Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Metabolic Syndrome: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10783-metabolic-syndrome

  Metabolic syndrome involves having at least 3 out of 5 health conditions that increase your risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke and Type 2 diabetes. It can cause other complications as well. Each condition is treatable with lifestyle changes and/or medication. […] Metabolic syndrome is a group of conditions that together increase your risk of cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes and stroke. It can lead to other health problems as well, like conditions related to plaque buildup in artery walls (atherosclerosis) and organ damage. […] Not all aspects of metabolic syndrome cause symptoms. So, your symptoms will vary based on which of the five conditions you have. For example, high blood pressure, high triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol usually dont cause symptoms. […] High blood sugar (hyperglycemia) can cause symptoms for some people, like: Darkened skin in your armpits or the back and sides of your neck (acanthosis nigricans). Blurred vision. Increased thirst (polydipsia). Increased urination, especially at night. Fatigue.

• #1 Metabolic syndrome – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/metabolic-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351921

  Diagnosis of metabolic syndrome is based on medical history, family medical history, a physical exam, and blood pressure and blood tests. […] The National Institutes of Health defines metabolic syndrome as having three or more of the following conditions or being on medicine to manage these conditions: […] Large waist. This means a waistline that measures at least 35 inches (89 centimeters) for women and 40 inches (102 centimeters) for men. […] High triglyceride level. For this type of fat found in blood, this means 150 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), or 1.7 millimoles per liter (mmol/L), or higher. […] Low „good” or HDL cholesterol. This means levels of less than 40 mg/dL (1.0 mmol/L) in men or less than 50 mg/dL (1.3 mmol/L) in women of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, also called HDL cholesterol.

• #1 Metabolic syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_syndrome

  The metabolic syndrome quintuples the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes is considered a complication of metabolic syndrome. […] The presence of metabolic syndrome is associated with a higher prevalence of CVD than found in people with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance without the syndrome. […] Central obesity is a key feature of the syndrome, as both a sign and a cause, in that the increasing adiposity often reflected in high waist circumference may both result from and contribute to insulin resistance. […] Metabolic syndrome affects 60% of the U.S. population older than age 50.

• #1 Metabolic Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/metabolic-syndrome

  Metabolic syndrome refers to a clustering of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, particularly abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidaemia. […] Metabolic syndrome is also associated with an increased risk of some common cancers. […] Metabolic syndrome is common in adults and can also occur in obese children. Metabolic syndrome can also occur in lean individuals, suggesting that obesity is a marker for the syndrome, not a cause. […] Most people with type 2 diabetes will have metabolic syndrome based on these criteria. […] Metabolic syndrome is a growing epidemic throughout the world. Approximately 1 adult in every 4 or 5, depending on the country, has metabolic syndrome. […] The incidence increases with age; it has been estimated that in people over 50 years of age, metabolic syndrome affects more than 40% of the population in the USA and nearly 30% in Europe.

• #1 Metabolic Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/metabolic-syndrome-1745266

  Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of conditions that together increase the risk of type 2 diabetes, stroke, and cardiovascular problems, including heart attack. The features of metabolic syndrome are hypertension (high blood pressure), high blood sugar, dyslipidemia (abnormal levels of cholesterol and fat in the blood), and excess abdominal fat. […] Metabolic syndrome affects between 30% and 40% of adults by age 65. It’s rare to have metabolic syndrome symptoms so the diagnosis depends on blood tests and other clinical measures. […] One of the main features of metabolic syndrome is that it is typically asymptomatic. That’s important for you to know because the individual components of the syndrome can worsen without you realizing it. […] However, several symptoms can be associated with the condition; you may or may not experience them if you have metabolic syndrome. The most noticeable sign of metabolic syndrome is weight gain, and you could have the condition if you are overweight and/or have a large waist circumference.

• #1 Symptoms and Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/metabolic-syndrome/symptoms-and-diagnosis-of-metabolic-syndrome

  Most of the conditions that make up metabolic syndrome have no signs or symptoms. But a large waistline is a visible sign of overweight or obesity. […] Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions and is diagnosed by a health care professional. If you have a large waist circumference and other conditions that define metabolic syndrome including elevated triglycerides, high blood sugar or high blood pressure, be sure to discuss your risk for metabolic syndrome with your health care professional. […] Metabolic syndrome is diagnosed when you have three or more of these conditions: Central or abdominal obesity (measured by waist circumference) […] High triglycerides – 150 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or more, or you’re taking medicine for high triglycerides […] High blood pressure – 130/85 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or more, or you’re taking medicine for high blood pressure […] High fasting glucose (blood sugar) – 100 mg/dL or more, or you’re taking medicine for high blood glucose.

• #1 Metabolic syndrome – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/metabolic-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20351916

  Metabolic syndrome is a group of conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes. These conditions include high blood pressure, high blood sugar, too much fat around the waist, and high cholesterol or triglyceride levels. […] A large waist size can point to metabolic syndrome. Also, people with high blood sugar might notice symptoms of diabetes. These include being thirstier than usual, urinating more than usual, being tired and having blurred vision. […] Having metabolic syndrome can increase the risk of: Type 2 diabetes. Not staying at a healthy weight can lead to insulin resistance. Insulin resistance can cause blood sugar to rise. Over time, insulin resistance can lead to type 2 diabetes. […] High cholesterol and high blood pressure can lead to the buildup of plaque in the arteries. Plaque can narrow and harden the arteries. Narrowed arteries can cause a heart attack or stroke.

• #1 Metabolic Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/metabolic-syndrome-1745266

  Clinical symptoms associated with metabolic syndrome include: Dizziness, Fatigue, Signs commonly associated with diabetes, such as increased thirst and frequent urination, Snoring, Difficulty sleeping, Headaches. […] The symptoms you can experience when you have metabolic syndrome are due to the effects of each individual component of the syndrome. Hypertension can cause dizziness, fatigue, and headaches. High blood sugar can cause sleep issues, fatigue, dizziness, thirst, dry mouth, and frequent urination. […] While the fact that metabolic syndrome is usually asymptomatic can seem scary, it’s important for you to know that diagnosis is not elusive. Routine physicals can identify the syndrome. […] Metabolic syndrome can lead to serious health consequences. Each of the factors on its own increases the risk of life-threatening disease, like heart attack and stroke. And each one of these factors is interrelated to the others.

• #1 Metabolic syndrome

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/metabolic-syndrome/

  You may not have any symptoms of metabolic syndrome. […] You usually find out you have it after a blood test or check-up. […] Metabolic syndrome is very common. It’s not known what causes it. […] It is linked to insulin resistance. This is when your body does not respond to the hormone insulin properly. It may also be linked to having too much fat around your tummy. […] Your risk of getting metabolic syndrome also increases as you get older. […] Metabolic syndrome increases your chances of having cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. […] It may also increase your chances of getting: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, osteoarthritis, gout, some cancers. […] It can sometimes affect fertility.

• #1 Metabolic Syndrome: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10783-metabolic-syndrome

  Several factors contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome and its a complex web of factors. But researchers think insulin resistance is the main driver behind the syndrome. […] If your body cant produce enough insulin to effectively manage your blood sugar, it leads to high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) and prediabetes or Type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia can also contribute to: Obesity. Cardiovascular disease. Fatty liver disease. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). […] Metabolic syndrome increases your risk of cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes and stroke. You have metabolic syndrome if you meet at least three of the criteria. […] The main goals of treating metabolic syndrome are to lower your risk of heart disease and Type 2 diabetes if you dont already have them. Treatment can involve medications and/or lifestyle changes.

• #1 Metabolic Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/metabolic-syndrome

  There are many different factors that contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome. Genetics, lifestyle (such as diet and physical activity), obesity and insulin resistance can all play a role. However, insulin resistance is thought to play a major role in connecting the different components of metabolic syndrome and adding to the syndrome’s development. […] Lifestyle modifications are effective in resolving metabolic syndrome and reducing the severity of related abnormalities (fasting blood glucose, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and triglycerides) in people with metabolic syndrome. […] Regular follow-up to monitor progress in reducing cardiovascular risk and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

• #1 Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165124-clinical

  The examination may also reveal findings reflective of the other criteria. For example, patients with insulin resistance and hyperglycemia or with diabetes mellitus may have acanthosis nigricans, hirsutism, peripheral neuropathy, and retinopathy. Patients with severe dyslipidemia may have xanthomas or xanthelasmas. The presence of arterial bruits may portend a higher risk of cardiovascular complications. […] Metabolic syndrome negatively influences disease progression and prognosis in aortic stenosis. […] Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality of the metabolic syndrome. […] Metabolic syndrome increases risk for pulmonary embolism after hip and knee arthroplasty. […] Metabolic syndrome and stroke. […] Diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, and ischemic stroke: epidemiology and possible mechanisms.

• #1 Metabolic Syndrome: Symptoms, States and Associated Diseases | Bio-Techne

  https://www.bio-techne.com/resources/blogs/metabolic-syndrome-symptoms-and-associated-disease-states

  One paradigm that links obesity to metabolic syndrome suggests that obesity disrupts the normal lipid storage patterns, leading to elevated FFAs and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-6), and reduced adiponectin, a hormone produced by adipocytes that regulates glucose levels and fatty acid breakdown. The net effect is insulin resistance (altered glucose metabolism), atherogenesis (endothelial dysfunction) and cardiovascular disease. […] Insulin resistance and central obesity are considered the major players in the development of cardiovascular risk factors known as metabolic syndrome. However, the fact that many lean and non-diabetic individuals also suffer from metabolic syndrome indicate a key fact: obesity and diabetes are markers, not the cause of the metabolic syndrome.

• #1 Metabolic Syndrome: Risk Factors and Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/heart/metabolic-syndrome/metabolic-syndrome-what-is-it

  Metabolic syndrome, also known as insulin resistance syndrome or syndrome X, happens when you have a group of health conditions that put you at a greater risk of developing heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. […] The syndrome runs in families and is more common among African-American, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American people. The risk of developing metabolic syndrome increases as you age. Its also more common in people with lower socioeconomic status and less education. […] Metabolic syndrome is not a disease in itself. Instead, it’s a group of risk factors for heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes high blood pressure, high blood sugar, unhealthy cholesterol levels, high triglycerides, and excess abdominal fat. […] Specifically, metabolic syndrome can lead to atherosclerosis, a process in which a substance called plaque made up of fats, cholesterol, and other substances builds up on the sides of the arteries.

• #1 Dynamic behavior of metabolic syndrome progression: a comprehensive systematic review on recent discoveries | BMC Endocrine Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12902-021-00716-7

  The assessment of the natural history of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has an important role in clarifying the pathways of this disorder. […] The selected studies were divided in 2 groups with Markovian and non-Markovian approach. With the Markov approach, the most important trigger for the MetS chain was dyslipidemia with overweight/obesity in the under-50 and with hypertension in the over-50 age group, where overweight/obesity was more important in women and hypertension in men. […] Among the components of the MetS, dyslipidemia and hypertension seems to be the main developer components in natural history of the MetS. Also, in this chain, the most likely combination over time that determines the future status of people seems to be the combination of dyslipidemia with obesity or hyperglycemia.

• #1 Dynamic progression and risk assessment of MetS | DMSO

  https://www.dovepress.com/study-on-dynamic-progression-and-risk-assessment-of-metabolic-syndrome-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-DMSO

  The results showed that exercise, smoke, drink, BMI level, function loss, hyperuricemia and high LDL-C had statistically significant effects on the forward transitions of MetS disease status. […] On the other hand, analysis of the reversion from MetS to FMD highlighted that beyond the age of 65 there were hardly any cases. […] For patients with MetS, male is easier to recover than female. However, individuals with overweight/obesity or high HbA1c symptoms are difficult to recover from MetS, individuals with little exercise or high LDL symptoms are difficult to recover from SMD/MMD. […] Our study found the likelihood of progression from mild metabolic disorder to metabolic syndrome is less likely than that of reversion from metabolic syndrome to severe metabolic disorder and severe metabolic disorder to mild metabolic disorder.

• #1 Metabolic Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459248/

  Metabolic syndrome, characterized by a constellation of metabolic abnormalities, including central obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, poses a significant risk for the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and type II diabetes mellitus. […] The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome necessitates the presence of 3 or more of these metabolic abnormalities, signaling an urgent need for proactive identification and intervention strategies. […] Alarmingly, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome has surged in recent decades, paralleling the global rise in obesity rates, with over one-fifth of Americans and Europeans currently affected. […] Patients with metabolic syndrome are estimated to have a 2-fold increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and a 5-fold increased risk of diabetes mellitus, as compared to the general population. […] Metabolic syndrome is also associated with accelerated atherosclerosis, premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, and early onset type II diabetes mellitus. […] The clinical presentation of metabolic syndrome is variable and depends on the underlying atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The common signs of metabolic syndrome include abdominal obesity with high body mass index and increased waist circumference, elevated blood pressure, and signs of insulin resistance. […] The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is rising, and through intervention, the progression can be halted and potentially reversed.

• #1 Metabolic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165124-overview

  The clinical manifestations of this syndrome may include hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and abdominal obesity. […] Abundant data suggest that patients meeting these diagnostic criteria have a greater risk of significant clinical consequences, the 2 most prominent of which are the development of diabetes mellitus and of coronary heart disease. Pooled data from 37 studies involving more than 170,000 patients have shown that metabolic syndrome doubles the risk of coronary artery disease. It also increases risk of stroke, fatty liver disease, and cancer. […] The complications of metabolic syndrome are broad. Numerous associated cardiovascular complications exist, particularly coronary heart disease, but also atrial fibrillation, heart failure, aortic stenosis, ischemic stroke, and, possibly, venothromboembolic disease. Cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus coexist and are two leading causes of death. Evidence also exists to indicate that upregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and derangements to metabolic pathways (eg, glucose and fat metabolism) can also promote pulmonary vascular disease (eg, pulmonary arterial hypertension) and right heart failure.

• #1 Metabolic syndrome — a new definition and management guidelines | Dobrowolski | Arterial Hypertension

  https://journals.viamedica.pl/arterial_hypertension/article/view/93141

  The prevalence of MetS has been on the rise in the 2000s in Poland. […] In 2014, the prevalence of MetS was 33% and 39% in women and men, respectively. […] A particularly significant increase (from 43% to 57%) was seen in males aged 60-74, with increased prevalence of disordered carbohydrate metabolism, abdominal obesity and dyslipidaemia cited as the fundamental causes. […] The goal of obesity treatment is to stop its progression, that is, further body weight increase, and subsequently to lose weight. Even a modest weight loss of 5% to 10% of total body weight is likely to produce health benefits. […] The risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus is 35-fold higher in patients with MetS compared to the general population and it is proportionate to the number of components of metabolic syndrome.

• #1 Metabolic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165124-overview

  Emerging data suggest an important correlation between metabolic syndrome and risk of stroke. Each of the components of metabolic syndrome has been associated with elevated stroke risk, and evidence demonstrates a relationship between the collective metabolic syndrome and risk of ischemic stroke. Metabolic syndrome may also be linked to neuropathy beyond hyperglycemic mechanisms through inflammatory mediators. […] The metabolic derangements that characterize metabolic syndrome have been implicated in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Indeed, the fatty liver is thought to play an important role in the development of metabolic syndrome. […] Metabolic syndrome between pregnancies increases the risk of recurrent preeclampsia, according to a retrospective cohort study of 197 women who had preeclampsia during their first pregnancy. Of the 197 women, 40 (20%) had metabolic syndrome between pregnancies. Of these 40 women, 18 (45%) had preeclampsia during their second pregnancy, compared with 27 (17%) of the 157 women without metabolic syndrome between pregnancies. The risk of recurrent preeclampsia increased with the number of components of the metabolic syndrome present.

• #1 Metabolic Syndrome: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10783-metabolic-syndrome

  Yes, its possible to reverse metabolic syndrome. Lifestyle changes can do a lot to improve your health. Medications can help as well. Your healthcare provider will work with you to find the best plan for you. […] Metabolic syndrome can lead to a wide range of complications, including: Heart disease. Aortic stenosis (when the aortic valve in your heart narrows and blood cant flow normally). Atrial fibrillation (Afib). Thromboembolic disease, like venous thromboembolism. Stroke. Organ damage, especially damage to your pancreas, liver, gallbladder and kidneys. Certain cancers, like colon cancer, breast cancer and prostate cancer. Type 2 diabetes. Long-term inflammation and problems with your immune system. Erectile dysfunction. Pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia, eclampsia and gestational diabetes. Issues with thinking and memory. […] The good news is that its possible to reverse metabolic syndrome with lifestyle changes and medications. The sooner you can make changes to protect your health, the better.

• #1 Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165124-clinical

  The metabolic syndrome and neuropathy: therapeutic challenges and opportunities. […] Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: diagnosis and relation to metabolic syndrome and approach to treatment. […] Fatty liver: a novel component of the metabolic syndrome. […] What about non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a new criterion to define metabolic syndrome? […] The metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome. […] The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among US women of childbearing age. […] Metabolic syndrome sharply boosts risk of recurrent pre-eclampsia. […] Metabolic syndrome and cognitive decline. […] Elevated prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular risk factors in bipolar disorder. […] Fracture risk and bone mineral density in metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis.

• #1 Metabolic Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459248/

  The global incidence of metabolic syndrome rises almost parallel to the incidence of obesity. […] The prevalence of metabolic syndrome peaked at the start of the 21st century in the United States. […] The prevalence of metabolic syndrome increases with increasing age; almost 40% of people have metabolic syndrome in the 6th decade of their lives. […] The prognosis of patients with metabolic syndrome is determined by the severity of its components and cardiovascular complications. […] Cardiovascular complications predict poor prognosis in patients with metabolic syndrome, and the risk of cardiovascular complications is proposed to be amplified due to the combination of multiple ASCVD risk factors. […] Patients with metabolic syndrome have more than 2-fold higher risk of cardiovascular events as compared to those without metabolic syndrome, which predicts a poor prognosis.

• #1 Metabolic syndrome – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/metabolic-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351921

  High blood pressure. This means 130/80 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or higher. […] High fasting blood sugar. This means 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) or higher. […] Lifestyle changes that involve diet and exercise often are the first treatment for metabolic syndrome. If lifestyle changes aren’t enough, medicines may help you manage blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar levels. […] For people with metabolic syndrome or any of the conditions that are part of metabolic syndrome, making healthy lifestyle changes can help prevent or delay serious health conditions. […] Losing 3% to 5% of body weight can reduce insulin resistance and lower the risk of diabetes. It also can reduce blood pressure. […] Your healthcare professional might ask questions about your diet, exercise and other lifestyle habits.

• #2 Metabolic Syndrome – familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/metabolic-syndrome/

  Metabolic syndrome is the term used to describe a set of risk factors for heart disease. These include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes or high blood sugars. […] For the most part, metabolic syndrome does not have any true signs or symptoms. If you gain weight around your waist, it can be one indicator of metabolic syndrome. […] Insulin resistance often goes along with other health problems. These include obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure. These problems are all risk factors for heart disease. When a person has many of these problems at the same time, doctors commonly call it metabolic syndrome. […] A number of factors can act together to cause metabolic syndrome. A person who takes in too many calories and too much saturated fat and does not get enough physical activity may develop metabolic syndrome. Other causes include insulin resistance and a family history of the risk factors for metabolic syndrome.

• #2 Metabolic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165124-overview

  Metabolic syndrome (syndrome X, insulin resistance) is a multifactorial disease with multiple risk factors that arises from insulin resistance accompanying abnormal adipose deposition and function. It comprises a combination of risk factors for coronary heart disease, as well as for diabetes, fatty liver, and several cancers. […] Clinical manifestations of metabolic syndrome include the following: Hypertension, Hyperglycemia, Hypertriglyceridemia, Reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), Abdominal obesity, Chest pain or shortness of breath: Suggesting the rise of cardiovascular and other complications, Acanthosis nigricans, hirsutism, peripheral neuropathy, and retinopathy: In patients with insulin resistance and hyperglycemia or with diabetes mellitus, Xanthomas or xanthelasmas: In patients with severe dyslipidemia.

• #2 Metabolic Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459248/

  The global incidence of metabolic syndrome rises almost parallel to the incidence of obesity. […] The prevalence of metabolic syndrome peaked at the start of the 21st century in the United States. […] The prevalence of metabolic syndrome increases with increasing age; almost 40% of people have metabolic syndrome in the 6th decade of their lives. […] The prognosis of patients with metabolic syndrome is determined by the severity of its components and cardiovascular complications. […] Cardiovascular complications predict poor prognosis in patients with metabolic syndrome, and the risk of cardiovascular complications is proposed to be amplified due to the combination of multiple ASCVD risk factors. […] Patients with metabolic syndrome have more than 2-fold higher risk of cardiovascular events as compared to those without metabolic syndrome, which predicts a poor prognosis.

• #2 Metabolic Syndrome: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/metabolic-syndrome

  If you have metabolic syndrome, you may not have any specific symptoms. […] One sign that may be observable is a larger waistline or an apple-shaped body. […] If you have high blood sugar, you may notice symptoms of diabetes, including increased thirst, blurred vision, headaches, and fatigue. […] You may have metabolic syndrome if three or more of these tests come back with a reading within the above ranges. […] Insulin resistance can develop. This is when your cells stop responding to insulin in the bloodstream. It can lead to higher insulin levels and blood sugar levels. If your blood sugar levels become too high, you can develop type 2 diabetes. […] If symptoms are managed, people with metabolic syndrome can reduce their risks of developing serious health problems such as heart attack or stroke. The condition may be able to be reversed with weight loss or managed with a combination of diet, exercise, and medication. […] Although symptom management will reduce health complications, most people with this condition have a long-term risk of cardiovascular disease. If you develop this condition, you may need to be monitored by your doctor to help prevent serious health problems such as heart attack and stroke.

• #2 Metabolic syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007290.htm

  Metabolic syndrome is a name for a group of risk factors that occur together and increase the chance of having coronary artery disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. […] People with metabolic syndrome often have one or more other factors that may be linked with the condition, including: Increased risk for blood clotting, Increased levels of blood substances that are a sign of inflammation throughout the body, Small amounts of a protein called albumin in the urine. […] You’ll likely be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome if you have three or more of the following signs: Blood pressure equal to or higher than 130/85 mm Hg or you’re taking medicine for high blood pressure, Fasting blood sugar (glucose) from 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 7 mmol/L) or you’ve been diagnosed with and are taking medicines for diabetes, Large waist circumference (length around the waist): For men, 40 inches (102 centimeters [cm]) or more; for women, 35 inches (89 cm) or more [for people of Asian ancestry 35 inches (89 cm) for men and 30 inches (76 cm) for women], Low HDL (good) cholesterol: For men, less than 40 mg/dL (1.04 mmol/L); for women, less than 50 mg/dL (1.29 mmol/L) or you’re taking medicine for reduced HDL, Fasting levels of triglycerides equal to or higher than 150 mg/dL (1.69 mmol/L) or you’re taking medicine to lower triglycerides. […] People with metabolic syndrome have an increased long-term risk of developing heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, kidney disease, and poor blood supply to the legs.

• #2 Metabolic Syndrome (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/metabolic-syndrome.html

  Metabolic syndrome is a group of medical problems that put some children older than 10 years old at risk for heart disease and type 2 diabetes as adults. These problems are: too much belly fat (high waist measurement), high blood pressure (hypertension), high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol („good cholesterol”), high blood sugar. […] People with metabolic syndrome may have: high body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference, blood test results that show high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, or high fasting blood sugar, acanthosis nigricans. This darkening of the skin in folds and creases, like the neck and armpits, is a sign of insulin resistance. […] In kids, as obesity gets worse, metabolic syndrome becomes more likely. […] Doctors might suspect metabolic syndrome if an overweight or obese person has acanthosis nigricans or a family history of diabetes or heart disease. […] Metabolic syndrome is treated by making positive lifestyle changes. Weight loss can bring about big improvements in blood pressure, blood sugar, and lipids.

• #2 Metabolic Syndrome: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10783-metabolic-syndrome

  Metabolic syndrome involves having at least 3 out of 5 health conditions that increase your risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke and Type 2 diabetes. It can cause other complications as well. Each condition is treatable with lifestyle changes and/or medication. […] Metabolic syndrome is a group of conditions that together increase your risk of cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes and stroke. It can lead to other health problems as well, like conditions related to plaque buildup in artery walls (atherosclerosis) and organ damage. […] Not all aspects of metabolic syndrome cause symptoms. So, your symptoms will vary based on which of the five conditions you have. For example, high blood pressure, high triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol usually dont cause symptoms. […] High blood sugar (hyperglycemia) can cause symptoms for some people, like: Darkened skin in your armpits or the back and sides of your neck (acanthosis nigricans). Blurred vision. Increased thirst (polydipsia). Increased urination, especially at night. Fatigue.

• #2 What Is Metabolic Syndrome? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/weight-management/metabolic-syndrome/

  Metabolic syndrome usually doesn’t have any symptoms, except in rare cases, because the components of metabolic syndrome generally have no noticeable symptoms themselves. […] One sign that you might have metabolic syndrome, however, is easy to identify on your own. Abdominal obesity, sometimes called visceral obesity, is the accumulation of fat around the midsection. […] More rarely, advanced cases of metabolic syndrome can present symptoms: Undiagnosed diabetes can result in symptoms such as increased thirst, frequent urination, changes in vision, fatigue, and recurring yeast infections. […] Hypertension only causes symptoms headaches, heart palpitations, or nosebleeds in a crisis state that requires immediate medical attention. […] For many people, metabolic syndrome may be a lifelong condition.

• #2 Metabolic Disorders: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/weight-loss-and-metabolic-disorders/metabolic-disorders

  Metabolic syndrome refers to a cluster of metabolic abnormalities such as high blood pressure, obesity, and insulin resistance. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of developing diabetes, stroke, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). […] Common symptoms of metabolic disorder include: Tiredness, Muscle weakness, Unexpected weight gain or loss, Changes in skin color, Stomach pain, Nausea or vomiting, Reduced appetite, Developmental problems in babies and infants. […] Being overweight or obese plus a sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome can lead to a risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. […] Symptoms can be well managed by following your doctor’s advice and maintaining a healthy lifestyle to reduce your chances of developing other further health conditions.

• #2 Progress in Understanding Metabolic Syndrome and Knowledge of Its Complex Pathophysiology

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4540/4/2/15

  Visceral obesity and insulin resistance (IR) are recognized as the major intrinsic risk factors for MetS. Additionally, decreased physical activities, atherogenic dyslipidemia, calorie-rich dietary intake, and hormonal imbalance are risk factors for developing MetS. […] The complete pathophysiology of MetS is still unclear. However, redundant adipose tissues-induced persistent low-grade inflammation is considered the crucial underlying cause of developing central obesity-related disorders, such as type 2 DM, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and IR. […] The redundant adipose tissue-induced low-grade persistent inflammatory condition was found to be involved in the progression of diseases related to MetS, such as atherosclerosis, atherogenic dyslipidemia, hypertension, pro-thrombotic status, and impaired glucose tolerance.

• #2 Metabolic Syndrome: Symptoms and associated disease states

  https://www.novusbio.com/antibody-news/metabolic-syndrome-symptoms-and-associated-disease-states?srsltid=AfmBOoqt9p3O9hjQZWt4bpoGvteMmyy27CU-iEos2HywLJklQjBps8_5

  It was 1988 when, after decades of research, Dr. GM Reaven of the Stanford University, CA, explained the relationship between four diseases: insulin resistance, hypertension, diabetes and obesity. […] The clinical diagnosis of metabolic syndrome depends on the presence of at least three of the following five conditions: elevated waist circumference, triglycerides, blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose levels, and reduced HDL-cholesterol. […] Insulin resistance is considered a common feature of atherosclerosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and most importantly, Type 2 diabetes. […] The net effect is insulin resistance (altered glucose metabolism), atherogenesis (endothelial dysfunction) and cardiovascular disease. […] Insulin resistance and central obesity are considered the major players in the development of cardiovascular risk factors known as metabolic syndrome. […] However, the fact that many lean and non-diabetic individuals also suffer from metabolic syndrome indicate a key fact: obesity and diabetes are markers, not the cause of the metabolic syndrome.

• #2 Metabolic syndrome: Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Clínica Universidad de Navarra

  https://www.cun.es/en/diseases-treatments/diseases/metabolic-syndrome

  Hyperinsulinemia is a disease in which large amounts of insulin are pumped into the bloodstream. […] If the cells become resistant to insulin, more insulin is needed to get the glucose into the cells. […] Therefore, the body produces more insulin, which is pumped into the bloodstream. […] When there is a lot of insulin in the bloodstream, the risk of a heart attack is increased, because the insulin: Raises triglyceride levels. […] Lowers levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL or „good cholesterol”). […] Raises levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL or „bad cholesterol”). […] Makes it harder for the body to remove fats from the blood after eating. […] It raises blood pressure. […] Increases the clotting ability of the blood. […] Treatment of metabolic syndrome consists of treating the other underlying diseases.

• #2 Metabolic syndrome: Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Clínica Universidad de Navarra

  https://www.cun.es/en/diseases-treatments/diseases/metabolic-syndrome

  „People with diseases characterized by insulin resistance, such as diabetes and hyperinsulinemia, are more likely to have metabolic syndrome”. […] Patients with metabolic syndrome do not feel any symptoms. But there are signs that may indicate to doctors a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. […] Doctors will look for a combination of the following factors: Central obesity, that is to say, an excess of fat in the abdominal area. […] Difficulty in digesting a type of sugar called „glucose” (glucose intolerance) Patients with metabolic syndrome usually have hyperinsulinemia or type 2 diabetes. […] High levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL or „bad cholesterol”) and triglycerides in the blood. […] Low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL or „good cholesterol”) in the blood. […] High blood pressure (hypertension).

• #2 Dynamic behavior of metabolic syndrome progression: a comprehensive systematic review on recent discoveries | BMC Endocrine Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12902-021-00716-7

  The progression of the MetS is similar to a process in which components appear sequentially. It is commonly believed that the first component that appears in a person with a high incidence is the primary trigger of the chain leading to the MetS. […] What is clear is that assessing the dynamics of the MetS progression process has an important role in clarifying the pathways of this disorder. […] In the studies with the Markovian approach, as mentioned earlier in the introduction, different models of 7, 8 and 12-states has been used. But the most common state-model used in these studies was the 7-state model, which does not mention the 2-component and dyslipidemia states separately and in detail in comparison to the 8- and 12-state modes. […] In general, it seems that the role of overweight/obesity and dyslipidemia components in the age group below the age of 50 and the role of hypertension in the age group over the age of 50 were be explained by hormonal changes.

• #2 Metabolic Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/metabolic-syndrome-1745266

  Left untreated, metabolic syndrome doubles the risk of heart disease and increases diabetes risk by five times within 10 years of diagnosis. But since the components of metabolic syndrome can be measured, a healthcare provider can follow your improvement over time and adjust your treatment as needed.

• #2 Metabolic Syndrome: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10783-metabolic-syndrome

  Yes, its possible to reverse metabolic syndrome. Lifestyle changes can do a lot to improve your health. Medications can help as well. Your healthcare provider will work with you to find the best plan for you. […] Metabolic syndrome can lead to a wide range of complications, including: Heart disease. Aortic stenosis (when the aortic valve in your heart narrows and blood cant flow normally). Atrial fibrillation (Afib). Thromboembolic disease, like venous thromboembolism. Stroke. Organ damage, especially damage to your pancreas, liver, gallbladder and kidneys. Certain cancers, like colon cancer, breast cancer and prostate cancer. Type 2 diabetes. Long-term inflammation and problems with your immune system. Erectile dysfunction. Pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia, eclampsia and gestational diabetes. Issues with thinking and memory. […] The good news is that its possible to reverse metabolic syndrome with lifestyle changes and medications. The sooner you can make changes to protect your health, the better.

• #2 Metabolic Syndrome: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10783-metabolic-syndrome

  Several factors contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome and its a complex web of factors. But researchers think insulin resistance is the main driver behind the syndrome. […] If your body cant produce enough insulin to effectively manage your blood sugar, it leads to high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) and prediabetes or Type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia can also contribute to: Obesity. Cardiovascular disease. Fatty liver disease. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). […] Metabolic syndrome increases your risk of cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes and stroke. You have metabolic syndrome if you meet at least three of the criteria. […] The main goals of treating metabolic syndrome are to lower your risk of heart disease and Type 2 diabetes if you dont already have them. Treatment can involve medications and/or lifestyle changes.

• #2 Metabolic syndrome – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/212

  Comorbidities commonly associated with metabolic syndrome include polycystic ovarian syndrome, hypogonadism, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. […] Metabolic syndrome is associated with endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis resulting in an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus. […] The main utility of diagnosing metabolic syndrome is the identification of people at high risk of CVD beyond low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels.

• #2 Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165124-clinical

  The metabolic syndrome and neuropathy: therapeutic challenges and opportunities. […] Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: diagnosis and relation to metabolic syndrome and approach to treatment. […] Fatty liver: a novel component of the metabolic syndrome. […] What about non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a new criterion to define metabolic syndrome? […] The metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome. […] The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among US women of childbearing age. […] Metabolic syndrome sharply boosts risk of recurrent pre-eclampsia. […] Metabolic syndrome and cognitive decline. […] Elevated prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular risk factors in bipolar disorder. […] Fracture risk and bone mineral density in metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis.

• #2 Metabolic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165124-overview

  Emerging data suggest an important correlation between metabolic syndrome and risk of stroke. Each of the components of metabolic syndrome has been associated with elevated stroke risk, and evidence demonstrates a relationship between the collective metabolic syndrome and risk of ischemic stroke. Metabolic syndrome may also be linked to neuropathy beyond hyperglycemic mechanisms through inflammatory mediators. […] The metabolic derangements that characterize metabolic syndrome have been implicated in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Indeed, the fatty liver is thought to play an important role in the development of metabolic syndrome. […] Metabolic syndrome between pregnancies increases the risk of recurrent preeclampsia, according to a retrospective cohort study of 197 women who had preeclampsia during their first pregnancy. Of the 197 women, 40 (20%) had metabolic syndrome between pregnancies. Of these 40 women, 18 (45%) had preeclampsia during their second pregnancy, compared with 27 (17%) of the 157 women without metabolic syndrome between pregnancies. The risk of recurrent preeclampsia increased with the number of components of the metabolic syndrome present.

• #2 Metabolic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165124-overview

  The clinical manifestations of this syndrome may include hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and abdominal obesity. […] Abundant data suggest that patients meeting these diagnostic criteria have a greater risk of significant clinical consequences, the 2 most prominent of which are the development of diabetes mellitus and of coronary heart disease. Pooled data from 37 studies involving more than 170,000 patients have shown that metabolic syndrome doubles the risk of coronary artery disease. It also increases risk of stroke, fatty liver disease, and cancer. […] The complications of metabolic syndrome are broad. Numerous associated cardiovascular complications exist, particularly coronary heart disease, but also atrial fibrillation, heart failure, aortic stenosis, ischemic stroke, and, possibly, venothromboembolic disease. Cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus coexist and are two leading causes of death. Evidence also exists to indicate that upregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and derangements to metabolic pathways (eg, glucose and fat metabolism) can also promote pulmonary vascular disease (eg, pulmonary arterial hypertension) and right heart failure.

• #2 Metabolic Syndrome: Risk Factors and Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/heart/metabolic-syndrome/metabolic-syndrome-what-is-it

  Yes! Through lifestyle changes and medications if you need them you can get the different components of metabolic syndrome under control and lower your risk of diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. […] If you’ve just been diagnosed with metabolic syndrome, think of it as a wake-up call. It’s time to get serious about improving your health.

• #2 Metabolic syndrome — a new definition and management guidelines | Dobrowolski | Arterial Hypertension

  https://journals.viamedica.pl/arterial_hypertension/article/view/93141

  The prevalence of MetS has been on the rise in the 2000s in Poland. […] In 2014, the prevalence of MetS was 33% and 39% in women and men, respectively. […] A particularly significant increase (from 43% to 57%) was seen in males aged 60-74, with increased prevalence of disordered carbohydrate metabolism, abdominal obesity and dyslipidaemia cited as the fundamental causes. […] The goal of obesity treatment is to stop its progression, that is, further body weight increase, and subsequently to lose weight. Even a modest weight loss of 5% to 10% of total body weight is likely to produce health benefits. […] The risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus is 35-fold higher in patients with MetS compared to the general population and it is proportionate to the number of components of metabolic syndrome.

• #3 Metabolic Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/metabolic-syndrome-1745266

  Clinical symptoms associated with metabolic syndrome include: Dizziness, Fatigue, Signs commonly associated with diabetes, such as increased thirst and frequent urination, Snoring, Difficulty sleeping, Headaches. […] The symptoms you can experience when you have metabolic syndrome are due to the effects of each individual component of the syndrome. Hypertension can cause dizziness, fatigue, and headaches. High blood sugar can cause sleep issues, fatigue, dizziness, thirst, dry mouth, and frequent urination. […] While the fact that metabolic syndrome is usually asymptomatic can seem scary, it’s important for you to know that diagnosis is not elusive. Routine physicals can identify the syndrome. […] Metabolic syndrome can lead to serious health consequences. Each of the factors on its own increases the risk of life-threatening disease, like heart attack and stroke. And each one of these factors is interrelated to the others.

• #3 Metabolic Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/metabolic-syndrome

  There are many different factors that contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome. Genetics, lifestyle (such as diet and physical activity), obesity and insulin resistance can all play a role. However, insulin resistance is thought to play a major role in connecting the different components of metabolic syndrome and adding to the syndrome’s development. […] Lifestyle modifications are effective in resolving metabolic syndrome and reducing the severity of related abnormalities (fasting blood glucose, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and triglycerides) in people with metabolic syndrome. […] Regular follow-up to monitor progress in reducing cardiovascular risk and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

• #3 Metabolic Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459248/

  Patients with metabolic syndrome have multiple cardiovascular complications due to the underlying risk factors. […] These patients are found to have more than two-fold higher incidence of cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accidents, and heart failure, independent of age, gender, and the presence of diabetes.

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