Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Metabolic Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459248/

  Metabolic syndrome, characterized by a constellation of metabolic abnormalities, including central obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, poses a significant risk for the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and type II diabetes mellitus. […] Alarmingly, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome has surged in recent decades, paralleling the global rise in obesity rates, with over one-fifth of Americans and Europeans currently affected. […] The global incidence of metabolic syndrome rises almost parallel to the incidence of obesity. According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHNES), the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adults increased from 25.3% to 34.2% in 2012. […] The prevalence of metabolic syndrome peaked at the start of the 21st century in the United States. The prevalence gradually decreased due to early diagnosis and proper treatment of dyslipidemia and hypertension (although the prevalence of obesity was increasing). […] In Europe and Latin America, around one-fourth of the general population is reported to have metabolic syndrome. […] The incidence of metabolic syndrome is slightly higher in children of low-income countries, which suggests the high economy of the country is not a predictor of metabolic syndrome. […] The prevalence of metabolic syndrome increases with increasing age; almost 40% of people have metabolic syndrome in the 6th decade of their lives.

• #1 The interplay of factors in metabolic syndrome: understanding its roots and complexity | Molecular Medicine | Full Text

  https://molmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10020-024-01019-y

  Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an indicator and diverse endocrine syndrome that combines different metabolic defects with clinical, physiological, biochemical, and metabolic factors. […] The prevalence of MetS extensively varies around the world, depending on factors such as region, urban or rural environment, demographics (including age, sex, race, and ethnicity), and diagnostic criteria used (depending on the organization that is consulted). […] The IDF estimated that approximately 2025% of the adult population worldwide is affected by MetS. […] Recent epidemiological evidence from the United States has revealed that the incidence of MetS has escalated from 27.6% to 32.3% over the last several decades. […] The increasing prevalence of MetS is a significant public health concern, necessitating focused research efforts to understand and mitigate its impact.

• #1 Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence by Race/Ethnicity and Sex in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–2012

  https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2017/16_0287.htm

  Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors associated with increased risk of multiple chronic diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disease. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome overall, by race and sex, and to assess trends in prevalence from 1988 through 2012. […] Among US adults aged 18 years or older, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome rose by more than 35% from 1988-1994 to 2007-2012, increasing from 25.3% to 34.2%. […] Metabolic syndrome prevalence increased from 1988 to 2012 for every sociodemographic group; by 2012, more than a third of all US adults met the definition and criteria for metabolic syndrome agreed to jointly by several international organizations. […] Given what appears to be a consensus on the definition and categorical cut points for metabolic syndrome, we examined a nationally representative sample of adults in the United States, estimated the prevalence of metabolic syndrome overall, by race and sex, and assessed trends in prevalence since 1988.

• #1 Metabolic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165124-overview

  Data from the 2009-2010 NHANES showed that the age-adjusted prevalence of metabolic syndrome had fallen to approximately 24% in men and 22% in women. […] Metabolic syndrome is a burgeoning global problem, with an increasing prevalence in urban populations of some developing countries. […] Approximately one fourth of the adult European population is estimated to have metabolic syndrome, with a similar prevalence in Latin America. […] It is also considered an emerging epidemic in developing East Asian countries, including China, Japan, and Korea. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in East Asia may range from 8-13% in men and from 2-18% in women, depending on the population and definitions used. […] In Japan, the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare has instituted a screening and interventional program.

• #1 Metabolic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165124-overview

  Metabolic syndrome is similarly prevalent in men (24%) and women (22%), after adjusting for age. […] However, several considerations are unique to women with metabolic syndrome, including pregnancy, use of oral contraceptives, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. […] The prevalence of metabolic syndrome increases with age, with about 40% of people older than 60 years meeting the criteria. […] However, metabolic syndrome can no longer be considered a disease of only adult populations. Alarmingly, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus are increasingly prevalent in the pediatric population, again in parallel with a rise in obesity.

• #1 Metabolic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165124-overview

  Metabolic syndrome has been recognized as a highly prevalent problem in many other countries worldwide. […] The fact that the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome vary between ethnic populations is testimony to significant nuances in the manifestation of metabolic syndrome in these groups. […] In the United States, metabolic syndrome has a high prevalence in African Americans, particularly African American women, and this has been attributed to the higher prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes in this population. […] However, the highest age-adjusted prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the United States is found in Mexican Americans, approximately 31.9% of whom had the condition (compared with 27% of the general population) in a 1988-1994 survey. […] A study by Ukegbu et al found that African immigrants have a worse metabolic profile than do African Americans but that they have a similar prevalence of metabolic syndrome.

• #1 Prevalence and Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome: A Prospective Study on Cardiovascular Health

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10608643/

  The management of metabolic syndrome involves lifestyle changes. Weight loss, proper nutrition and adequate physical activity are the fundamental elements of treatment. Therapeutic strategies for correcting modifiable risk factors such as high blood pressure or dyslipidemia, should be applied according to existing guidelines. Early detection and intervention are also crucial in lowering the risk of associated cardiovascular complications. […] The study confirmed that gender and age play significant roles in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Men generally had a higher risk compared to women, but both genders exhibit an increased risk with advancing age. […] The impact of socioeconomic factors on the development of metabolic syndrome was highlighted. Unhealthy lifestyle habits including smoking, harmful dietary habits, and sedentary behavior are major risk factors for metabolic syndrome and require targeted interventions.

• #1 Metabolic syndrome: a population-based study of prevalence and risk factors | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54367-4

  The odds of having high TG in the alcohol-drinking group in the last 12 months was 1.53 times higher than the non-drinking group. […] The odds of high WC in the last 12 months, were greater in the tobacco-smoking group compared with the non-smoking group. […] The prevalence of MetS in the Rafsanjan youth cohort population varied between 7.14% and 10.13% according to different criteria. […] The main problem in the diagnosis of MetS is the different definitions of MetS and unavailability of universally accepted definition of this phenomenon.

• #1 Self-Assessment Questions – Course #91544: Metabolic Syndrome: A Growing Epidemic – NetCE

  https://www.netce.com/studypoints.php?courseid=2701&printable=yes&page=printquestions

  Among non-Hispanic White individuals, the age-adjusted prevalence for metabolic syndrome is 35% among men and 36% among women. Minority populations are disproportionately affected; however, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome varies for men and women. Prevalence in non-Hispanic Black women is 34%; prevalence in non-Hispanic Black men is 27%. Mexican American women have a prevalence that is slightly higher (31%) than in Mexican American men (27.5%) […] The costs of metabolic syndrome are not yet well established. However, healthcare expenses related to metabolic syndrome symptoms and/or risk factors are significant. Among participants 65 years of age and older in the large Cardiovascular Health Study, Medicare costs were 20% higher for those with metabolic syndrome compared to those without the syndrome. The increase was primarily due to costs attributed to the individual risk factors of abdominal obesity, low HDL, and elevated blood pressure.

• #1 Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence by Race/Ethnicity and Sex in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–2012

  https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2017/16_0287.htm

  Our study is one of the largest (data are from almost 3 decades) to use the harmonized criteria for metabolic syndrome in characterizing the prevalence, trends, and sociodemographic distribution of this condition among US adults. […] We observed that by 2012, more than one-third of all US adults met the criteria for metabolic syndrome, with the highest burden being among non-Hispanic black and adults with low socioeconomic status. […] Our observation that metabolic syndrome prevalence increases with age suggests that the efforts to increase awareness of prevention strategies must begin early, ideally when any 1 of the constituent components (eg, obesity) is present, before the development of all 3 components required for the formal definition of metabolic syndrome. […] Metabolic syndrome prevalence increased since 1988 among US adults, particularly among non-Hispanic white women, non-Hispanic black women, and individuals of low socioeconomic status.

• #1

  https://scholars.duke.edu/publication/1673861

  Survivors of childhood, adolescent, and young adult (CAYA) cancer have an increased risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS describes the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors including overweight or obesity, hypertension, (pre)diabetes, and dyslipidaemia. […] To optimize health outcomes in CAYA cancer survivors, international, harmonized surveillance recommendations are essential. […] Recommendations were formulated for MetS surveillance in these risk groups, covering preferred screening modalities, age at screening initiation, and surveillance frequency. […] In this international surveillance guideline for MetS in CAYA cancer survivors, we provide evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice, with the aim of ensuring optimal MetS surveillance for CAYA cancer survivors.

• #1 Incidence and Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome Using ICD-9 and ICD-10 Diagnostic Codes, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2002–2017 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2018/12/01/Incidence-and-Prevalence-of-the-Metabolic-Syndrome?type=Reports

  This analysis confirmed that the incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among service members steadily increases with advancing age. However, because the specific MetS ICD codes tend to be underutilized in patient records, this analysis’ estimates of incidence greatly underestimate rates that have been derived using biologic thresholds for the five components of the syndrome. […] MetS is a medically disqualifying condition for appointment, enlistment, or induction into military service. Significant impacts on force readiness include administrative discharges for failure to meet weight standards, non-deployability due to type 2 diabetes diagnosis requiring medication, and increased potential for cardiovascular disease in deployed environments. […] To determine and document the long term trends in diagnoses of MetS in the active component population, the current report summarizes trends in the incidence and prevalence of MetS using the ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes for this condition among active component members of the U.S. Armed Forces during 20022017.

• #1

  https://ijomeh.eu/Utilizing-the-metabolic-syndrome-component-count-in-workers-health-surveillance-An-example-of-day-time-vs-day-night-rotating-shift-workers,58507,0,2.html

  Utilizing the metabolic syndrome component count in workers health surveillance: An example of day-time vs. day-night rotating shift workers […] To establish a practical method for assessing the general metabolic health conditions among different employee groups, this study utilized the total count of metabolic syndrome (MetS) elements as a parameter, and performed a retrospective analysis comparing changes of MetS component count (MSC) of 5 years among day-time work (DW) and day-and-night rotating shift work (RSW) employees. […] The initial MSCDs were 1.26 and 1.12 (p = 0.06) for DW and RSW workers, respectively; after 5 years, the increments of MSCD for DW and RSW workers were 0.10 and 0.39, respectively (p […] These observations demonstrate that changes of MSCD are significantly different between DW and RSW workers, and are increasingly associated with RSW exposure. In conclusion, MSCD can represent the general metabolic health conditions of a given employee group; MSC, MSCD and their transitional changes can be applied as simple and standardized tools for monitoring metabolic health risk profiles when managing employee health, at both the individual and company levels.

• #1 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Association Between Metabolic Syndrome and Mortality: Prospective Cohort Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e44073/

  Our study provides additional evidence that MetS and its components are significantly associated with all-cause, heart disease, and diabetes mortality, but not with cancer mortality. […] It is well known that MetS is becoming prevalent among young adults due to great changes in lifestyle, diet, and socioeconomic environment, and the definition of MetS has been updated or modified several times and changed drastically. […] Our study suggested that MetS was associated with a significantly elevated hazard of all-cause, heart disease, and DM mortality, and the associations were also significant after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, lifestyle factors, and health status. […] Our study provides supportive evidence on a positive association between MetS and mortality, which indicates an urgent need of the prevention and control of MetS. […] In conclusion, MetS is associated with higher hazard of all-cause, heart disease, and DM mortality among US adults. Future studies are needed to reveal the mechanisms underlying the association between MetS and mortality.

• #1 Prevalence and Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome: A Prospective Study on Cardiovascular Health

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/10/1711

  The study underscores the importance of early detection and intervention in managing metabolic syndrome and its associated cardiovascular complications. Implementing lifestyle modifications, such as weight loss, proper nutrition, and increased physical activity, can significantly reduce the risk of the syndrome, and improve overall cardiovascular health. […] The results emphasize the need for further research in understanding the metabolic syndrome and its risk factors. Additionally, public health initiatives should focus on raising awareness about metabolic syndrome, its consequences, and the benefits of adopting a healthy lifestyle to prevent its occurrence.

• #1 The interplay of factors in metabolic syndrome: understanding its roots and complexity | Molecular Medicine | Full Text

  https://molmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10020-024-01019-y

  The diagnostic criteria for MetS have evolved over the years, reflecting advancements in scientific understanding. […] Identification and management of MetS patients is crucial to implement treatments that reduce their risk of subsequent diseases. […] The therapeutic objectives for MetS encompass reducing both short-term and lifetime cardiovascular risk, with the syndrome itself indicating a heightened lifetime risk. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) recently reported that MetS contributes significantly to mortality worldwide, with physical inactivity, high BMI, exposure to ambient particulate matter pollution, and air pollution from household solid fuels being the four leading causes. Thus, it is crucial to recognize and address MetS as a global public health concern to reduce morbidity and mortality linked with CVD, T2D, and other related diseases.

• #2 Prevalence and Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome: A Prospective Study on Cardiovascular Health

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10608643/

  Background and objectives: This article highlights the relationship between metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, providing a comprehensive overview of its risk factors and prevalence. Metabolic syndrome, characterized by a cluster of interconnected risk factors, significantly increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. […] The underlying causes of metabolic syndrome are complex and involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle elements, such as poor diet, sedentary behavior, and high body mass. The syndromes prevalence is increasing globally, some causes being the higher rates of obesity, especially abdominal obesity, and type II diabetes. Increased insulin resistance, along with old age and central adiposity represent the main pathophysiological mechanisms which explain the increasing of metabolic syndrome prevalence.

• #2 Metabolic syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_syndrome

  Metabolic syndrome is associated with the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. In the U.S., about 25% of the adult population has metabolic syndrome, a proportion increasing with age, particularly among racial and ethnic minorities. […] Recent studies have highlighted the global prevalence of metabolic syndrome, driven by the rise in obesity and type 2 diabetes. The World Health Organization (WHO) and other major health organizations define metabolic syndrome with criteria that include central obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. As of 2015, metabolic syndrome affects approximately 25% of the global population, with rates significantly higher in urban areas due to increased consumption of high-calorie, low-nutrient diets and decreased physical activity. […] Approximately 20-25 percent of the world’s adult population has the cluster of risk factors that is metabolic syndrome. In 2000, approximately 32% of U.S. adults had metabolic syndrome. In more recent years that figure has climbed to 34%.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00424-024-03051-7

  The prevalence of the MetS reported below is most often based on the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria, but other definitions are also quite common. […] The prevalence of the MetS is on the rise. […] The prevalence of MetS among US adults aged 18 years or older increased from 25.3 to 34.2% from 1988-1994 to 2007-2012. […] A systematic review on the prevalence of the MetS among adults in the Asia-Pacific region showed a huge between-country variation with a prevalence of 11.9% observed in a national survey of the Philippines in 2003 to 49.0% in urban Pakistan in 2004. […] The authors calculated a pooled prevalence of 32.4%.

• #2 Metabolic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165124-overview

  Data from the 2009-2010 NHANES showed that the age-adjusted prevalence of metabolic syndrome had fallen to approximately 24% in men and 22% in women. […] Metabolic syndrome is a burgeoning global problem, with an increasing prevalence in urban populations of some developing countries. […] Approximately one fourth of the adult European population is estimated to have metabolic syndrome, with a similar prevalence in Latin America. […] It is also considered an emerging epidemic in developing East Asian countries, including China, Japan, and Korea. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in East Asia may range from 8-13% in men and from 2-18% in women, depending on the population and definitions used. […] In Japan, the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare has instituted a screening and interventional program.

• #2 Metabolic Syndrome | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/25039

  The global incidence of metabolic syndrome rises almost parallel to the incidence of obesity. According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHNES), the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adults increased from 25.3% to 34.2% in 2012. […] The prevalence of metabolic syndrome peaked at the start of the 21st century in the United States. The prevalence gradually decreased due to early diagnosis and proper treatment of dyslipidemia and hypertension (although the prevalence of obesity was increasing). […] In Europe and Latin America, around one-fourth of the general population is reported to have metabolic syndrome. […] The incidence of metabolic syndrome in China has also increased over the last 3 decades. However, it is lower than in the United States and was estimated to reach 15.5% in 2017.

• #2 Metabolic syndrome is on the rise: What it is and why it matters – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/metabolic-syndrome-is-on-the-rise-what-it-is-and-why-it-matters-2020071720621

  Metabolic syndrome may be the most common and serious condition you’ve never heard of. […] A study published in JAMA shows that it’s on the rise. […] The study published in the medical journal JAMA explored how common metabolic syndrome is and who is getting it. Researchers analyzed survey data from more than 17,000 people who were representative of the US population in gender, race, and ethnicity. While the overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased slightly between 2011 and 2016 going from 32.5% to 36.9% it increased significantly among […] women (from 31.7% to 36.6%) […] adults ages 20 to 39 (from 16.2% to 21.3%) […] Asian (from 19.9% to 26.2%) and Hispanic (from 32.9% to 40.4%) adults. […] Rates of metabolic syndrome were similar among men and women, but increased with age (from about one in five in young adults to nearly half of all people over 60).

• #2 Metabolic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165124-overview

  Metabolic syndrome is similarly prevalent in men (24%) and women (22%), after adjusting for age. […] However, several considerations are unique to women with metabolic syndrome, including pregnancy, use of oral contraceptives, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. […] The prevalence of metabolic syndrome increases with age, with about 40% of people older than 60 years meeting the criteria. […] However, metabolic syndrome can no longer be considered a disease of only adult populations. Alarmingly, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus are increasingly prevalent in the pediatric population, again in parallel with a rise in obesity.

• #2 Metabolic syndrome: Epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, racial characteristics | Vilson | Acta Biomedica Scientifica

  https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/2989?locale=en_US

  Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a very serious pathological condition that occurs in the clinical practice of doctors of various specialties. […] The significant prevalence of MS determines the need for its early diagnosis for timely correction and prevention of its long-term complications. […] It was found that despite different diagnostic criteria used for MS, its prevalence in many countries is comparable (10-30%) but differs in different populations. Thus, MS occurs more often in Caucasians than among Asians, and its prevalence is significantly higher in the newcomer vs the indigenous population. […] Although the analysis of literature data indicates the existence of specific features of the prevalence of MS in different populations, the differentiated approaches to detecting MS depending on the race of patients, which are necessary for many countries, have not yet been sufficiently developed.

• #2 Trends in Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence by Race/Ethnicity and Sex in the US: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–2012

  https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2017/testimplementationevalxml.htm

  Upon adjusting for education, poverty-to-income ratio, and age, non-Hispanic-Black males were less likely to have metabolic syndrome during the first period, second period, and third period compared with non-Hispanic white males. Non-Hispanic black females were more likely to have metabolic syndrome compared with non-Hispanic white females but only during the third period. Compared with those with a college education or higher, lower levels of education were associated with significantly increased odds of metabolic syndrome. In addition, for every ten-year increase in age, odds of metabolic syndrome increased by 50% to 73%. […] To date, this is one of the largest studies with data over almost three decades using the joint harmonized criteria of metabolic syndrome to characterize the prevalence, trends and socio-demographic distribution of this major condition among US adults. We observed that by 2012, over a third of all US adults meet the criteria for metabolic syndrome, with the highest burden among non-Hispanic black and lower socioeconomic status adults. We observed that this increase is not driven solely by the rising prevalence of obesity among US adults, as metabolic syndrome prevalence remained constant over time even among the nonobese.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00424-024-03051-7

  For this reason, many authors were left with adult criteria to describe the population-burden of MetS in children and adolescents, rendering their results questionable. […] It is well known that the prevalence of childhood obesity and overweight has increased worldwide. […] The excessive gain of body fat during childhood significantly increases the risk of adult obesity and is a major driver of the MetS since it impacts the development of cardio-metabolic complications such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and impaired glucose metabolism. […] Data which are comparable are urgently needed to learn more about the worldwide situation and the temporal trends of the prevalence of MetS in children and adolescents. […] The IDEFICS/I.Family cohort was set up as a pan-European multi-center population-based study to identify risk factors for diet- and lifestyle-related diseases, with a focus on childhood overweight and metabolic disorders.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00424-024-03051-7

  Thus, it would be important to monitor the trajectories of cardio-metabolic parameters from early on. […] A particular focus will be given to the situation in children and adolescents and the risk factors impacting on their cardio-metabolic health. […] The increasing prevalence of metabolic disorders has reached pandemic dimensions. […] The global increase of overweight and obesity in children and adults is probably the most obvious health threat which is often accompanied by insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. […] Since these cardiovascular risk factors often cluster in one individual, their joint occurrence is characteristic of an overriding syndrome and has thus been called metabolic syndrome (MetS). […] However, numerous diverse criteria regarding the markers to be measured and their cut-offs are currently in use to define the MetS, which makes it difficult to assess regional variations and temporal trends and to obtain a picture of the global burden of this major health threat.

• #2 Self-Assessment Questions – Course #91544: Metabolic Syndrome: A Growing Epidemic – NetCE

  https://www.netce.com/studypoints.php?courseid=2701&printable=yes&page=printquestions

  Among non-Hispanic White individuals, the age-adjusted prevalence for metabolic syndrome is 35% among men and 36% among women. Minority populations are disproportionately affected; however, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome varies for men and women. Prevalence in non-Hispanic Black women is 34%; prevalence in non-Hispanic Black men is 27%. Mexican American women have a prevalence that is slightly higher (31%) than in Mexican American men (27.5%) […] The costs of metabolic syndrome are not yet well established. However, healthcare expenses related to metabolic syndrome symptoms and/or risk factors are significant. Among participants 65 years of age and older in the large Cardiovascular Health Study, Medicare costs were 20% higher for those with metabolic syndrome compared to those without the syndrome. The increase was primarily due to costs attributed to the individual risk factors of abdominal obesity, low HDL, and elevated blood pressure.

• #2 Prevalence and Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome: A Prospective Study on Cardiovascular Health

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10608643/

  Regular physical activity remains an important protective factor against metabolic syndrome. Sedentary behavior was strongly associated with an increased risk. Engaging in regular exercise and moderate-intensity activities can help reduce the likelihood of developing the condition. […] The study underscores the importance of early detection and intervention in managing metabolic syndrome and its associated cardiovascular complications. Implementing lifestyle modifications, such as weight loss, proper nutrition, and increased physical activity, can significantly reduce the risk of the syndrome, and improve overall cardiovascular health.

• #2 Metabolic syndrome « International Guideline Harmonization Group

  https://www.ighg.org/guidelines/topics/metabolic-syndrome/

  We are developing recommendations for metabolic syndrome surveillance.

• #2 Incidence and Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome Using ICD-9 and ICD-10 Diagnostic Codes, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2002–2017 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2018/12/01/Incidence-and-Prevalence-of-the-Metabolic-Syndrome?type=Reports

  This analysis confirmed that the incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among service members steadily increases with advancing age. However, because the specific MetS ICD codes tend to be underutilized in patient records, this analysis’ estimates of incidence greatly underestimate rates that have been derived using biologic thresholds for the five components of the syndrome. […] MetS is a medically disqualifying condition for appointment, enlistment, or induction into military service. Significant impacts on force readiness include administrative discharges for failure to meet weight standards, non-deployability due to type 2 diabetes diagnosis requiring medication, and increased potential for cardiovascular disease in deployed environments. […] To determine and document the long term trends in diagnoses of MetS in the active component population, the current report summarizes trends in the incidence and prevalence of MetS using the ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes for this condition among active component members of the U.S. Armed Forces during 20022017.

• #2

  https://ijomeh.eu/Utilizing-the-metabolic-syndrome-component-count-in-workers-health-surveillance-An-example-of-day-time-vs-day-night-rotating-shift-workers,58507,0,2.html

  Utilizing the metabolic syndrome component count in workers health surveillance: An example of day-time vs. day-night rotating shift workers […] To establish a practical method for assessing the general metabolic health conditions among different employee groups, this study utilized the total count of metabolic syndrome (MetS) elements as a parameter, and performed a retrospective analysis comparing changes of MetS component count (MSC) of 5 years among day-time work (DW) and day-and-night rotating shift work (RSW) employees. […] The initial MSCDs were 1.26 and 1.12 (p = 0.06) for DW and RSW workers, respectively; after 5 years, the increments of MSCD for DW and RSW workers were 0.10 and 0.39, respectively (p […] These observations demonstrate that changes of MSCD are significantly different between DW and RSW workers, and are increasingly associated with RSW exposure. In conclusion, MSCD can represent the general metabolic health conditions of a given employee group; MSC, MSCD and their transitional changes can be applied as simple and standardized tools for monitoring metabolic health risk profiles when managing employee health, at both the individual and company levels.

• #2 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Association Between Metabolic Syndrome and Mortality: Prospective Cohort Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e44073/

  Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a common metabolic disorder that results from the increasing prevalence of obesity, which has been an increasing concern in recent years. Previous evidence indicated that MetS was associated with mortality; however, different definitions of MetS were used. […] Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a novel study among other populations and countries with a larger sample size using the updated definition of MetS and death code to examine the association of MetS with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. […] We aimed to examine the associations of MetS with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. […] We observed 8494 deaths during the 16.71 years of follow-up. Compared with those without MetS, individuals with MetS were associated with a significantly elevated multiadjusted HR of 1.24 (95% CI 1.16-1.33), 1.44 (95% CI 1.25-1.66), and 5.15 (95% CI 3.15-8.43) for all cause, heart diseases, and diabetes mellitus, respectively, whereas no significant association was found for cancer mortality (HR 1.17, 95% CI 0.95-1.43).

• #2 Prevalence and Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome: A Prospective Study on Cardiovascular Health

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10608643/

  The management of metabolic syndrome involves lifestyle changes. Weight loss, proper nutrition and adequate physical activity are the fundamental elements of treatment. Therapeutic strategies for correcting modifiable risk factors such as high blood pressure or dyslipidemia, should be applied according to existing guidelines. Early detection and intervention are also crucial in lowering the risk of associated cardiovascular complications. […] The study confirmed that gender and age play significant roles in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Men generally had a higher risk compared to women, but both genders exhibit an increased risk with advancing age. […] The impact of socioeconomic factors on the development of metabolic syndrome was highlighted. Unhealthy lifestyle habits including smoking, harmful dietary habits, and sedentary behavior are major risk factors for metabolic syndrome and require targeted interventions.

• #2 The interplay of factors in metabolic syndrome: understanding its roots and complexity | Molecular Medicine | Full Text

  https://molmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10020-024-01019-y

  The diagnostic criteria for MetS have evolved over the years, reflecting advancements in scientific understanding. […] Identification and management of MetS patients is crucial to implement treatments that reduce their risk of subsequent diseases. […] The therapeutic objectives for MetS encompass reducing both short-term and lifetime cardiovascular risk, with the syndrome itself indicating a heightened lifetime risk. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) recently reported that MetS contributes significantly to mortality worldwide, with physical inactivity, high BMI, exposure to ambient particulate matter pollution, and air pollution from household solid fuels being the four leading causes. Thus, it is crucial to recognize and address MetS as a global public health concern to reduce morbidity and mortality linked with CVD, T2D, and other related diseases.

• #3 The interplay of factors in metabolic syndrome: understanding its roots and complexity | Molecular Medicine | Full Text

  https://molmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10020-024-01019-y

  Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an indicator and diverse endocrine syndrome that combines different metabolic defects with clinical, physiological, biochemical, and metabolic factors. […] The prevalence of MetS extensively varies around the world, depending on factors such as region, urban or rural environment, demographics (including age, sex, race, and ethnicity), and diagnostic criteria used (depending on the organization that is consulted). […] The IDF estimated that approximately 2025% of the adult population worldwide is affected by MetS. […] Recent epidemiological evidence from the United States has revealed that the incidence of MetS has escalated from 27.6% to 32.3% over the last several decades. […] The increasing prevalence of MetS is a significant public health concern, necessitating focused research efforts to understand and mitigate its impact.

• #3 Epidemiology of Metabolic Syndrome | Encyclopedia MDPI

  https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/19738

  Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that includes hypertension, central obesity, insulin resistance, and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Due to the high prevalence (around 1/3 of the world population) economic burden of MetS, there is a need for new dietary, lifestyle, and therapeutic options. […] The central type of obesity is the most common characteristic found in MetS; therefore, the incidence and prevalence of MetS closely follow that of obesity. Every two years, the US conducts the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), in which they obtain obesity rates among people aged two or older. The latest data for 2017–2018 show that obesity prevalence among adults was 42.4%. By contrast, the obesity rates for adults at the start of the decade were 35.7%, with a rising trend of approximately 2% every two years. The rising trend is slower for the pediatric population, with the 2009–2010 obesity rate at 16.9% and the 2017–2018 obesity rate at 19.3%. In a study by Hirode et al., where the authors examined NHANES data form 2011 to 2016, among 17048 participants, the MetS weighted prevalence was 34.7% (95% CI, 33.1–36.3% [n = 5885]). In other words, as much as one-third of the US adult population suffers from MetS.

• #3 Epidemiology of Metabolic Syndrome | Encyclopedia MDPI

  https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/19738

  Furthermore, in a European study examining data from two cohorts, one from Russia and the other from Italy, the MetS prevalence was 37% for the former and 21% for the latter. In addition, another study examined the data from 34,821 subjects from 12 cohorts from 10 European countries and one cohort from the USA. MetS prevalence was 24.3% (8468 subjects: 23.9% in men vs. 24.6% in women, p < 0.001), with an age-related increase in prevalence across all cohorts. Furthermore, in a study on the Portuguese population, in which data were gathered from 2007 to 2009, MetS prevalence was 36.5%, 49.6%, and 43.1%, using the Adult Treatment Panel III, International Diabetes Federation, and Joint Interim Statement definitions, respectively. MetS prevalence was significantly higher in women and the older population in Portugal, as shown in the aforementioned studies. At the same time, it was also more frequent in non-urban areas than in urban areas (p = 0.001). Interestingly, in contrast to these findings, a study on the Czech population found that MetS is less common in females 25.5%, then in males 37.6%. Akin to these findings, MetS prevalence was also higher in Slovakian males (30.2%), than in females (26.6%), with an increasing trend from 2003 to 2012.

• #3

  https://www.archivesofmedicalscience.com/Metabolic-syndrome-a-new-definition-and-management-guidelines-nA-joint-position-paper,152921,0,2.html

  Metabolic syndrome epidemiology The prevalence of MetS has been assessed in Poland in at least four studies: NATPOL 2002 and 2011, WOBASZ (20032005) and WOBASZ II (20132014). These studies indicate that the prevalence of MetS has been rising in the 21st century in Poland. The process is best described in the last publication comparing the WOBASZ study findings in the population aged 2074. In 2014, the prevalence of MetS was 33% and 39% in women and men, respectively. That indicates an increase since 2003 by almost 3% and 9% in women and men, respectively. A particularly significant increase (from 43% to 57%) was seen in males aged 6074, with increased prevalence of disordered carbohydrate metabolism, abdominal obesity and dyslipidaemia cited as the fundamental causes. Hypertension was the only MetS criterion to become slightly less prevalent over the study period. In 2014, the most common feature of MetS in women (65%) was abdominal obesity, whereas it was hypertension in men (62%). While the prevalence of MetS clearly increases with age, there are also sex-based differences. A significant sex-based difference in MetS prevalence was seen in two age groups: 2039 years and 4059 years (22% vs. 9% and 50% vs. 36% in men and women, respectively), which indicates earlier CV risk factor accumulation in men, potentially translating into their reduced life expectancy. These differences were not significant in the age group of 6069 years (59.7% vs. 56.2% in women and men, respectively). […] The goal of obesity treatment is to stop its progression, that is, further body weight increase, and subsequently to lose weight. Even a modest weight loss of 5% to 10% of total body weight is likely to produce health benefits.

• #3 Metabolic Syndrome | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/25039

  Metabolic syndrome is no longer a disease of the adult population; this condition is also reported to involve children and adolescents. In 2020, 3% of children and 5% of adolescents were found to have metabolic syndrome globally. […] The prevalence of metabolic syndrome increases with increasing age; almost 40% of people have metabolic syndrome in the 6th decade of their lives. […] Although metabolic syndrome involves both men and women equally, it is slightly more prevalent in women than men in certain ethnic groups.

• #3 Metabolic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165124-overview

  Metabolic syndrome has been recognized as a highly prevalent problem in many other countries worldwide. […] The fact that the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome vary between ethnic populations is testimony to significant nuances in the manifestation of metabolic syndrome in these groups. […] In the United States, metabolic syndrome has a high prevalence in African Americans, particularly African American women, and this has been attributed to the higher prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes in this population. […] However, the highest age-adjusted prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the United States is found in Mexican Americans, approximately 31.9% of whom had the condition (compared with 27% of the general population) in a 1988-1994 survey. […] A study by Ukegbu et al found that African immigrants have a worse metabolic profile than do African Americans but that they have a similar prevalence of metabolic syndrome.

• #3 Epidemiology of Metabolic Syndrome | Encyclopedia MDPI

  https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/19738

  The large prevalence is not restricted to the US, as comparable data were found in Brazil, where the latest MetS prevalence was 38.4%. High waist circumference (65.5%) and low HDL cholesterol (49.4%) were the most prevalent MetS components among the Brazilian population. In addition, MetS was more frequent among women (41.8%), individuals with less education (47.5%), and older adults (66.1%). Similarly, in Mexico, investigators performed a systematic meta-analysis on 15 studies in which the pooled prevalence of MetS was 41% (95% CI 0.34–0.47). […] In Asia, a metanalysis in which investigators pooled MetS prevalence data from the Chinese population from 2008–2015 found that the pooled prevalence for subjects aged 15 years and older was 24.5% (95% CI: 22.0–26.9%). This metanalysis on the Chinese population also saw a similar trend, according to which the MetS prevalence was higher in females 27.0% (95% CI: 23.5–30.5%) vs. males 19.2% (95% CI: 16.9–21.6%). However, another study on the Chinese population showed marked differences in MetS prevalence between various ethnic groups. The Korean population featured the highest MetS prevalence (35.42%), the Hui population the second highest (22.82%), while the Mongolian and Tibetan populations featured the lowest (11.61%) and (6.17%) respectively.

• #3 Metabolic syndrome: a population-based study of prevalence and risk factors | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54367-4

  The association between personal habits and metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains controversial. […] The prevalence of MetS was 7.67%, 7.14%, and 10.13% based on NCEP-ATPIII, IDF Iranian, and International IDF criteria respectively. […] Epidemiological studies have reported the prevalence of MetS at about 57% in young people worldwide. […] The prevalence of this disorder has been estimated at 6.4-7.5% in Iranian young people. […] Therefore, estimating the prevalence of MetS in youths seems critical to reducing the risk of diseases, especially cardiovascular disease and its mortality. […] The present study provides important data about the association between MetS and personal habits (cigarette, tobacco, opium, and alcohol consumption) in young adults. […] The odds of MetS were greater in the alcohol-drinking group in the last 12 months compared with the non-drinking group.

• #3 Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_metabolic_syndrome

  This article provides a global overview of the current trends and distribution of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome (also known as the cardiometabolic syndrome) refers to a cluster of related risk factors for cardiovascular disease that includes abdominal obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and elevated cholesterol. […] Approximately 4046 percent of the world’s adult population has the cluster of risk factors that is metabolic syndrome. In 2000, approximately 32% of U.S. adults had the metabolic syndrome. In more recent years that figure has climbed to 34%. […] People with the cardiometabolic syndrome have twice the likelihood of developing and dying from cardiovascular disease, and more than seven times the risk of developing diabetes, compared to those with no cardiometabolic risk factors.

• #3 Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_metabolic_syndrome

  Diabetes now affects over 14 million people in the central and southern regions of Africa; this number is expected to increase to 28 million people by 2030, according to the IDF Africa. […] Currently, more than 55 million people in Europe have been diagnosed with diabetes, according to the IDF; by 2030 this total will rise to 64 million people. […] The International Diabetes Federation reports more than 34.2 million people in the Middle East and North Africa have diabetes; this number will rise to 59.7 million by the year 2030 unless counteractive measures are introduced. […] Current IDF data proposes more than 38.4 million people in North American and the Caribbean have diabetes and projects this number will increase to 51.2 million by 2030. […] Approximately 27 million Americans, or nearly 11% of the population, have diabetes, according to the American Diabetes Association and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

• #3 Prevalence and Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome: A Prospective Study on Cardiovascular Health

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/10/1711

  The study underscores the importance of early detection and intervention in managing metabolic syndrome and its associated cardiovascular complications. Implementing lifestyle modifications, such as weight loss, proper nutrition, and increased physical activity, can significantly reduce the risk of the syndrome, and improve overall cardiovascular health. […] The results emphasize the need for further research in understanding the metabolic syndrome and its risk factors. Additionally, public health initiatives should focus on raising awareness about metabolic syndrome, its consequences, and the benefits of adopting a healthy lifestyle to prevent its occurrence.

• #3 Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence by Race/Ethnicity and Sex in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–2012

  https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2017/16_0287.htm

  Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors associated with increased risk of multiple chronic diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disease. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome overall, by race and sex, and to assess trends in prevalence from 1988 through 2012. […] Among US adults aged 18 years or older, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome rose by more than 35% from 1988-1994 to 2007-2012, increasing from 25.3% to 34.2%. […] Metabolic syndrome prevalence increased from 1988 to 2012 for every sociodemographic group; by 2012, more than a third of all US adults met the definition and criteria for metabolic syndrome agreed to jointly by several international organizations. […] Given what appears to be a consensus on the definition and categorical cut points for metabolic syndrome, we examined a nationally representative sample of adults in the United States, estimated the prevalence of metabolic syndrome overall, by race and sex, and assessed trends in prevalence since 1988.

• #3 Incidence and Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome Using ICD-9 and ICD-10 Diagnostic Codes, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2002–2017 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2018/12/01/Incidence-and-Prevalence-of-the-Metabolic-Syndrome?type=Reports

  Incidence and Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome Using ICD-9 and ICD-10 Diagnostic Codes, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 20022017 […] This report uses ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes (277.7 and E88.81, respectively) for the metabolic syndrome (MetS) to summarize trends in the incidence and prevalence of this condition among active component members of the U.S. Armed Forces between 2002 and 2017. During this period, the crude overall incidence rate of MetS was 7.5 cases per 100,000 person-years (p-yrs). Compared to their respective counterparts, overall incidence rates were highest among Asian/Pacific Islanders, Air Force members, and warrant officers and were lowest among those of other/unknown race/ethnicity, Marine Corps members, and junior enlisted personnel and officers. During 20022017, the annual incidence rates of MetS peaked in 2009 at 11.6 cases per 100,000 p-yrs and decreased to 5.9 cases per 100,000 p-yrs in 2017. Annual prevalence rates of MetS increased steadily during the first 11 years of the surveillance period reaching a high of 38.9 per 100,000 active component service members in 2012, after which rates declined slightly to31.6 per 100,000 active component service members in 2017. Validation of ICD-9/ICD-10 diagnostic codes for MetS using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria is needed to establish the level of agreement between the two methods for identifying this condition.

• #3

  https://ijomeh.eu/Utilizing-the-metabolic-syndrome-component-count-in-workers-health-surveillance-An-example-of-day-time-vs-day-night-rotating-shift-workers,58507,0,2.html

  Utilizing the metabolic syndrome component count in workers health surveillance: An example of day-time vs. day-night rotating shift workers […] To establish a practical method for assessing the general metabolic health conditions among different employee groups, this study utilized the total count of metabolic syndrome (MetS) elements as a parameter, and performed a retrospective analysis comparing changes of MetS component count (MSC) of 5 years among day-time work (DW) and day-and-night rotating shift work (RSW) employees. […] The initial MSCDs were 1.26 and 1.12 (p = 0.06) for DW and RSW workers, respectively; after 5 years, the increments of MSCD for DW and RSW workers were 0.10 and 0.39, respectively (p […] These observations demonstrate that changes of MSCD are significantly different between DW and RSW workers, and are increasingly associated with RSW exposure. In conclusion, MSCD can represent the general metabolic health conditions of a given employee group; MSC, MSCD and their transitional changes can be applied as simple and standardized tools for monitoring metabolic health risk profiles when managing employee health, at both the individual and company levels.

• #3 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Association Between Metabolic Syndrome and Mortality: Prospective Cohort Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e44073/

  Our study provides additional evidence that MetS and its components are significantly associated with all-cause, heart disease, and diabetes mortality, but not with cancer mortality. […] It is well known that MetS is becoming prevalent among young adults due to great changes in lifestyle, diet, and socioeconomic environment, and the definition of MetS has been updated or modified several times and changed drastically. […] Our study suggested that MetS was associated with a significantly elevated hazard of all-cause, heart disease, and DM mortality, and the associations were also significant after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, lifestyle factors, and health status. […] Our study provides supportive evidence on a positive association between MetS and mortality, which indicates an urgent need of the prevention and control of MetS. […] In conclusion, MetS is associated with higher hazard of all-cause, heart disease, and DM mortality among US adults. Future studies are needed to reveal the mechanisms underlying the association between MetS and mortality.

• #3 Metabolic syndrome is on the rise: What it is and why it matters – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/metabolic-syndrome-is-on-the-rise-what-it-is-and-why-it-matters-2020071720621

  Among Hispanic adults 60 and over, nearly 60% had metabolic syndrome. […] It is particularly worrisome that metabolic syndrome is rising so fast among certain ethnic groups and young adults, and there is currently little reason to think these trends won’t continue in the near future. […] The finding that metabolic syndrome is more common among certain ethnic groups reveals significant health disparities. […] This is an area of active (and much-needed) research. […] Metabolic syndrome is an important risk factor for some of the most common and deadly conditions, including cardiovascular disease and diabetes. […] We need to figure out how to prevent and treat it more effectively, particularly because it appears to be on the rise.

• #3 Metabolic syndrome: Epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, racial characteristics | Vilson | Acta Biomedica Scientifica

  https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/2989?locale=en_US

  Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a very serious pathological condition that occurs in the clinical practice of doctors of various specialties. […] The significant prevalence of MS determines the need for its early diagnosis for timely correction and prevention of its long-term complications. […] It was found that despite different diagnostic criteria used for MS, its prevalence in many countries is comparable (10-30%) but differs in different populations. Thus, MS occurs more often in Caucasians than among Asians, and its prevalence is significantly higher in the newcomer vs the indigenous population. […] Although the analysis of literature data indicates the existence of specific features of the prevalence of MS in different populations, the differentiated approaches to detecting MS depending on the race of patients, which are necessary for many countries, have not yet been sufficiently developed.

• #4 Epidemiology of Metabolic Syndrome | Encyclopedia MDPI

  https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/19738

  Furthermore, in a European study examining data from two cohorts, one from Russia and the other from Italy, the MetS prevalence was 37% for the former and 21% for the latter. In addition, another study examined the data from 34,821 subjects from 12 cohorts from 10 European countries and one cohort from the USA. MetS prevalence was 24.3% (8468 subjects: 23.9% in men vs. 24.6% in women, p < 0.001), with an age-related increase in prevalence across all cohorts. Furthermore, in a study on the Portuguese population, in which data were gathered from 2007 to 2009, MetS prevalence was 36.5%, 49.6%, and 43.1%, using the Adult Treatment Panel III, International Diabetes Federation, and Joint Interim Statement definitions, respectively. MetS prevalence was significantly higher in women and the older population in Portugal, as shown in the aforementioned studies. At the same time, it was also more frequent in non-urban areas than in urban areas (p = 0.001). Interestingly, in contrast to these findings, a study on the Czech population found that MetS is less common in females 25.5%, then in males 37.6%. Akin to these findings, MetS prevalence was also higher in Slovakian males (30.2%), than in females (26.6%), with an increasing trend from 2003 to 2012.

• #4 Metabolic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165124-overview

  Metabolic syndrome is similarly prevalent in men (24%) and women (22%), after adjusting for age. […] However, several considerations are unique to women with metabolic syndrome, including pregnancy, use of oral contraceptives, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. […] The prevalence of metabolic syndrome increases with age, with about 40% of people older than 60 years meeting the criteria. […] However, metabolic syndrome can no longer be considered a disease of only adult populations. Alarmingly, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus are increasingly prevalent in the pediatric population, again in parallel with a rise in obesity.

• #4

  https://www.archivesofmedicalscience.com/Metabolic-syndrome-a-new-definition-and-management-guidelines-nA-joint-position-paper,152921,0,2.html

  Metabolic syndrome epidemiology The prevalence of MetS has been assessed in Poland in at least four studies: NATPOL 2002 and 2011, WOBASZ (20032005) and WOBASZ II (20132014). These studies indicate that the prevalence of MetS has been rising in the 21st century in Poland. The process is best described in the last publication comparing the WOBASZ study findings in the population aged 2074. In 2014, the prevalence of MetS was 33% and 39% in women and men, respectively. That indicates an increase since 2003 by almost 3% and 9% in women and men, respectively. A particularly significant increase (from 43% to 57%) was seen in males aged 6074, with increased prevalence of disordered carbohydrate metabolism, abdominal obesity and dyslipidaemia cited as the fundamental causes. Hypertension was the only MetS criterion to become slightly less prevalent over the study period. In 2014, the most common feature of MetS in women (65%) was abdominal obesity, whereas it was hypertension in men (62%). While the prevalence of MetS clearly increases with age, there are also sex-based differences. A significant sex-based difference in MetS prevalence was seen in two age groups: 2039 years and 4059 years (22% vs. 9% and 50% vs. 36% in men and women, respectively), which indicates earlier CV risk factor accumulation in men, potentially translating into their reduced life expectancy. These differences were not significant in the age group of 6069 years (59.7% vs. 56.2% in women and men, respectively). […] The goal of obesity treatment is to stop its progression, that is, further body weight increase, and subsequently to lose weight. Even a modest weight loss of 5% to 10% of total body weight is likely to produce health benefits.

• #4 Metabolic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165124-overview

  Metabolic syndrome has been recognized as a highly prevalent problem in many other countries worldwide. […] The fact that the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome vary between ethnic populations is testimony to significant nuances in the manifestation of metabolic syndrome in these groups. […] In the United States, metabolic syndrome has a high prevalence in African Americans, particularly African American women, and this has been attributed to the higher prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes in this population. […] However, the highest age-adjusted prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the United States is found in Mexican Americans, approximately 31.9% of whom had the condition (compared with 27% of the general population) in a 1988-1994 survey. […] A study by Ukegbu et al found that African immigrants have a worse metabolic profile than do African Americans but that they have a similar prevalence of metabolic syndrome.

• #4 Metabolic syndrome: a population-based study of prevalence and risk factors | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54367-4

  The association between personal habits and metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains controversial. […] The prevalence of MetS was 7.67%, 7.14%, and 10.13% based on NCEP-ATPIII, IDF Iranian, and International IDF criteria respectively. […] Epidemiological studies have reported the prevalence of MetS at about 57% in young people worldwide. […] The prevalence of this disorder has been estimated at 6.4-7.5% in Iranian young people. […] Therefore, estimating the prevalence of MetS in youths seems critical to reducing the risk of diseases, especially cardiovascular disease and its mortality. […] The present study provides important data about the association between MetS and personal habits (cigarette, tobacco, opium, and alcohol consumption) in young adults. […] The odds of MetS were greater in the alcohol-drinking group in the last 12 months compared with the non-drinking group.

• #4

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00424-024-03051-7

  Thus, it would be important to monitor the trajectories of cardio-metabolic parameters from early on. […] A particular focus will be given to the situation in children and adolescents and the risk factors impacting on their cardio-metabolic health. […] The increasing prevalence of metabolic disorders has reached pandemic dimensions. […] The global increase of overweight and obesity in children and adults is probably the most obvious health threat which is often accompanied by insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. […] Since these cardiovascular risk factors often cluster in one individual, their joint occurrence is characteristic of an overriding syndrome and has thus been called metabolic syndrome (MetS). […] However, numerous diverse criteria regarding the markers to be measured and their cut-offs are currently in use to define the MetS, which makes it difficult to assess regional variations and temporal trends and to obtain a picture of the global burden of this major health threat.

• #4 Metabolic Syndrome

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/484166_2

  Metabolic syndrome affects approximately 24% of the US adult population; according to the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) criteria, about 47 million people have metabolic syndrome, including 44% of those in the 50-year age group. […] Metabolic syndrome is present in 10% of women and 15% of men with normal glucose tolerance; 42% and 64% of those with impaired fasting glucose; and 78% and 84% of those with type 2 diabetes. […] Most patients (80%) with type 2 diabetes have metabolic syndrome, but the converse is not necessarily true. […] The high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the United States is the story of a population „squeezed from both ends” of the age spectrum: on the one hand, through increasing obesity among young adults and on the other through reduced muscle mass and elevated fat mass (ie, sarcopenic obesity) in elderly persons (a growing population segment).

• #4 Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_metabolic_syndrome

  Diabetes now affects over 14 million people in the central and southern regions of Africa; this number is expected to increase to 28 million people by 2030, according to the IDF Africa. […] Currently, more than 55 million people in Europe have been diagnosed with diabetes, according to the IDF; by 2030 this total will rise to 64 million people. […] The International Diabetes Federation reports more than 34.2 million people in the Middle East and North Africa have diabetes; this number will rise to 59.7 million by the year 2030 unless counteractive measures are introduced. […] Current IDF data proposes more than 38.4 million people in North American and the Caribbean have diabetes and projects this number will increase to 51.2 million by 2030. […] Approximately 27 million Americans, or nearly 11% of the population, have diabetes, according to the American Diabetes Association and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

• #4 Prevalence and Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome: A Prospective Study on Cardiovascular Health

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10608643/

  Regular physical activity remains an important protective factor against metabolic syndrome. Sedentary behavior was strongly associated with an increased risk. Engaging in regular exercise and moderate-intensity activities can help reduce the likelihood of developing the condition. […] The study underscores the importance of early detection and intervention in managing metabolic syndrome and its associated cardiovascular complications. Implementing lifestyle modifications, such as weight loss, proper nutrition, and increased physical activity, can significantly reduce the risk of the syndrome, and improve overall cardiovascular health.

• #4 Metabolic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165124-overview

  Data from the 2009-2010 NHANES showed that the age-adjusted prevalence of metabolic syndrome had fallen to approximately 24% in men and 22% in women. […] Metabolic syndrome is a burgeoning global problem, with an increasing prevalence in urban populations of some developing countries. […] Approximately one fourth of the adult European population is estimated to have metabolic syndrome, with a similar prevalence in Latin America. […] It is also considered an emerging epidemic in developing East Asian countries, including China, Japan, and Korea. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in East Asia may range from 8-13% in men and from 2-18% in women, depending on the population and definitions used. […] In Japan, the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare has instituted a screening and interventional program.

• #4 The role of Mediterranean diet in the epidemiology of metabolic syndrome; converting epidemiology to clinical practice | Lipids in Health and Disease | Full Text

  https://lipidworld.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-511X-4-7

  Metabolic syndrome is a collection of associated conditions such as dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, impaired glucose tolerance and tendency to develop fat around the abdomen. […] A substantial proportion of individuals living in Western nations are afflicted with multiple metabolic abnormalities. A recent report estimated that 115 million people in US, Japan, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and United Kingdom suffer from the metabolic syndrome. […] The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in a south Mediterranean population (i.e. Greece) was similar with the prevalence of the syndrome in a sample of 8814 American men and women from the 3rd National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (19881994) (i.e. 22%). […] Recently the NCEP ATP III suggested for Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes in order to reduce the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome.

• #4 Metabolic syndrome is on the rise: What it is and why it matters – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/metabolic-syndrome-is-on-the-rise-what-it-is-and-why-it-matters-2020071720621

  Among Hispanic adults 60 and over, nearly 60% had metabolic syndrome. […] It is particularly worrisome that metabolic syndrome is rising so fast among certain ethnic groups and young adults, and there is currently little reason to think these trends won’t continue in the near future. […] The finding that metabolic syndrome is more common among certain ethnic groups reveals significant health disparities. […] This is an area of active (and much-needed) research. […] Metabolic syndrome is an important risk factor for some of the most common and deadly conditions, including cardiovascular disease and diabetes. […] We need to figure out how to prevent and treat it more effectively, particularly because it appears to be on the rise.

• #4 Metabolic syndrome: Epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, racial characteristics | Vilson | Acta Biomedica Scientifica

  https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/2989?locale=en_US

  Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a very serious pathological condition that occurs in the clinical practice of doctors of various specialties. […] The significant prevalence of MS determines the need for its early diagnosis for timely correction and prevention of its long-term complications. […] It was found that despite different diagnostic criteria used for MS, its prevalence in many countries is comparable (10-30%) but differs in different populations. Thus, MS occurs more often in Caucasians than among Asians, and its prevalence is significantly higher in the newcomer vs the indigenous population. […] Although the analysis of literature data indicates the existence of specific features of the prevalence of MS in different populations, the differentiated approaches to detecting MS depending on the race of patients, which are necessary for many countries, have not yet been sufficiently developed.

• #5 Metabolic syndrome in adults, 2012 to 2013

  https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-625-x/2014001/article/14123-eng.htm

  Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of risk factors that increase a persons risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. These risk factors include abdominal obesity (or high waist circumference), elevated triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), high fasting blood glucose, or high blood pressure. […] Results from the 2012 to 2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) indicate that approximately 21% of adults aged 18 to 79 had metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased significantly with age. Less than 13% of adults aged 18 to 39 had metabolic syndrome compared to 25% of adults aged 40 to 59 and 39% of adults aged 60 to 79. […] While approximately 1 in 5 Canadian adults were determined to have metabolic syndrome based on having three or more of the important risk factors, 44% had two or more risk factors and 67% had at least one risk factor. Only 33% of adults aged 18 to 79 had none of the risk factors. The number of metabolic syndrome risk factors increased significantly with age, where 51% of adults aged 18 to 39 had at least one risk factor, compared to 85% of adults aged 60 to 79. Similarly, 26% of adults aged 18 to 39 had at least two risk factors, compared to 66% of adults aged 60 to 79.

• #5 Self-Assessment Questions – Course #91544: Metabolic Syndrome: A Growing Epidemic – NetCE

  https://www.netce.com/studypoints.php?courseid=2701&printable=yes&page=printquestions

  Among non-Hispanic White individuals, the age-adjusted prevalence for metabolic syndrome is 35% among men and 36% among women. Minority populations are disproportionately affected; however, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome varies for men and women. Prevalence in non-Hispanic Black women is 34%; prevalence in non-Hispanic Black men is 27%. Mexican American women have a prevalence that is slightly higher (31%) than in Mexican American men (27.5%) […] The costs of metabolic syndrome are not yet well established. However, healthcare expenses related to metabolic syndrome symptoms and/or risk factors are significant. Among participants 65 years of age and older in the large Cardiovascular Health Study, Medicare costs were 20% higher for those with metabolic syndrome compared to those without the syndrome. The increase was primarily due to costs attributed to the individual risk factors of abdominal obesity, low HDL, and elevated blood pressure.

• #5 Prevalence and Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome: A Prospective Study on Cardiovascular Health

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10608643/

  The management of metabolic syndrome involves lifestyle changes. Weight loss, proper nutrition and adequate physical activity are the fundamental elements of treatment. Therapeutic strategies for correcting modifiable risk factors such as high blood pressure or dyslipidemia, should be applied according to existing guidelines. Early detection and intervention are also crucial in lowering the risk of associated cardiovascular complications. […] The study confirmed that gender and age play significant roles in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Men generally had a higher risk compared to women, but both genders exhibit an increased risk with advancing age. […] The impact of socioeconomic factors on the development of metabolic syndrome was highlighted. Unhealthy lifestyle habits including smoking, harmful dietary habits, and sedentary behavior are major risk factors for metabolic syndrome and require targeted interventions.

• #5 Metabolic syndrome: a population-based study of prevalence and risk factors | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54367-4

  The association between personal habits and metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains controversial. […] The prevalence of MetS was 7.67%, 7.14%, and 10.13% based on NCEP-ATPIII, IDF Iranian, and International IDF criteria respectively. […] Epidemiological studies have reported the prevalence of MetS at about 57% in young people worldwide. […] The prevalence of this disorder has been estimated at 6.4-7.5% in Iranian young people. […] Therefore, estimating the prevalence of MetS in youths seems critical to reducing the risk of diseases, especially cardiovascular disease and its mortality. […] The present study provides important data about the association between MetS and personal habits (cigarette, tobacco, opium, and alcohol consumption) in young adults. […] The odds of MetS were greater in the alcohol-drinking group in the last 12 months compared with the non-drinking group.

• #5 The interplay of factors in metabolic syndrome: understanding its roots and complexity | Molecular Medicine | Full Text

  https://molmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10020-024-01019-y

  Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an indicator and diverse endocrine syndrome that combines different metabolic defects with clinical, physiological, biochemical, and metabolic factors. […] The prevalence of MetS extensively varies around the world, depending on factors such as region, urban or rural environment, demographics (including age, sex, race, and ethnicity), and diagnostic criteria used (depending on the organization that is consulted). […] The IDF estimated that approximately 2025% of the adult population worldwide is affected by MetS. […] Recent epidemiological evidence from the United States has revealed that the incidence of MetS has escalated from 27.6% to 32.3% over the last several decades. […] The increasing prevalence of MetS is a significant public health concern, necessitating focused research efforts to understand and mitigate its impact.

• #5 Metabolic Syndrome

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/484166_2

  Metabolic syndrome affects approximately 24% of the US adult population; according to the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) criteria, about 47 million people have metabolic syndrome, including 44% of those in the 50-year age group. […] Metabolic syndrome is present in 10% of women and 15% of men with normal glucose tolerance; 42% and 64% of those with impaired fasting glucose; and 78% and 84% of those with type 2 diabetes. […] Most patients (80%) with type 2 diabetes have metabolic syndrome, but the converse is not necessarily true. […] The high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the United States is the story of a population „squeezed from both ends” of the age spectrum: on the one hand, through increasing obesity among young adults and on the other through reduced muscle mass and elevated fat mass (ie, sarcopenic obesity) in elderly persons (a growing population segment).

• #5

  https://scholars.duke.edu/publication/1673861

  Survivors of childhood, adolescent, and young adult (CAYA) cancer have an increased risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS describes the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors including overweight or obesity, hypertension, (pre)diabetes, and dyslipidaemia. […] To optimize health outcomes in CAYA cancer survivors, international, harmonized surveillance recommendations are essential. […] Recommendations were formulated for MetS surveillance in these risk groups, covering preferred screening modalities, age at screening initiation, and surveillance frequency. […] In this international surveillance guideline for MetS in CAYA cancer survivors, we provide evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice, with the aim of ensuring optimal MetS surveillance for CAYA cancer survivors.

• #5 WHO EMRO | Incidence of and factors associated with metabolic syndrome, south-east Islamic Republic of Iran | Volume 27 issue 12 | EMHJ volume 27 2021

  https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-27-2021/volume-27-issue-12/incidence-of-and-factors-associated-with-metabolic-syndrome-south-east-islamic-republic-of-iran.html

  The age-standardized incidence rate of metabolic syndrome in one of the most deprived regions of the Islamic Republic of Iran was similar to the rates reported in studies in Tehran (capital of Islamic Republic of Iran), Isfahan (central Islamic Republic of Iran), China, Maryland (United States of America) and Taiwan. […] Our results highlight the need for effective interventions to encourage people to adopt a healthy and safe diet, have more physical activity and modify their unhealthy behaviour (e.g. waterpipe smoking).

• #5 Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome in Menoufia University students

  https://www.menoufia-med-j.com/journal/vol31/iss3/19/

  The aim was to assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its associated risk factors in Menoufia University students. […] MetS is a growing public health concern worldwide. […] The overall prevalence of MetS was 16.7%, which was more frequent among female students. […] MetS is considered as a public health problem among Menoufia University students. These findings indicate the need for health promotion and prevention programs directed toward the screening, diagnosis, and management of MetS among university students.

• #6

  https://www.archivesofmedicalscience.com/Metabolic-syndrome-a-new-definition-and-management-guidelines-nA-joint-position-paper,152921,0,2.html

  Metabolic syndrome epidemiology The prevalence of MetS has been assessed in Poland in at least four studies: NATPOL 2002 and 2011, WOBASZ (20032005) and WOBASZ II (20132014). These studies indicate that the prevalence of MetS has been rising in the 21st century in Poland. The process is best described in the last publication comparing the WOBASZ study findings in the population aged 2074. In 2014, the prevalence of MetS was 33% and 39% in women and men, respectively. That indicates an increase since 2003 by almost 3% and 9% in women and men, respectively. A particularly significant increase (from 43% to 57%) was seen in males aged 6074, with increased prevalence of disordered carbohydrate metabolism, abdominal obesity and dyslipidaemia cited as the fundamental causes. Hypertension was the only MetS criterion to become slightly less prevalent over the study period. In 2014, the most common feature of MetS in women (65%) was abdominal obesity, whereas it was hypertension in men (62%). While the prevalence of MetS clearly increases with age, there are also sex-based differences. A significant sex-based difference in MetS prevalence was seen in two age groups: 2039 years and 4059 years (22% vs. 9% and 50% vs. 36% in men and women, respectively), which indicates earlier CV risk factor accumulation in men, potentially translating into their reduced life expectancy. These differences were not significant in the age group of 6069 years (59.7% vs. 56.2% in women and men, respectively). […] The goal of obesity treatment is to stop its progression, that is, further body weight increase, and subsequently to lose weight. Even a modest weight loss of 5% to 10% of total body weight is likely to produce health benefits.

• #6 Epidemiology of Metabolic Syndrome | Encyclopedia MDPI

  https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/19738

  The large prevalence is not restricted to the US, as comparable data were found in Brazil, where the latest MetS prevalence was 38.4%. High waist circumference (65.5%) and low HDL cholesterol (49.4%) were the most prevalent MetS components among the Brazilian population. In addition, MetS was more frequent among women (41.8%), individuals with less education (47.5%), and older adults (66.1%). Similarly, in Mexico, investigators performed a systematic meta-analysis on 15 studies in which the pooled prevalence of MetS was 41% (95% CI 0.34–0.47). […] In Asia, a metanalysis in which investigators pooled MetS prevalence data from the Chinese population from 2008–2015 found that the pooled prevalence for subjects aged 15 years and older was 24.5% (95% CI: 22.0–26.9%). This metanalysis on the Chinese population also saw a similar trend, according to which the MetS prevalence was higher in females 27.0% (95% CI: 23.5–30.5%) vs. males 19.2% (95% CI: 16.9–21.6%). However, another study on the Chinese population showed marked differences in MetS prevalence between various ethnic groups. The Korean population featured the highest MetS prevalence (35.42%), the Hui population the second highest (22.82%), while the Mongolian and Tibetan populations featured the lowest (11.61%) and (6.17%) respectively.

• #6

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00424-024-03051-7

  A broad spectrum of associations between obesity and potential risk or protective factors, respectively, has been investigated cross-sectionally and longitudinally. […] However, the assessment of clinical parameters in children is hampered by the lack of appropriate, risk-based cut-off values that define elevated levels in relation to health outcomes. […] Given the lack of appropriate data for such definitions in children, the IDEFICS/I.Family study offered a unique opportunity to calculate age- and sex-specific reference values for numerous medical parameters based on the huge population-based dataset of 18,745 children. […] A new definition of the MetS was derived tailored to young children aged 2-11 years that has been suggested for worldwide use. […] As the four components of the MetS, (1) waist circumference to assess obesity, (2) systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) to assess hypertension, (3) triglycerides or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) to assess dyslipidemia and (4) HOMA-insulin resistance or fasting blood glucose to assess insulin sensitivity are recommended.

• #6

  https://scholars.duke.edu/publication/1673861

  Survivors of childhood, adolescent, and young adult (CAYA) cancer have an increased risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS describes the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors including overweight or obesity, hypertension, (pre)diabetes, and dyslipidaemia. […] To optimize health outcomes in CAYA cancer survivors, international, harmonized surveillance recommendations are essential. […] Recommendations were formulated for MetS surveillance in these risk groups, covering preferred screening modalities, age at screening initiation, and surveillance frequency. […] In this international surveillance guideline for MetS in CAYA cancer survivors, we provide evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice, with the aim of ensuring optimal MetS surveillance for CAYA cancer survivors.

• #7 Metabolic syndrome: Epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, racial characteristics | Vilson | Acta Biomedica Scientifica

  https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/2989?locale=en_US

  Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a very serious pathological condition that occurs in the clinical practice of doctors of various specialties. […] The significant prevalence of MS determines the need for its early diagnosis for timely correction and prevention of its long-term complications. […] It was found that despite different diagnostic criteria used for MS, its prevalence in many countries is comparable (10-30%) but differs in different populations. Thus, MS occurs more often in Caucasians than among Asians, and its prevalence is significantly higher in the newcomer vs the indigenous population. […] Although the analysis of literature data indicates the existence of specific features of the prevalence of MS in different populations, the differentiated approaches to detecting MS depending on the race of patients, which are necessary for many countries, have not yet been sufficiently developed.

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