Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and associated cost of acute poisoning: a retrospective study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11089918/

  Poisoning is a major public health issue and a leading cause of admission to the emergency department (ED). There is a paucity of data describing the epidemiology and cost of acute poisoning. Therefore, this study investigated the epidemiology, patterns, and associated costs of acute poisoning in emergency department of the largest tertiary care healthcare centre in Qatar. […] Acute poisoning is an important public health concern and a leading cause of admission to emergency departments worldwide. […] Epidemiological data suggest that an estimated 45,000 deaths due to poisoning occur annually among children and adolescents aged 20 years (1.8 per 100,000 population). […] A prospective observational study from Qatar exploring the clinical characteristics and determinants of poison cases admitted to the emergency department reported an incidence of 35.3/100,000 patients and a case-mortality rate of 0.39/1000.

• #2 Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and associated cost of acute poisoning: a retrospective study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11089918/

  This retrospective review describes the epidemiology, clinical outcomes, patterns, and associated costs of poisoning among patients admitted to the ED with HMC over five-year period. ED admissions in Qatar are high; the incidence of ED encounters for acute poisoning is 178 per 100,000 patients. Unintentional or accidental poisoning due to medication misuse is the most common type of poisoning reported in infants and children. Oral ingestion of pharmaceutical agents (64.2%) was the most common cause of acute poisoning. […] Achieving better performance in public healthcare systems requires an effective strategic alignment. HMC toxicology management protocols are designed to achieve optimum management and reduce overall healthcare costs. This is the first attempt to analyse the economic consequences of poisoned patients admitted to Qatar.

• #3 Poison Epidemiology | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/environmental-surveillance-toxicology/poison-epidemiology

  Our goal is to identify and prevent poisonings in Texas. A poison is anything that can harm your body if you eat, drink, breathe, inject, or touch too much of it. […] We track poisonings reported in Texas by: […] Working with the Texas Poison Center Network (TPCN) […] Investigating clusters of poisonous exposures and related illnesses […] Monitoring controlled substance overdose surveillance data.

• #4 Investigating the Unintentional Poisoning Epidemiology in Prehospital Emergency Center in Qaemshahr City Iran – Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly – فصلنامه سلامت در حوادث و بلایا

  https://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=390&slc_lang=en&sid=1&ftxt=1&html=1

  Poisoning is one of the common medical emergencies that cause death. Poisoning is a state following the entry of poison into the human body, occurring because of deliberate or accidental contact with harmful medicinal and chemical substances. Unintentional poisoning is one of the main types of poisoning that can be caused by a person unintentionally and in different ways, namely accidentally, occupationally, or via abuse or overdose. […] Statistics show a significant increase in unintentional poisonings worldwide. Deaths because of unintentional poisoning in the United States have increased significantly. According to the latest statistics from the American Association of Poison Control Center (AAPCC), about 78% of poisoning cases (that is, more than two million people) were related to unintentional poisoning. Unintentional poisoning is the fourth cause of death in terms of unintentional accidents in the age group of 15 to 29 years worldwide. According to the latest report by the World Health Organization, 346,000 deaths occurred because of unintentional poisoning, and 91% of these deaths occurred in low-income countries. Unintentional poisoning has caused the loss of more than 10.7 million years of healthy life.

• #5 Poison Statistics National Data 2023 | Poison Control

  https://www.poison.org/poison-statistics-national

  In 2023, the 55 US poison control centers (Poison Control) provided telephone guidance for nearly 2.1 million human poison exposures. […] In 2023, across all ages, there were 623 poison exposures reported per 100,000 population. […] In 2023, children and teens comprised 56% of all human exposures, followed by adults ages 20-69 years (33%). Older adults (70 years and older) comprised 5% of all human exposures reported to poison control. […] Across all ages, 77.2% of poison exposures reported to US poison centers in 2023 were unintentional, 18.4% were intentional, and 2.5% were adverse reactions. […] In 2023, pain medications (analgesics) continued to lead the list of the most common substances implicated in adult poison exposures. […] Between 2019 and 2024, pain medications were the most frequent causes of pediatric fatalities reported to Poison Control, followed by fumes, gases, and vapors such as carbon monoxide.

• #6 Poison Statistics National Data 2023 | Poison Control

  https://www.poison.org/poison-statistics-national

  In 2023, the 55 US poison control centers (Poison Control) provided telephone guidance for nearly 2.1 million human poison exposures. […] In 2023, across all ages, there were 623 poison exposures reported per 100,000 population. […] In 2023, children and teens comprised 56% of all human exposures, followed by adults ages 20-69 years (33%). Older adults (70 years and older) comprised 5% of all human exposures reported to poison control. […] Across all ages, 77.2% of poison exposures reported to US poison centers in 2023 were unintentional, 18.4% were intentional, and 2.5% were adverse reactions. […] In 2023, pain medications (analgesics) continued to lead the list of the most common substances implicated in adult poison exposures. […] Between 2019 and 2024, pain medications were the most frequent causes of pediatric fatalities reported to Poison Control, followed by fumes, gases, and vapors such as carbon monoxide.

• #7 Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and associated cost of acute poisoning: a retrospective study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11089918/

  This retrospective review describes the epidemiology, clinical outcomes, patterns, and associated costs of poisoning among patients admitted to the ED with HMC over five-year period. ED admissions in Qatar are high; the incidence of ED encounters for acute poisoning is 178 per 100,000 patients. Unintentional or accidental poisoning due to medication misuse is the most common type of poisoning reported in infants and children. Oral ingestion of pharmaceutical agents (64.2%) was the most common cause of acute poisoning. […] Achieving better performance in public healthcare systems requires an effective strategic alignment. HMC toxicology management protocols are designed to achieve optimum management and reduce overall healthcare costs. This is the first attempt to analyse the economic consequences of poisoned patients admitted to Qatar.

• #8 Prevention of poisoning in children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/prevention-of-poisoning-in-children

  INTRODUCTION Most poisonings that occur in young children are unintentional. Though sometimes referred to as „accidental,” the preferred term in the injury prevention literature is „unintentional” because the term „accident” implies a random, uncontrollable act of fate. Poisonings, like other types of injuries, are understandable, predictable, and preventable events. This topic discusses the epidemiology of poisoning and poisoning prevention in children. […] The approach to the child with occult toxic exposure is discussed separately.

• #9 Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and associated cost of acute poisoning: a retrospective study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11089918/

  Most patients presenting to the ED with acute poisoning are infants or children with accidental exposure to therapeutic agents. Pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and disinfectants are commonly used toxic agents. Very low mortality rates and rapid recovery within 12 days indicate the accuracy of the diagnosis and high-quality emergency medical services in Qatar.

• #10 Poison Statistics National Data 2023 | Poison Control

  https://www.poison.org/poison-statistics-national

  In 2023, the substance categories with the largest number of deaths across all ages (and including intentional exposures) include Acetaminophen, Sedative/Hypnotics/Antipsychotics, Miscellaneous Alcohols, Pharmaceutical and Illegal Opioid Preparations, and Miscellaneous Stimulants and Street Drugs. […] In 2023, 83% of poison exposures reported to US poison centers were nontoxic, minimally toxic, or had at most a minor effect. […] US poison centers collect data in real time and upload those data approximately every 5 minutes (median time to upload). Real-time data are used to find hazardous products quickly, follow substance abuse trends, and detect chem/bioterrorism incidents.

• #11 National Chemical and Radiological Surveillance Program | National Chemical and Radiological Surveillance Program | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/chemical-radiological-surveillance/php/about/index.html

  CDC works with poison centers from across the country to protect the nation from public health threats by monitoring calls to the National Poison Data System. […] CDC and America’s Poison Centers use the database to improve surveillance of chemical exposures and public health hazards. […] Scientists from CDC and America’s Poison Centers monitor NPDS every day. […] When anomalies are identified, CDC and America’s Poison Centers assist with further activities. […] The nation’s 55 poison centers help with poisoning emergencies and provide information to help prevent poisonings. […] CDC uses NPDS for surveillance during disaster response and recovery efforts to track reported exposures to CO. […] Using data from NPDS, CDC and America’s Poison Centers found that poison centers nationwide received 45,550 calls regarding exposures to cleaners and disinfectants during the first three months of 2020-an increase of about 20% from the same timeframe in 2019.

• #12 Investigating the Unintentional Poisoning Epidemiology in Prehospital Emergency Center in Qaemshahr City Iran – Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly – فصلنامه سلامت در حوادث و بلایا

  https://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=390&slc_lang=en&sid=1&ftxt=1&html=1

  The present research was conducted to determine the prevalence and causes of unintentional poisoning in Qaemshahr City, Iran in 2016. It was determined that 65.1% of the poisonings were unintentional and the rest were intentional. This rate was reported at 8.7% in Masoumis study, 24% in Azins study, 28.2% in Qasempuris study), 33% in Tabibzadehs study, 44% in Mohammadis study, 46.5% in Moghadamnias study, and 80.4% in Jafarzadehs study for the total poisonings, which indicates the high percentage of unintentional poisonings in Qaemshahr City, Iran, compared to most parts of Iran. The findings showed that the rate of unintentional poisoning in men (83.8%) is higher compared to women (16.2%). The results of this research show that the high frequency of unintentional poisoning is in the age range of 26-35 years, and children and people under 15 years have a very low percentage. The most common way of exposure to toxins in the studied population was the digestive way (77.6%), which was consistent with the results of previous research. The most common place where the poisoning occurred was the home with 64.1%, which is consistent with the results of Jafarzadehs study in Fasa City, Iran. Also, in America, 93% of unintentional poisonings happened in the persons home or place of living, which is consistent with the present study. In terms of the type of poisoning, the majority of unintentional poisonings (89.1%) occurred due to abuse, among which tramadol (42.8%), narcotics (26.6%), and alcohol (19.7%) are in the first to third ranks, respectively.

• #13 Salicylate Toxicity: Practice Essentials, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1009987-overview

  According to the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System, 7160 single exposures to acetylsalicylic acid, alone or in combination with other drugs, were reported in 2022, along with 2625 single exposures to methyl salicylate. About 3004 of these exposures were intentional. Over 177 exposures resulted in major outcomes, and 18 fatal cases were noted. […] Generally, the degree of the toxicity is more severe in elderly individuals and infants, as well as in persons with coexisting morbidity or chronic intoxication. […] Factors contributing to a decline in the incidence of pediatric salicylate intoxication include increased acetaminophen and ibuprofen use and child-resistant packaging.

• #14 Organophosphate Toxicity: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/167726-overview

  In 2021, the American Association of Poison Control Centers reported 1474 single exposures to organophosphate insecticides alone, with 15 major outcomes and four deaths. In addition, 398 single exposures to organophosphate insecticides in combination with carbamate or non-carbarbamate insecticides were reported, with one major outcome and one death. […] Pesticide poisonings are among the most common modes of poisoning fatalities. In countries such as India and Nicaragua, organophosphates are easily accessible and, therefore, a source of both intentional and unintentional poisonings. The incidence of international organophosphate-related human exposures appears to be underestimated. […] Organophosphates (OPs) may affect children or other at-risk populations differently. The increased susceptibility has not been elucidated but may involve delayed or persistent effects. More work in this area is in progress and should help identify the true risk potential.

• #15 Organophosphate Toxicity: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/167726-overview

  In 2021, the American Association of Poison Control Centers reported 1474 single exposures to organophosphate insecticides alone, with 15 major outcomes and four deaths. In addition, 398 single exposures to organophosphate insecticides in combination with carbamate or non-carbarbamate insecticides were reported, with one major outcome and one death. […] Pesticide poisonings are among the most common modes of poisoning fatalities. In countries such as India and Nicaragua, organophosphates are easily accessible and, therefore, a source of both intentional and unintentional poisonings. The incidence of international organophosphate-related human exposures appears to be underestimated. […] Organophosphates (OPs) may affect children or other at-risk populations differently. The increased susceptibility has not been elucidated but may involve delayed or persistent effects. More work in this area is in progress and should help identify the true risk potential.

• #16 National Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Surveillance Framework and Recent Estimates

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3407848/

  Unintentional, non-fire-related (UNFR) carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a leading cause of poisoning in the United States. A comprehensive national CO poisoning surveillance framework is needed to obtain accurate estimates of CO poisoning burden and guide prevention efforts. This article describes the current national CO poisoning surveillance framework and reports the most recent national estimates. […] Conducting CO poisoning surveillance is an integral part of prevention efforts. Surveillance data are critical in characterizing the populations at risk and developing effective public health interventions and prevention messages. A comprehensive national CO poisoning surveillance framework is needed for accurate estimation of the public health burden and to develop sustainable, evidence-based standards for data collection and integration of scientifically valid data on exposure, health outcome, and interventions.

• #17 National Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Surveillance Framework and Recent Estimates

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3407848/

  The public health importance of CO poisoning is highlighted in Healthy People 2020; CO poisoning surveillance is included as one of the environmental health priority areas (Objective EH-22.7). […] Measurement of hazard, exposure, and health outcomes; ongoing systematic data collection; and timely and representative estimates for planning, implementation, and evaluation purposes are three major functions of an environmental health surveillance system. […] The framework described has already been successfully adopted at the local level for disaster-related CO poisoning surveillance.

• #18 National Poison Data System

  https://poisoncenters.org/national-poison-data-system

  The National Poison Data System (NPDS) is the data warehouse for the nations 53 Poison Centers. Each Poison Center submits de-identified case data to NPDS after providing necessary poison exposure management and information services to callers. This case information is uploaded to NPDS in near real time, making NPDS one of the few operational systems of its kind. Currently, the time to upload data for all poison centers is 4.88 minutes [4.43, 9.33] (median [25%, 75%]). […] NPDS Surveillance System features more than 81 million case records and unique near real-time upload with data uploaded every 4.88 minutes, making both spatial and temporal case volume and case-based surveillance possible. […] Since 2000, America’s Poison Centers and the CDC have been working together to develop and implement the National Poison Data System as a tool for public health surveillance.

• #19 National Poison Data System

  https://poisoncenters.org/national-poison-data-system

  The National Poison Data System (NPDS) is the data warehouse for the nations 53 Poison Centers. Each Poison Center submits de-identified case data to NPDS after providing necessary poison exposure management and information services to callers. This case information is uploaded to NPDS in near real time, making NPDS one of the few operational systems of its kind. Currently, the time to upload data for all poison centers is 4.88 minutes [4.43, 9.33] (median [25%, 75%]). […] NPDS Surveillance System features more than 81 million case records and unique near real-time upload with data uploaded every 4.88 minutes, making both spatial and temporal case volume and case-based surveillance possible. […] Since 2000, America’s Poison Centers and the CDC have been working together to develop and implement the National Poison Data System as a tool for public health surveillance.

• #20 National Poison Data System

  https://poisoncenters.org/national-poison-data-system

  The National Poison Data System (NPDS) is the data warehouse for the nations 53 Poison Centers. Each Poison Center submits de-identified case data to NPDS after providing necessary poison exposure management and information services to callers. This case information is uploaded to NPDS in near real time, making NPDS one of the few operational systems of its kind. Currently, the time to upload data for all poison centers is 4.88 minutes [4.43, 9.33] (median [25%, 75%]). […] NPDS Surveillance System features more than 81 million case records and unique near real-time upload with data uploaded every 4.88 minutes, making both spatial and temporal case volume and case-based surveillance possible. […] Since 2000, America’s Poison Centers and the CDC have been working together to develop and implement the National Poison Data System as a tool for public health surveillance.

• #21 National Chemical and Radiological Surveillance Program | National Chemical and Radiological Surveillance Program | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/chemical-radiological-surveillance/php/about/index.html

  CDC works with poison centers from across the country to protect the nation from public health threats by monitoring calls to the National Poison Data System. […] CDC and America’s Poison Centers use the database to improve surveillance of chemical exposures and public health hazards. […] Scientists from CDC and America’s Poison Centers monitor NPDS every day. […] When anomalies are identified, CDC and America’s Poison Centers assist with further activities. […] The nation’s 55 poison centers help with poisoning emergencies and provide information to help prevent poisonings. […] CDC uses NPDS for surveillance during disaster response and recovery efforts to track reported exposures to CO. […] Using data from NPDS, CDC and America’s Poison Centers found that poison centers nationwide received 45,550 calls regarding exposures to cleaners and disinfectants during the first three months of 2020-an increase of about 20% from the same timeframe in 2019.

• #22 World directory of poisons centres

  https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/indicator-groups/poison-control-and-unintentional-poisoning

  As of 1 January 2023, only 47% of WHO Member States had a poisons centre. […] Poisons centres are sources of expertise on the diagnosis and management of poisoning. […] In addition to providing emergency advice on the management of poisoning cases, poisons centres compile data on toxic exposures and on toxic substances. […] They have important roles in chemical safety and public health, which include: characterizing the epidemiology of poisoning to prioritize preventive efforts; advising on the management of the health impacts of chemical incidents; surveillance of chemical exposures; and acting as sentinels to detect chemical release. […] Over the last decades there has been limited progress in establishing poisons centres, and as of February 2019, only 47% of Member States had a poisons centre, with the most notable gaps being in the African, Eastern Mediterranean and Western Pacific regions. […] A poisons centre is a specialized unit that advises on, and assists with, the prevention, diagnosis and management of poisoning.

• #23 World directory of poisons centres

  https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/indicator-groups/poison-control-and-unintentional-poisoning

  As of 1 January 2023, only 47% of WHO Member States had a poisons centre. […] Poisons centres are sources of expertise on the diagnosis and management of poisoning. […] In addition to providing emergency advice on the management of poisoning cases, poisons centres compile data on toxic exposures and on toxic substances. […] They have important roles in chemical safety and public health, which include: characterizing the epidemiology of poisoning to prioritize preventive efforts; advising on the management of the health impacts of chemical incidents; surveillance of chemical exposures; and acting as sentinels to detect chemical release. […] Over the last decades there has been limited progress in establishing poisons centres, and as of February 2019, only 47% of Member States had a poisons centre, with the most notable gaps being in the African, Eastern Mediterranean and Western Pacific regions. […] A poisons centre is a specialized unit that advises on, and assists with, the prevention, diagnosis and management of poisoning.

• #24 America’s Poison Centers

  https://poisoncenters.org/

  Americas Poison Centers represents the 53 accredited poison control centers in the U.S. Through the national Poison Help line (1-800-222-1222) and PoisonHelp.org website, our member centers provide all Americans expert advice, 24/7/365 at no cost. We also maintain the National Poison Data System (NPDS), our nations only near real-time poisoning data surveillance system, integrating the latest information from across Poison Centers. […] America’s Poison Centers National Poison Data System (NPDS) is the only near real-time poisoning surveillance database in the U.S. with data uploaded every 4.88 minutes. It has over 81 million records and provides adverse event monitoring and situational awareness. […] Americas Poison Centers represents 54 poison centers across the country, we are united in our cause to prevent every poison and toxin-related health emergency in America. We provide all Americans expert advice from nationally accredited medical specialists, and maintain the nations only near real-time poisoning data surveillance system. Together, Americas Poison Centers ensure a national quality standard for the detection, prevention and treatment of toxin-related health emergencies.

• #25 Childhood Blood Lead Surveillance: State Data | Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lead-prevention/php/data/state-surveillance-data.html

  Childhood blood lead surveillance systems at the state level (and local jurisdictions with public health surveillance authority) integrate information from several sources. This includes childhood lead poisoning prevention programs, public and private laboratories, and information from health, environmental, and housing agencies. […] Objectives of childhood lead poisoning surveillance programs at the state and local levels are to: Identify children at risk for lead exposure to focus testing and follow-up resources. […] States funded by CDC for childhood lead poisoning prevention and surveillance are required to report childhood lead data quarterly. […] In 2021, CDC lowered the blood lead reference value (BLRV) from 5 to 3.5 g/dL. Classifications of blood lead levels above and below this value will be used in blood lead surveillance tables starting with 2022 data. […] CDC recommends children with a blood lead level at or above the BLRV be referred for follow-up.

• #26 Childhood Blood Lead Surveillance: State Data | Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lead-prevention/php/data/state-surveillance-data.html

  Childhood blood lead surveillance systems at the state level (and local jurisdictions with public health surveillance authority) integrate information from several sources. This includes childhood lead poisoning prevention programs, public and private laboratories, and information from health, environmental, and housing agencies. […] Objectives of childhood lead poisoning surveillance programs at the state and local levels are to: Identify children at risk for lead exposure to focus testing and follow-up resources. […] States funded by CDC for childhood lead poisoning prevention and surveillance are required to report childhood lead data quarterly. […] In 2021, CDC lowered the blood lead reference value (BLRV) from 5 to 3.5 g/dL. Classifications of blood lead levels above and below this value will be used in blood lead surveillance tables starting with 2022 data. […] CDC recommends children with a blood lead level at or above the BLRV be referred for follow-up.

• #27 Childhood Blood Lead Surveillance: State Data | Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lead-prevention/php/data/state-surveillance-data.html

  Childhood blood lead surveillance systems at the state level (and local jurisdictions with public health surveillance authority) integrate information from several sources. This includes childhood lead poisoning prevention programs, public and private laboratories, and information from health, environmental, and housing agencies. […] Objectives of childhood lead poisoning surveillance programs at the state and local levels are to: Identify children at risk for lead exposure to focus testing and follow-up resources. […] States funded by CDC for childhood lead poisoning prevention and surveillance are required to report childhood lead data quarterly. […] In 2021, CDC lowered the blood lead reference value (BLRV) from 5 to 3.5 g/dL. Classifications of blood lead levels above and below this value will be used in blood lead surveillance tables starting with 2022 data. […] CDC recommends children with a blood lead level at or above the BLRV be referred for follow-up.

• #28 Childhood Blood Lead Surveillance: State Data | Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lead-prevention/php/data/state-surveillance-data.html

  Childhood blood lead surveillance systems at the state level (and local jurisdictions with public health surveillance authority) integrate information from several sources. This includes childhood lead poisoning prevention programs, public and private laboratories, and information from health, environmental, and housing agencies. […] Objectives of childhood lead poisoning surveillance programs at the state and local levels are to: Identify children at risk for lead exposure to focus testing and follow-up resources. […] States funded by CDC for childhood lead poisoning prevention and surveillance are required to report childhood lead data quarterly. […] In 2021, CDC lowered the blood lead reference value (BLRV) from 5 to 3.5 g/dL. Classifications of blood lead levels above and below this value will be used in blood lead surveillance tables starting with 2022 data. […] CDC recommends children with a blood lead level at or above the BLRV be referred for follow-up.

• #29 Lead-Safe Wisconsin: Healthy Homes and Lead Poisoning Surveillance System FAQs | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/lead/hhlpss-faq.htm

  The Healthy Homes and Lead Poisoning Surveillance System (HHLPSS) is a web-based, case management and surveillance application developed by the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) for state and local childhood lead poisoning prevention programs. HHLPSS is used to track: […] Cases are automatically opened when a blood lead test record is entered or received into HHLPSS with a venous or capillary result of 3.5 g/dL or more. […] Investigations are automatically opened when a blood lead test record is entered or received into HHLPSS with a venous result of 3.5 g/dL or more. […] Alerts are only generated on the environmental side when a new investigation is opened.

• #30 Carbon monoxide poisoning surveillance: a French Environmental & Health surveillance system integrated in preventive policies | Injury Prevention

  https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/16/Suppl_1/A263.4

  In France, carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning strikes over 5000 people who have to be managed in emergency conditions. In order to improve our knowledge on CO poisoning circumstances, a specific surveillance system has been set up. Its main objective is to provide epidemiological description of poisoning in order to improve preventive messages and rules. […] A technical investigation is immediately conducted to identify causes of poisoning. A medical investigation is also set up to describe clinical symptoms, medical management and severity. […] About 1300 CO poisoning incidents involving 4000 exposed persons were yearly declared. […] This surveillance system has improved our knowledge about CO poisoning circumstances. A dual strategy of preventive messages and rules has been set up to transform public health knowledge into action.

• #31 Carbon monoxide poisoning surveillance: a French Environmental & Health surveillance system integrated in preventive policies | Injury Prevention

  https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/16/Suppl_1/A263.4

  In France, carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning strikes over 5000 people who have to be managed in emergency conditions. In order to improve our knowledge on CO poisoning circumstances, a specific surveillance system has been set up. Its main objective is to provide epidemiological description of poisoning in order to improve preventive messages and rules. […] A technical investigation is immediately conducted to identify causes of poisoning. A medical investigation is also set up to describe clinical symptoms, medical management and severity. […] About 1300 CO poisoning incidents involving 4000 exposed persons were yearly declared. […] This surveillance system has improved our knowledge about CO poisoning circumstances. A dual strategy of preventive messages and rules has been set up to transform public health knowledge into action.

• #32 Carbon monoxide poisoning surveillance in the Veterans Health Administration, 2010–2017 | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-019-6505-y

  Our findings support the use of ICD-coded data for targeted CO poisoning surveillance, however, improvements are needed in ICD coding to reduce the percentage of cases coded with unknown injury intent and/or CO poisoning source. Prevalence of CO poisoning among Veterans is consistent with other U.S. estimates. Since most cases are unintentional, opportunities exist for provider and patient education to reduce risk. […] CO poisoning is important for targeted public health surveillance in VHA. Despite the pitfalls of an administrative, ICD code-based surveillance system, its advantages are that it can be implemented nationally with relatively few resources, and that it provides useful, actionable information. Improvements are needed in ICD coding to reduce the percentage of cases coded with unknown injury intent and/or CO poisoning source. Opportunities exist to implement VHA-wide provider education to better recognize signs, symptoms, and exposure history for CO poisoning; and patient education programs addressing identified areas of high-risk for CO poisoning among Veterans, augmenting the VA Disaster Preparedness Manual, which contains useful information on preventing exposure to CO. Examination of CO poisoning suicide attempts to prevent progression to more lethal means may be an area of further study.

• #33 Foodborne Illness (Food Poisoning) : Public Health Surveillance and Infectious Disease : Public Health Surveillance and Infectious Disease : What We Do : East-Central District Health Department

  https://ecdhd.ne.gov/our-programs/infectious-disease/public-health-surveillance-and-infectious-disease/foodborne-illness.html

  Foodborne illness, also known as food poisoning, is caused by consuming contaminated food, beverages, or water and can be caused by a variety of bacteria, parasites, viruses and/or toxins. […] Reporting illnesses to state and local health departments helps them identify potential outbreaks of foodborne disease. […] Public health officials investigate outbreaks to control them, so more people do not get sick and to learn how to prevent similar outbreaks from happening in the future.

• #34 Foodborne Illness (Food Poisoning) : Public Health Surveillance and Infectious Disease : Public Health Surveillance and Infectious Disease : What We Do : East-Central District Health Department

  https://ecdhd.ne.gov/our-programs/infectious-disease/public-health-surveillance-and-infectious-disease/foodborne-illness.html

  Foodborne illness, also known as food poisoning, is caused by consuming contaminated food, beverages, or water and can be caused by a variety of bacteria, parasites, viruses and/or toxins. […] Reporting illnesses to state and local health departments helps them identify potential outbreaks of foodborne disease. […] Public health officials investigate outbreaks to control them, so more people do not get sick and to learn how to prevent similar outbreaks from happening in the future.

• #35 Epidemiology of Seafood Poisoning Outbreaks in the United States 2001-2021

  https://jdc.jefferson.edu/mphcapstone_presentation/550/

  Between 10-20% of all foodborne illnesses in the United States are associated with seafood, yet the epidemiology of seafood poisoning due to marine biotoxins remains unclear. […] This study examined data from the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDCs) National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS) between 2001 and 2021 for confirmed seafood poisoning outbreaks due to Amnesic shellfish poison, Ciguatoxin, Neurotoxic shellfish poison, Paralytic shellfish poison, Puffer fish tetrodotoxin, and Scombroid toxin. […] Between 2001 and 2021, there were 2,336 illnesses, 187 hospitalizations, and no deaths reported in association with seafood poisoning due to marine biotoxins, with 97.4% of all outbreaks attributed to Ciguatoxin or Scombroid toxin. […] In conclusion, seafood poisoning outbreaks in the United States tend to involve fish-associated illnesses and carry unique risk of hospitalization when involving Mollusca and Istiophoriformes.

• #36 Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: Epidemiology of the Disease on St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 31 Issue 3 (1982)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/abstract/journals/tpmd/31/3/article-p574.xml

  In a random household survey conducted on St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, the incidence of ciguatera fish poisoning was found to be 36.5 cases per 1,000 population per 5 years (95% confidence limits 16.9 cases per 1,000 population per 5 years). […] An average of 3.6 cases per 1,000 population per year were diagnosed in the hospital emergency room on St. Thomas. […] Cases seen in the emergency room occurred most frequently among persons aged 30-39 years. […] In an investigation of cases occurring between 1 January and 10 April 1980, illness was caused by a variety of different fish, with carrang (Caranx ruber) the species most commonly implicated. […] Patients and age-matched controls ate fish with equal frequency; patients were significantly more likely to have had previous episodes of ciguatera fish poisoning than were controls.

• #37 Development and validation of a poisoning surveillance program with automatic case detection in a tertiary care hospital (SAT-HULP) – Revista Emergencias

  https://revistaemergencias.org/en/articulo/development-and-validation-of-a-poisoning-surveillance-program-with-automatic-case-detection-in-a-tertiary-care-hospital-sat-hulp/

  Objective: The aim was to develop and validate a tool for automatic, systematic recording of acute poisoning cases attended in the emergency department of our tertiary care teaching hospital and to analyze the systems performance during the first 7 months of active surveillance. […] The active poisoning surveillance system performs a daily search for cases in the hospitals computerized case records. […] The validation study was based on a random sample of 1632 patients of the 22 845 attended during the first 4 months the surveillance system was operating (April-July 2011). […] The poisoning surveillance program developed for our teaching hospitals toxicology unit is a tool that performs sufficiently well to carry out systematic, automated searches for the acute poisoning cases attended in an emergency department. The cumulative incidence rate of acute poisonings detected by the program was 3%.

• #38 Drug Poisoning Surveillance System & Opioid Monitoring Use Cases – MiHIN

  https://mihin.org/opioid-monitoring/

  The Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS) has issued new administrative rules which will require, upon request, healthcare providers and facilities to report prescription and illicit drug poisonings to MDHHS. The rule is intended to help inform the public health surveillance and response efforts to the substantial increase in cases of prescription and illicit drug overdoses in Michigan. […] The University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center (U-M-IPC) has created the Proprietary System for Opioid Overdose Surveillance (SOS) to collect overdose data from various Emergency Departments. The data is analyzed and matched to data provided by medical examiners and Emergency Medical Services. This new dataset is used to determine opioid overdose demographic information and geolocation. The information can also be used to develop effective responses and prevention strategies to combat the opioid crisis.

• #39 My Healthy Community

  https://myhealthycommunity.dhss.delaware.gov/topics/wastewater

  Wastewater monitoring is an early detection tool that can help communities prepare for and respond to increasing cases of infectious diseases. […] Wastewater surveillance is a cost-effective tool to passively and equitably test communities for diseases and pathogens. […] CDC’s NWSS works with health departments to track viral levels in wastewater so communities can act quickly to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. […] CDC’s National Wastewater Surveillance System (NWSS) collects, analyses, and shares data on multiple viruses and bacteria in wastewater, including SARS-CoV-2, influenza A, and mpox. […] Wastewater monitoring can detect viruses spreading throughout the community earlier than clinical testing and before people who are sick go to their doctor or hospital. It can also detect infections without symptoms. If you see increased wastewater viral activity levels, it might indicate that there is a higher risk of infection.

• #40

  https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/chemical-safety-and-health/incidents-poisonings/prevention-and-management-of-cases-of-poisoning

  Poisoning from pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, pesticides, chemical products and natural toxins is a significant global public health problem. WHO seeks to build capacity in countries to deal with these problems, and an important area of activity is promoting the establishment and strengthening of poisons centres. A poisons centre is a specialized service that advises on the diagnosis and management of poisoning and collects data to inform poisons prevention activities. Poisons centres play an important role in identifying and assessing the toxic risks in a population, e.g. from emerging toxicological hazards this is called toxicovigilance. Poisons centres also collect data to improve knowledge about the human health effects of chemicals. Poisons centres contribute to the national capacities required under the International Health Regulations for surveillance, preparedness and response for public health events involving chemical agents.

• #41

  https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/chemical-safety-and-health/incidents-poisonings/prevention-and-management-of-cases-of-poisoning

  Poisoning from pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, pesticides, chemical products and natural toxins is a significant global public health problem. WHO seeks to build capacity in countries to deal with these problems, and an important area of activity is promoting the establishment and strengthening of poisons centres. A poisons centre is a specialized service that advises on the diagnosis and management of poisoning and collects data to inform poisons prevention activities. Poisons centres play an important role in identifying and assessing the toxic risks in a population, e.g. from emerging toxicological hazards this is called toxicovigilance. Poisons centres also collect data to improve knowledge about the human health effects of chemicals. Poisons centres contribute to the national capacities required under the International Health Regulations for surveillance, preparedness and response for public health events involving chemical agents.

• #42

  https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/chemical-safety-and-health/incidents-poisonings/prevention-and-management-of-cases-of-poisoning

  WHO maintains a global directory of poisons centres. To support countries to establish and/or strengthen poisons centres, WHO has developed guidance and training materials (Training manual – trainee’s version and Training manual – trainer’s version) on poisons centres and poisons centre operations and on analytical toxicology for low-resource settings. […] WHO has developed tools to facilitate the collection of internationally harmonized data on poisoning in the form of a multilingual controlled terminology and classifications, as well as materials for documenting pesticide exposures.

• #43 Australian Poisoning Surveillance Initiative Databank | ARDC

  https://ardc.edu.au/project/national-poisons-information-centre-dataset/

  Australias 4 Poisons Information Centres (PICs) receive more than 200,000 calls a year, however their databases are not coordinated, making the compilation of national data labour-intensive and complex. […] Improving access to poisoning data can inform research as well as accurate and timely responses to drug and product safety, suicide and injury prevention and paediatric poisonings. […] The Australian Poisoning Surveillance Initiative (APSI) Databank aims to provide high quality data on Australian poisonings to facilitate toxicosurveillance and toxicovigilance research. […] Detailed data on each poisoning call is standardised and captured in a secure application to deliver an Australian PIC dataset that includes exposure, demographic, clinical and advice details, all vital tools for public health surveillance and research.

• #44 Australian Poisoning Surveillance Initiative Databank | ARDC

  https://ardc.edu.au/project/national-poisons-information-centre-dataset/

  Australias 4 Poisons Information Centres (PICs) receive more than 200,000 calls a year, however their databases are not coordinated, making the compilation of national data labour-intensive and complex. […] Improving access to poisoning data can inform research as well as accurate and timely responses to drug and product safety, suicide and injury prevention and paediatric poisonings. […] The Australian Poisoning Surveillance Initiative (APSI) Databank aims to provide high quality data on Australian poisonings to facilitate toxicosurveillance and toxicovigilance research. […] Detailed data on each poisoning call is standardised and captured in a secure application to deliver an Australian PIC dataset that includes exposure, demographic, clinical and advice details, all vital tools for public health surveillance and research.

• #45 Toxico-surveillance at Emergency Department: First Annual Report

  https://eng.phwr.org/journal/view.html?pn=vol&uid=672&vmd=Full

  The purpose of this study was to investigate poisoning causes, symptoms, and treatment, as well as the prognosis for patients with intoxication in emergency departments. The Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency presented the results of toxico-surveillance conducted in 15 emergency medical facilities from June 22, 2022 to May 23, 2023. A total of 5,997 poisoning cases were recorded, with the highest incidence among people in their 20s (19.0%). Therapeutic drugs were involved in 51.5% of the cases, with single substance exposure and oral ingestion accounting for 71.4% and 70.2%, respectively. The most common post-intoxication symptoms were cardiovascular manifestations, including changes in blood pressure and pulse rate (n=10,507). Treatment modalities included general treatment in 2,127 cases, specialized drug removal therapy in 135 cases, intensive care in 1,514 cases, and antidote administration in 1,314 cases. The rates of gastric lavage and activated charcoal administration were 24.5% and 25.4%, respectively, for intentional poisoning cases (n=362). The rate of flumazenil use for benzodiazepine poisoning was 23.9% (n=876). Hyperbaric oxygen treatment was used in 64.6% of severe carbon monoxide poisoning cases (COHb25%, n=99). Finally, the rate of antivenom serum administration was 69.9% for snakebites (n=93). Severe poisoning was diagnosed in 45.8% of the cases. The general hospitalization rate was 15.4%, and the intensive care unit admission rate was 16.9%. The all-cause mortality rate was 1.7%. Pesticides were the leading substances identified in deaths (n=61, 59.8%), with 60.8% of deaths occurring in individuals aged 70 years and older. This study provides valuable insights for improving poisoning management and informing regarding poisoning prevention and care policies.

• #46 Toxico-surveillance at Emergency Department: First Annual Report

  https://eng.phwr.org/journal/view.html?pn=vol&uid=672&vmd=Full

  The purpose of this study was to investigate poisoning causes, symptoms, and treatment, as well as the prognosis for patients with intoxication in emergency departments. The Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency presented the results of toxico-surveillance conducted in 15 emergency medical facilities from June 22, 2022 to May 23, 2023. A total of 5,997 poisoning cases were recorded, with the highest incidence among people in their 20s (19.0%). Therapeutic drugs were involved in 51.5% of the cases, with single substance exposure and oral ingestion accounting for 71.4% and 70.2%, respectively. The most common post-intoxication symptoms were cardiovascular manifestations, including changes in blood pressure and pulse rate (n=10,507). Treatment modalities included general treatment in 2,127 cases, specialized drug removal therapy in 135 cases, intensive care in 1,514 cases, and antidote administration in 1,314 cases. The rates of gastric lavage and activated charcoal administration were 24.5% and 25.4%, respectively, for intentional poisoning cases (n=362). The rate of flumazenil use for benzodiazepine poisoning was 23.9% (n=876). Hyperbaric oxygen treatment was used in 64.6% of severe carbon monoxide poisoning cases (COHb25%, n=99). Finally, the rate of antivenom serum administration was 69.9% for snakebites (n=93). Severe poisoning was diagnosed in 45.8% of the cases. The general hospitalization rate was 15.4%, and the intensive care unit admission rate was 16.9%. The all-cause mortality rate was 1.7%. Pesticides were the leading substances identified in deaths (n=61, 59.8%), with 60.8% of deaths occurring in individuals aged 70 years and older. This study provides valuable insights for improving poisoning management and informing regarding poisoning prevention and care policies.

• #47 Occupational Health Surveillance | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.state.tx.us/environmental-surveillance-toxicology/occupational-health-surveillance

  Poison Epidemiology […] Reporting Controlled Substance Overdoses […] Texas Poison Center Networks […] Data Statistics […] […] […] Occupational Health Surveillance Program monitors occupational conditions among the workforce and recommends preventive procedures in the state of Texas. […] The goal of DSHS Occupational Health Surveillance Program is to: […] Identify disease trends, […] Recommend preventive actions, and […] Protect health of workers and communities in Texas. […] […] […] Texas law requires reporting of specific occupational diseases to the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS).

• #48 42 USC 247b-3: Education, technology assessment, and epidemiology regarding lead poisoning

  https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml;jsessionid=339AD9EDA4AB3AA84332C99A6B917078?req=42&f=treesort&fq=true&num=5152&hl=true&edition=prelim&granuleId=USC-prelim-title42-section247b-3

  The Secretary, acting through the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, shall carry out a program to educate health professionals and paraprofessionals and the general public on the prevention of lead poisoning in infants and children. In carrying out the program, the Secretary shall make available information concerning the health effects of low-level lead toxicity, the causes of lead poisoning, and the primary and secondary preventive measures that may be taken to prevent such poisoning. […] The Secretary, acting through the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, shall, directly or through grants or contracts- provide for the development of improved methods of assessing the prevalence of lead poisoning, including such methods as may be necessary to conduct individual assessments for each State;

• #49 42 USC 247b-3: Education, technology assessment, and epidemiology regarding lead poisoning

  https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml;jsessionid=339AD9EDA4AB3AA84332C99A6B917078?req=42&f=treesort&fq=true&num=5152&hl=true&edition=prelim&granuleId=USC-prelim-title42-section247b-3

  The Secretary, acting through the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, shall carry out a program to educate health professionals and paraprofessionals and the general public on the prevention of lead poisoning in infants and children. In carrying out the program, the Secretary shall make available information concerning the health effects of low-level lead toxicity, the causes of lead poisoning, and the primary and secondary preventive measures that may be taken to prevent such poisoning. […] The Secretary, acting through the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, shall, directly or through grants or contracts- provide for the development of improved methods of assessing the prevalence of lead poisoning, including such methods as may be necessary to conduct individual assessments for each State;

• #50 42 USC 247b-3: Education, technology assessment, and epidemiology regarding lead poisoning

  https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml;jsessionid=339AD9EDA4AB3AA84332C99A6B917078?req=42&f=treesort&fq=true&num=5152&hl=true&edition=prelim&granuleId=USC-prelim-title42-section247b-3

  The Secretary, acting through the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, shall carry out a program to educate health professionals and paraprofessionals and the general public on the prevention of lead poisoning in infants and children. In carrying out the program, the Secretary shall make available information concerning the health effects of low-level lead toxicity, the causes of lead poisoning, and the primary and secondary preventive measures that may be taken to prevent such poisoning. […] The Secretary, acting through the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, shall, directly or through grants or contracts- provide for the development of improved methods of assessing the prevalence of lead poisoning, including such methods as may be necessary to conduct individual assessments for each State;

• #51 Poison injury surveillance recommendations from the US safe states alliance’s injury surveillance workgroup | Injury Prevention

  https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/18/Suppl_1/A146.4

  Poisoning is the leading cause of injury mortality in the USA, the tenth leading cause of nonfatal injuries seen in emergency departments and a rising concern for public health. […] The purpose of the Safe State’s Alliance’s Poison Injury Surveillance Workgroup (ISW) was to promote improved surveillance around poisoning in the USA with an emphasis on drug poisonings. […] The workgroup developed conceptual definitions of poisoning and drug poisoning and recommendations for improving poison surveillance in the US at the national, state and local levels. […] Gaps in the surveillance of poisonings have been recognised which have impacted poisoning prevention and evaluation efforts. […] The long-term goal of the surveillance recommendations is to standardise definitions and practices among groups working to address unintentional poisonings, especially poisonings that are drug-related and provide a standard method for public health officials to understand the magnitude of the problem in their jurisdiction. This information can then be used for improved intervention planning and evaluation.

• #52 Poison injury surveillance recommendations from the US safe states alliance’s injury surveillance workgroup | Injury Prevention

  https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/18/Suppl_1/A146.4

  Poisoning is the leading cause of injury mortality in the USA, the tenth leading cause of nonfatal injuries seen in emergency departments and a rising concern for public health. […] The purpose of the Safe State’s Alliance’s Poison Injury Surveillance Workgroup (ISW) was to promote improved surveillance around poisoning in the USA with an emphasis on drug poisonings. […] The workgroup developed conceptual definitions of poisoning and drug poisoning and recommendations for improving poison surveillance in the US at the national, state and local levels. […] Gaps in the surveillance of poisonings have been recognised which have impacted poisoning prevention and evaluation efforts. […] The long-term goal of the surveillance recommendations is to standardise definitions and practices among groups working to address unintentional poisonings, especially poisonings that are drug-related and provide a standard method for public health officials to understand the magnitude of the problem in their jurisdiction. This information can then be used for improved intervention planning and evaluation.

• #53 Cuts have eliminated more than a dozen US government health-tracking programs | News, Sports, Jobs – Weirton Daily Times

  https://www.weirtondailytimes.com/news/local-news/2025/05/cuts-have-eliminated-more-than-a-dozen-us-government-health-tracking-programs/

  More than a dozen data-gathering programs that track deaths and disease appear to have been eliminated in the tornado of layoffs and proposed budget cuts rolled out in the Trump administrations first 100 days. […] Federal officials have not given a public accounting of specific surveillance programs that are being eliminated. […] The core of the nations health surveillance is done by the CDCs National Center for Health Statistics. […] The CDC eliminated its program on lead poisoning in children, which helped local health departments through funding and expertise investigate lead poisoning clusters and find where risk is greatest. […] The loss of that program is going to greatly diminish the ability to make linkages between what might be in the environment and what health might be affected by that, Breysse said.

• #54 Cuts have eliminated more than a dozen US government health-tracking programs | News, Sports, Jobs – Weirton Daily Times

  https://www.weirtondailytimes.com/news/local-news/2025/05/cuts-have-eliminated-more-than-a-dozen-us-government-health-tracking-programs/

  More than a dozen data-gathering programs that track deaths and disease appear to have been eliminated in the tornado of layoffs and proposed budget cuts rolled out in the Trump administrations first 100 days. […] Federal officials have not given a public accounting of specific surveillance programs that are being eliminated. […] The core of the nations health surveillance is done by the CDCs National Center for Health Statistics. […] The CDC eliminated its program on lead poisoning in children, which helped local health departments through funding and expertise investigate lead poisoning clusters and find where risk is greatest. […] The loss of that program is going to greatly diminish the ability to make linkages between what might be in the environment and what health might be affected by that, Breysse said.

• #55 World directory of poisons centres

  https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/indicator-groups/poison-control-and-unintentional-poisoning

  As of 1 January 2023, only 47% of WHO Member States had a poisons centre. […] Poisons centres are sources of expertise on the diagnosis and management of poisoning. […] In addition to providing emergency advice on the management of poisoning cases, poisons centres compile data on toxic exposures and on toxic substances. […] They have important roles in chemical safety and public health, which include: characterizing the epidemiology of poisoning to prioritize preventive efforts; advising on the management of the health impacts of chemical incidents; surveillance of chemical exposures; and acting as sentinels to detect chemical release. […] Over the last decades there has been limited progress in establishing poisons centres, and as of February 2019, only 47% of Member States had a poisons centre, with the most notable gaps being in the African, Eastern Mediterranean and Western Pacific regions. […] A poisons centre is a specialized unit that advises on, and assists with, the prevention, diagnosis and management of poisoning.

• #56 Australian Poisoning Surveillance Initiative Databank | ARDC

  https://ardc.edu.au/project/national-poisons-information-centre-dataset/

  Researchers and government agencies would benefit from more efficient and timely access to real-time, harmonised national PIC data to inform poisons research and public health responses. […] The goal for APSI is to create a national databank of all calls to Australian PICs. […] At present, NSW Poisons Information Centre (NSWPIC) data is available for request from APSI. NSWPIC takes approximately 50% of the nations poisoning calls, including a sample of calls from all states and territories. This allows researchers to request NSWPIC data while the APSI team works on integrating the other PICs datasets.

• #57

  https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/chemical-safety-and-health/incidents-poisonings/prevention-and-management-of-cases-of-poisoning

  WHO maintains a global directory of poisons centres. To support countries to establish and/or strengthen poisons centres, WHO has developed guidance and training materials (Training manual – trainee’s version and Training manual – trainer’s version) on poisons centres and poisons centre operations and on analytical toxicology for low-resource settings. […] WHO has developed tools to facilitate the collection of internationally harmonized data on poisoning in the form of a multilingual controlled terminology and classifications, as well as materials for documenting pesticide exposures.

• #58

  https://journals.lww.com/ijph/fulltext/2021/65040/changing_epidemiology_of_poisoning_in_children__a.15.aspx

  Poisoning is the fourth leading cause of unintentional injuries in children. With continuously changing environment, the epidemiology of poisoning keeps on changing. The present study was undertaken to describe the clinical and epidemiological profile of childhood poisoning in a tertiary care center of New Delhi, India. […] Poisoning is a common pediatric emergency resulting in significant morbidity and mortality in children. The causative agents and associated mortality vary from place to place. […] Understanding the circumstances and etiology of poisoning is important, as most cases of pediatric poisoning are preventable. […] There is a lack of data on childhood poisoning in developing countries like India, and the real burden of problem may be far more than being reported. […] However, with decreasing use of kerosene as a fuel, and ever increasing use of chemical-based mosquito repellant, hand sanitizers, and over-the-counter medicines, the epidemiology of childhood poisoning is changing rapidly and needs to be reviewed frequently. […] This study highlights the change in trend of acute poisoning in Indian children. Drugs and medications are the leading cause of poisoning followed by liquid mosquito repellent and both are seen more commonly in urban population as compared to rural population.

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