Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Poisoning, Types of Poison: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/poison

  Poisoning is when a toxic substance (poison) makes you sick or harms you. […] Poisoning is when exposure to a toxic substance makes you sick or harms you. […] Poisoning is sometimes a method of self-harm for people thinking about suicide. […] If you think you have poisoning symptoms, call poison control or your local emergency services number. Symptoms include: […] Experts at a poison control center or other healthcare providers diagnose poisoning. This can happen over the phone and/or in-person. […] Poison control or your healthcare provider will decide the best treatment. Often, first aid is enough to help you recover. But you may need care at a hospital. […] Poisoning affects each person differently. It depends on the type of poison and other factors like your age and health. Some common forms of poisoning, like food poisoning or poison ivy exposure, are mild and go away with at-home care. More serious situations may require hospitalization. Sometimes, poisoning can be fatal.

• #2 Changes in Diagnosis of Poisoning in Patients in the Emergency Room Using Systematic Toxicological Analysis with the National Forensic Service

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8111044/

  It is difficult to diagnose patients with poisoning and determine the causative agent in the emergency room. Usually, the diagnosis of such patients is based on their medical history and physical examination findings. We aimed to confirm clinical diagnoses using systematic toxicological analysis (STA) and investigate changes in the diagnosis of poisoning. […] A diagnosis may change depending on the STA results of intoxicated patients. Therefore, appropriate STA can increase the accuracy of diagnosis and help in making treatment decisions. […] The identification of the substance causing the poisoning and the time taken to reach the hospital after exposure are related to the patient’s prognosis. […] It is difficult to determine whether a patient has been poisoned and, if so, what toxins caused the poisoning. This is usually determined by history taking and physical examination.

• #3 Poisoning – Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Poison Repurposing | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/books/12652

  Poisoning has always been a part of human life. […] Understanding the salient features of different types of poisonings is necessary to develop efficient approaches to early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment, and even for the repurposing of fatal toxic substances for use as therapeutic agents. […] This book presents the chemical and biological nature as well as the mechanisms of environmental toxins, snake venoms, heavy metals, and bacterial toxins in poisoning and highlights the most recent approaches and theories for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. […] It also examines the possible repositioning of highly toxic glycoalkaloids found in potatoes to life-saving anticancer drugs. […] This book presents a balance between advanced scientific research and the premises that researchers must be able to absorb and apply, as well as links scientific advances with clinical practice so that the management of poisons can be based on sound academic and clinical concepts.

• #4 Diagnosing Poisoning in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/poisoning-in-children/diagnosis

  Emergency physicians at Hassenfeld Childrens Hospital at NYU Langone are experts in diagnosing poisoning in children and determining the appropriate treatment for the type of toxic substance a child has ingested, inhaled, injected, or absorbed. […] Our emergency physicians diagnose poisoning in children based on medical history, physical examination, and, if needed, tests. Sometimes poison control experts and medical toxicologists help determine the cause of poisoning. […] If the toxin is unknown, testing may be required to determine the cause of poisoning. […] Blood tests can sometimes help doctors determine the type and amount of certain toxic substances. […] Blood may also be tested to determine levels of sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, or liver enzymes in the blood to assess the functioning of organs, such as the liver and kidneys. […] Doctors may perform an X-ray of a childs chest or abdomen. This can help the doctor determine if certain objects, such as a battery, have been swallowed or inhaled. […] Rarely, doctors perform a CT or MRI scan to determine the effects of a poison on the brain.

• #5 General Principles of Poisoning – Injuries; Poisoning – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/poisoning/general-principles-of-poisoning

  Poisoning is usually a clinical diagnosis but laboratory testing is available and clinically useful for certain poisons. […] The first step of diagnosis of poisoning is to assess the overall status of the patient. Severe poisoning may require rapid intervention to treat airway compromise or cardiopulmonary collapse. […] History is often the most valuable diagnostic tool. […] In many parts of the world, information about household and industrial chemicals can be obtained from poison control centers. […] Physical examination sometimes detects signs suggesting particular types of substances (eg, toxidromes, breath odor, presence of topical drugs or medications, needle marks or tracks suggesting injected drug use, stigmata of chronic alcohol use). […] Even if a patient is known to be poisoned, altered consciousness due to other causes should also be considered.

• #6 General Principles of Poisoning – Injuries; Poisoning – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/poisoning/general-principles-of-poisoning

  In most cases, laboratory testing for specific substances is limited. […] For most substances, blood levels cannot be easily determined or do not help guide treatment. […] For certain poisonings, radiographic studies such as plain x-ray or CT scan may show the presence and location of ingested substances. […] For poisonings with drugs or medications that have cardiovascular effects or with an unknown substance, electrocardiography (ECG) and cardiac monitoring are indicated. […] Patients with severe poisoning may require assisted ventilation or treatment of cardiovascular collapse. […] Consultation with a poison control center is recommended for any poisonings except the mildest and most routine. […] The discussion of treatment for specific poisonings is general and does not include specific complexities and details.

• #7 Changes in Diagnosis of Poisoning in Patients in the Emergency Room Using Systematic Toxicological Analysis with the National Forensic Service

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8111044/

  It is difficult to diagnose patients with poisoning and determine the causative agent in the emergency room. Usually, the diagnosis of such patients is based on their medical history and physical examination findings. We aimed to confirm clinical diagnoses using systematic toxicological analysis (STA) and investigate changes in the diagnosis of poisoning. […] A diagnosis may change depending on the STA results of intoxicated patients. Therefore, appropriate STA can increase the accuracy of diagnosis and help in making treatment decisions. […] The identification of the substance causing the poisoning and the time taken to reach the hospital after exposure are related to the patient’s prognosis. […] It is difficult to determine whether a patient has been poisoned and, if so, what toxins caused the poisoning. This is usually determined by history taking and physical examination.

• #8 Emergency Toxicology | Choose the Right Test

  https://arupconsult.com/content/emergency-toxicology

  Emergency toxicology focuses on the diagnosis, management, and prevention of poisoning due to drugs, occupational and environmental toxins, and biological agents. […] Testing for toxicity may be indicated in the following situations: Accidental or intentional poisoning from licit or illicit substances. […] In an acute emergency, specimens should be collected as soon as possible if toxicity is suspected. […] Whole blood, serum, or plasma is preferred for most testing because these specimens can provide both quantitative and qualitative information. […] Toxicology test results are useful not only for determining patient exposure and assessing symptoms of toxicity, but also for serial monitoring to evaluate treatment efficacy and determining if toxin concentrations have decreased over time.

• #9 General Principles of Poisoning – Injuries; Poisoning – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/poisoning/general-principles-of-poisoning

  Poisoning is usually a clinical diagnosis but laboratory testing is available and clinically useful for certain poisons. […] The first step of diagnosis of poisoning is to assess the overall status of the patient. Severe poisoning may require rapid intervention to treat airway compromise or cardiopulmonary collapse. […] History is often the most valuable diagnostic tool. […] In many parts of the world, information about household and industrial chemicals can be obtained from poison control centers. […] Physical examination sometimes detects signs suggesting particular types of substances (eg, toxidromes, breath odor, presence of topical drugs or medications, needle marks or tracks suggesting injected drug use, stigmata of chronic alcohol use). […] Even if a patient is known to be poisoned, altered consciousness due to other causes should also be considered.

• #10 Diagnosis of Poisoning – Special Pet Topics – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/special-pet-topics/poisoning/diagnosis-of-poisoning

  Diagnosis of poisoning is based on history, signs, tissue changes, and laboratory examinations. Giving your veterinarian a complete history is important to help him or her make an accurate diagnosis and begin appropriate treatment. You should have the following information available: 1) sex, age, weight, and number of exposed or sick animals; 2) a list of signs of illness in the order they appeared; 3) any prior disease conditions; 4) any medications the animal is receiving; 5) possible related events, for example, change in diet or water source, other medications, feed additives, or pesticide applications; 6) description of the environment, including access to garbage, machinery, or vehicles; and 7) recent past locations and when a geographic move happened (if applicable). […] Also see professional content regarding diagnosis of poisoning in animals.

• #11 General Principles of Poisoning – Injuries; Poisoning – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/poisoning/general-principles-of-poisoning

  Poisoning is usually a clinical diagnosis but laboratory testing is available and clinically useful for certain poisons. […] The first step of diagnosis of poisoning is to assess the overall status of the patient. Severe poisoning may require rapid intervention to treat airway compromise or cardiopulmonary collapse. […] History is often the most valuable diagnostic tool. […] In many parts of the world, information about household and industrial chemicals can be obtained from poison control centers. […] Physical examination sometimes detects signs suggesting particular types of substances (eg, toxidromes, breath odor, presence of topical drugs or medications, needle marks or tracks suggesting injected drug use, stigmata of chronic alcohol use). […] Even if a patient is known to be poisoned, altered consciousness due to other causes should also be considered.

• #12 Organophosphate poisoning – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/852

  Organophosphate poisoning can occur due to occupational or accidental exposure, deliberate ingestion, or chemical warfare with nerve gases. […] Diagnosis is usually based on a history of exposure, with characteristic signs of cholinergic excess, but can be difficult when the patient is inadvertently exposed, unconscious, or confused. […] Key diagnostic factors include increased secretions, fasciculations, pinpoint pupils, distinctive odor, chest crackles and rhonchi, and semiconscious/coma. […] Other diagnostic factors include visual disturbances, vomiting, influenza-like syndrome, urinary or fecal incontinence, proximal muscle weakness, abnormal deep tendon reflexes, abnormal heart rate, abnormal blood pressure, decreased respiration, hypothermia, seizures, and delayed-onset central nervous system and peripheral (predominantly motor) neuropathy. […] 1st tests to order include atropine therapeutic trial, plasma cholinesterase, and red blood cell cholinesterase.

• #13 Diagnosis of Poisoning – Special Pet Topics – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/special-pet-topics/poisoning/diagnosis-of-poisoning

  Diagnosis of poisoning is based on history, signs, tissue changes, and laboratory examinations. Giving your veterinarian a complete history is important to help him or her make an accurate diagnosis and begin appropriate treatment. You should have the following information available: 1) sex, age, weight, and number of exposed or sick animals; 2) a list of signs of illness in the order they appeared; 3) any prior disease conditions; 4) any medications the animal is receiving; 5) possible related events, for example, change in diet or water source, other medications, feed additives, or pesticide applications; 6) description of the environment, including access to garbage, machinery, or vehicles; and 7) recent past locations and when a geographic move happened (if applicable). […] Also see professional content regarding diagnosis of poisoning in animals.

• #14 Emergency Toxicology | Choose the Right Test

  https://arupconsult.com/content/emergency-toxicology

  Emergency toxicology focuses on the diagnosis, management, and prevention of poisoning due to drugs, occupational and environmental toxins, and biological agents. […] Testing for toxicity may be indicated in the following situations: Accidental or intentional poisoning from licit or illicit substances. […] In an acute emergency, specimens should be collected as soon as possible if toxicity is suspected. […] Whole blood, serum, or plasma is preferred for most testing because these specimens can provide both quantitative and qualitative information. […] Toxicology test results are useful not only for determining patient exposure and assessing symptoms of toxicity, but also for serial monitoring to evaluate treatment efficacy and determining if toxin concentrations have decreased over time.

• #15 Changes in Diagnosis of Poisoning in Patients in the Emergency Room Using Systematic Toxicological Analysis with the National Forensic Service

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8111044/

  The Intoxication Analysis Service was established in our hospital in cooperation with the National Forensic Service to solve problems arising from the diagnosis of intoxicated patients. […] STA was conducted in patients who visited the hospital between June 2017 and May 2020. The indications for STA were as follows: (1) toxic substances known at the time of arrival in the ER, to confirm the known substance; (2) toxic substances not identified by medical history, to confirm substances suspected by the medical staff after physical examination; (3) symptoms appearing to be due to exposure to unknown substances; and (4) reason for altered mental status not known after laboratory tests, brain evaluation, and spinal tap findings to rule out poisoning. […] The STA results of the patients who were referred were consistent with the drugs identified in the history taking in 83.6% of patients.

• #16 Diagnosing Poisoning in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/poisoning-in-children/diagnosis

  Emergency physicians at Hassenfeld Childrens Hospital at NYU Langone are experts in diagnosing poisoning in children and determining the appropriate treatment for the type of toxic substance a child has ingested, inhaled, injected, or absorbed. […] Our emergency physicians diagnose poisoning in children based on medical history, physical examination, and, if needed, tests. Sometimes poison control experts and medical toxicologists help determine the cause of poisoning. […] If the toxin is unknown, testing may be required to determine the cause of poisoning. […] Blood tests can sometimes help doctors determine the type and amount of certain toxic substances. […] Blood may also be tested to determine levels of sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, or liver enzymes in the blood to assess the functioning of organs, such as the liver and kidneys. […] Doctors may perform an X-ray of a childs chest or abdomen. This can help the doctor determine if certain objects, such as a battery, have been swallowed or inhaled. […] Rarely, doctors perform a CT or MRI scan to determine the effects of a poison on the brain.

• #17 Diagnosis of Food Poisoning – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/food-poisoning/diagnosis

  Doctors often diagnose food poisoning based on your symptoms. If your symptoms are mild and last only a short time, you typically wont need tests. […] In some cases, a medical history, a physical exam, stool tests, and blood tests can help diagnose food poisoning. […] Your doctor may perform additional tests to check for complications or to rule out other health problems. […] Sometimes, doctors perform a digital rectal exam to check for blood in your stool. Blood in your stool may be a sign of an infection with bacteria or parasites. […] Stool tests can show the presence of viruses, bacteria, or parasites. […] Blood tests can show signs of certain infections or signs of complications such as dehydration.

• #18 Emergency Toxicology | Choose the Right Test

  https://arupconsult.com/content/emergency-toxicology

  Emergency toxicology focuses on the diagnosis, management, and prevention of poisoning due to drugs, occupational and environmental toxins, and biological agents. […] Testing for toxicity may be indicated in the following situations: Accidental or intentional poisoning from licit or illicit substances. […] In an acute emergency, specimens should be collected as soon as possible if toxicity is suspected. […] Whole blood, serum, or plasma is preferred for most testing because these specimens can provide both quantitative and qualitative information. […] Toxicology test results are useful not only for determining patient exposure and assessing symptoms of toxicity, but also for serial monitoring to evaluate treatment efficacy and determining if toxin concentrations have decreased over time.

• #19 Metals Acute Poisoning Panel, Blood (CSA) | Test Detail | Quest Diagnostics

  https://testdirectory.questdiagnostics.com/test/test-detail/35444/metals-acute-poisoning-panel-blood-csa?p=r&cc=MASTER

  Metals Acute Poisoning Panel, Blood (CSA) […] Clinical Significance […] Metals Acute Poisoning Panel, Blood (CSA) […] Methodology […] Inductively Coupled Plasma/Mass Spectrometry (ICP/MS) […] Assay Category […] This test was developed and its performance characteristics have been determined by NMS Labs. It has not been cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. […] Preferred Specimen(s) […] 6 mL blood collected in an EDTA trace metal-free (royal blue-top) tube […] Minimum Volume […] 2.3 mL […] Collection Instructions […] Collect sample in glass container. Submit in container with a non-heparin based anticoagulant. […] Transport Container […] EDTA trace metal-free (royal blue-top) tube […] Transport Temperature […] Room temperature […] Specimen Stability

• #20 Metals Acute Poisoning Panel, Blood (CSA) | Test Detail | Quest Diagnostics

  https://testdirectory.questdiagnostics.com/test/test-detail/35444/metals-acute-poisoning-panel-blood-csa?p=r&cc=MASTER

  Room temperature: 14 days Refrigerated: 30 days Frozen: 30 days […] Reject Criteria […] Plastic container/plastic tube • Clotted blood • Tubes containing heparin based anticoagulants • Lithium heparin (green-top) tube • Sodium heparin glass (tan-top) tube • Sodium heparin trace metal-free (royal blue-top) tube • Sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate (gray-top) tube • Sodium heparin (green-top) tube • EDTA (lavender-top) tube • Lithium heparin (light green-top) tube […] Setup Schedule […] Service Area must be determined.

• #21

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/poisoning/treatment/

  Being poisoned can be life-threatening. If someone has been poisoned, do not try to treat them yourself seek medical help immediately. […] Medical staff will need to take a detailed history to effectively treat a person who’s been poisoned. […] The container the substance came in will help give medical staff a clear idea of what it is. If you do not know what caused the poisoning, blood tests may be needed to identify the cause. […] Some people who have swallowed a poisonous substance or overdosed on medicine will be admitted to hospital for examination and treatment. […] Possible treatments that can be used to treat poisoning include: activated charcoal sometimes used to treat someone who’s been poisoned; the charcoal binds to the poison and stops it being further absorbed into the blood, antidotes these are substances that either prevent the poison from working or reverse its effects, sedatives may be given if the person is agitated, a ventilator (breathing machine) may be used if the person stops breathing, anti-epileptic medicine may be used if the person has seizures (fits).

• #22

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/poisoning/treatment/

  Investigations may include blood tests and an electrocardiogram (ECG). […] A blood test can be used to check the levels of chemicals and glucose in the blood. They may be used to perform a toxicology screen (tests to find out how many drugs or how much medicine a person has taken), and a liver function test, which indicates how damaged the liver is.

• #23 Carbon monoxide poisoning – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/carbon-monoxide-poisoning

  Carbon monoxide poisoning will be reviewed here. […] The diagnosis of CO poisoning should be suspected in fire victims, in patients with flu-like symptoms in cold climates, especially if any other cohabitants or pets are also feeling ill, and patients with unexplained altered mental status or lactic acidosis. […] The diagnosis of CO poisoning is made in patients with known or suspected CO exposure in conjunction with an elevated carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level measured by co-oximetry of a blood gas sample. […] COHb levels confirm exposure but may not tell extent – A COHb measurement is essential for determining exposure, but levels correlate imprecisely with the degree of poisoning. […] Standard pulse oximetry is not useful – Standard pulse oximetry (SpO2) cannot screen for CO exposure, as it does not differentiate COHb from oxyhemoglobin.

• #24 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning – Injuries; Poisoning – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/poisoning/carbon-monoxide-poisoning

  Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is caused by inhalation of carbon monoxide gas. […] Diagnosis is by carboxyhemoglobin levels and arterial blood gases (ABGs), including measured oxygen saturation. […] The diagnosis of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is easily missed. […] If CO poisoning is suspected, the carboxyhemoglobin level in the blood is measured with a CO-oximeter; venous samples can be used because arteriovenous differences are trivial. […] Although elevated carboxyhemoglobin levels are clear evidence of poisoning, levels may be falsely low because they decrease rapidly after CO exposure ends, particularly in patients treated with supplemental oxygen. […] Patients should be removed from the source of carbon monoxide (CO) and stabilized as necessary. […] They are given 100% oxygen (by nonrebreather mask) and treated supportively.

• #25 Metals/Metalloids Acute Poisoning Panel, Urine | Test Detail | Quest Diagnostics

  https://testdirectory.questdiagnostics.com/test/test-detail/3090/metalsmetalloids-acute-poisoning-panel-urine?p=r&cc=MASTER

  Metals/Metalloids Acute Poisoning Panel, Urine – The heavy metals in this panel are most often found in the mining and metal smelting industries. They are also used in the manufacturing of glass, pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals. The burning of fossil fuels and the refining of petroleum products have also caused increases in exposures. Symptoms vary with the severity of exposure, but may generally include hyperpigmentation, hypertension, gastrointestinal problems, bronchitis, interstitial pneumonitis and skin cancer. […] Avoid exposure to gadolinium-based contrast media for 48 hours prior to sample collection. Avoid seafood consumption for 48 hours prior to sample collection. […] Inductively Coupled Plasma/Mass Spectrometry (ICP/MS)

• #26 Diagnosis of Food Poisoning – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/food-poisoning/diagnosis

  Doctors often diagnose food poisoning based on your symptoms. If your symptoms are mild and last only a short time, you typically wont need tests. […] In some cases, a medical history, a physical exam, stool tests, and blood tests can help diagnose food poisoning. […] Your doctor may perform additional tests to check for complications or to rule out other health problems. […] Sometimes, doctors perform a digital rectal exam to check for blood in your stool. Blood in your stool may be a sign of an infection with bacteria or parasites. […] Stool tests can show the presence of viruses, bacteria, or parasites. […] Blood tests can show signs of certain infections or signs of complications such as dehydration.

• #27 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-of-food-poisoning.aspx

  Symptoms of food poisoning like abdominal cramps, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea and weakness and association with a recent intake of contaminated food or water is often diagnostic of the condition. […] However, sometimes blood tests, tests for the infected stools or even a sigmoidoscopy and other imaging tests may be prescribed to find out the causative organism. […] There are several steps for the diagnosis of food poisoning. […] A complete physical examination may be needed especially to rule out signs of dehydration. […] Weakness or paralysis may also be diagnosed on physical examination and may be indicative of Botulism which needs immediate therapy. […] Routine blood tests may be ordered in some patients with severe food poisoning. […] Stool samples are examined in case of Salmonella, Shigella and Campylobacter. […] Rectal examination may be needed especially in case of bloody stools. […] If the symptoms are suspected to be caused by any other illness, imaging studies are recommended. […] In pregnant women with symptoms there may be a risk of Toxoplasma infection. For this a toxoplasmosis test is advised.

• #28 Food poisoning – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/203

  Food poisoning is illness caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with bacteria and/or their toxins, viruses, parasites, or chemicals. Contamination usually arises from improper handling, preparation, or storage of food or drinks. […] Most patients present with gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain or cramps, nausea and vomiting, and/or diarrhoea. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting. […] Diagnostic investigations include stool microscopy for WBC and red blood cells (RBC), stool culture, stool ova and parasite (OP) test, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of stool, FBC with differential, serum creatinine and electrolytes, and C-reactive protein. […] Investigations to consider include botulinum toxin detection test, blood culture, serum lipase or amylase, LFTs, hepatitis A IgM antibodies, hepatitis E IgM antibodies, acute abdominal series, sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy, oesophagogastroduodenoscopy, biopsy, string test (entero-test), and duodenal aspirate.

• #29 Diagnosing Poisoning in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/poisoning-in-children/diagnosis

  Emergency physicians at Hassenfeld Childrens Hospital at NYU Langone are experts in diagnosing poisoning in children and determining the appropriate treatment for the type of toxic substance a child has ingested, inhaled, injected, or absorbed. […] Our emergency physicians diagnose poisoning in children based on medical history, physical examination, and, if needed, tests. Sometimes poison control experts and medical toxicologists help determine the cause of poisoning. […] If the toxin is unknown, testing may be required to determine the cause of poisoning. […] Blood tests can sometimes help doctors determine the type and amount of certain toxic substances. […] Blood may also be tested to determine levels of sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, or liver enzymes in the blood to assess the functioning of organs, such as the liver and kidneys. […] Doctors may perform an X-ray of a childs chest or abdomen. This can help the doctor determine if certain objects, such as a battery, have been swallowed or inhaled. […] Rarely, doctors perform a CT or MRI scan to determine the effects of a poison on the brain.

• #30 Diagnosing Poisoning in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/poisoning-in-children/diagnosis

  Emergency physicians at Hassenfeld Childrens Hospital at NYU Langone are experts in diagnosing poisoning in children and determining the appropriate treatment for the type of toxic substance a child has ingested, inhaled, injected, or absorbed. […] Our emergency physicians diagnose poisoning in children based on medical history, physical examination, and, if needed, tests. Sometimes poison control experts and medical toxicologists help determine the cause of poisoning. […] If the toxin is unknown, testing may be required to determine the cause of poisoning. […] Blood tests can sometimes help doctors determine the type and amount of certain toxic substances. […] Blood may also be tested to determine levels of sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, or liver enzymes in the blood to assess the functioning of organs, such as the liver and kidneys. […] Doctors may perform an X-ray of a childs chest or abdomen. This can help the doctor determine if certain objects, such as a battery, have been swallowed or inhaled. […] Rarely, doctors perform a CT or MRI scan to determine the effects of a poison on the brain.

• #31 Lead poisoning – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning

  Lead poisoning, also known as plumbism and saturnism, is a type of metal poisoning caused by lead in the body. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, constipation, headaches, irritability, memory problems, infertility, numbness and tingling in the hands and feet. It causes almost 10% of intellectual disability of otherwise unknown cause and can result in behavioral problems. Some of the effects are permanent. In severe cases, anemia, seizures, coma, or death may occur. […] Diagnosis is typically by measurement of the blood lead level. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US) has set the upper limit for blood lead for adults at 10 g/dL (10 g/100 g) and for children at 3.5 g/dL; before October 2021 the limit was 5 g/dL. Elevated lead may also be detected by changes in red blood cells or dense lines in the bones of children as seen on X-ray.

• #32 Diagnosing Poisoning in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/poisoning-in-children/diagnosis

  Emergency physicians at Hassenfeld Childrens Hospital at NYU Langone are experts in diagnosing poisoning in children and determining the appropriate treatment for the type of toxic substance a child has ingested, inhaled, injected, or absorbed. […] Our emergency physicians diagnose poisoning in children based on medical history, physical examination, and, if needed, tests. Sometimes poison control experts and medical toxicologists help determine the cause of poisoning. […] If the toxin is unknown, testing may be required to determine the cause of poisoning. […] Blood tests can sometimes help doctors determine the type and amount of certain toxic substances. […] Blood may also be tested to determine levels of sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, or liver enzymes in the blood to assess the functioning of organs, such as the liver and kidneys. […] Doctors may perform an X-ray of a childs chest or abdomen. This can help the doctor determine if certain objects, such as a battery, have been swallowed or inhaled. […] Rarely, doctors perform a CT or MRI scan to determine the effects of a poison on the brain.

• #33 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Diagnosis, Prognostic Factors, Treatment Strategies, and Future Perspectives

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/15/5/581

  A complete clinical examination, a full patient history, and the identification of probable exposure sources and risk factors are required for an accurate diagnosis. Patients with CO poisoning sometimes present with vague symptoms, making diagnosis difficult. Common symptoms include headaches, dizziness, weakness, nausea, disorientation, and changed mental state. Severe instances may cause loss of consciousness or death. Tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypotension may be detected during a physical examination. Given the diversity of symptoms, a high level of suspicion is required, especially when numerous people in the same area report identical concerns. […] Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning may be accurately diagnosed using appropriate diagnostic equipment. Pulse CO-oximetry is a rapid, non-invasive method of measuring carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) levels, however, it may be less precise than arterial blood samples. The gold standard for measuring COHb levels is arterial blood gas (ABG) measurement, which validates the severity of the poisoning. Traditional pulse oximetry is unreliable because it cannot distinguish COHb from oxyhaemoglobin. In extreme situations, imaging such as CT or MRI can assist assess cerebral damage caused by hypoxia, but it cannot directly diagnose CO poisoning. Early application of these technologies is critical for successful therapy.

• #34 Hydrocarbon Poisoning – Injuries; Poisoning – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/poisoning/hydrocarbon-poisoning

  Hydrocarbon (eg, gasoline, kerosene, solvents) poisoning may result from ingestion or inhalation. […] Diagnosis of pneumonitis is by physical examination, chest radiograph, and oximetry. […] Diagnosis of aspiration pneumonitis is by symptoms and signs as well as by chest radiograph and oximetry, which are done approximately 6 hours after ingestion or sooner if symptoms are severe. […] Central nervous system toxicity is diagnosed by neurologic examination and MRI. Major MRI findings include atrophy, white matter T2-weighted hyperintensity, and basal ganglia and thalamic T2-weighted hypointensity. […] Diagnosis of aspiration pneumonitis is by symptoms and signs as well as by chest radiograph and oximetry, which are done approximately 6 hours after ingestion or sooner if symptoms are severe.

• #35 Food Poisoning: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/food-poisoning

  Your doctor can diagnose based on your symptoms and physical examination to assess your hydration status. […] Additional tests are usually unnecessary except in patients with severe symptoms who may require a blood test to check the kidney function and electrolyte imbalance. […] A stool test detects inflammatory white blood cells indicative of colonic infection by invasive bacteria. […] The doctor may consider stool pathogen identification for patients with inflammatory diarrhea, weakened immunity, persistent symptoms longer than 2 weeks, or patients who may be linked to an outbreak. […] Other tests such as endoscopy are not essential for diagnosing acute food poisoning. However, if diarrhea lasts longer than 2 weeks without a clear cause, the doctor may consider upper and lower GI endoscopy to delineate the cause.

• #36 Assessment and Diagnosis of Poisoning with Characteristics Features in Living or Dead

  https://juniperpublishers.com/jfsci/JFSCI.MS.ID.555796.php

  Assessment and Diagnosis of Poisoning with Characteristics Features in Living or Dead […] The systematic examination of the poisoning case whether its in live case or deceased case is one of the most challenging tasks in forensic toxicology. […] This review attempts to highlight the points for diagnosis of poisoning on the basis of external and internal clinical signs along with non-clinical findings. […] Complete diagnosis of poisoning of is a collaborative investigation between forensic pathologist and toxicologist, however, in this review; information has been assembled on the basis of external and internal finding in live and dead case as well. […] Diagnosis of poisoning may be difficult because of the victim may either be unconscious or poisoned by other persons. […] In order to diagnose the poisoning, physical examination of the patient is necessary; some toxic substances may cause rawness or burning of the skin. […] Diagnosis of poisoning in living person is examined based on the clinical or non clinical history with circumstantial evidences and specific or nonspecific signs of poisoned patients. […] Diagnosis of self-poisoning can usually be made from the history. […] The doctor gathers toxicological, medical, psychiatric and social history for the diagnosis of poisoning. […] Physical examination of the poisoned person may indicate the poison or category of poison involved in poisoning. […] However, there is an extensive range of poisons which can cause some common effects on the person that make the diagnosis more difficult in such cases. […] Diagnosis of poisoning cannot be possible on the basis of a single sign as there are various signs and symptoms come together that make diagnosis of poisoning possible with specific poisons.

• #37 Carbon monoxide poisoning – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/carbon-monoxide-poisoning

  Carbon monoxide poisoning will be reviewed here. […] The diagnosis of CO poisoning should be suspected in fire victims, in patients with flu-like symptoms in cold climates, especially if any other cohabitants or pets are also feeling ill, and patients with unexplained altered mental status or lactic acidosis. […] The diagnosis of CO poisoning is made in patients with known or suspected CO exposure in conjunction with an elevated carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level measured by co-oximetry of a blood gas sample. […] COHb levels confirm exposure but may not tell extent – A COHb measurement is essential for determining exposure, but levels correlate imprecisely with the degree of poisoning. […] Standard pulse oximetry is not useful – Standard pulse oximetry (SpO2) cannot screen for CO exposure, as it does not differentiate COHb from oxyhemoglobin.

• #38 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning – Injuries; Poisoning – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/poisoning/carbon-monoxide-poisoning

  Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is caused by inhalation of carbon monoxide gas. […] Diagnosis is by carboxyhemoglobin levels and arterial blood gases (ABGs), including measured oxygen saturation. […] The diagnosis of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is easily missed. […] If CO poisoning is suspected, the carboxyhemoglobin level in the blood is measured with a CO-oximeter; venous samples can be used because arteriovenous differences are trivial. […] Although elevated carboxyhemoglobin levels are clear evidence of poisoning, levels may be falsely low because they decrease rapidly after CO exposure ends, particularly in patients treated with supplemental oxygen. […] Patients should be removed from the source of carbon monoxide (CO) and stabilized as necessary. […] They are given 100% oxygen (by nonrebreather mask) and treated supportively.

• #39 Clinical Guidance for Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Following Disasters and Severe Weather | Carbon Monoxide Poisoning | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/carbon-monoxide/hcp/clinical-guidance/index.html

  Diagnosis is based on a suggestive history and physical findings coupled with confirmatory testing. […] An elevated carboxyhemoglobin (COHgb) level of 2% for non-smokers and 9% COHgb level for smokers strongly supports a diagnosis of CO poisoning. […] The key to confirming the diagnosis is measuring carboxyhemoglobin (COHgb) level. […] COHgb levels do not correlate well with severity of illness, outcomes or response to therapy so it is important to assess clinical symptoms and history of exposure when determining type and intensity of treatment.

• #40 Clinical Guidance for Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Following Disasters and Severe Weather | Carbon Monoxide Poisoning | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/carbon-monoxide/hcp/clinical-guidance/index.html

  Diagnosis is based on a suggestive history and physical findings coupled with confirmatory testing. […] An elevated carboxyhemoglobin (COHgb) level of 2% for non-smokers and 9% COHgb level for smokers strongly supports a diagnosis of CO poisoning. […] The key to confirming the diagnosis is measuring carboxyhemoglobin (COHgb) level. […] COHgb levels do not correlate well with severity of illness, outcomes or response to therapy so it is important to assess clinical symptoms and history of exposure when determining type and intensity of treatment.

• #41 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Diagnosis, Prognostic Factors, Treatment Strategies, and Future Perspectives

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/15/5/581

  Carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) is created when carbon monoxide (CO) binds to haemoglobin and prevents oxygen delivery in the blood. COHb levels are crucial in detecting carbon monoxide poisoning, with typical values of less than 2% in non-smokers and 5–10% in smokers. Levels above 10–15% suggest poisoning, while levels above 25% are serious and potentially fatal. COHb values can help determine poisoning severity and guide treatment methods.

• #42 Food poisoning – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/203

  Food poisoning is illness caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with bacteria and/or their toxins, viruses, parasites, or chemicals. Contamination usually arises from improper handling, preparation, or storage of food or drinks. […] Most patients present with gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain or cramps, nausea and vomiting, and/or diarrhoea. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting. […] Diagnostic investigations include stool microscopy for WBC and red blood cells (RBC), stool culture, stool ova and parasite (OP) test, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of stool, FBC with differential, serum creatinine and electrolytes, and C-reactive protein. […] Investigations to consider include botulinum toxin detection test, blood culture, serum lipase or amylase, LFTs, hepatitis A IgM antibodies, hepatitis E IgM antibodies, acute abdominal series, sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy, oesophagogastroduodenoscopy, biopsy, string test (entero-test), and duodenal aspirate.

• #43 Diagnosis of Food Poisoning – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/food-poisoning/diagnosis

  Doctors often diagnose food poisoning based on your symptoms. If your symptoms are mild and last only a short time, you typically wont need tests. […] In some cases, a medical history, a physical exam, stool tests, and blood tests can help diagnose food poisoning. […] Your doctor may perform additional tests to check for complications or to rule out other health problems. […] Sometimes, doctors perform a digital rectal exam to check for blood in your stool. Blood in your stool may be a sign of an infection with bacteria or parasites. […] Stool tests can show the presence of viruses, bacteria, or parasites. […] Blood tests can show signs of certain infections or signs of complications such as dehydration.

• #44 Food poisoning: Treatment, symptoms, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/154555

  Food poisoning is usually easy to diagnose based on the symptoms alone, with little need for confirmation from a doctor. The symptoms a person reports are usually sufficient to inform a diagnosis. […] In some cases, stool testing is necessary. For example, if someone experiences diarrhea along with blood or it is watery for more than a few days, doctors may want a stool sample to test for parasites or bacteria. […] Food poisoning refers to gastroenteritis caused by eating food containing pathogens. […] Food poisoning is the most common cause of gastroenteritis.

• #45 Food poisoning – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-poisoning/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356236

  A diagnosis is based on a physical exam and a review of things that may be causing vomiting, diarrhea or other symptoms. […] Your health care provider will examine you to rule out other causes of illness and check for signs of dehydration. […] Your provider may order tests including: Stool sample tests to name the bacteria, viruses, parasites or toxins. […] Blood tests to name a cause of illness, rule out other conditions or identify complications. […] Diagnosis of food poisoning.

• #46 Food poisoning – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/203

  Food poisoning is illness caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with bacteria and/or their toxins, viruses, parasites, or chemicals. Contamination usually arises from improper handling, preparation, or storage of food or drinks. […] Most patients present with gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain or cramps, nausea and vomiting, and/or diarrhoea. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting. […] Diagnostic investigations include stool microscopy for WBC and red blood cells (RBC), stool culture, stool ova and parasite (OP) test, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of stool, FBC with differential, serum creatinine and electrolytes, and C-reactive protein. […] Investigations to consider include botulinum toxin detection test, blood culture, serum lipase or amylase, LFTs, hepatitis A IgM antibodies, hepatitis E IgM antibodies, acute abdominal series, sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy, oesophagogastroduodenoscopy, biopsy, string test (entero-test), and duodenal aspirate.

• #47 Diagnosis and Management of Foodborne Illness | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0901/p358.html

  Early onset of vomiting and diarrhea results from ingestion of preformed toxins, most often S. aureus or Bacillus cereus. […] Diarrhea within 24 hours of ingestion is most likely caused by C. perfringens or B. cereus. […] Diagnosis is generally clinical; may be confirmed by antigen-detecting enzyme immunoassay, immunofluorescence assay, microscopy, polymerase chain reaction testing, serology, or viral culture. […] If testing is performed, stool culture can provide a definitive diagnosis of infectious diarrhea and is useful for outbreak identification. […] Stool cultures are the diagnostic standard for bacterial foodborne illness; however, culture results are positive in less than 40% of cases. […] Empiric antibiotics should be considered in cases of suspected foodborne illness only if the patient is febrile and has signs of invasive disease. […] If empiric treatment has not been initiated, antibiotic therapy may be indicated once stool culture, bacterial toxin, or microscopy results are available.

• #48 Lead poisoning – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning

  Lead poisoning, also known as plumbism and saturnism, is a type of metal poisoning caused by lead in the body. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, constipation, headaches, irritability, memory problems, infertility, numbness and tingling in the hands and feet. It causes almost 10% of intellectual disability of otherwise unknown cause and can result in behavioral problems. Some of the effects are permanent. In severe cases, anemia, seizures, coma, or death may occur. […] Diagnosis is typically by measurement of the blood lead level. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US) has set the upper limit for blood lead for adults at 10 g/dL (10 g/100 g) and for children at 3.5 g/dL; before October 2021 the limit was 5 g/dL. Elevated lead may also be detected by changes in red blood cells or dense lines in the bones of children as seen on X-ray.

• #49 Lead poisoning – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning

  Lead poisoning, also known as plumbism and saturnism, is a type of metal poisoning caused by lead in the body. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, constipation, headaches, irritability, memory problems, infertility, numbness and tingling in the hands and feet. It causes almost 10% of intellectual disability of otherwise unknown cause and can result in behavioral problems. Some of the effects are permanent. In severe cases, anemia, seizures, coma, or death may occur. […] Diagnosis is typically by measurement of the blood lead level. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US) has set the upper limit for blood lead for adults at 10 g/dL (10 g/100 g) and for children at 3.5 g/dL; before October 2021 the limit was 5 g/dL. Elevated lead may also be detected by changes in red blood cells or dense lines in the bones of children as seen on X-ray.

• #50 Lead poisoning – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning

  Diagnosis includes determining the clinical signs and the medical history, with inquiry into possible routes of exposure. Clinical toxicologists, medical specialists in the area of poisoning, may be involved in diagnosis and treatment. The main tool in diagnosing and assessing the severity of lead poisoning is laboratory analysis of the blood lead level (BLL). […] Blood lead levels are an indicator mainly of recent or current lead exposure, not of total body burden. Lead in bones can be measured noninvasively by X-ray fluorescence; this may be the best measure of cumulative exposure and total body burden. However, this method is not widely available and is mainly used for research rather than routine diagnosis.

• #51 General approach to drug poisoning in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/general-approach-to-drug-poisoning-in-adults

  INTRODUCTION […] Accidental and intentional poisonings or drug overdoses constitute a significant source of aggregate morbidity, mortality, and health care expenditure worldwide. In 2021, over two million cases of known or suspected human toxic exposures were managed by America’s Poison Centers. […] EPIDEMIOLOGY […] Accidental and intentional poisoning from both licit and illicit substances remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the United States, the America’s Poison Centers (APC) reported over two million human cases in 2021. While the overall mortality rate reported by the APC was just under 0.08 percent, 30 percent of cases required management at a health care facility, and 7.9 percent of cases required hospital admission. Fatal ingestions are very uncommon in patients under 12 years of age. […] […] […] DIAGNOSIS OF POISONING […] History […] Physical examination […] Electrocardiography […] Radiographic studies […] Toxicology screens (drug testing) […] Other laboratory studies

• #52 The Diagnosis of Poisoning: Use of the Laboratory | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-011-6763-5_3

  In many cases the patient, who is often only mildly poisoned, will volunteer the diagnosis. […] In the absence of circumstantial evidence, it should be assumed that an unconscious patient between the ages of 15 and 35 years has taken a drug overdose until proved otherwise.

• #53 General approach to drug poisoning in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/general-approach-to-drug-poisoning-in-adults

  INTRODUCTION […] Accidental and intentional poisonings or drug overdoses constitute a significant source of aggregate morbidity, mortality, and health care expenditure worldwide. In 2021, over two million cases of known or suspected human toxic exposures were managed by America’s Poison Centers. […] EPIDEMIOLOGY […] Accidental and intentional poisoning from both licit and illicit substances remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the United States, the America’s Poison Centers (APC) reported over two million human cases in 2021. While the overall mortality rate reported by the APC was just under 0.08 percent, 30 percent of cases required management at a health care facility, and 7.9 percent of cases required hospital admission. Fatal ingestions are very uncommon in patients under 12 years of age. […] […] […] DIAGNOSIS OF POISONING […] History […] Physical examination […] Electrocardiography […] Radiographic studies […] Toxicology screens (drug testing) […] Other laboratory studies

• #54 General Principles of Poisoning – Injuries; Poisoning – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/poisoning/general-principles-of-poisoning

  In most cases, laboratory testing for specific substances is limited. […] For most substances, blood levels cannot be easily determined or do not help guide treatment. […] For certain poisonings, radiographic studies such as plain x-ray or CT scan may show the presence and location of ingested substances. […] For poisonings with drugs or medications that have cardiovascular effects or with an unknown substance, electrocardiography (ECG) and cardiac monitoring are indicated. […] Patients with severe poisoning may require assisted ventilation or treatment of cardiovascular collapse. […] Consultation with a poison control center is recommended for any poisonings except the mildest and most routine. […] The discussion of treatment for specific poisonings is general and does not include specific complexities and details.

• #55 General Principles of Poisoning – Injuries; Poisoning – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/poisoning/general-principles-of-poisoning

  Poisoning is usually a clinical diagnosis but laboratory testing is available and clinically useful for certain poisons. […] The first step of diagnosis of poisoning is to assess the overall status of the patient. Severe poisoning may require rapid intervention to treat airway compromise or cardiopulmonary collapse. […] History is often the most valuable diagnostic tool. […] In many parts of the world, information about household and industrial chemicals can be obtained from poison control centers. […] Physical examination sometimes detects signs suggesting particular types of substances (eg, toxidromes, breath odor, presence of topical drugs or medications, needle marks or tracks suggesting injected drug use, stigmata of chronic alcohol use). […] Even if a patient is known to be poisoned, altered consciousness due to other causes should also be considered.

• #56 DIAGNOSIS OF POisoning -WPS Office.pptx

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/diagnosis-of-poisoning-wps-office-pptx/269341981

  DIAGNOSIS OF POISONING- a) In living 1.acute 2.chronic b) in dead […] Diagnosis of Poisoning in living- – in living Poisoning maybe acute or chronic. A) Diagnosis of acute Poisoning in living- 1) History- – The usual history is that person was alright some time back and now is not well – There maybe evidance or history of contact with particular food, fluid, medicine, poison. 2) Characteristics- – usually their is history of contact with some suspecious food and drink and manifestation appear within hours – all people affected showssimilar Manifestation […] 3) Sign and symptoms- -nausea, vomiting, diarrhea – convulsions, collapse, unconsciousness 4) Chemical analysis- Chemical analysis of, gastric lavege food, urine, blood,stool, vomit confirm the nature of poison. 5)Differtial diagnosis With cholera, GIT ulcers, appendicitis, epilepsy,etc.

• #57 Food poisoning: Treatment, symptoms, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/154555

  Food poisoning is usually easy to diagnose based on the symptoms alone, with little need for confirmation from a doctor. The symptoms a person reports are usually sufficient to inform a diagnosis. […] In some cases, stool testing is necessary. For example, if someone experiences diarrhea along with blood or it is watery for more than a few days, doctors may want a stool sample to test for parasites or bacteria. […] Food poisoning refers to gastroenteritis caused by eating food containing pathogens. […] Food poisoning is the most common cause of gastroenteritis.

• #58 General Principles of Poisoning – Injuries; Poisoning – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/poisoning/general-principles-of-poisoning

  In most cases, laboratory testing for specific substances is limited. […] For most substances, blood levels cannot be easily determined or do not help guide treatment. […] For certain poisonings, radiographic studies such as plain x-ray or CT scan may show the presence and location of ingested substances. […] For poisonings with drugs or medications that have cardiovascular effects or with an unknown substance, electrocardiography (ECG) and cardiac monitoring are indicated. […] Patients with severe poisoning may require assisted ventilation or treatment of cardiovascular collapse. […] Consultation with a poison control center is recommended for any poisonings except the mildest and most routine. […] The discussion of treatment for specific poisonings is general and does not include specific complexities and details.

• #59 Lead poisoning – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning

  Diagnosis includes determining the clinical signs and the medical history, with inquiry into possible routes of exposure. Clinical toxicologists, medical specialists in the area of poisoning, may be involved in diagnosis and treatment. The main tool in diagnosing and assessing the severity of lead poisoning is laboratory analysis of the blood lead level (BLL). […] Blood lead levels are an indicator mainly of recent or current lead exposure, not of total body burden. Lead in bones can be measured noninvasively by X-ray fluorescence; this may be the best measure of cumulative exposure and total body burden. However, this method is not widely available and is mainly used for research rather than routine diagnosis.

• #60 General Principles of Poisoning – Injuries; Poisoning – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/poisoning/general-principles-of-poisoning

  Poisoning is usually a clinical diagnosis but laboratory testing is available and clinically useful for certain poisons. […] The first step of diagnosis of poisoning is to assess the overall status of the patient. Severe poisoning may require rapid intervention to treat airway compromise or cardiopulmonary collapse. […] History is often the most valuable diagnostic tool. […] In many parts of the world, information about household and industrial chemicals can be obtained from poison control centers. […] Physical examination sometimes detects signs suggesting particular types of substances (eg, toxidromes, breath odor, presence of topical drugs or medications, needle marks or tracks suggesting injected drug use, stigmata of chronic alcohol use). […] Even if a patient is known to be poisoned, altered consciousness due to other causes should also be considered.

• #61 Changes in Diagnosis of Poisoning in Patients in the Emergency Room Using Systematic Toxicological Analysis with the National Forensic Service

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8111044/

  It is difficult to diagnose patients with poisoning and determine the causative agent in the emergency room. Usually, the diagnosis of such patients is based on their medical history and physical examination findings. We aimed to confirm clinical diagnoses using systematic toxicological analysis (STA) and investigate changes in the diagnosis of poisoning. […] A diagnosis may change depending on the STA results of intoxicated patients. Therefore, appropriate STA can increase the accuracy of diagnosis and help in making treatment decisions. […] The identification of the substance causing the poisoning and the time taken to reach the hospital after exposure are related to the patient’s prognosis. […] It is difficult to determine whether a patient has been poisoned and, if so, what toxins caused the poisoning. This is usually determined by history taking and physical examination.

• #62 General Principles of Poisoning – Injuries; Poisoning – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/poisoning/general-principles-of-poisoning

  In most cases, laboratory testing for specific substances is limited. […] For most substances, blood levels cannot be easily determined or do not help guide treatment. […] For certain poisonings, radiographic studies such as plain x-ray or CT scan may show the presence and location of ingested substances. […] For poisonings with drugs or medications that have cardiovascular effects or with an unknown substance, electrocardiography (ECG) and cardiac monitoring are indicated. […] Patients with severe poisoning may require assisted ventilation or treatment of cardiovascular collapse. […] Consultation with a poison control center is recommended for any poisonings except the mildest and most routine. […] The discussion of treatment for specific poisonings is general and does not include specific complexities and details.

• #63 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning – Injuries; Poisoning – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/poisoning/carbon-monoxide-poisoning

  Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is caused by inhalation of carbon monoxide gas. […] Diagnosis is by carboxyhemoglobin levels and arterial blood gases (ABGs), including measured oxygen saturation. […] The diagnosis of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is easily missed. […] If CO poisoning is suspected, the carboxyhemoglobin level in the blood is measured with a CO-oximeter; venous samples can be used because arteriovenous differences are trivial. […] Although elevated carboxyhemoglobin levels are clear evidence of poisoning, levels may be falsely low because they decrease rapidly after CO exposure ends, particularly in patients treated with supplemental oxygen. […] Patients should be removed from the source of carbon monoxide (CO) and stabilized as necessary. […] They are given 100% oxygen (by nonrebreather mask) and treated supportively.

• #64 Diagnosis of Carbon Monoxide Exposure – Diagnosing carbon monoxide poisoning is very difficult. It’s not only homeowners who may find it difficult to diagnose, carbon monoxide poisoning is very challenging for health professionals to diagnose as well

  https://www.coresearchtrust.org/diagnosis-of-carbon-monoxide

  Diagnosing carbon monoxide poisoning is very difficult. It’s not just homeowners who may find it difficult to diagnose. Carbon monoxide poisoning is also very challenging for health professionals to diagnose. […] There is no reliable biomarker to aid the diagnosis of carbon monoxide poisoning. This means that it’s hard to prove/diagnose should you suspect you’ve been exposed to carbon monoxide. […] Given the limitations of carboxyhaemoglobin, a new biomarker must be found to make diagnosis easier, ensure that those who need treatment receive it, and ensure that all cases of carbon monoxide exposure are identified. […] However, even if carbon monoxide exposure is suspected, it is very difficult for medical professionals to confirm the diagnosis.

• #65 Chocolate toxicity: What should I do if my dog eats chocolate? | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine

  https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/chocolate-toxicity-what-should-i-do-if-my-dog-eats-chocolate

  The outcome of chocolate toxicity depends on the amount and type ingested, the dogs weight and how promptly treatment was initiated. Delaying treatment from the time a dog eats chocolate can worsen the associated clinical signs and prognosis. Darker and more bitter chocolates are more toxic to dogs, but all forms of chocolate carry some risks. Dogs with mild signs or those that ingested small amounts generally have a good prognosis with prompt treatment. The prognosis is less favorable for dogs with severe clinical signs like seizures or collapse.

• #66 Ethylene glycol poisoning: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000774.htm

  Diagnosis of ethylene glycol toxicity is usually made through a combination of blood, urine, and other tests. […] Tests will show increased levels of ethylene glycol, blood chemical disturbances, and possible signs of kidney failure and muscle or liver damage. […] Most people with ethylene glycol poisoning need to be admitted to a hospital, often to the intensive care unit (ICU) for close monitoring. […] In severe cases, dialysis (kidney machine) may be used to directly remove the ethylene glycol and other poisonous substances from the blood. […] How well a person does depends on how quickly treatment is received, the amount swallowed, the organs affected, and other factors. […] When treatment is delayed, this type of poisoning can be deadly.

• #67 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Diagnosis, Prognostic Factors, Treatment Strategies, and Future Perspectives

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/15/5/581

  Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a significant public health issue, with diagnosis often complicated by non-specific symptoms and limited access to specialised tools. Early detection is vital for preventing long-term complications. The review examines diagnostic challenges, prognostic factors, management strategies, and future advancements in CO poisoning. It highlights the limitations of current diagnostic techniques such as blood carboxyhaemoglobin levels and pulse CO-oximetry, while exploring emerging methods for rapid detection. Prognosis is influenced by exposure severity and delayed treatment, which increases the risk of neurological damage. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) remains the primary treatment but is not always accessible. Advances in portable CO-oximeters and biomarkers offer potential for improved early diagnosis and monitoring. Addressing resource limitations and refining treatment protocols are crucial for better patient outcomes. Future research should focus on personalised management strategies and the integration of modern technologies to enhance care.

• #68 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Diagnosis, Prognostic Factors, Treatment Strategies, and Future Perspectives

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/15/5/581

  Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a significant public health issue, with diagnosis often complicated by non-specific symptoms and limited access to specialised tools. Early detection is vital for preventing long-term complications. The review examines diagnostic challenges, prognostic factors, management strategies, and future advancements in CO poisoning. It highlights the limitations of current diagnostic techniques such as blood carboxyhaemoglobin levels and pulse CO-oximetry, while exploring emerging methods for rapid detection. Prognosis is influenced by exposure severity and delayed treatment, which increases the risk of neurological damage. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) remains the primary treatment but is not always accessible. Advances in portable CO-oximeters and biomarkers offer potential for improved early diagnosis and monitoring. Addressing resource limitations and refining treatment protocols are crucial for better patient outcomes. Future research should focus on personalised management strategies and the integration of modern technologies to enhance care.

• #69 Food poisoning – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/203

  Food poisoning is illness caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with bacteria and/or their toxins, viruses, parasites, or chemicals. Contamination usually arises from improper handling, preparation, or storage of food or drinks. […] Most patients present with gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain or cramps, nausea and vomiting, and/or diarrhoea. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting. […] Diagnostic investigations include stool microscopy for WBC and red blood cells (RBC), stool culture, stool ova and parasite (OP) test, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of stool, FBC with differential, serum creatinine and electrolytes, and C-reactive protein. […] Investigations to consider include botulinum toxin detection test, blood culture, serum lipase or amylase, LFTs, hepatitis A IgM antibodies, hepatitis E IgM antibodies, acute abdominal series, sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy, oesophagogastroduodenoscopy, biopsy, string test (entero-test), and duodenal aspirate.

• #70 Assessment and Diagnosis of Poisoning with Characteristics Features in Living or Dead

  https://juniperpublishers.com/jfsci/JFSCI.MS.ID.555796.php

  Assessment and Diagnosis of Poisoning with Characteristics Features in Living or Dead […] The systematic examination of the poisoning case whether its in live case or deceased case is one of the most challenging tasks in forensic toxicology. […] This review attempts to highlight the points for diagnosis of poisoning on the basis of external and internal clinical signs along with non-clinical findings. […] Complete diagnosis of poisoning of is a collaborative investigation between forensic pathologist and toxicologist, however, in this review; information has been assembled on the basis of external and internal finding in live and dead case as well. […] Diagnosis of poisoning may be difficult because of the victim may either be unconscious or poisoned by other persons. […] In order to diagnose the poisoning, physical examination of the patient is necessary; some toxic substances may cause rawness or burning of the skin. […] Diagnosis of poisoning in living person is examined based on the clinical or non clinical history with circumstantial evidences and specific or nonspecific signs of poisoned patients. […] Diagnosis of self-poisoning can usually be made from the history. […] The doctor gathers toxicological, medical, psychiatric and social history for the diagnosis of poisoning. […] Physical examination of the poisoned person may indicate the poison or category of poison involved in poisoning. […] However, there is an extensive range of poisons which can cause some common effects on the person that make the diagnosis more difficult in such cases. […] Diagnosis of poisoning cannot be possible on the basis of a single sign as there are various signs and symptoms come together that make diagnosis of poisoning possible with specific poisons.

• #71 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Diagnosis, Prognostic Factors, Treatment Strategies, and Future Perspectives

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/15/5/581

  Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a significant public health issue, with diagnosis often complicated by non-specific symptoms and limited access to specialised tools. Early detection is vital for preventing long-term complications. The review examines diagnostic challenges, prognostic factors, management strategies, and future advancements in CO poisoning. It highlights the limitations of current diagnostic techniques such as blood carboxyhaemoglobin levels and pulse CO-oximetry, while exploring emerging methods for rapid detection. Prognosis is influenced by exposure severity and delayed treatment, which increases the risk of neurological damage. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) remains the primary treatment but is not always accessible. Advances in portable CO-oximeters and biomarkers offer potential for improved early diagnosis and monitoring. Addressing resource limitations and refining treatment protocols are crucial for better patient outcomes. Future research should focus on personalised management strategies and the integration of modern technologies to enhance care.

• #72 General Principles of Poisoning – Injuries; Poisoning – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/poisoning/general-principles-of-poisoning

  For the most commonly used antidotes, see table Common Specific Antidotes. […] Chelating agents are used for poisoning with heavy metals and occasionally with other drugs or medications. […] General indications for hospital admission include altered consciousness, persistently abnormal vital signs, and predicted delayed toxicity. […] Maximize recognition of poisoning and identification of the specific poison by considering poisoning in all patients with unexplained alterations in consciousness and by searching thoroughly for clues from the history.

• #73 Assessment and Diagnosis of Poisoning with Characteristics Features in Living or Dead

  https://juniperpublishers.com/jfsci/JFSCI.MS.ID.555796.php

  Assessment and Diagnosis of Poisoning with Characteristics Features in Living or Dead […] The systematic examination of the poisoning case whether its in live case or deceased case is one of the most challenging tasks in forensic toxicology. […] This review attempts to highlight the points for diagnosis of poisoning on the basis of external and internal clinical signs along with non-clinical findings. […] Complete diagnosis of poisoning of is a collaborative investigation between forensic pathologist and toxicologist, however, in this review; information has been assembled on the basis of external and internal finding in live and dead case as well. […] Diagnosis of poisoning may be difficult because of the victim may either be unconscious or poisoned by other persons. […] In order to diagnose the poisoning, physical examination of the patient is necessary; some toxic substances may cause rawness or burning of the skin. […] Diagnosis of poisoning in living person is examined based on the clinical or non clinical history with circumstantial evidences and specific or nonspecific signs of poisoned patients. […] Diagnosis of self-poisoning can usually be made from the history. […] The doctor gathers toxicological, medical, psychiatric and social history for the diagnosis of poisoning. […] Physical examination of the poisoned person may indicate the poison or category of poison involved in poisoning. […] However, there is an extensive range of poisons which can cause some common effects on the person that make the diagnosis more difficult in such cases. […] Diagnosis of poisoning cannot be possible on the basis of a single sign as there are various signs and symptoms come together that make diagnosis of poisoning possible with specific poisons.

• #74 General Principles of Poisoning – Injuries; Poisoning – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/poisoning/general-principles-of-poisoning

  For the most commonly used antidotes, see table Common Specific Antidotes. […] Chelating agents are used for poisoning with heavy metals and occasionally with other drugs or medications. […] General indications for hospital admission include altered consciousness, persistently abnormal vital signs, and predicted delayed toxicity. […] Maximize recognition of poisoning and identification of the specific poison by considering poisoning in all patients with unexplained alterations in consciousness and by searching thoroughly for clues from the history.

• #75 Poisoning, Types of Poison: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/poison

  Poisoning is when a toxic substance (poison) makes you sick or harms you. […] Poisoning is when exposure to a toxic substance makes you sick or harms you. […] Poisoning is sometimes a method of self-harm for people thinking about suicide. […] If you think you have poisoning symptoms, call poison control or your local emergency services number. Symptoms include: […] Experts at a poison control center or other healthcare providers diagnose poisoning. This can happen over the phone and/or in-person. […] Poison control or your healthcare provider will decide the best treatment. Often, first aid is enough to help you recover. But you may need care at a hospital. […] Poisoning affects each person differently. It depends on the type of poison and other factors like your age and health. Some common forms of poisoning, like food poisoning or poison ivy exposure, are mild and go away with at-home care. More serious situations may require hospitalization. Sometimes, poisoning can be fatal.

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