Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/poisoning/treatment/

  Being poisoned can be life-threatening. If someone has been poisoned, do not try to treat them yourself seek medical help immediately. […] If you think someone has been severely poisoned and they’re still conscious, ask them to sit still and stay with them while you wait for medical help to arrive. […] If you think someone has swallowed poison and they appear to be unconscious, try to wake them and encourage them to spit out anything left in their mouth. […] While you’re waiting for medical help to arrive, lie the person on their side with a cushion behind their back and their upper leg pulled slightly forward, so they do not fall on their face or roll backwards. This is known as the recovery position. […] If the person is not breathing or their heart has stopped, begin CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) if you know how to.

• #1 Poisoning, Types of Poison: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/poison

  Poisoning is when a toxic substance (poison) makes you sick or harms you. […] Call poison control at 1-800-222-1222 (U.S.) if someone in your household is exposed to poison even if they dont have symptoms. […] If you think you have poisoning symptoms, call poison control or your local emergency services number. Symptoms include: […] First aid for poisoning […] Doing first aid within seconds or minutes of a poison exposure can prevent serious harm. […] First aid depends on the type of exposure. […] Treatments for poisoning […] Poison control or your healthcare provider will decide the best treatment. Often, first aid is enough to help you recover. But you may need care at a hospital. […] Besides first aid, other possible treatments include: Antidotes. These are medications or substances that counteract or reverse a poisons effects. […] Chelation therapy. This form of treatment uses medicine to remove metals in your body so they dont make you sick. Only a qualified health professional should give you this therapy.

• #1 Poisoning: First aid

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-poisoning/basics/art-20056657

  Poisoning is injury or death due to swallowing, inhaling, touching or injecting various drugs, chemicals, venoms or gases. […] How you treat someone who may have been poisoned depends on: The person’s symptoms. The person’s age. Whether you know the type and amount of the substance that caused poisoning. […] If you suspect poisoning, be alert for clues such as empty pill bottles or packages, scattered pills, and burns, stains and odors on the person or nearby objects. […] Take the following actions until help arrives: Swallowed poison. Remove anything remaining in the person’s mouth. If the suspected poison is a household cleaner or other chemical, read the container’s label and follow instructions for accidental poisoning. Poison on the skin. Remove any contaminated clothing using gloves. Rinse the skin for 15 to 20 minutes in a shower or with a hose. Poison in the eye. Gently flush the eye with cool or lukewarm water for 20 minutes or until help arrives.

• #1 What You Can Do | Poison Help

  https://poisonhelp.hrsa.gov/what-you-can-do

  If someone may have been poisoned, call the toll-free Poison Help line (18002221222), which connects you to your local poison center, to speak with a poison expert right away. This expert can give you advice on first aid and may save you from a visit to the emergency room. […] Do not use activated charcoal when you think someone may have been poisoned. […] Do not wait for signs of poisoning before calling Poison Help (1-800-222-1222), which connects you to your local poison center. […] Help prevent poisonings […] Learn how to poison proof your home and reduce the risk of poisonings. […] Keep the toll-free Poison Help line (18002221222), which connects you to your local poison center, in a place where you can find it in an emergency.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/poisoning/treatment/

  Medical staff will need to take a detailed history to effectively treat a person who’s been poisoned. […] Some people who have swallowed a poisonous substance or overdosed on medicine will be admitted to hospital for examination and treatment. […] Possible treatments that can be used to treat poisoning include: activated charcoal sometimes used to treat someone who’s been poisoned; the charcoal binds to the poison and stops it being further absorbed into the blood, antidotes these are substances that either prevent the poison from working or reverse its effects, sedatives may be given if the person is agitated, a ventilator (breathing machine) may be used if the person stops breathing, anti-epileptic medicine may be used if the person has seizures (fits). […] Investigations may include blood tests and an electrocardiogram (ECG).

• #1 Treatment for Poisoning in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/poisoning-in-children/treatments/treatment-for-poisoning-in-children

  When our emergency doctors determine the type of poison affecting a child, they may use different treatments to reduce symptoms and help restore the bodys normal functions. […] Gastrointestinal decontamination techniques may help prevent or reduce the absorption of toxic substances in the gastrointestinal tract after ingestion. […] In rare situations when it appears that a child has been exposed to a toxic substance that has not had time to be fully absorbed into the body and requires removal to prevent toxicity, a doctor may perform orogastric lavage. […] Activated charcoal, an odorless and tasteless black powder mixed with water, may be used to reduce the amount of toxin absorbed into the blood. […] An antidote is a medication that neutralizes or counteracts the effects of a poison in the body.

• #1 Poisoning: First aid

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-poisoning/basics/art-20056657

  If the person is at risk of overdose of opioid pain medication and naloxone (Narcan) is available, please administer. […] Don’t give syrup of ipecac or do anything to induce vomiting. Expert groups, including the American Association of Poison Control Centers and the American Academy of Pediatrics, no longer endorse using ipecac in children or adults who have taken pills or other potentially poisonous substances.

• #1 Overview of Poisoning – Injuries and Poisoning – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/poisoning/overview-of-poisoning

  Some people who have been poisoned must be hospitalized. With prompt medical care, most recover fully. […] The principles for the treatment of all poisonings are the same: Support vital functions such as breathing, blood pressure, body temperature, and heart rate; Prevent additional absorption; Increase elimination of the poison; Give specific antidotes (substances that eliminate, inactivate, or counteract the effects of the poison), if available; Prevent reexposure. […] The usual goal of hospital treatment is to keep people medically stable and alive until the poison disappears or is inactivated by the body. Eventually, most poisons are inactivated by the liver or are passed into the urine. […] Poisoning often requires treatment, called supportive care, to stabilize the heart, blood pressure, and breathing until the poison disappears or is inactivated.

• #1 Management of Poisonings and Intoxications

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10564369/

  Antidotes are direct or indirect agonists or antagonists to the effect of a poison, including through actions at a receptor (e.g., naloxone for opioids), inhibitors of metabolism (e.g., fomepizole for methanol), and binding for inactivation (e.g., chelators, antivenoms). Indications vary depending on the specific poison, but they are usually administered in the context of demonstrated toxicity and/or a confirmed high drug concentration (e.g., N-acetylcysteine for acetaminophen). […] Elimination enhancement modalities can be divided between corporeal treatments, which augment physiological process, and extracorporeal treatments, which require an artificial device located outside the body. […] Over the past decade, evidence-based consensus recommendations for the use of extracorporeal treatments for managing poisoning have been published by the EXtracorporeal TReatments In Poisoning (EXTRIP) workgroup, a large multinational multidisciplinary group.

• #1 CYANOKIT® (hydroxocobalamin) | Cyanide Poisoning Treatment

  https://cyanokit.com/

  For known or suspected cyanide poisoning, CYANOKIT is indicated for the treatment of known or suspected cyanide poisoning. Comprehensive treatment of acute cyanide intoxication requires support of vital functions. Airway, ventilatory and circulatory support, oxygen administration, and management of seizures should not be delayed to administer CYANOKIT. In conjunction with CYANOKIT, treatment of cyanide poisoning must include immediate attention to airway patency, adequacy of oxygenation and hydration, cardiovascular support, and management of seizures. Consideration should be given to decontamination measures based on the route of exposure. Acute renal failure with acute tubular necrosis, renal impairment and urine calcium oxalate crystals have been reported following CYANOKIT therapy. Monitor renal function for 7 days following CYANOKIT therapy. Substantial increases in blood pressure may occur following CYANOKIT therapy. Monitor blood pressure during therapy. While determination of blood cyanide concentration is not required for management of cyanide poisoning and should not delay treatment with CYANOKIT, collecting a pretreatment blood sample may be useful for documenting cyanide poisoning as sampling post-CYANOKIT use may be inaccurate. There are risks to the pregnant woman and fetus associated with untreated cyanide poisoning. Breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with CYANOKIT. The most common adverse reactions (5%) include transient chromaturia, erythema, oxalate crystals in urine, rash, increased blood pressure, nausea, headache and infusion site reactions.

• #1 Oral Poisonings: Guidelines for Initial Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0101/p85.html

  Antidotes are typically given once the patient has been stabilized, usually within a few hours of the ingestion. Unless clinicians are familiar with the use of an antidote, it is probably wise to contact a certified poison control center regarding the specifics of its use. In addition, many antidotes have a short duration of action relative to the effects of the ingested poison, and observation in a specialized hospital unit following administration of the antidote is advisable.

• #1 Overview of Poisoning – Injuries and Poisoning – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/poisoning/overview-of-poisoning

  Treatment also may be needed to control seizures, fever, or vomiting. […] If a poison remains life threatening despite the use of activated charcoal and antidotes, more complicated treatments that remove the poison may be needed. […] The most common treatments are hemodialysis and charcoal hemoperfusion. […] In hemodialysis, an artificial kidney (dialyzer) is used to filter the poisons directly from the bloodstream. […] Although most poisons, drugs, and medications do not have specific antidotes (unlike the popular perception from TV and movies), some do. […] Not everyone who has been exposed to a poison requires its antidote. Many people recover on their own. But with severe poisoning, antidotes can be lifesaving.

• #1 Management of Poisonings and Intoxications

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10564369/

  In conclusion, general supportive care is sufficient to manage most poisoned patients. Some patients are treated with decontamination, antidotes, and corporeal methods for enhanced elimination. In a smaller selection of cases, extracorporeal blood purification, usually consisting of HD, can help reduce the exposure of a patient to the toxic effects of a poison, which decreases the duration and/or severity of poisoning. An understanding of poison toxicokinetics can help a clinician discern what are the timely conditions and circumstances when extracorporeal treatments are most likely to be beneficial.

• #1 Carbon monoxide poisoning – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/carbon-monoxide/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370646

  Treatment is likely to start right away for anyone brought to an emergency room with suspected carbon monoxide poisoning. […] At the hospital, treatment may involve: […] Breathing pure oxygen. In the emergency room, standard treatment involves breathing pure oxygen through a mask placed over the nose and mouth. This helps oxygen reach organs and tissues. People who can’t breathe on their own might be put on a machine that breathes for them, called a ventilator. […] Getting treatment in an oxygen chamber. This is called hyperbaric oxygen therapy. It involves breathing pure oxygen in a chamber for a set amount of time. The air pressure inside the chamber is 2 to 3 times higher than the pressure outside. This helps replace carbon monoxide with oxygen in the blood. […] Hyperbaric oxygen therapy might be used for severe carbon monoxide poisoning. It helps protect heart and brain tissue from carbon monoxide damage. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy also might be used for pregnant people to protect unborn babies from damage from carbon monoxide poisoning.

• #1 Childhood lead poisoning: Management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/childhood-lead-poisoning-management

  Childhood lead poisoning: Management […] The management of lead poisoning in children will be reviewed here. […] The identification of a neonate, infant, or child who has been exposed to lead must be viewed as a public health emergency. The only effective long-term treatment is ending further lead exposure by eradication of environmental lead contamination. Because of the cognitive and behavioral effects of lead toxicity, primary prevention of lead exposure is the single most important strategy in the management of childhood lead poisoning. […] Chelation therapy may be necessary depending upon the degree of blood lead elevation. However, it has limited efficacy. With chronic ingestion or inhalation, lead can be incorporated into the skeletal system, which becomes an endogenous reservoir of lead that is resistant to elimination. While chelating agents can bind to lead in blood, they are ineffective in removing lead from the deep bone stores.

• #1 Lead toxicity – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/755

  Lead toxicity occurs after occupational or home exposure to lead. There is no threshold level for toxicity. […] The mainstay of treatment is removal of the source. Chelation therapy is given for blood levels 2.2 micromoles/L (45 micrograms/dL) in a child or 3.4 micromoles/L (70 micrograms/dL) in an adult, or if the patient is symptomatic. […] Acute lead encephalopathy is a medical emergency requiring aggressive chelation therapy in an intensive care setting. […] Acute symptoms resolve with treatment, but neurological impairments and cardiovascular toxicities are irreversible. […] Lead resides in bone for decades after exposure has ceased; all patients require long-term monitoring.

• #1 Salicylate (aspirin) poisoning: Management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/salicylate-aspirin-poisoning-management

  Salicylate (aspirin) poisoning: Management […] This topic will discuss the management of salicylate overdose and toxicity in children and adults. A rapid overview table to facilitate emergency management is provided (table 1). The clinical manifestations and evaluation of salicylate poisoning are discussed separately. […] General management of the poisoned patient and adverse effects of aspirin in therapeutic dosing are discussed separately: […] – ABCs and supportive care […] – Gastrointestinal decontamination […] – Frequent laboratory monitoring […] – Consultation with specialists […] Therapies in selected patients: […] – Moderate or severe toxicity […] – Fluid and electrolyte repletion […] – Supplemental glucose […] – Multiple-dose activated charcoal […] – Serum and urine alkalinization

• #1 Treatment of Ethylene Glycol Poisoning | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0901/p807.html

  Ingestion of ethylene glycol may be an important poisoning contributor in patients with metabolic acidosis of unknown cause and subsequent renal failure. Expeditious diagnosis and treatment will limit metabolic toxicity and decrease morbidity and mortality. Ethylene glycol poisoning should be suspected in an intoxicated patient with anion gap acidosis, hypocalcemia, urinary crystals, and nontoxic blood alcohol concentration. Fomepizole is a newer agent with a specific indication for the treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning. Metabolic acidosis is resolved within three hours of initiating therapy. Initiation of fomepizole therapy before the serum creatinine concentration rises can minimize renal impairment. […] Traditional treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning consists of sodium bicarbonate, ethanol, and hemodialysis. Fomepizole is a new agent with a specific indication by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning. Ethanol and fomepizole are thought to act as inhibitors of alcohol dehydrogenase and therefore prevent the formation of acidic ethylene glycol metabolites, but only fomepizole has demonstrated this ability.

• #1 Food Poisoning Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Diet, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/175569-treatment

  Because most cases of acute gastroenteritis are self-limited, specific treatment is not necessary. Strict personal hygiene should be practiced during the illness. Some studies have quantified that only 10% of cases require antibiotic therapy. […] The main objective is adequate rehydration and electrolyte supplementation. This can be achieved with either an oral rehydration solution (ORS) or intravenous solutions (eg, isotonic sodium chloride solution, lactated Ringer solution). […] Oral rehydration is achieved by administering clear liquids and sodium-containing and glucose-containing solutions. A simple ORS may be composed of 1 level teaspoon of salt and 4 heaping teaspoons of sugar added to 1 liter of water. […] The use of ORS has reduced the mortality rate associated with cholera from higher than 50% to less than 1%.

• #1 Food Poisoning: Signs & Symptoms, Treatment, Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21167-food-poisoning

  In most cases, you can manage food poisoning through supportive therapy at home by simply staying hydrated. You lose a lot of fluids through diarrhea, vomiting and fever. Staying hydrated is the most important thing you can do to support your body while it does its work. […] Food poisoning treatment may include hydration formulas like Pedialyte or any form of hydration that has balanced electrolytes, which can be helpful when you’re sick. These formulas help fluids and important electrolytes stay in your body longer. If you or your child are having trouble keeping fluids down or showing signs of dehydration, you might need to go to the hospital for IV fluids. […] Certain types of infections may require antibiotics. Your healthcare provider will work to determine if you have one of these types. Most of the time, antibiotics aren’t necessary. In some situations, antibiotics can even make food poisoning worse. […] Healthcare providers don’t typically prescribe antidiarrheal medications for food poisoning because they can prolong the illness. But you may be able to relieve some of your symptoms with over-the-counter (OTC) bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto Bismol).

• #1 Insecticide poisoning: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002832.htm

  Treatment may include: Fluids by IV (through a vein), Medicines to counteract the poisonous effects, such as atropine, Medicines to support the blood pressure or heart rate, Medicine to treat symptoms, Tube through the mouth into the stomach to empty the stomach (gastric lavage), Washing of the skin (irrigation), perhaps every few hours for several days, Surgery to remove burned skin, Breathing support, including tube through the mouth into the lungs and connected to a breathing machine (ventilator). […] How well someone does depends on how severe the poisoning is and how quickly treatment is received. The faster medical help is given, the better the chance for recovery. Swallowing these poisons can have severe effects on many parts of the body.

• #1 First Aid in Case of Pesticide Exposure | US EPA

  https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-incidents/first-aid-case-pesticide-exposure

  If someone has swallowed or inhaled a pesticide or gotten it in the eyes or on the skin: […] Call the Poison Control Center at (800) 222-1222 for help with first aid information. […] EPA’s publication, Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisoning provides information about symptoms caused by poisoning with specific pesticides and treatment information. […] Induce vomiting ONLY if emergency personnel on the phone or the product label tells you to do so. […] Eye membranes absorb pesticides faster than any other external part of the body; eye damage can occur in a few minutes with some types of pesticides. […] If poison splashes into an eye, hold the eyelid open and wash quickly and gently with clean running water from the tap or a gentle stream from a hose for at least 15 minutes.

• #1 Recovery & Support for Poisoning in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/poisoning-in-children/support

  The doctors at Hassenfeld Childrens Hospital at NYU Langone provide children with ongoing support throughout recovery from poisoning. This includes monitoring in the hospital for changes in heart rhythm and difficulty breathing. Any changes in vital signs may necessitate additional treatments. […] After treatment for poisoning, our doctors may recommend that you follow up with your childs healthcare professional, who typically checks your childs vital signs, performs a physical examination, and provides advice for preventing poisonings at home and elsewhere.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/poisoning/

  If you suspect that someone has taken an overdose or has been poisoned, do not try to treat them yourself. Get medical help immediately. […] In serious cases, it may be necessary for the person to stay in hospital for treatment. Most people admitted to hospital because of poisoning will survive.

• #1 Blood Poisoning: Symptoms, Signs, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/blood-poisoning

  Once youre diagnosed with blood poisoning, youll likely receive treatment as an inpatient at a hospital. […] If sepsis is severe enough to cause multi-organ dysfunction, that patient may need to be mechanically ventilated, or they may even need dialysis temporarily if their kidneys have failed. […] The more closely you follow your doctors treatment plan, the greater your chance of a full recovery. Early and aggressive treatment in a hospital intensive care unit increases the chances youll survive sepsis. […] If you survive severe sepsis, however, youre at risk of developing serious complications.

• #1 Poisoning – Treatment | Health Information from Mediclinic Pharmacy

  https://mediclinicpharmacy.com/nhs_conditions_poisoning_treatment

  Medical staff will need to take a detailed history to effectively treat a person who’s been poisoned. […] Possible treatments that can be used to treat poisoning include: activated charcoal sometimes used to treat someone who’s been poisoned; the charcoal binds to the poison and stops it being further absorbed into the blood, antidotes these are substances that either prevent the poison from working or reverse its effects, sedatives may be given if the person is agitated, a ventilator (breathing machine) may be used if the person stops breathing, anti-epileptic medicine may be used if the person has seizures (fits). […] Investigations may include blood tests and an electrocardiogram (ECG). […] For more information about treating specific types of poisoning see: treating food poisoning, treating alcohol poisoning, treating carbon monoxide poisoning. […] If you or someone you know has poisoned themselves as an act of deliberate self-harm or an attempt at suicide, psychiatric help may be necessary.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/poisoning/

  If you suspect that someone has taken an overdose or has been poisoned, do not try to treat them yourself. Get medical help immediately. […] In serious cases, it may be necessary for the person to stay in hospital for treatment. Most people admitted to hospital because of poisoning will survive.

• #2 Poisoning: First aid

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-poisoning/basics/art-20056657

  Poisoning is injury or death due to swallowing, inhaling, touching or injecting various drugs, chemicals, venoms or gases. […] How you treat someone who may have been poisoned depends on: The person’s symptoms. The person’s age. Whether you know the type and amount of the substance that caused poisoning. […] If you suspect poisoning, be alert for clues such as empty pill bottles or packages, scattered pills, and burns, stains and odors on the person or nearby objects. […] Take the following actions until help arrives: Swallowed poison. Remove anything remaining in the person’s mouth. If the suspected poison is a household cleaner or other chemical, read the container’s label and follow instructions for accidental poisoning. Poison on the skin. Remove any contaminated clothing using gloves. Rinse the skin for 15 to 20 minutes in a shower or with a hose. Poison in the eye. Gently flush the eye with cool or lukewarm water for 20 minutes or until help arrives.

• #2 Treatment for Pesticide Poisoning – Hesperian Health Guides

  https://en.hesperian.org/hhg/A_Community_Guide_to_Environmental_Health:Treatment_for_Pesticide_Poisoning

  Treatment for Pesticide Poisoning […] Like other toxic chemicals, pesticides can poison people in different ways: through the skin and eyes, through the mouth (by swallowing), or through the air (by breathing). Each kind of poisoning needs a different kind of treatment. […] When pesticides get on the skin […] If you or someone else gets pesticides on the body: […] Quickly remove any clothing the pesticides spilled onto. […] Wash the pesticides off the skin as soon as possible with soap and cool water. […] If it got into the eye, rinse the eye with clean water for 15 minutes. […] If the skin is burned from pesticides: […] Rinse well with cool water. […] Do not remove anything stuck to the burn. […] Do not apply lotions, fats, or butter. […] Do not break blisters. […] Do not remove loose skin.

• #2 Poisoning – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/poisoning/

  Do not delay empiric antidotal treatment if cyanide poisoning is suspected. […] Administer antidote for cyanide poisoning as soon as it is indicated. […] Hydroxocobalamin is the first-line antidote for cyanide poisoning. […] Sodium thiosulfate is a second-line antidote for cyanide poisoning; often combined with nitrites. […] Call the local Poison Control Center: In the US, the Poison Help line is 1-800-222-1222. […] Provide supportive care in the poisoned patient. […] Perform GI decontamination (e.g., with single-dose AC). […] Administer benzodiazepines for agitation if indicated.

• #2 Poison – Poisoning Symptoms and Treatment | familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/poisoning/

  Poisoning treatment Treatment depends on the person and the type of poisoning. In this situation, try your best to stay calm. The first step is to get away from or remove the poison if you can. If the poison is in the air, move to a safe place with fresh air. If the poison is on the skin, rinse it off with water and remove nearby clothing. If the person swallowed the poison, do not try to induce vomiting. This approach is no longer recommended. […] If the poisoned person is awake and alert, call the poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. You should have this number stored in your house and phone. Stay on the phone with the operator and follow all instructions. Try to have the following information ready: […] Call 911 if the poisoned person is unconscious or not breathing. The medical team will provide additional treatment. They can use methods to get rid of the poison before it causes more harm. Some types of poison have antidotes. These work by reversing the poison’s effects and curing it. Treatment also includes measures to relieve symptoms.

• #2 Overview of Poisoning – Injuries and Poisoning – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/poisoning/overview-of-poisoning

  Some people who have been poisoned must be hospitalized. With prompt medical care, most recover fully. […] The principles for the treatment of all poisonings are the same: Support vital functions such as breathing, blood pressure, body temperature, and heart rate; Prevent additional absorption; Increase elimination of the poison; Give specific antidotes (substances that eliminate, inactivate, or counteract the effects of the poison), if available; Prevent reexposure. […] The usual goal of hospital treatment is to keep people medically stable and alive until the poison disappears or is inactivated by the body. Eventually, most poisons are inactivated by the liver or are passed into the urine. […] Poisoning often requires treatment, called supportive care, to stabilize the heart, blood pressure, and breathing until the poison disappears or is inactivated.

• #2 Poisoning Treatment: First Aid Information for Poisoning

  https://www.webmd.com/first-aid/poisoning-treatment

  Call 911 if the person: […] Poisoning in children is serious. Get emergency help immediately if you think a child has taken poison and theyre acting differently or you have any other concerns. […] Call the poison control center at 800-222-1222 if the person has done any of these things and is alert: […] Follow the instructions of emergency personnel or poison control.

• #2 Management of Poisonings and Intoxications

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10564369/

  Poisoning occurs after exposure to any of a number of substances, including medicines, which can result in severe toxicity including death. The nephrologist may be involved in poisonings that cause kidney disease and for targeted treatments. The overall approach to the poisoned patient involves the initial acute resuscitation and performing a risk assessment, whereby the exposure is considered in terms of the anticipated severity and in the context of the patient’s status and treatments that may be required. […] Time-critical interventions such as gastrointestinal decontamination (e.g., activated charcoal) and antidotes are administered when indicated. The nephrologist is usually involved when elimination enhancement techniques are required, such as urine alkalinization or extracorporeal treatments. There is increasing data to guide decision making for the use of extracorporeal treatments in the poisoned patient.

• #2 Common Causes of Poisoning: Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3813891/

  Treatments that lower absorption or enhance elimination are only rarely indicated; the same is true of pre-hospital treatment with antidote (i.e., at the site of poisoning). […] The administration of milk to poisoning victims is hardly ever useful, despite a persistent traditional notion to this effect. […] Gastric lavage (stomach pumping) and provoked vomiting, once common measures for lowering the absorption of ingested poisons, have been largely abandoned in favor of the administration of activated charcoal in aqueous suspension. […] The putative clinical benefit of gastric lavage has never been unequivocally demonstrated; on the other hand, the severe complications that have been observed in controlled trials include aspiration, hypoxia, pneumonia, perforation, and laryngospasm. […] Now as in the past, the administration of an effective antidote is considered the ideal treatment of poisoning. Well-tolerated antidotes can be used safely and with ease: e.g., acetylcysteine for paracetamol intoxications, dimethicone for surfactant ingestions, and fomepizole for poisoning with methanol or glycols. […] The ongoing collection of data by poison information centers is useful for the refinement of surveillance measures and also serves as a point of departure for research projects whose findings can be incorporated into future treatment recommendations.

• #2 Treatment for Poisoning in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/poisoning-in-children/treatments/treatment-for-poisoning-in-children

  NYU Langone doctors administer an antidote when a child has certain symptoms or when the toxin can be accurately identified. […] Some children with difficulties breathing may require a transfer to another hospital for treatment with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. This treatment delivers oxygen under high pressure to quickly reduce carbon monoxide levels in the blood. […] Syrup of ipecac is a plant extract that causes regurgitation and vomiting. In the past it was used to treat poisoned people. Our doctors no longer consider it an effective treatment for children with poisoning.

• #2 General Treatment of Poisoning – Special Pet Topics – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/special-pet-topics/poisoning/general-treatment-of-poisoning

  Immediate, life-saving measures may be needed initially. Beyond this, treatment consists of preventing further absorption of the poison, providing supportive treatment, and administering specific antidotes, if available. […] Supportive treatment is often necessary until the poison can be metabolized and eliminated. The type of support required depends on the animals condition and may include controlling seizures, maintaining breathing, treating shock, controlling heart problems (for example, irregular heart beats), and treating pain. […] In some cases, there is a known antidote for a specific poison.

• #2 Overview of Poisoning – Injuries and Poisoning – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/poisoning/overview-of-poisoning

  Treatment also may be needed to control seizures, fever, or vomiting. […] If a poison remains life threatening despite the use of activated charcoal and antidotes, more complicated treatments that remove the poison may be needed. […] The most common treatments are hemodialysis and charcoal hemoperfusion. […] In hemodialysis, an artificial kidney (dialyzer) is used to filter the poisons directly from the bloodstream. […] Although most poisons, drugs, and medications do not have specific antidotes (unlike the popular perception from TV and movies), some do. […] Not everyone who has been exposed to a poison requires its antidote. Many people recover on their own. But with severe poisoning, antidotes can be lifesaving.

• #2 Treatment of Ethylene Glycol Poisoning | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0901/p807.html

  Ingestion of ethylene glycol may be an important poisoning contributor in patients with metabolic acidosis of unknown cause and subsequent renal failure. Expeditious diagnosis and treatment will limit metabolic toxicity and decrease morbidity and mortality. Ethylene glycol poisoning should be suspected in an intoxicated patient with anion gap acidosis, hypocalcemia, urinary crystals, and nontoxic blood alcohol concentration. Fomepizole is a newer agent with a specific indication for the treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning. Metabolic acidosis is resolved within three hours of initiating therapy. Initiation of fomepizole therapy before the serum creatinine concentration rises can minimize renal impairment. […] Traditional treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning consists of sodium bicarbonate, ethanol, and hemodialysis. Fomepizole is a new agent with a specific indication by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning. Ethanol and fomepizole are thought to act as inhibitors of alcohol dehydrogenase and therefore prevent the formation of acidic ethylene glycol metabolites, but only fomepizole has demonstrated this ability.

• #2 Insecticide Poisoning – Injuries and Poisoning – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/poisoning/insecticide-poisoning

  Several medications are effective in treating serious insecticide poisonings. […] Atropine, given by vein, can relieve most of the symptoms of organophosphate poisoning. Pralidoxime, given by vein, can speed up recovery of nerve function, eliminating the cause of the symptoms. Symptoms of carbamate poisoning also are relieved by atropine but usually not by pralidoxime. Symptoms of pyrethrin poisoning resolve without treatment. […] Doctors monitor people for respiratory failure and give atropine and other treatments to maintain their breathing and heart function.

• #2 Salicylate (aspirin) poisoning: Management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/salicylate-aspirin-poisoning-management

  Salicylate (aspirin) poisoning: Management […] This topic will discuss the management of salicylate overdose and toxicity in children and adults. A rapid overview table to facilitate emergency management is provided (table 1). The clinical manifestations and evaluation of salicylate poisoning are discussed separately. […] General management of the poisoned patient and adverse effects of aspirin in therapeutic dosing are discussed separately: […] – ABCs and supportive care […] – Gastrointestinal decontamination […] – Frequent laboratory monitoring […] – Consultation with specialists […] Therapies in selected patients: […] – Moderate or severe toxicity […] – Fluid and electrolyte repletion […] – Supplemental glucose […] – Multiple-dose activated charcoal […] – Serum and urine alkalinization

• #2 Paraquat Poisoning: Survival after Oral Ingestion

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jfmdp/journal-of-family-medicine-and-disease-prevention-jfmdp-5-107.php?jid=jfmdp

  Prevention of absorption from the GI tract should be considered as an intervention in patients who present soon after ingestion and include treatment with cathartics, activated charcoal, diatomaceous earths, and gastric lavage. […] Removal of paraquat from the blood can be performed through Hemoperfusion (HP), Hemodialysis (HD) and Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration (CVVH). […] Other strategies have been developed for management of acute paraquat toxicity including immunosuppression and antioxidant therapy. […] While there is a paucity of evidence for effective treatment of paraquat toxicity, early treatment to induce vomiting or with gastric lavage, charcoal, and diatomaceous earths may be helpful by reducing absorption. Once absorbed, hemoperfusion, hemodialysis and CVVH may be useful at lowering blood levels of paraquat. Alternative therapies that could be considered in treatment of paraquat poisoning include immunosuppressant and antioxidant therapies. […] Knowing about the clinical presentation, evaluation, and treatment options for paraquat poisoning is important to reduce morbidity and mortality in these cases.

• #2 Poisoning: Signs, Symptoms, and First Aid Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/poisoning-5217912

  Antibiotics are medications that stop or kill the growth of bacteria. Your healthcare provider may prescribe antibiotics for some types of bacterial food poisoning. […] If you experience CO poisoning, you may be asked to breathe in pure oxygen through a mask placed over your nose and mouth. If you can’t breathe on your own, a machine (ventilator) may do the breathing for you. […] In severe cases of CO poisoning, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) may be used. This therapy involves breathing pure oxygen in a chamber with air pressure 2 to 3 times higher than normal. In doing so, it speeds the replacement of carbon monoxide with oxygen in your blood. […] While poison prevention can prevent long-term health effects or be lifesaving, several treatments are available to counteract the type of poisoning a person may have. These range from administering different medications to inhaling pure oxygen.

• #2 Lead poisoning – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning

  Treatment of lead poisoning includes removal from the source of lead and the use of medications that bind lead so it can be eliminated from the body, known as chelation therapy. […] The major treatments are removal of the source of lead and the use of medications that bind lead so it can be eliminated from the body, known as chelation therapy. […] Chelation therapy in children is recommended when blood levels are greater than 40-45 µg/dL. […] The mainstays of treatment are removal from the source of lead and, for people who have significantly high blood lead levels or who have symptoms of poisoning, chelation therapy. […] Treatment of iron, calcium, and zinc deficiencies, which are associated with increased lead absorption, is another part of treatment for lead poisoning. […] The chelating agents used for treatment of lead poisoning are edetate disodium calcium (CaNa2EDTA), dimercaprol (BAL), which are injected, and succimer and d-penicillamine, which are administered orally.

• #2 Aspirin poisoning: quick treatment tips | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/centers-programs/poison-control-center/aspirin-poisoning-quick-treatment-tips

  Aspirin can be deadly in overdose! Healthcare providers are encouraged to attend to aspirin poisoning cases with the same diligence afforded to cases of sepsis or other life-threatening diseases. Aspirin poisoning is best cared for by clinicians with appropriate knowledge and experience in treating critical drug poisoning. […] Aspirin poisoning often leads to dehydration: administer intravenous fluids as necessary to restore and maintain intravascular volume. […] Aspirin may lead to hypoglycemia and/or low CNS glucose availability: monitor blood glucose concentrations and administer dextrose as warranted. […] Hemodialysis can remove aspirin from the bloodstream and correct fluid, electrolyte, and pH balance. It can be life-saving!

• #2 Treatment of Ethylene Glycol Poisoning | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0901/p807.html

  Fomepizole treatment should be initiated immediately when ethylene glycol poisoning is suspected. Within three hours of initiating therapy with fomepizole, inhibition of metabolite production and resolution of acidosis occurs, and the anion gap is normalized within four hours. If fomepizole therapy is begun before a rise in the serum creatinine concentration, damage to the kidney can be avoided. […] Hemodialysis is effective in removing ethylene glycol and glycolic acid, and correcting the metabolic acidosis. Current indications for initiating hemodialysis are shown in Table 5. A serum ethylene glycol concentration greater than 50 mg per dL (8 mmol per L) by itself is no longer considered a criterion for hemodialysis. In the absence of renal dysfunction and significant metabolic acidosis, the use of fomepizole should eliminate the need for hemodialysis in patients with high serum ethylene glycol concentrations; in these patients, frequent monitoring of acid-base balance is necessary. […] Administration of intravenous sodium bicarbonate will correct the metabolic acidosis, increase the elimination of renal glycolic acid, and inhibit the precipitation of calcium oxalate crystals, although the latter benefit has not been proved in clinical trials.

• #2 Food Poisoning Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Diet, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/175569-treatment

  ORS also is indicated in other dehydrating diarrheal diseases. […] Intravenous solutions are indicated in patients who are severely dehydrated or who have intractable vomiting. […] If symptoms persist beyond 3-4 days, the specific etiology should be determined by performing stool cultures. If symptoms persist and the pathogen is isolated, specific treatment should be initiated. […] Empiric treatment should be initiated in patients with suspected traveler’s diarrhea or dysenteric or systemic symptoms. Treatment with an agent that covers Shigella and Campylobacter organisms is reasonable in patients with diarrhea (4 stools/d) for more than 3 days and with fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, headache, or myalgias. A 5-day course of a fluoroquinolone (eg, ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO bid, norfloxacin 400 mg PO bid) is the first-line therapy.

• #2 First Aid in Case of Pesticide Exposure | US EPA

  https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-incidents/first-aid-case-pesticide-exposure

  If pesticide splashes on the skin, drench area with water and remove contaminated clothing. […] If you think you need protection such as a respirator and one is not available to you, call the Fire Department and wait for emergency equipment before entering the area. […] If the victim’s skin is blue or the victim has stopped breathing, give artificial respiration (if you know how) and call rescue service for help.

• #2 Food Poisoning Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Diet, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/175569-treatment

  In the absence of dysentery, do not administer antibiotics until a microbiologic diagnosis is confirmed and E coli O157:H7 is ruled out. […] During episodes of acute diarrhea, patients often develop an acquired disaccharidase deficiency due to washout of the brush-border enzymes. For this reason, avoiding milk, dairy products, and other lactose-containing foods is advisable. […] The best way to prevent food poisoning caused by infectious agents is to practice strict personal hygiene, cook all foods adequately, avoid cross-contamination of raw and cooked foods, and keep all foods at appropriate temperatures (ie, 40F for refrigerated items and 140F for hot items). […] Local health authorities should be notified if an outbreak of food poisoning occurs. This leads to appropriate actions to prevent further spread of food poisoning.

• #3 Treatment for Pesticide Poisoning – Hesperian Health Guides

  https://en.hesperian.org/hhg/A_Community_Guide_to_Environmental_Health:Treatment_for_Pesticide_Poisoning

  IMPORTANT! Do NOT give these drugs for pesticide poisoning: Sleeping pills (sedatives), morphine, barbiturates, phenothiazines, aminophylline, or any drugs that slow or lessen breathing. They can make the person stop breathing completely. […] When pesticides are breathed in […] If you or someone else breathes in pesticides: […] Get the person away from the area where she breathed in the poison, especially if it is an enclosed area. […] Get fresh air. […] Loosen clothing to make breathing easier. […] Sit with head and shoulders raised. […] If the person is unconscious, lay her on her side and watch her to make sure there is nothing blocking her breathing. […] If the person is not breathing, quickly do mouth-to-mouth breathing. […] Seek medical help. Take the pesticide label or name of the pesticide with you.

• #3 Acute Poisoning (Types and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/acute-poisoning-general-measures

  Poisoning management […] See specific management dependent on drug(s) involved (contact poisons centre or Toxbase for current specific advice). […] Decontamination if appropriate […] Single-dose activated charcoal is the preferred method of decontamination in many cases. […] Gastric emptying is contra-indicated if the airway is unprotected or an overdose of corrosives or hydrocarbons has been taken. […] Whole bowel irrigation is also useful in cases where poisoning is due to substances which would not be absorbed by activated charcoal. […] Multiple doses of activated charcoal – interrupts enterohepatic or enteroenteric recirculation. […] Haemodialysis – severe salicylate, ethylene glycol, methanol, lithium, phenobarbital and chlorate poisonings. […] Specific antidote […] See individual articles for relevant antidotes and antagonists.

• #3 Poison Exposure: Signs, Symptoms, and First Aid | Red Cross

  https://www.redcross.org/take-a-class/resources/learn-first-aid/poison-exposure?srsltid=AfmBOootFg_KUiVQJCprc8XEfh0XpAcojGEJmlkS_b29Rc2kpvpViCC5

  Remove person from the source of the poison, if possible, without endangering yourself. […] Call the National Poison Help Hotline: 1-800-222-1222 if they are alert and responsive; give care as advised. […] Inducing vomiting often causes additional harm and is not recommended. Sometimes the person may vomit on their own, but never give the person anything to make them vomit unless specifically instructed to do so by the poison center staff member.

• #3

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/poisoning/treatment/

  Medical staff will need to take a detailed history to effectively treat a person who’s been poisoned. […] Some people who have swallowed a poisonous substance or overdosed on medicine will be admitted to hospital for examination and treatment. […] Possible treatments that can be used to treat poisoning include: activated charcoal sometimes used to treat someone who’s been poisoned; the charcoal binds to the poison and stops it being further absorbed into the blood, antidotes these are substances that either prevent the poison from working or reverse its effects, sedatives may be given if the person is agitated, a ventilator (breathing machine) may be used if the person stops breathing, anti-epileptic medicine may be used if the person has seizures (fits). […] Investigations may include blood tests and an electrocardiogram (ECG).

• #3 Food Poisoning Remedies: Treatment & Medication

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/remedies-for-food-poisoning

  If your food poisoning is caused by bacteria or parasites, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics, medicines that target parasites (antiparasitics), or anti-vomiting medicines (antiemetics). […] You usually won’t need an antibiotic unless you are very sick or have a high risk of complications, such as blood clots in your kidneys, meningitis, or sepsis. Some antibiotics that your doctor may prescribe (if you’re really sick with an E. coli infection) include: Azithromycin (Zithromax, Zmax), Ciprofloxacin (Cipro), Rifamycin (Aemcolo), Rifaximin (Xifaxan). […] If your food poisoning is caused by a parasite, your doctor may prescribe you an antiparasitic medicine, such as: Metronidazole, tinidazole, furazolidone, or albendazole (for giardia infections), Sulfadiazine plus pyrimethamine, sulfonamides, sulfamethazine, or sulfamerazine (for toxoplasma infections). […] Some medicines your doctor may prescribe to control serious vomiting, include: Chlorpromazine (Thorazien), Metoclopramide (Reglan and Metozolv).

• #3 Management of Poisonings and Intoxications

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10564369/

  In conclusion, general supportive care is sufficient to manage most poisoned patients. Some patients are treated with decontamination, antidotes, and corporeal methods for enhanced elimination. In a smaller selection of cases, extracorporeal blood purification, usually consisting of HD, can help reduce the exposure of a patient to the toxic effects of a poison, which decreases the duration and/or severity of poisoning. An understanding of poison toxicokinetics can help a clinician discern what are the timely conditions and circumstances when extracorporeal treatments are most likely to be beneficial.

• #3 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Information & Treatment

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/health-library/condition/carbon-monoxide-poisoning/

  Carbon monoxide poisoning happens when you breathe too much carbon monoxide. […] The best treatment is oxygen therapy. Breathing pure oxygen can bring the oxygen level in the blood back to normal. There are two kinds of oxygen therapy: […] With quick treatment, most people recover within a few days. But long-term problems can show up later. Be sure to tell your doctor about any changes in vision, coordination, or behavior that occur in the weeks after treatment.

• #3 Lead poisoning – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning

  Chelation therapy is used in cases of acute lead poisoning, severe poisoning, and encephalopathy, and is considered for people with blood lead levels above 25 µg/dL. […] While the use of chelation for people with symptoms of lead poisoning is widely supported, use in asymptomatic people with high blood lead levels is more controversial. […] Chelation therapy is of limited value for cases of chronic exposure to low levels of lead. […] Chelation therapy is usually stopped when symptoms resolve or when blood lead levels return to premorbid levels.

• #3 Aspirin Poisoning – Injuries and Poisoning – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/poisoning/aspirin-poisoning

  Aspirin poisoning can occur rapidly after taking a single high dose or develop gradually after taking lower doses for a long time. […] Treatment involves giving activated charcoal by mouth or stomach tube, giving fluids and bicarbonate by vein, and, for severe poisoning, undergoing hemodialysis. […] Activated charcoal is given as soon as possible and reduces aspirin absorption. For moderate or severe poisoning, fluids containing sodium bicarbonate are given by vein. […] If the person’s condition is worsening despite other treatments, hemodialysis (which uses an artificial kidney [dialyzer] to filter the poisons) can remove aspirin, other salicylates, and acids from the blood.

• #3 Food Poisoning Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Diet, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/175569-treatment

  In the absence of dysentery, do not administer antibiotics until a microbiologic diagnosis is confirmed and E coli O157:H7 is ruled out. […] During episodes of acute diarrhea, patients often develop an acquired disaccharidase deficiency due to washout of the brush-border enzymes. For this reason, avoiding milk, dairy products, and other lactose-containing foods is advisable. […] The best way to prevent food poisoning caused by infectious agents is to practice strict personal hygiene, cook all foods adequately, avoid cross-contamination of raw and cooked foods, and keep all foods at appropriate temperatures (ie, 40F for refrigerated items and 140F for hot items). […] Local health authorities should be notified if an outbreak of food poisoning occurs. This leads to appropriate actions to prevent further spread of food poisoning.

• #3 Treatment for Pesticide Poisoning – Hesperian Health Guides

  https://en.hesperian.org/hhg/A_Community_Guide_to_Environmental_Health:Treatment_for_Pesticide_Poisoning

  1 raw egg white or […] a glass of cows milk. […] Drinking milk does NOT prevent pesticide poisoning. It just slows the spread of the poison. […] If someone swallowed pesticides and does not have sharp stomach pain, they can take sorbitol or magnesium hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia). These medicines cause diarrhea, which can help to get poisons out of the body. […] When to use atropine […] Atropine is a medicine for treating poisoning from certain pesticides called organophosphates and carbamates. If the label on the pesticide container says to use atropine, or if it says the pesticide is a cholinesterase inhibitor, use atropine as directed. If the label does not say to use atropine, do not use it. […] Atropine is used only for organophosphate or carbamate poisoning. […] Atropine does NOT prevent pesticide poisoning. It only delays the effects of poisoning. Atropine should never be taken before spraying.

• #4 Lead Poisoning: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/lead-poisoning-pro

  Lead poisoning treatment and management requires immediate treatment in hospital for acute poisoning, especially with encephalopathy. Chelation therapy is recommended if blood lead level is 45 g/dL or higher. For blood levels between 20 and 45 g/dL, treatment is indicated if the child is symptomatic. Asymptomatic children with blood levels below 20 g/dL require long-term neurodevelopmental follow-up, and counselling is required. In all cases, immediate removal of the source of lead exposure is essential. […] Severe lead poisoning (levels 60 g/dL) due to acute ingestion may require airway maintenance, management of coma and seizures, intravenous (IV) drip of normal saline, and orogastric or nasogastric catheter and irrigation. […] Parenteral chelators such as calcium disodium edetate given intramuscularly (IM) or IV are used. There is a growing trend to administer it by slow IV drip. […] Oral chelation therapy is an option sometimes used for mild-to-moderate poisoning. Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA, or succimer) is an alternative oral agent. […] Chelation therapy should be withdrawn gradually to avoid the metal leaking out of the bones and causing a rebound rise in blood levels.

• #4 Salicylates poisoning

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Salicylates_Posioning/

  The symptoms of acute salicylate poisoning may be minimal initially with severe toxicity not evident until 6-12 hours. […] In moderate to severe salicylate poisoning, consider decontamination (activated charcoal) and the early enhancement of elimination (urinary alkalisation with or without haemodialysis). […] For 24 hour advice, contact the Victorian Poisons Information Centre on 13 11 26. […] Acute ingestion 150 mg/kg. […] All symptomatic patients. […] Ingestion of unknown quantity. […] Activated charcoal 1 g/kg. May be indicated in massive overdose, ideally within 1 hour of ingestion. Discuss with toxicology (13 11 26) before use as risks are associated with administration. […] Correction of metabolic acidosis is critical to limit CNS penetration. […] Haemodialysis should be considered early in moderate to severe salicylate poisoning as urinary alkalisation can be difficult to achieve and may not be effective. […] Observe for 6 hours and if remains asymptomatic, normal acid base status and concentration is within therapeutic range, discharge. […] Refer patients to an ICU capable of haemodialysis if symptomatic and history of ingestion of 300 mg/kg and/or meeting haemodialysis criteria.

• #4 Food poisoning: Treatment, symptoms, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/154555

  Gastroenteritis and food poisoning usually resolve without any medical intervention. Treatment focuses on reducing the symptoms and preventing complications, especially dehydration. […] The main treatment and prevention strategy for food poisoning is to rest and replace lost fluids and electrolytes by: drinking plenty of liquids, preferably with rehydration salts to replace lost electrolytes see below, ensuring fluid intake even if vomiting persists by sipping small amounts of water or allowing ice cubes to melt in the mouth, gradually starting to eat again. […] To help avoid the dangerous and potentially fatal effects of dehydration from diarrhea, a person can drink oral rehydration salts (ORS). […] Research shows that using ORS prevented more than 50 million deaths from diarrhea worldwide between 2007 and 2018.

• #4 Insecticide poisoning Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/poison/insecticide-poisoning

  Treatment may include: […] Medicines to counteract the poisonous effects, such as atropine […] Medicine to treat symptoms […] Tube through the mouth into the stomach to empty the stomach (gastric lavage) […] Washing of the skin (irrigation), perhaps every few hours for several days […] Breathing support, including tube through the mouth into the lungs and connected to a breathing machine (ventilator). […] How well someone does depends on how severe the poisoning is and how quickly treatment is received. The faster medical help is given, the better the chance for recovery. […] Although the symptoms are the same for carbamate and organophosphate poisoning, it is harder to recover after organophosphate poisoning.

• #5 Food poisoning: Treatment, symptoms, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/154555

  A person can replace salt, glucose, and minerals lost through dehydration through sachets of oral rehydration salts available from pharmacies and online. […] Drugs are available to help reduce the main symptoms of gastroenteritis, which are diarrhea and vomiting: antidiarrheal medication, such as loperamide (Imodium, Imotil) and bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto Bismol), antiemetic (antisickness) medication, such as chlorpromazine (Thorazine) and metoclopramide (Reglan, Metozolv), antiparasitic medications, such as metronidazole (Flagyl) or ivermectin (Stromectol). […] Probiotics (live good bacteria and yeasts) may also be helpful in treating gastroenteritis, according to some newer research. […] Treatment for food poisoning involves getting plenty of rest and drinking lots of fluids. Using oral rehydration salts can help prevent dehydration if a person is experiencing vomiting and diarrhea.

• #6 Food Poisoning Remedies: Treatment & Medication

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/remedies-for-food-poisoning

  If your food poisoning is caused by bacteria or parasites, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics, medicines that target parasites (antiparasitics), or anti-vomiting medicines (antiemetics). […] You usually won’t need an antibiotic unless you are very sick or have a high risk of complications, such as blood clots in your kidneys, meningitis, or sepsis. Some antibiotics that your doctor may prescribe (if you’re really sick with an E. coli infection) include: Azithromycin (Zithromax, Zmax), Ciprofloxacin (Cipro), Rifamycin (Aemcolo), Rifaximin (Xifaxan). […] If your food poisoning is caused by a parasite, your doctor may prescribe you an antiparasitic medicine, such as: Metronidazole, tinidazole, furazolidone, or albendazole (for giardia infections), Sulfadiazine plus pyrimethamine, sulfonamides, sulfamethazine, or sulfamerazine (for toxoplasma infections). […] Some medicines your doctor may prescribe to control serious vomiting, include: Chlorpromazine (Thorazien), Metoclopramide (Reglan and Metozolv).

Zobacz więcej