of metabolic syndrome.

• #27 Metabolic syndrome: Symptoms, diagnosis, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/263834

  Metabolic syndrome is a collection of risk factors, so there is not a single cause. […] Having central obesity or overweight is a major factor, but abnormal blood lipid and cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, and prediabetes also contribute to cardiometabolic risk. […] Unavoidable risk factors, such as family history and ethnic background, can increase the chance of developing some components. […] However, lifestyle choices can impact all these factors. […] A diet that is high in fat and sugar, together with a lack of exercise, has been associated with the development of obesity and related conditions. […] However, symptoms such as insulin resistance do not necessarily accompany obesity or indicate metabolic syndrome. […] Insulin resistance, is a feature of metabolic syndrome and obesity, and it can lead to cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, but it can also be a sign of other conditions. […] Other problems that are sometimes associated with metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and high blood sugar include low-level inflammation and blood clotting defects. These can also contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease.

• #28 Etiology of Metabolic Syndrome and Dietary Intervention

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/1/128

  Our body is under a 24-hour cycle which controls the rhythm of many physiological processes. […] The concept of chronobiological-based therapies was brought up to reset the circadian rhythm among obese individuals. […] Gene structure and function can be influenced by the environment. […] It is known that genetic factors, interacting with the environment, contribute to MetS. […] Nutrition is a key environmental factor for metabolic syndrome. […] To limit calorie intake, some recommended avoiding high-fat or regular cheese but to take the reduced-fat substitute. […] Saturated or unsaturated fats can have different outcomes on insulin resistance and CVD complications. […] The exact mechanisms underlining these beneficial effects of unsaturated fats are not completely understood yet, but most likely they are related to their interference with inflammation.

• #29 Metabolic syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_syndrome

  Physical inactivity is a predictor of CVD events and related mortality. […] Metabolic syndrome affects 60% of the U.S. population older than age 50. […] The metabolic syndrome quintuples the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. […] The presence of metabolic syndrome is associated with a higher prevalence of CVD than found in people with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance without the syndrome. […] Lipodystrophic disorders in general are associated with metabolic syndrome. […] Metabolic syndrome is seen to be a comorbidity in up to 50 percent of those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). […] The mechanisms of the complex pathways of metabolic syndrome are under investigation. […] The pathophysiology is very complex and has been only partially elucidated. […] The involvement of the endocannabinoid system in the development of metabolic syndrome is indisputable. […] Metabolic syndrome can be induced by overfeeding with sucrose or fructose, particularly concomitantly with high-fat diet.

• #30 Everything You Should Know about Metabolic Syndrome and its Causes

  https://www.miexpresscare.com/blog/metabolic-syndrome-and-its-causes

  According to a national health survey, over 20% of Americans have metabolic syndrome. […] Although there are no well-determined reasons for what causes metabolic syndrome, it has been traced to people with a family history of diabetes mellitus, obesity, and inactivity. […] So far, metabolic syndrome has been recorded to have been caused by obesity and inactivity. It has also often been associated with conditions like insulin resistance. […] For patients with insulin resistance, glucose cannot enter the cells that do not recognize the insulin. This leads to a sharp rise in the blood sugar level even though the body produces more insulin to control it. […] Although metabolic syndrome causes various metabolic disorders and can lead to cardiovascular diseases, there is no need to be worried.

• #31 Metabolic syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_syndrome

  Research shows that Western diet habits are a factor in the development of metabolic syndrome, with high consumption of food that is not biochemically suited to humans. […] The continuous provision of energy via dietary carbohydrate, lipid, and protein fuels, unmatched by physical activity/energy demand, creates a backlog of the products of mitochondrial oxidation, a process associated with progressive mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance. […] Recent research indicates prolonged chronic stress can contribute to metabolic syndrome by disrupting the hormonal balance of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis). […] Central obesity is a key feature of the syndrome, as both a sign and a cause, in that the increasing adiposity often reflected in high waist circumference may both result from and contribute to insulin resistance.

• #32 Metabolic syndrome: definitions and controversies | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-9-48

  Despite advances in pathophysiology and delineation of risk factors that predispose to MetS, there are many key aspects that remain unclear. […] Although obesity and IR remain at the core of the pathophysiology of MetS, a number of other factors such as chronic stress and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and autonomic nervous system (ANS), increases in cellular oxidative stress, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity, and intrinsic tissue glucocorticoid actions, as well as currently discovered molecules such as micro RNAs can also be involved in its pathogenesis. […] Chronic hypersecretion of stress mediators, such as cortisol, in individuals with a genetic predisposition exposed to a permissive environment, may lead to visceral fat accumulation as a result of chronic hypercortisolism, low growth hormone secretion and hypogonadism.

• #33 Metabolic Syndrome: Risk Factors and Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/heart/metabolic-syndrome/metabolic-syndrome-what-is-it

  Hormones may play a role. […] Certain gene mutations inherited from your parents can raise your risk of developing one or more of the five conditions that make up metabolic syndrome. […] A number of different types of medications may trigger insulin resistance, weight gain, high triglycerides, or low HDL (good) cholesterol. […] Experts dont yet fully understand the relationship between sleep and metabolic syndrome. However, studies show that poor sleep does increase your risk of both the syndrome and the different conditions that contribute to it.

• #34 What is Metabolic Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Max Hospital

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/know-more-metabolic-syndrome

  Conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and hormonal disorders affecting insulin function can increase the risk of metabolic syndrome. […] Long-term low-grade inflammation in the body, often triggered by obesity, stress, or unhealthy lifestyle habits, can contribute to insulin resistance and other metabolic issues. […] Chronic stress and poor sleep patterns can increase cortisol levels, which may lead to insulin resistance and weight gain, especially around the abdomen.

• #35 Metabolic Syndrome (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/metabolic-syndrome.html

  Metabolic syndrome is a group of medical problems that put some teens at risk for heart disease and type 2 diabetes as adults. […] Being overweight is the main reason that people get metabolic syndrome. Excess weight causes insulin resistance. […] Insulin resistance and inflammation add to the problems linked to metabolic syndrome. […] The more weight a person gains, the more metabolic syndrome becomes more likely. […] Other things that put someone at risk for metabolic syndrome include: not being physically active, a high-carbohydrate diet, smoking.

• #36 What Causes Metabolic Syndrome | Pompa Program

  https://pompaprogram.com/what-causes-metabolic-syndrome/

  Trans fats are known to contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome due to their pro-inflammatory effects on the body. […] This further increases the risk of developing metabolic syndrome and other chronic diseases such as heart disease. […] Keeping alcohol consumption low is important in maintaining good health and reducing the risk of developing metabolic syndrome. […] Excessive drinking can result in an increase in blood pressure and an increase triglyceride levels, as well as add unnecessary calories that inevitably result in weight gain. […] Research suggests that exposure to EDCs can influence metabolic processes, leading to an increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome. […] They can also disrupt glucose metabolism by altering the function of hormones such as insulin.

• #37 Metabolic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165124-overview

  Metabolic syndrome (syndrome X, insulin resistance) is a multifactorial disease with multiple risk factors that arises from insulin resistance accompanying abnormal adipose deposition and function. […] The underlying etiology for metabolic syndrome remains unclear. […] However, known risk factors for metabolic syndrome include family history, poor diet, and inadequate exercise. […] Two forces that have spread metabolic syndrome globally are the increased availability and consumption of high calorie-low fiber fast food as well as decreased physical activity engendered by sedentary lifestyles and mechanized transportation. […] Metabolic syndrome is thought to be caused by adipose tissue dysfunction and insulin resistance. […] Insulin resistance appears to be the primary mediator of metabolic syndrome.

• #38 Metabolic Syndrome – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/metabolic-syndrome/causes

  Metabolic syndrome has several causes, and each affects the other. You can control some of these causes, such as your diet and physical activity levels. Other causes, such as your age and your genes, cannot be controlled. […] A persons weight is a major cause of metabolic syndrome. […] Free fatty acids and insulin resistance can raise your bad LDL cholesterol and lower your good HDL cholesterol. Insulin resistance can also raise your blood pressure and blood triglyceride levels. […] Also, cells from your immune system can cause your extra fat cells to make chemicals that increase inflammation in your body. This inflammation can cause plaque, a waxy substance, to build up inside your blood vessels. […] Your risk of metabolic syndrome increases as you get older. […] Your genes can affect your weight or how your body responds to insulin. You have a higher risk of metabolic syndrome if others in your family have had diabetes, metabolic syndrome, or any of its risk factors.

• #39 Metabolic Syndrome | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/metabolicsyndrome.html

  Metabolic syndrome has several causes that act together: […] Overweight and obesity […] An inactive lifestyle […] Insulin resistance, a condition in which the body can’t use insulin properly. Insulin is a hormone that helps move blood sugar into your cells to give them energy. Insulin resistance can lead to high blood sugar levels […] Age – your risk goes up as get older […] Genetics – ethnicity and family history. […] People who have metabolic syndrome often also have excessive blood clotting and inflammation throughout the body. Researchers don’t know whether these conditions cause metabolic syndrome or worsen it.

• #40 Metabolic Syndrome – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/metabolic-syndrome/causes

  Overweight and obesity are the main risk factors for metabolic syndrome because they can raise bad LDL cholesterol, blood triglycerides, and blood pressure, and lower good HDL cholesterol. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition that causes fluid-filled sacs called cysts to grow on the ovaries. The hormone changes that cause PCOS can also cause you to have a large waistline, high blood sugar levels, high triglyceride levels, and low levels of good HDL cholesterol. […] In older adults, women have a higher risk of metabolic syndrome than men. This is because changes in hormone levels after menopause can raise the risk of a large waistline, high blood sugar levels, and low levels of good HDL cholesterol.

• #41

  https://aminoco.com/blogs/health/metabolic-syndrome-risk?srsltid=AfmBOoqSmbwt1Hunkp6fJgC96ZpMnegi1R2IbAT4v6aD6PMWqQo2muka

  Population-based studies in the United States show that metabolic syndrome is more prevalent among certain racial and ethnic groups than others. Mexican Americans are more likely to develop metabolic syndrome than Caucasian Americans, who are more likely to develop the disorder than African Americans. […] While researchers agree that sex appears to influence a person’s risk of developing metabolic syndrome, there’s some disagreement over whether men or women are at higher risk. […] Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions typically characterized by abdominal obesity, high cholesterol and triglycerides, high blood pressure, and insulin resistance. Certain demographics are at higher metabolic syndrome risk than others. […] Other factors can cause, or contribute to, metabolic disease as well. People who develop diabetes in adulthood (type 2 diabetes) or who have a parent or sibling with the disease are at greater risk for developing metabolic disease.

• #42

  https://aminoco.com/blogs/health/metabolic-syndrome-risk?srsltid=AfmBOoqSmbwt1Hunkp6fJgC96ZpMnegi1R2IbAT4v6aD6PMWqQo2muka

  Population-based studies in the United States show that metabolic syndrome is more prevalent among certain racial and ethnic groups than others. Mexican Americans are more likely to develop metabolic syndrome than Caucasian Americans, who are more likely to develop the disorder than African Americans. […] While researchers agree that sex appears to influence a person’s risk of developing metabolic syndrome, there’s some disagreement over whether men or women are at higher risk. […] Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions typically characterized by abdominal obesity, high cholesterol and triglycerides, high blood pressure, and insulin resistance. Certain demographics are at higher metabolic syndrome risk than others. […] Other factors can cause, or contribute to, metabolic disease as well. People who develop diabetes in adulthood (type 2 diabetes) or who have a parent or sibling with the disease are at greater risk for developing metabolic disease.

• #43 Metabolic Syndrome Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/metabolic-syndrome

  Metabolic syndrome is a group of physiological indicators that, when occurring together, greatly increase the possibility of several major medical conditions, including heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. […] The development of metabolic syndrome is closely linked to weight gain, poor diet, and lack of physical activity. Insulin resistance may be an additional factor. […] The following factors increase the likelihood of metabolic syndrome and one or more of the medical conditions with which it is associated: Obesity: Excessive weight gain can lead to the development of apple and pear body shapes, which are closely tied to metabolic syndrome. […] Age: Your risk of metabolic syndrome increases with age. […] Ethnicity: Hispanics in the U.S. seem especially prone to metabolic syndrome. […] Certain medical conditions: Medical conditions other than heart disease and strokes have been linked to metabolic syndrome. These include gestational diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, sleep apnea, and polycystic ovary syndrome.

• #44 What Is Metabolic Syndrome? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/weight-management/metabolic-syndrome/

  Metabolic syndrome is caused both by lifestyle habits and by factors we cant control. […] The most common modifiable risk factors for metabolic syndrome include: Excess weight, especially in the abdomen or belly. […] A diet high in ultra-processed foods. […] Lack of exercise, or sedentary lifestyle. […] Tobacco and alcohol use. […] Sleep apnea and impaired sleep. […] Other metabolic syndrome risk factors are out of our control and cant be changed: Family history of type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome. […] Advanced age. […] Presence of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in women. […] Metabolic syndrome risk also differs by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. […] Some people of certain racial or ethnic backgrounds may also have a higher genetic risk of metabolic syndrome. People of South Asian heritage, for example, have a tendency to experience abdominal obesity at lower overall body weights.

• #45

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12020-023-03642-x

  The human intestinal microbiota is composed by a large number of microorganisms with the vast majority of bacteria belonging to the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria and Verrucomicrobia phyla. […] Metabolic syndrome has been associated with a higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio.

• #46

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12020-023-03642-x

  The human intestinal microbiota is composed by a large number of microorganisms with the vast majority of bacteria belonging to the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria and Verrucomicrobia phyla. […] Metabolic syndrome has been associated with a higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio.

• #47 Etiology of Metabolic Syndrome and Dietary Intervention

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/1/128

  Our body is under a 24-hour cycle which controls the rhythm of many physiological processes. […] The concept of chronobiological-based therapies was brought up to reset the circadian rhythm among obese individuals. […] Gene structure and function can be influenced by the environment. […] It is known that genetic factors, interacting with the environment, contribute to MetS. […] Nutrition is a key environmental factor for metabolic syndrome. […] To limit calorie intake, some recommended avoiding high-fat or regular cheese but to take the reduced-fat substitute. […] Saturated or unsaturated fats can have different outcomes on insulin resistance and CVD complications. […] The exact mechanisms underlining these beneficial effects of unsaturated fats are not completely understood yet, but most likely they are related to their interference with inflammation.

• #48 'Good Energy’ explores how to measure and boost your metabolic health : Shots – Health News : NPR

  https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2024/06/14/nx-s1-4996408/good-energy-measure-metabolic-health-mitochondria

  We’re actually referencing a paper that came out of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology in 2022 that showed, based on assessment of the lab results of 55,000 Americans, only 6.8% were metabolically healthy 93.2% had at least one biomarker indicating metabolic dysfunction. What the science is telling us is that most of the chronic symptoms and conditions that are affecting Americans across the lifespan are rooted in metabolic dysfunction, which is a core problem in how our bodies and our cells actually make energy to power themselves. […] A big part of this, I believe, is we have taken movement out of the fabric of everyday life and then basically told people that exercise can replace that. But biochemically that’s not true. […] My mother had me when she was about 40, and I was a very large baby. I was close to 12 pounds, which portends metabolic issues in both the child and the mother. No one really alerted her that it was a warning sign.

• #49

  https://www.archivesofmedicalscience.com/Metabolic-syndrome-a-new-definition-and-management-guidelines-nA-joint-position-paper,152921,0,2.html

  Women with PCOS have 4-fold higher risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and 23-fold higher risk of MetS, with insulin resistance, found in approximately 70% of women with PCOS regardless of their BMI, as the key underlying mechanism. […] Experimental and clinical studies have indicated the role of uric acid in the development of different components of the metabolic syndrome: hypertension, diabetes, fatty liver disease, and chronic kidney disease.

• #50 Metabolic Syndrome – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/metabolic-syndrome/causes

  Overweight and obesity are the main risk factors for metabolic syndrome because they can raise bad LDL cholesterol, blood triglycerides, and blood pressure, and lower good HDL cholesterol. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition that causes fluid-filled sacs called cysts to grow on the ovaries. The hormone changes that cause PCOS can also cause you to have a large waistline, high blood sugar levels, high triglyceride levels, and low levels of good HDL cholesterol. […] In older adults, women have a higher risk of metabolic syndrome than men. This is because changes in hormone levels after menopause can raise the risk of a large waistline, high blood sugar levels, and low levels of good HDL cholesterol.

• #51 Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22437-non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease

  Metabolic dysfunction conditions that lead to MASLD are obesity, high lipid levels, type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. […] You may develop MASLD if you have metabolic dysfunction. This is a group of conditions that affect your metabolism. […] Conditions that may lead to MASLD are: Dyslipidemia. This is high levels of lipids. […] Having obesity. Obesity is when your body mass index (BMI) is 30 or higher. […] Insulin resistance. Insulin is a hormone that manages blood glucose (sugar levels). […] Type 2 diabetes. This is a chronic (long-term) condition that happens when you have high blood sugar (hyperglycemia). […] Researchers have also found several genetic variations that increase MASLD risk.

• #52 Metabolic Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/metabolic-syndrome-1745266

  Metabolic syndrome is caused by a mix of lifestyle factors, genetic predisposition, and other health risk factors you can’t control. […] Although a distinct cause of metabolic syndrome has not been identified, it is strongly linked to insulin resistance, a condition in which the body isn’t able to effectively use insulin to transfer glucose (sugar) from the blood into the cells so it can be used for energy. […] Excess body weight is associated with visceral (in the abdomen) adipose tissue (fat). […] In addition, research suggests that visceral abdominal fat is pro-inflammatory and may release toxins that can affect insulin sensitivity. […] A number of health conditions often co-exist with metabolic syndrome, including type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, and sleep apnea. […] Left untreated, metabolic syndrome doubles the risk of heart disease and increases diabetes risk by five times within 10 years of diagnosis.

• #53

  https://www.archivesofmedicalscience.com/Metabolic-syndrome-a-new-definition-and-management-guidelines-nA-joint-position-paper,152921,0,2.html

  The risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus is 35-fold higher in patients with MetS compared to the general population and it is proportionate to the number of components of the metabolic syndrome. […] Patients with MetS often have atherogenic dyslipidaemia, which includes elevated triglyceride levels, low HDL levels and normal to elevated LDL levels, with predominance of small, dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL) which additionally increases the CV risk. […] Overweight and obesity are the reversible if properly treated causes of increased blood pressure and hypertension. […] Increasing body weight initially causes increased sodium reabsorption within the renal tubules. […] Obesity is the main environmental risk factor for OSA, and the severity of OSA is linked to the amount of visceral fat.

• #54 Metabolic Syndrome Tied to Sleep Apnea Symptoms in Young Adults – Psychiatry Advisor

  https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/news/metabolic-syndrome-tied-to-sleep-apnea-symptoms-in-young-adults/

  Non-Hispanic Black young adults and adolescents with metabolic syndrome had markedly higher odds of sleep apnea and symptoms than other racial/ethnic groups. […] Metabolic syndrome parameters are significantly associated with sleep apnea symptoms among US adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with notable disparities across racial and ethnic groups. […] Given the increasing prevalence of both sleep apnea and metabolic syndrome in younger populations, addressing these interconnected health concerns through early screening, lifestyle interventions, and equitable healthcare access is imperative. […] Participants with vs without breath cessation had a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (12.9% vs 4.2%, P =.01). […] Age-adjusted analyses showed that individuals with metabolic syndrome had over 3 times the odds of experiencing breath cessation (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.02; 95% CI, 1.17-7.80).

• #55 Metabolic Syndrome Tied to Sleep Apnea Symptoms in Young Adults – Psychiatry Advisor

  https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/news/metabolic-syndrome-tied-to-sleep-apnea-symptoms-in-young-adults/

  Central obesity was consistently associated with all sleep apnea symptoms, including overall sleep apnea (aOR, 1.58), snoring (aOR, 2.10), breath cessation (aOR, 2.59), and daytime sleepiness (aOR, 1.34). […] Elevated blood pressure was also a strong predictor of sleep apnea, particularly for breath cessation (aOR, 4.63). […] Low HDL cholesterol was significantly associated with overall sleep apnea (aOR, 1.62), snoring (aOR, 1.62), and daytime sleepiness (aOR, 1.34). […] Non-Hispanic Black participants with elevated fasting glucose had increased odds of overall sleep apnea symptoms (aOR, 2.91) and breath cessation (aOR, 2.96). […] Study limitations include the exclusion of other sleep apnea symptoms, the potential of residual confounding, and the inability to establish causation between sleep apnea symptoms and metabolic syndrome or its components. […] The study authors concluded, Given the increasing prevalence of both sleep apnea and metabolic syndrome in younger populations, addressing these interconnected health concerns through early screening, lifestyle interventions, and equitable healthcare access is imperative.

• #56 Etiology of Metabolic Syndrome and Dietary Intervention

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/1/128

  MetS is also widely known as insulin resistance syndrome due to the causative role insulin resistance plays in the syndrome. […] In order to understand insulin resistance, it is important to understand the basis of insulin action and its signaling cascades. […] In an abnormal, or insulin-resistant state, there is a loss of initial insulin secretion (first phase) in response to a glucose load, resulting in postprandial hyperglycemia. […] Insulin resistance locally in the key insulin-responsive tissues, such as adipose tissue, liver, muscle, brain, immune cells and intestine cells, works alone or synergistically towards systemic insulin resistance. […] Obesity is closely related to a variety of chronic diseases, such as CVD, T2D, NAFLD, and cancer. […] High, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) are almost always observed. These have been shown to be an important contributor to insulin resistance and inflammation. […] Chronic low-grade inflammation has been observed in obesity, T2D, CVD, and other MetS-related chronic diseases. […] It is widely established that immune cells play an important role in this pathogenesis.

• #57 Metabolic Syndrome – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/metabolic-syndrome/causes

  Metabolic syndrome has several causes, and each affects the other. You can control some of these causes, such as your diet and physical activity levels. Other causes, such as your age and your genes, cannot be controlled. […] A persons weight is a major cause of metabolic syndrome. […] Free fatty acids and insulin resistance can raise your bad LDL cholesterol and lower your good HDL cholesterol. Insulin resistance can also raise your blood pressure and blood triglyceride levels. […] Also, cells from your immune system can cause your extra fat cells to make chemicals that increase inflammation in your body. This inflammation can cause plaque, a waxy substance, to build up inside your blood vessels. […] Your risk of metabolic syndrome increases as you get older. […] Your genes can affect your weight or how your body responds to insulin. You have a higher risk of metabolic syndrome if others in your family have had diabetes, metabolic syndrome, or any of its risk factors.

• #58 Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment Strategies in the Prevention and Management of Metabolic Syndrome

  https://www.fortunejournals.com/articles/etiology-pathophysiology-and-treatment-strategies-in-the-prevention-and-management-of-metabolic-syndrome.html

  The pathophysiology of MetS involves an intricate interplay between genetic, lifestyle, dietary, and environmental factors. […] The intricate nature of the syndrome is further emphasized by its close relationship with human behavior and evolution, highlighting the significance of diet, inflammation, and hormonal regulation in its onset and persistence. […] The pathophysiology of obesity-related metabolic syndrome involves a complicated interaction between genetic, environmental, and physiological elements that leads to the onset of this condition. […] The pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance involves an intricate interaction between genetic, environmental, and metabolic factors. […] Chronic low-grade inflammation is also essential for the emergence of metabolic syndrome. […] The accumulation of metabolites, such as hypoxanthine and citrulline, in amyloid structures highlights the intricate biochemical nature of metabolic disorders, indicating a shared etiological connection in IEMs and presents potential targets for therapeutic interventions.

• #59 Etiology of Metabolic Syndrome and Dietary Intervention

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/1/128

  Etiology of Metabolic Syndrome and Dietary Intervention […] The growing prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the U.S. and even worldwide is becoming a serious health problem and economic burden. MetS has become a crucial risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). […] To prevent the progression of MetS to diabetes and CVD, we have to understand how MetS occurs and how it progresses. Too many causative factors interact with each other, making the investigation and treatment of metabolic syndrome a very complex issue. […] Although research has been carried out in recent decades on MetS, the exact underlying etiology is still not completely understood. Many contributing factors and mechanisms have been proposed, including insulin resistance, adipose tissue dysfunction, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, circadian disruption, microbiota, genetic factors, and maternal programming, etc. The major contributors are discussed in the following paragraphs.

• #60 Metabolic Syndrome: Risk Factors and Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/heart/metabolic-syndrome/metabolic-syndrome-what-is-it

  Hormones may play a role. […] Certain gene mutations inherited from your parents can raise your risk of developing one or more of the five conditions that make up metabolic syndrome. […] A number of different types of medications may trigger insulin resistance, weight gain, high triglycerides, or low HDL (good) cholesterol. […] Experts dont yet fully understand the relationship between sleep and metabolic syndrome. However, studies show that poor sleep does increase your risk of both the syndrome and the different conditions that contribute to it.

• #61 Metabolic syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_syndrome

  Metabolic syndrome is associated with the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. […] The syndrome is thought to be caused by an underlying disorder of energy utilization and storage, but the cause of the syndrome is an area of ongoing medical research. […] The most important risk factors are diet (particularly sugar-sweetened beverage consumption), genetics, aging, sedentary behavior or low physical activity, disrupted chronobiology/sleep, mood disorders/psychotropic medication use, and excessive alcohol use. […] Recent studies have highlighted the global prevalence of metabolic syndrome, driven by the rise in obesity and type 2 diabetes. […] There is debate regarding whether obesity or insulin resistance is the cause of the metabolic syndrome or if they are consequences of a more far-reaching metabolic derangement.

• #62 Metabolic Syndrome: Risk Factors and Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/heart/metabolic-syndrome/metabolic-syndrome-what-is-it

  Hormones may play a role. […] Certain gene mutations inherited from your parents can raise your risk of developing one or more of the five conditions that make up metabolic syndrome. […] A number of different types of medications may trigger insulin resistance, weight gain, high triglycerides, or low HDL (good) cholesterol. […] Experts dont yet fully understand the relationship between sleep and metabolic syndrome. However, studies show that poor sleep does increase your risk of both the syndrome and the different conditions that contribute to it.

• #63 Metabolic syndrome

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/metabolic-syndrome

  Metabolic syndrome is the combination of obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance. […] Important factors contributing to metabolic syndrome include: Genetic predisposition, Ageing ie, men over 45 and post-menopausal women, Hormonal imbalance, Physical inactivity, Excessive carbohydrates in the diet, Certain medications that contribute to weight increase eg, antidepressants, Rarely, congenital lipodystrophy. […] Metabolic syndrome is present in about 5% of people with normal body weight, 22% of those who are overweight, and 60% of those considered obese. Obesity is a major risk factor for developing metabolic syndrome. […] There is debate regarding whether insulin resistance is the cause of the metabolic syndrome or a consequence of it. […] Fat stored in the abdominal region is more likely than fat in other sites to break down into free fatty acids (lipolysis), which get deposited in the liver. These fat cells produce pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF, which induce insulin resistance. […] The greater the number of risk factors, the greater the chance of developing heart disease, diabetes, or stroke.

• #64 Metabolic Syndrome: Risk Factors and Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/heart/metabolic-syndrome/metabolic-syndrome-what-is-it

  Hormones may play a role. […] Certain gene mutations inherited from your parents can raise your risk of developing one or more of the five conditions that make up metabolic syndrome. […] A number of different types of medications may trigger insulin resistance, weight gain, high triglycerides, or low HDL (good) cholesterol. […] Experts dont yet fully understand the relationship between sleep and metabolic syndrome. However, studies show that poor sleep does increase your risk of both the syndrome and the different conditions that contribute to it.

• #65 What Causes Metabolic Syndrome | Pompa Program

  https://pompaprogram.com/what-causes-metabolic-syndrome/

  Trans fats are known to contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome due to their pro-inflammatory effects on the body. […] This further increases the risk of developing metabolic syndrome and other chronic diseases such as heart disease. […] Keeping alcohol consumption low is important in maintaining good health and reducing the risk of developing metabolic syndrome. […] Excessive drinking can result in an increase in blood pressure and an increase triglyceride levels, as well as add unnecessary calories that inevitably result in weight gain. […] Research suggests that exposure to EDCs can influence metabolic processes, leading to an increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome. […] They can also disrupt glucose metabolism by altering the function of hormones such as insulin.

• #66 What Causes Metabolic Syndrome | Pompa Program

  https://pompaprogram.com/what-causes-metabolic-syndrome/

  Trans fats are known to contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome due to their pro-inflammatory effects on the body. […] This further increases the risk of developing metabolic syndrome and other chronic diseases such as heart disease. […] Keeping alcohol consumption low is important in maintaining good health and reducing the risk of developing metabolic syndrome. […] Excessive drinking can result in an increase in blood pressure and an increase triglyceride levels, as well as add unnecessary calories that inevitably result in weight gain. […] Research suggests that exposure to EDCs can influence metabolic processes, leading to an increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome. […] They can also disrupt glucose metabolism by altering the function of hormones such as insulin.

• #67 Metabolic syndrome: definitions and controversies | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-9-48

  These hormonal alterations may lead to reactive insulin hypersecretion, and increasing visceral obesity and sarcopenia, resulting to dyslipidemia, hypertension and DMT2. […] The presence of MetS predicting the incidence of DMT2 also varies depending on how MetS is defined. […] Although the presence of MetS can predict the CVD and DMT2 risk, it cannot estimate the exact risk, as a significant part may be related to other factors such as age, smoking or gender. […] The concept of fetal/developmental origin of MetS, since the first study linking intrauterine undernutrition with later obesity, continues to raise interest. […] This is particularly relevant for the fetal programming as it may suggest intervention at an earlier stage with lifestyle therapies, since the incidence of MetS in children and adolescents is increasing alarmingly.

• #68

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12020-023-03642-x

  The ambiguity in using different definitions became evident in a recent comparative study of Reisinger C et al. where prevalence of pediatric MetS ranges between 2.1% using the IDF definition and 11.2% using Ferranti’s definition. […] MetS is the result of a complex interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental factors. […] Environmental factors, including behaviour of the mother during pregnancy and children’s lifestyle, can contribute to the early development of MetS. […] A sedentary lifestyle, obesity and insulin resistance (IR) trigger MetS. […] Vitamin D deficiency in youth has been associated with the presence of MetS. […] Chronic inflammation ascribed to obesity plays an important role in triggering the mechanisms that lead to insulin resistance and cardiovascular events.

• #69 'Good Energy’ explores how to measure and boost your metabolic health : Shots – Health News : NPR

  https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2024/06/14/nx-s1-4996408/good-energy-measure-metabolic-health-mitochondria

  We’re actually referencing a paper that came out of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology in 2022 that showed, based on assessment of the lab results of 55,000 Americans, only 6.8% were metabolically healthy 93.2% had at least one biomarker indicating metabolic dysfunction. What the science is telling us is that most of the chronic symptoms and conditions that are affecting Americans across the lifespan are rooted in metabolic dysfunction, which is a core problem in how our bodies and our cells actually make energy to power themselves. […] A big part of this, I believe, is we have taken movement out of the fabric of everyday life and then basically told people that exercise can replace that. But biochemically that’s not true. […] My mother had me when she was about 40, and I was a very large baby. I was close to 12 pounds, which portends metabolic issues in both the child and the mother. No one really alerted her that it was a warning sign.

• #70 'Good Energy’ explores how to measure and boost your metabolic health : Shots – Health News : NPR

  https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2024/06/14/nx-s1-4996408/good-energy-measure-metabolic-health-mitochondria

  We’re actually referencing a paper that came out of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology in 2022 that showed, based on assessment of the lab results of 55,000 Americans, only 6.8% were metabolically healthy 93.2% had at least one biomarker indicating metabolic dysfunction. What the science is telling us is that most of the chronic symptoms and conditions that are affecting Americans across the lifespan are rooted in metabolic dysfunction, which is a core problem in how our bodies and our cells actually make energy to power themselves. […] A big part of this, I believe, is we have taken movement out of the fabric of everyday life and then basically told people that exercise can replace that. But biochemically that’s not true. […] My mother had me when she was about 40, and I was a very large baby. I was close to 12 pounds, which portends metabolic issues in both the child and the mother. No one really alerted her that it was a warning sign.

• #71 'Good Energy’ explores how to measure and boost your metabolic health : Shots – Health News : NPR

  https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2024/06/14/nx-s1-4996408/good-energy-measure-metabolic-health-mitochondria

  All three of these are rooted in these same things — insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction. Theyre what I call the trifecta of bad energy in the book. […] When we look at cancer, which we’re really starting to understand more as a very metabolically interlinked disease, it’s no surprise that cancer rates are going up dramatically. […] So from the time when she had a large baby to when she started racking up metabolic syndrome criteria — high cholesterol, high blood pressure, high blood sugar — all the way to cancer, she was on a spectrum of essentially the same problem. […] The stark economic reality of our current paradigm is that the health care system makes more money when patients are sick, and it makes less money when patients are healthy. What that does, unfortunately, is create an invisible hand that guides every aspect of how we look at disease, how we look at the body, how we pursue research. […] Every single doctor I know is a very good person who went into health care to help people. But that simple financial reality creates an entire system designed to make us blind to root causes.

• #72

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12020-023-03642-x

  The ambiguity in using different definitions became evident in a recent comparative study of Reisinger C et al. where prevalence of pediatric MetS ranges between 2.1% using the IDF definition and 11.2% using Ferranti’s definition. […] MetS is the result of a complex interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental factors. […] Environmental factors, including behaviour of the mother during pregnancy and children’s lifestyle, can contribute to the early development of MetS. […] A sedentary lifestyle, obesity and insulin resistance (IR) trigger MetS. […] Vitamin D deficiency in youth has been associated with the presence of MetS. […] Chronic inflammation ascribed to obesity plays an important role in triggering the mechanisms that lead to insulin resistance and cardiovascular events.

• #73 Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment Strategies in the Prevention and Management of Metabolic Syndrome

  https://www.fortunejournals.com/articles/etiology-pathophysiology-and-treatment-strategies-in-the-prevention-and-management-of-metabolic-syndrome.html

  The pathophysiology of MetS involves an intricate interplay between genetic, lifestyle, dietary, and environmental factors. […] The intricate nature of the syndrome is further emphasized by its close relationship with human behavior and evolution, highlighting the significance of diet, inflammation, and hormonal regulation in its onset and persistence. […] The pathophysiology of obesity-related metabolic syndrome involves a complicated interaction between genetic, environmental, and physiological elements that leads to the onset of this condition. […] The pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance involves an intricate interaction between genetic, environmental, and metabolic factors. […] Chronic low-grade inflammation is also essential for the emergence of metabolic syndrome. […] The accumulation of metabolites, such as hypoxanthine and citrulline, in amyloid structures highlights the intricate biochemical nature of metabolic disorders, indicating a shared etiological connection in IEMs and presents potential targets for therapeutic interventions.

• #74 What is Metabolic Syndrome? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/metabolic-syndrome/about-metabolic-syndrome

  Metabolic syndrome is a serious health condition that puts people at higher risk of heart disease, diabetes, stroke and diseases related to fatty buildups in artery walls (atherosclerosis). Underlying causes of metabolic syndrome include overweight and obesity, insulin resistance, physical inactivity, genetic factors and increasing age. […] Although metabolic syndrome is a serious condition, you can reduce your risks significantly by losing weight; increasing your physical activity; eating a heart-healthy diet that’s rich in whole grains, fruits, vegetables and fish; and working with your health care team to monitor and manage your blood glucose, blood cholesterol and blood pressure.

• #75 Metabolic Syndrome: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10783-metabolic-syndrome

  If your body cant produce enough insulin to effectively manage your blood sugar, it leads to high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) and prediabetes or Type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia can also contribute to: Obesity, Cardiovascular disease, Fatty liver disease, Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). […] The following can all contribute to insulin resistance: Excess weight around your abdomen or having obesity, Lack of physical activity, Certain medications, Genetics. […] Yes, its possible to reverse metabolic syndrome. Lifestyle changes can do a lot to improve your health. Medications can help as well. Your healthcare provider will work with you to find the best plan for you.

• #76 Metabolic syndrome: definitions and controversies | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-9-48

  These hormonal alterations may lead to reactive insulin hypersecretion, and increasing visceral obesity and sarcopenia, resulting to dyslipidemia, hypertension and DMT2. […] The presence of MetS predicting the incidence of DMT2 also varies depending on how MetS is defined. […] Although the presence of MetS can predict the CVD and DMT2 risk, it cannot estimate the exact risk, as a significant part may be related to other factors such as age, smoking or gender. […] The concept of fetal/developmental origin of MetS, since the first study linking intrauterine undernutrition with later obesity, continues to raise interest. […] This is particularly relevant for the fetal programming as it may suggest intervention at an earlier stage with lifestyle therapies, since the incidence of MetS in children and adolescents is increasing alarmingly.

• #77 Metabolic Syndrome Tied to Sleep Apnea Symptoms in Young Adults – Psychiatry Advisor

  https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/news/metabolic-syndrome-tied-to-sleep-apnea-symptoms-in-young-adults/

  Central obesity was consistently associated with all sleep apnea symptoms, including overall sleep apnea (aOR, 1.58), snoring (aOR, 2.10), breath cessation (aOR, 2.59), and daytime sleepiness (aOR, 1.34). […] Elevated blood pressure was also a strong predictor of sleep apnea, particularly for breath cessation (aOR, 4.63). […] Low HDL cholesterol was significantly associated with overall sleep apnea (aOR, 1.62), snoring (aOR, 1.62), and daytime sleepiness (aOR, 1.34). […] Non-Hispanic Black participants with elevated fasting glucose had increased odds of overall sleep apnea symptoms (aOR, 2.91) and breath cessation (aOR, 2.96). […] Study limitations include the exclusion of other sleep apnea symptoms, the potential of residual confounding, and the inability to establish causation between sleep apnea symptoms and metabolic syndrome or its components. […] The study authors concluded, Given the increasing prevalence of both sleep apnea and metabolic syndrome in younger populations, addressing these interconnected health concerns through early screening, lifestyle interventions, and equitable healthcare access is imperative.

• #78 Metabolic syndrome: definitions and controversies | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-9-48

  Despite advances in pathophysiology and delineation of risk factors that predispose to MetS, there are many key aspects that remain unclear. […] Although obesity and IR remain at the core of the pathophysiology of MetS, a number of other factors such as chronic stress and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and autonomic nervous system (ANS), increases in cellular oxidative stress, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity, and intrinsic tissue glucocorticoid actions, as well as currently discovered molecules such as micro RNAs can also be involved in its pathogenesis. […] Chronic hypersecretion of stress mediators, such as cortisol, in individuals with a genetic predisposition exposed to a permissive environment, may lead to visceral fat accumulation as a result of chronic hypercortisolism, low growth hormone secretion and hypogonadism.

• #79 Metabolic syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_syndrome

  Physical inactivity is a predictor of CVD events and related mortality. […] Metabolic syndrome affects 60% of the U.S. population older than age 50. […] The metabolic syndrome quintuples the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. […] The presence of metabolic syndrome is associated with a higher prevalence of CVD than found in people with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance without the syndrome. […] Lipodystrophic disorders in general are associated with metabolic syndrome. […] Metabolic syndrome is seen to be a comorbidity in up to 50 percent of those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). […] The mechanisms of the complex pathways of metabolic syndrome are under investigation. […] The pathophysiology is very complex and has been only partially elucidated. […] The involvement of the endocannabinoid system in the development of metabolic syndrome is indisputable. […] Metabolic syndrome can be induced by overfeeding with sucrose or fructose, particularly concomitantly with high-fat diet.

• #80 The Controversial Question of Metabolic Syndrome

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/the-controversial-question-of-metabolic-syndrome

  Finally, additional research should be conducted to fully understand and appreciate the clustering of risk factors identified as metabolic syndrome. Further investigation will be required to better understand if there is underlying cause, such as a genetic defect. Finding an underlying mechanism would help settle the controversy as to whether the syndrome is a treatable entity or metabolic syndrome is just a clustering of risk factors.

• #81 Metabolic syndrome: definitions and controversies | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-9-48

  Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex disorder defined by a cluster of interconnected factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular atherosclerotic diseases and diabetes mellitus type 2. […] Currently, several different definitions of MetS exist, causing substantial confusion as to whether they identify the same individuals or represent a surrogate of risk factors. […] Recently, a number of other factors besides those traditionally used to define MetS that are also linked to the syndrome have been identified. […] As the application of the MetS model has not been fully validated in children and adolescents as yet, and because of its alarmingly increasing prevalence in this population, we suggest that diagnosis, prevention and treatment in this age group should better focus on established risk factors rather than the diagnosis of MetS.

• #82

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12020-023-03642-x

  The ambiguity in using different definitions became evident in a recent comparative study of Reisinger C et al. where prevalence of pediatric MetS ranges between 2.1% using the IDF definition and 11.2% using Ferranti’s definition. […] MetS is the result of a complex interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental factors. […] Environmental factors, including behaviour of the mother during pregnancy and children’s lifestyle, can contribute to the early development of MetS. […] A sedentary lifestyle, obesity and insulin resistance (IR) trigger MetS. […] Vitamin D deficiency in youth has been associated with the presence of MetS. […] Chronic inflammation ascribed to obesity plays an important role in triggering the mechanisms that lead to insulin resistance and cardiovascular events.

• #83 Metabolic syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_syndrome

  Metabolic syndrome is associated with the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. […] The syndrome is thought to be caused by an underlying disorder of energy utilization and storage, but the cause of the syndrome is an area of ongoing medical research. […] The most important risk factors are diet (particularly sugar-sweetened beverage consumption), genetics, aging, sedentary behavior or low physical activity, disrupted chronobiology/sleep, mood disorders/psychotropic medication use, and excessive alcohol use. […] Recent studies have highlighted the global prevalence of metabolic syndrome, driven by the rise in obesity and type 2 diabetes. […] There is debate regarding whether obesity or insulin resistance is the cause of the metabolic syndrome or if they are consequences of a more far-reaching metabolic derangement.

• #84 Metabolic syndrome

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/metabolic-syndrome

  Metabolic syndrome is the combination of obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance. […] Important factors contributing to metabolic syndrome include: Genetic predisposition, Ageing ie, men over 45 and post-menopausal women, Hormonal imbalance, Physical inactivity, Excessive carbohydrates in the diet, Certain medications that contribute to weight increase eg, antidepressants, Rarely, congenital lipodystrophy. […] Metabolic syndrome is present in about 5% of people with normal body weight, 22% of those who are overweight, and 60% of those considered obese. Obesity is a major risk factor for developing metabolic syndrome. […] There is debate regarding whether insulin resistance is the cause of the metabolic syndrome or a consequence of it. […] Fat stored in the abdominal region is more likely than fat in other sites to break down into free fatty acids (lipolysis), which get deposited in the liver. These fat cells produce pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF, which induce insulin resistance. […] The greater the number of risk factors, the greater the chance of developing heart disease, diabetes, or stroke.

• #85 The Controversial Question of Metabolic Syndrome

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/the-controversial-question-of-metabolic-syndrome

  The high prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has tasked the medical community to not only treat but to better identify people at risk for these diseases. Risk factors for diabetes had been identified more than 90 years ago, and the term metabolic syndrome emerged in the late 1970s. In the late 1980s, a potential link had been identified insulin resistance, which itself has been strongly associated with obesity. On the other hand, some believe that insulin resistance contributes to the development of the risk factors but is not the underlying cause. […] Regardless of whether professional organizations are supporters or skeptical of metabolic syndrome, the medical community as a whole believes that additional research is needed to better understand its etiology. […] Obesity and physical inactivity have been found to be important contributors to metabolic syndrome. Other contributing factors include genetic and racial composition, aging, and the presence of other endocrine disorders.

• #86 Metabolic Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/metabolic-syndrome

  Metabolic syndrome causes (aetiology) There are many different factors that contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome. Genetics, lifestyle (such as diet and physical activity), obesity and insulin resistance can all play a role. However, insulin resistance is thought to play a major role in connecting the different components of metabolic syndrome and adding to the syndrome’s development. Elevated free fatty acids and abnormal adipokine profiles can result in insulin resistance and can contribute to the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. […] However, there is uncertainty as to whether all patients with metabolic syndrome are indeed insulin-resistant, so the aetiology has been broadened to include concepts of obesity, adipose tissue disorders and other factors. […] Metabolic syndrome can also occur in lean individuals, suggesting that obesity is a marker for the syndrome, not a cause.

• #87 Metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance syndrome or syndrome X) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-metabolic-syndrome-insulin-resistance-syndrome-or-syndrome-x

  The definition, prevalence, clinical implications, and therapy of metabolic syndrome will be reviewed here, including the limited data in children and adolescents. […] This topic also discusses whether metabolic syndrome denotes a unique pathophysiology and confers risk beyond that associated with its individual components and explores the uncertain value of diagnosing metabolic syndrome in individual patients [13,14]. […] Other causes of insulin resistance and the relationship between obesity and the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes are discussed separately. […] Metabolic syndrome should not be confused with another disorder called syndrome X in which angina pectoris occurs in patients with normal coronary arteries.

• #88 Metabolic syndrome: definitions and controversies | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-9-48

  These hormonal alterations may lead to reactive insulin hypersecretion, and increasing visceral obesity and sarcopenia, resulting to dyslipidemia, hypertension and DMT2. […] The presence of MetS predicting the incidence of DMT2 also varies depending on how MetS is defined. […] Although the presence of MetS can predict the CVD and DMT2 risk, it cannot estimate the exact risk, as a significant part may be related to other factors such as age, smoking or gender. […] The concept of fetal/developmental origin of MetS, since the first study linking intrauterine undernutrition with later obesity, continues to raise interest. […] This is particularly relevant for the fetal programming as it may suggest intervention at an earlier stage with lifestyle therapies, since the incidence of MetS in children and adolescents is increasing alarmingly.

• #89 Metabolic syndrome: definitions and controversies | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-9-48

  Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex disorder defined by a cluster of interconnected factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular atherosclerotic diseases and diabetes mellitus type 2. […] Currently, several different definitions of MetS exist, causing substantial confusion as to whether they identify the same individuals or represent a surrogate of risk factors. […] Recently, a number of other factors besides those traditionally used to define MetS that are also linked to the syndrome have been identified. […] As the application of the MetS model has not been fully validated in children and adolescents as yet, and because of its alarmingly increasing prevalence in this population, we suggest that diagnosis, prevention and treatment in this age group should better focus on established risk factors rather than the diagnosis of MetS.

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