Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Meningitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meningitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350508

  Meningitis is an infection and swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of the fluid and three membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord. The three membranes are called meninges. […] Viral infections are the most common cause of meningitis in the United States, followed by bacterial infections and, rarely, fungal and parasitic infections. Because bacterial infections can lead to death, finding the cause is vital. […] Germs that enter the bloodstream and travel to the brain and spinal cord cause bacterial meningitis. But bacterial meningitis also can happen when bacteria directly enter the meninges. This may be caused by an ear or sinus infection or a skull fracture. Rarely, some surgeries can cause it. […] Several strains of bacteria can cause bacterial meningitis. The most common are: Streptococcus pneumoniae. This germ is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in infants, young children and adults in the United States.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/meningitis

  Meningitis remains a major global public health challenge. […] Many organisms can cause meningitis, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. […] Bacterial meningitis is of particular concern. […] Meningitis can be caused by several species of bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. […] There are four main causes of acute bacterial meningitis: Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus), Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus). […] These bacteria are responsible for more than half of the deaths from meningitis globally and can cause other severe diseases like sepsis and pneumonia. […] Additional important causes of meningitis worldwide include other bacteria species (e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, non-typhoidal Salmonella spp, Listeria monocytogenes), viruses (e.g. enteroviruses, herpesviruses an arboviruses), fungi (e.g. Cyptococcus spp.), and parasites (e.g. some species of amoebae).

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  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/meningitis/

  Meningitis is usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection. […] Bacterial meningitis is rarer but more serious than viral meningitis. […] Meningitis is usually caught from people who carry these viruses or bacteria in their nose or throat but are not ill themselves. […] Vaccinations offer some protection against certain causes of meningitis.

• #1 Meningitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/meningitis-pro

  Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, the outer membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. The inflammation may be caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, other micro-organisms, or non-infective causes.1 […] Viral causes are most common. […] Some of the more common causative organisms are listed below. This changes over time – the vaccination programme has been guided by this, and has had some impact on the subsequent epidemiology. […] Age-specific common causes: Neonates: group B streptococci, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli. […] Adults and older children: S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae type b, N. meningitidis, Gram-negative bacilli (such as non-type b H. influenzae, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter), staphylococci, enterococcus species, streptococci and L. monocytogenes.

• #1 Meningitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meningitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350508

  Neisseria meningitidis. This germ causes a bacterial meningitis called meningococcal meningitis. […] Haemophilus influenzae. Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteria, also called Hib bacteria, was once the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children. […] Listeria monocytogenes. These bacteria can be found in cheeses that aren’t pasteurized, hot dogs and lunch meats. […] Viral meningitis is most often mild and clears on its own. A group of viruses known as enteroviruses is most often the cause in the United States. […] Chronic meningitis is meningitis whose symptoms last at least four weeks without letup. There are many causes of chronic meningitis. […] Fungal meningitis isn’t common in the United States. It may act like bacterial meningitis. […] Tuberculous meningitis is a rare complication of tuberculosis, also called TB. […] Parasites can cause a rare type of meningitis called eosinophilic meningitis. […] Causes of meningitis that aren’t infections include chemical reactions, medicines, allergies, some types of cancer and diseases such as sarcoidosis.

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  https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis/viral-meningitis/causes

  Viruses are the most common cause of meningitis around the world. Meningitis is the swelling of the lining of the brain and spinal cord (called meninges), which increases pressure on the brain and causes the symptoms of meningitis. […] Enteroviruses cause more than 90% of all viral meningitis cases. The two most common enteroviruses are echovirus and coxsackievirus. […] Parechoviruses are common across the world and mainly affect young children. […] Herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus are the most likely herpes viruses to cause meningitis. […] HSV is a common cause of viral meningitis in adolescents and adults in developed countries. […] Mumps and measles can also cause meningitis and encephalitis (inflammation of the brain). […] Arboviruses are usually transmitted by mosquitos and ticks. Some of these viruses can cause meningitis or encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in humans. […] HIV can cause meningitis during the early stages of infection. […] Meningitis caused by LCMV is rare and is estimated to be fatal in 1% of cases.

• #1 Aseptic Meningitis: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1169489-overview

  Viral causes include the following: Enteroviruses – coxsackievirus, echovirus, poliovirus; Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2); Varicella-zoster virus; Arboviruses; Epstein-Barr virus; HIV; Influenza virus types A and B; Mumps virus; Coloradotick fever virus; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV); Rabies. […] Bacterial causes are as follows: Partially treated bacterial meningitis; Parameningeal infection; Endocarditis; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Ehrlichiosis – monocytic, granulocytic; Borrelia burgdorferi; Treponema pallidum; Brucella species. […] Fungal causes are as follows: Cryptococcus neoformans; Histoplasma capsulatum; Coccidioides immitis; Blastomyces dermatitides. […] Parasites that can cause aseptic meningitis are as follows: Toxoplasma gondii; Taenia solium (cysticercosis).

• #1 Meningitis | Meningitis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/index.html

  Mumps virus, one viral cause of meningitis. […] Many viruses can cause meningitis. […] Many bacteria can cause meningitis. […] Fungal meningitis is uncommon, difficult to diagnose, and treated with antifungal medicines. […] Three parasites are the main causes of parasitic meningitis, which is uncommon and hard to diagnose. […] Amebic meningitis is rare, difficult to diagnose, and usually deadly even with treatment. […] Bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi can all cause meningitis.

• #1 Meningitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14600-meningitis

  Causes of fungal meningitis include Coccidioides. […] Causes of parasitic meningitis (eosinophilic meningitis) include Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Baylisascaris procyonis, and Gnathostoma spinigerum. […] Naegleria fowleri causes amebic meningitis. […] Causes of non-infectious meningitis include systemic lupus erythematosus, certain medications, head injuries, and brain surgery.

• #1 Meningitis: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/meningitis-causes-risk-factors-297086

  Meningitis can be caused by an inflammatory reaction to certain medications and procedures. […] Cancer metastasis (spread) from elsewhere in the body can travel to the meninges. […] A number of autoimmune disorders, including lupus and sarcoidosis, have been linked to inflammatory meningitis. […] Infectious meningitis is influenced by several factors related to your overall health: […] Certain age groups are at a higher risk of becoming infected with meningitis. […] Maternal to infant transmission can develop if the mother has an infection of the birth canal that could cause meningitis in the newborn child, such as herpes. […] People who do not have a healthy immune system are at a higher risk of getting infectious meningitis. […] There are several sexually transmitted diseases that can lead to meningitis.

• #1 Meningitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis

  An infection in the head and neck area, such as otitis media or mastoiditis, can lead to meningitis in a small proportion of people. […] Meningitis may occur as the result of several non-infectious causes: spread of cancer to the meninges (malignant or neoplastic meningitis) and certain drugs. […] It may also be caused by several inflammatory conditions, such as sarcoidosis (which is then called neurosarcoidosis), connective tissue disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus, and certain forms of vasculitis.

• #1 Aseptic Meningitis: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1169489-overview

  Drugs that can cause aseptic meningitis include the following: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); Antimicrobials (e.g., trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin, isoniazid); Muromonab-CD3 (Orthoclone OKT3); Azathioprine; Intravenous immunoglobulin; Intrathecal methotrexate; Intrathecal cystine arabinoside; Vaccines; Allopurinol. […] Systemic diseases that can cause aseptic meningitis include the following: Sarcoidosis; Leptomeningeal cancer; Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder; Systemic lupus erythematosus; Wegener granulomatosis; CNS vasculitis; Behet disease; Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome. […] Miscellaneous causes include the following: Arachnoiditis; Migraine; Postinfectious syndromes.

• #1 Meningitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232915-overview

  Bacterial meningitis is characterized by a pyogenic inflammatory response in the meninges and subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), caused by bacterial infection. It typically presents with a sudden onset of meningeal symptoms and an increase in neutrophils in the CSF. Without prompt treatment, bacterial meningitis can result in lifelong disability or even death. […] Bacterial meningitis typically occurs when bacteria enter the meninges through the bloodstream, with colonization of the nasopharynx being a common source in cases where the infection is not clearly identified. Many bacteria that cause meningitis, such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae, often are present in the nose and throat without causing symptoms. […] The specific mechanisms by which these infectious agents reach the subarachnoid space are not fully understood. Inside the CNS, the pathogens can thrive as immune defenses, such as immunoglobulins, neutrophils, and complement factors, are limited in this region. The uncontrolled presence and replication of these infectious agents can trigger the inflammatory cascade seen in meningitis.

• #1 How do you get meningitis? – Causes of meningitis | Meningitis Now

  https://www.meningitisnow.org/meningitis-explained/how-to-catch-meningitis/

  Most cases of meningitis occur alone, and the risk of a second, related case is usually very small. It is rare to catch meningitis from someone who has the disease. […] The bacteria that can cause meningitis commonly live in the back of the nose or throat. This is called carriage. […] Around 10% of the population carry meningococcal bacteria (one of the most common causes of bacterial meningitis) in the back of their throat at any one time. […] The bacteria can then travel in the bloodstream to infect the meninges, causing meningitis, or while in the bloodstream they can cause septicaemia. […] The bacteria are passed from person to person by coughing, sneezing and intimate kissing. […] Because many different viruses can cause meningitis, the way in which the virus is spread will depend on its type.

• #1 Meningitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232915-overview

  An infectious agent (such as a bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite) can access the CNS and cause meningeal disease through any of the following three major pathways: Invasion of the bloodstream (eg, bacteremia, viremia, fungemia, or parasitemia) leading to subsequent hematogenous seeding of the CNS, Utilizing a retrograde neuronal pathway (eg, olfactory and peripheral nerves), as seen with organisms like Naegleria fowleri or Gnathostoma spinigerum, Direct contiguous spread through methods such as sinusitis, otitis media, congenital malformations, trauma, or direct inoculation during intracranial manipulation.

• #1 Bacterial Meningitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11039-bacterial-meningitis

  Yes. If you’ve had bacterial meningitis, you should encourage anyone you’ve had close contact with to seek preventive treatment with antibiotics. […] Children between the ages of 1 month and 2 years are the most susceptible to bacterial meningitis. Adults with certain risk factors are also susceptible. You’re at higher risk if you have: Substance use disorder, Chronic nose and/or ear infections, A head injury, Pneumococcal pneumonia, A weakened immune system, Had your spleen removed, Sickle cell disease. […] If you don’t seek treatment immediately, bacterial meningitis can lead to paralysis, stroke and death. In people who survive, long-term complications can occur. These complications may include: Seizures, Memory and concentration issues, Balance, coordination and movement problems, Learning differences, Speech issues, Vision or hearing loss.

• #1 Meningitis: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/meningitis-causes-risk-factors-297086

  A number of lifestyle risk factors have been associated with meningitis risk. […] School-age children, young children who go to daycare, and their teachers are all at risk of meningitis due to their close proximity to one another during the day. […] College student dorm life, which involves sharing living spaces with many other people, increases the risk of meningitis. […] Traveling may increase your risk for meningococcal disease. […] If you aren’t up to date on your recommended vaccines, you will be more susceptible to infections from certain types of bacteria and viruses.

• #1 Meningitis: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/meningitis-causes-risk-factors-297086

  Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the tissue that covers and protects the brain and spinal cord. It is usually caused by an infection but may be caused by cancer, medication, or another inflammatory condition. When meningitis is caused by infection, it is usually bacterial or viral. […] The infectious causes of meningitis are contagious and spread by fluids that contain the infectious organisms. Sneezing, coughing, kissing, or even touching contaminated objects can spread the infection. […] The causes of meningitis vary, although the most common causes are bacterial or viral infections, which you can catch by being around infected individuals through respiratory droplets. Other types of infections can occur as well, and they are more likely among people who do not have healthy immune systems, although infectious meningitis can affect anybody.

• #1 Bacterial Meningitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11039-bacterial-meningitis

  Bacterial meningitis is a very serious type of meningitis. It can cause the tissues around your brain to swell, leading to long-term complications and even death. Bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening type of meningitis. Meningitis is inflammation of the membranes (meninges) that surround and protect your brain and spinal cord. An infection of the fluid surrounding your brain and spinal cord usually causes this inflammation. Bacterial meningitis can cause death within hours. […] About 50 different types of bacteria can cause bacterial meningitis. The most common bacteria include: Group B Streptococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal), Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcal), Haemophilus influenzae, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli (E. coli). […] The bacteria most often responsible for bacterial meningitis are common in the environment. They can be in your nose and throat at any time without causing any harm. You may not get sick, but you can still spread the bacteria to other people who could get sick. You can spread the bacteria through close contact with someone else. The bacteria commonly spreads through respiratory secretions when you’re sneezing, coughing or kissing.

• #1 How do you get meningitis? – Causes of meningitis | Meningitis Now

  https://www.meningitisnow.org/meningitis-explained/how-to-catch-meningitis/

  Enteroviruses (one of the most common causes of viral meningitis) are carried harmlessly in the intestines of both children and adults, and carriage of these viruses helps us to build up natural immunity to infection. […] Spread of these viruses is common and they can be passed from person to person by coughing, sneezing and on unwashed hands. […] Medical conditions or treatments that affect the immune system can increase the risk of meningitis and septicaemia. […] Complement deficiencies are rare, but in some cases they can put people at increased risk of meningococcal disease. […] People who take this type of medication are at increased risk of infections, including meningitis. […] Some bacteria that cause meningitis are more prevalent in certain areas of the world. […] The risk of meningococcal disease is greatest in the meningitis belt of sub-Saharan Africa. […] Environmental factors such as exposure to cigarette smoke or living in poorly ventilated, crowded conditions can increase the risk of meningitis. […] However, when there is a case of meningococcal disease, there is a slightly increased risk of illness in close contacts of that case.

• #1 Meningitis: Causes, symptoms and treatment | Fox News

  https://www.foxnews.com/health/meningitis-causes-symptoms-treatment

  Meningitis is an infection of the protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, which are called the meninges. […] The illness is usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection. In rare cases, a fungus, parasite or amoeba may also cause meningitis. There are noninfectious causes of meningitis, too, such as some cancers, lupus, head injuries or brain surgery, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] The most common cause of viral meningitis in the U.S. is non-polio enteroviruses, according to the CDC. Other viruses, such as the ones that cause mumps, herpes and chickenpox, measles, flu and mosquito-transmitted arboviruses (like West Nile virus), can also cause the infection. […] People can develop fungal meningitis, which is rare in the U.S., when they breathe in fungal spores that live in soil or on decaying wood, or spores found in bird or bat droppings. The illness is almost always seen in those with weakened immune systems due to HIV or organ transplant, for example, Sax said.

• #1 About Meningitis: Symptoms, Causes, and Transmission – Consensus: AI Search Engine for Research

  https://consensus.app/home/blog/about-meningitis-symptoms-causes-and-transmission/

  The transmission of meningitis depends on the causative agent: […] Bacterial meningitis can be transmitted through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing. Close contact with an infected person, such as living in the same household or sharing utensils, increases the risk of transmission. […] Fungal meningitis is not contagious and is typically acquired from the environment. For instance, Cryptococcus neoformans can be inhaled from soil contaminated with bird droppings. […] Eosinophilic meningitis, caused by the parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis, is transmitted through the consumption of raw or undercooked snails, slugs, or contaminated produce.

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  https://www.recurrentmeningitis.org/causes

  Recurrent meningitis is defined by at least two episodes of meningitis with associated CSF pleocytosis with no symptoms between episodes. […] Recurrent meningitis was first described in the 1940s by physician-scientist Pierre Mollaret, who noted a handful of cases of recurrent acute aseptic meningitis with CSF showing evidence of lymphocytic and mononuclear pleocytosis. […] This was later attributed to HSV-2 infection. […] While triggers for recurrent viral meningitis are unclear, significant risk factors should be investigated in those who present with recurrent bacterial meningitis, including host factors such as anatomic defects that provide a nidus for bacterial CNS invasion (eg, skull-base defects, neural tube defects) and acquired and congenital immunodeficiencies that predispose individuals to recurrent ear, nose, and throat infections.

• #1 Newborn meningitis | Bliss

  https://www.bliss.org.uk/parents/about-your-baby/medical-conditions/meningitis

  Meningitis can be caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, or other germs such as fungi. Most serious meningitis infections are caused by bacteria. […] Early onset meningitis is usually caused by bacteria that the baby picks up from the mother during birth. Bacteria that are living harmlessly on the mother can sometimes cause serious infections in a newborn baby. Rarely, early onset meningitis is caused by bacteria that have infected the mother from food she has eaten. […] Late onset meningitis is usually caused by bacteria from the environment around the baby. This type of meningitis is more likely to happen in premature babies, and most likely in babies who are in intensive care. […] The bacteria can get into the baby’s blood and travel to the meninges around their brains. The meninges can then become inflamed and cause damage to the brain.

• #1 Acute Bacterial Meningitis – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/meningitis/acute-bacterial-meningitis

  Routes of entry include the following: By hematogenous spread (the most common route), from infected structures in or around the head (eg, sinuses, middle ear, mastoid process), sometimes associated with a CSF leak, through a penetrating head wound, after a neurosurgical procedure (eg, if a ventricular shunt becomes infected), and through congenital or acquired defects in the skull or spine. […] Overall, the most common causes of bacterial meningitis in immunocompromised patients are S. pneumoniae, L. monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, N. meningitidis, and gram-negative bacteria. […] But the most likely bacteria depend on the type of immune deficiency: Defects in cell-mediated immunity (eg, in severe HIV infection, Hodgkin lymphoma, or drug-induced immunosuppression): L. monocytogenes or mycobacteria.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/meningitis

  Some bacterial pathogens may also account for other symptoms as a result of bloodstream infection, which can quickly lead to sepsis, including cold hands and feet, fast breathing, and low blood pressure. […] Vaccines against meningococcal, pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae disease have been available for many years. […] No universal vaccine exists. […] Vaccines against GBS are in development. […] Intravenous penicillin can be administered to mothers at risk of transmitting GBS to their babies during labour, to prevent their babies developing GBS infection. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis with antibiotics is given to close contacts of individuals with meningococcal disease to eradicate asymptomatic meningococcal carriage in the nose and decrease the risk of transmission.

• #1 The Many Causes of Meningitis – Patients ER and Hospital

  https://patientser.com/many-causes-meningitis/

  Bacterial meningitis germs are usually passed from one person to another through the exchange of infected respiratory and throat secretions. […] The most effective way to protect you and your child against certain types of bacterial meningitis is to complete the recommended vaccine schedule. There are vaccines for three types of bacteria that cause meningitis. There are no vaccines to protect against non-polio enteroviruses, which are the most common cause of viral meningitis. However, vaccination does prevent meningitis caused by influenza, measles, and mumps.

• #2 Meningitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14600-meningitis

  Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective layers surrounding your brain and spinal cord (meninges). Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and non-infectious conditions can cause meningitis. […] Infectious diseases, like viruses and bacteria, and non-infectious conditions, like cancer or head injuries, can cause meningitis. […] Infectious causes are bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and the ameba Naegleria fowleri. Non-infectious causes include diseases, certain medications and other conditions. […] Causes of bacterial meningitis include Streptococcus pneumonia, Group B Streptococcus, Neisseria meningitides, Haemophilus influenza, Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. […] Causes of viral meningitis include non-polio enteroviruses, mumps, herpesviruses, measles, influenza, arboviruses, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.

• #2 Meningitis | Meningitis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/index.html

  Mumps virus, one viral cause of meningitis. […] Many viruses can cause meningitis. […] Many bacteria can cause meningitis. […] Fungal meningitis is uncommon, difficult to diagnose, and treated with antifungal medicines. […] Three parasites are the main causes of parasitic meningitis, which is uncommon and hard to diagnose. […] Amebic meningitis is rare, difficult to diagnose, and usually deadly even with treatment. […] Bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi can all cause meningitis.

• #2 Meningitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meningitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350508

  Meningitis is an infection and swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of the fluid and three membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord. The three membranes are called meninges. […] Viral infections are the most common cause of meningitis in the United States, followed by bacterial infections and, rarely, fungal and parasitic infections. Because bacterial infections can lead to death, finding the cause is vital. […] Germs that enter the bloodstream and travel to the brain and spinal cord cause bacterial meningitis. But bacterial meningitis also can happen when bacteria directly enter the meninges. This may be caused by an ear or sinus infection or a skull fracture. Rarely, some surgeries can cause it. […] Several strains of bacteria can cause bacterial meningitis. The most common are: Streptococcus pneumoniae. This germ is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in infants, young children and adults in the United States.

• #2 Acute Bacterial Meningitis – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/meningitis/acute-bacterial-meningitis

  Likely causes of bacterial meningitis depend on […] In neonates and young infants, the most common causes of bacterial meningitis are Group B streptococci, particularly Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia (E.) coli and other gram-negative bacteria, and Listeria monocytogenes. […] In older infants, children, and young adults, the most common causes of bacterial meningitis are Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae. […] In middle-aged and in older adults, the most common cause of bacterial meningitis is S. pneumoniae. […] Less commonly, N. meningitidis causes meningitis in middle-aged and older adults. […] As host defenses decline with age, patients may develop meningitis due to L. monocytogenes or gram-negative bacteria. […] In people of all ages, Staphylococcus aureus occasionally causes meningitis.

• #2 Meningitis in Kids (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/meningitis.html

  Meningitis is most often caused by a virus (viral meningitis), but sometimes is caused by bacteria (bacterial meningitis). […] Many different types of bacteria can cause it. […] Meningitis caused by germs like bacteria or viruses often starts in another part of the body. […] Bacterial meningitis is rare, but is usually serious and can be life-threatening if not treated right away. […] Viral meningitis (also called aseptic meningitis) is more common than bacterial meningitis and usually less serious.

• #2

  https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis/viral-meningitis/causes

  Viruses are the most common cause of meningitis around the world. Meningitis is the swelling of the lining of the brain and spinal cord (called meninges), which increases pressure on the brain and causes the symptoms of meningitis. […] Enteroviruses cause more than 90% of all viral meningitis cases. The two most common enteroviruses are echovirus and coxsackievirus. […] Parechoviruses are common across the world and mainly affect young children. […] Herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus are the most likely herpes viruses to cause meningitis. […] HSV is a common cause of viral meningitis in adolescents and adults in developed countries. […] Mumps and measles can also cause meningitis and encephalitis (inflammation of the brain). […] Arboviruses are usually transmitted by mosquitos and ticks. Some of these viruses can cause meningitis or encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in humans. […] HIV can cause meningitis during the early stages of infection. […] Meningitis caused by LCMV is rare and is estimated to be fatal in 1% of cases.

• #2 Etiology and Management of Chronic Meningitis

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/etiology-and-management-of-chronic-meningitis

  The most common cause of chronic meningitis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (40%-60%). […] The most common fungal cause of chronic meningitis is Cryptococcus neoformans (an encapsulated yeast), occurring most often in patients with HIV/AIDS. […] Parasitic causes of chronic meningitis include Taenia solium, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Toxoplasma gondii, and Acanthamoeba species. […] Several autoimmune diseases have been rarely associated with chronic meningitis. The causative mechanism is unclear. […] Sarcoidosis is a chronic, multisystem, granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology that is characterized pathologically by the presence of noncaseating granulomas (nodular inflammatory lesions) in the lungs, skin, joints, eyes, and–rarely–CNS. […] BD is a chronic multisystem inflammatory disorder that primarily causes vasculitis.

• #2 Meningitis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/meningitis

  Causes of viral meningitis include Mumps, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Non-polio enteroviruses, Herpesviruses, Measles, Arboviruses, such as West Nile virus, and Influenza. […] Causes of fungal meningitis include Coccidioides. […] Causes of parasitic meningitis include Angiostrongylus Cantonensis, Baylisascaris Procyonis, and Gnathostoma Spinigerum. […] Causes of amebic meningitis include Naegleria fowleri. […] Causes of non-infectious meningitis include Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), NSAIDs and antibiotics, Head injuries, Brain surgery, Certain types of cancer, and Chemical reactions.

• #2 Meningitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14600-meningitis

  Causes of fungal meningitis include Coccidioides. […] Causes of parasitic meningitis (eosinophilic meningitis) include Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Baylisascaris procyonis, and Gnathostoma spinigerum. […] Naegleria fowleri causes amebic meningitis. […] Causes of non-infectious meningitis include systemic lupus erythematosus, certain medications, head injuries, and brain surgery.

• #2 Meningitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis

  Meningitis is typically caused by an infection. Most infections are due to viruses, and others due to bacteria, fungi, and parasites. […] The inflammation may be caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites. […] Non-infectious causes include malignancy (cancer), subarachnoid hemorrhage, chronic inflammatory disease (sarcoidosis) and certain drugs. […] The term aseptic meningitis refers to cases of meningitis in which no bacterial infection can be demonstrated. This type of meningitis is usually caused by viruses, but it may be due to bacterial infection that has already been partially treated, when bacteria disappear from the meninges, or when pathogens infect a space adjacent to the meninges (such as sinusitis). […] Tuberculous meningitis, which is meningitis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is more common in people from countries in which tuberculosis is endemic, but is also encountered in people with immune problems, such as AIDS.

• #2

  https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis

  Meningitis is usually caused by: Bacteria. […] Meningitis is usually caused by: Viruses. […] Meningitis is usually caused by: Fungi. […] Rarer causes of meningitis include: Parasites, which are usually found in animals and infect humans when they eat contaminated food. […] Certain types of cancer that can spread to the meninges. This is known as leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LMC), or carcinomatous meningitis. […] Autoimmune diseases, when your own immune system attacks the lining of the brain. Autoimmune meningitis has been associated with diseases such as lupus, Behet disease and vasculitis. […] The treatment for meningitis depends on what germs have caused the illness: Viral meningitis often gets better without medical treatment. […] Bacterial meningitis needs urgent treatment with antibiotics.

• #2 Noninfectious Meningitis – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/meningitis/noninfectious-meningitis

  Noninfectious meningitis is caused by disorders that are not infections or by medications or vaccines. Overall, these conditions are uncommon causes of meningitis. […] Disorders that most commonly cause noninfectious meningitis include disorders that cause inflammation, such as the inflammation that occurs when the body’s immune system malfunctions and attacks the body’s own tissues (autoimmune disorders). Such disorders include rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus). […] Medications that can cause noninfectious meningitis include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and certain antibiotics. Noninfectious meningitis due to NSAIDs may occur in people who have autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus). […] Noninfectious meningitis may also develop after a brain cyst ruptures and the fluid in it leaks into the subarachnoid space. Such cysts may be present at birth or be caused by a tapeworm infection called cysticercosis.

• #2 Meningitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232915-overview

  An infectious agent (such as a bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite) can access the CNS and cause meningeal disease through any of the following three major pathways: Invasion of the bloodstream (eg, bacteremia, viremia, fungemia, or parasitemia) leading to subsequent hematogenous seeding of the CNS, Utilizing a retrograde neuronal pathway (eg, olfactory and peripheral nerves), as seen with organisms like Naegleria fowleri or Gnathostoma spinigerum, Direct contiguous spread through methods such as sinusitis, otitis media, congenital malformations, trauma, or direct inoculation during intracranial manipulation.

• #2 About Meningococcal Disease | Meningococcal | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/about/index.html

  Meningococcal disease is a name for any infection caused by bacteria called Neisseria meningitidis. […] The two most common types of meningococcal infections are meningitis and bloodstream infections. […] With meningococcal meningitis, the bacteria infect the lining of the brain and spinal cord and cause swelling. […] N. meningitidis are bacteria that can live in the back of the nose and throat. About 1 in 10 people have these bacteria in their throat and aren’t sick. […] Sometimes the bacteria move to other parts of the body and cause infection. […] Three serogroups cause most meningococcal disease in the United States: B, C, and Y. […] Meningococcal disease is an uncommon but serious illness that causes meningitis and bloodstream infections.

• #2 Meningitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis

  An infection in the head and neck area, such as otitis media or mastoiditis, can lead to meningitis in a small proportion of people. […] Meningitis may occur as the result of several non-infectious causes: spread of cancer to the meninges (malignant or neoplastic meningitis) and certain drugs. […] It may also be caused by several inflammatory conditions, such as sarcoidosis (which is then called neurosarcoidosis), connective tissue disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus, and certain forms of vasculitis.

• #2 Meningitis: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/meningitis-causes-risk-factors-297086

  Meningitis can be caused by an inflammatory reaction to certain medications and procedures. […] Cancer metastasis (spread) from elsewhere in the body can travel to the meninges. […] A number of autoimmune disorders, including lupus and sarcoidosis, have been linked to inflammatory meningitis. […] Infectious meningitis is influenced by several factors related to your overall health: […] Certain age groups are at a higher risk of becoming infected with meningitis. […] Maternal to infant transmission can develop if the mother has an infection of the birth canal that could cause meningitis in the newborn child, such as herpes. […] People who do not have a healthy immune system are at a higher risk of getting infectious meningitis. […] There are several sexually transmitted diseases that can lead to meningitis.

• #2 Bacterial Meningitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11039-bacterial-meningitis

  Yes. If you’ve had bacterial meningitis, you should encourage anyone you’ve had close contact with to seek preventive treatment with antibiotics. […] Children between the ages of 1 month and 2 years are the most susceptible to bacterial meningitis. Adults with certain risk factors are also susceptible. You’re at higher risk if you have: Substance use disorder, Chronic nose and/or ear infections, A head injury, Pneumococcal pneumonia, A weakened immune system, Had your spleen removed, Sickle cell disease. […] If you don’t seek treatment immediately, bacterial meningitis can lead to paralysis, stroke and death. In people who survive, long-term complications can occur. These complications may include: Seizures, Memory and concentration issues, Balance, coordination and movement problems, Learning differences, Speech issues, Vision or hearing loss.

• #2 The Many Causes of Meningitis – Patients ER and Hospital

  https://patientser.com/many-causes-meningitis/

  Bacterial meningitis germs are usually passed from one person to another through the exchange of infected respiratory and throat secretions. […] The most effective way to protect you and your child against certain types of bacterial meningitis is to complete the recommended vaccine schedule. There are vaccines for three types of bacteria that cause meningitis. There are no vaccines to protect against non-polio enteroviruses, which are the most common cause of viral meningitis. However, vaccination does prevent meningitis caused by influenza, measles, and mumps.

• #2 About Meningitis: Symptoms, Causes, and Transmission – Consensus: AI Search Engine for Research

  https://consensus.app/home/blog/about-meningitis-symptoms-causes-and-transmission/

  The transmission of meningitis depends on the causative agent: […] Bacterial meningitis can be transmitted through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing. Close contact with an infected person, such as living in the same household or sharing utensils, increases the risk of transmission. […] Fungal meningitis is not contagious and is typically acquired from the environment. For instance, Cryptococcus neoformans can be inhaled from soil contaminated with bird droppings. […] Eosinophilic meningitis, caused by the parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis, is transmitted through the consumption of raw or undercooked snails, slugs, or contaminated produce.

• #2 Meningitis: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Treatment, Risks, Vaccine

  https://www.healthline.com/health/meningitis

  Chronic meningitis requires treating the underlying cause, such as a fungal infection, or an autoimmune issue, such as rheumatoid arthritis. […] Bacterial meningitis is contagious and caused by infection from certain bacteria. […] Common bacterial causes include: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus. […] Fungal meningitis occurs when a fungus enters the body and spreads from the bloodstream to the brain or spinal cord. […] Parasitic meningitis is caused by parasites in dirt, feces, and on some animals and food.

• #2

  https://www.recurrentmeningitis.org/causes

  Recurrent meningitis is defined by at least two episodes of meningitis with associated CSF pleocytosis with no symptoms between episodes. […] Recurrent meningitis was first described in the 1940s by physician-scientist Pierre Mollaret, who noted a handful of cases of recurrent acute aseptic meningitis with CSF showing evidence of lymphocytic and mononuclear pleocytosis. […] This was later attributed to HSV-2 infection. […] While triggers for recurrent viral meningitis are unclear, significant risk factors should be investigated in those who present with recurrent bacterial meningitis, including host factors such as anatomic defects that provide a nidus for bacterial CNS invasion (eg, skull-base defects, neural tube defects) and acquired and congenital immunodeficiencies that predispose individuals to recurrent ear, nose, and throat infections.

• #2 Meningitis in Infants | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguide.com/birth-injury/meningitis/

  Meningitis is an infection of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. While meningitis affects people in all age groups, children 2 and younger are most at risk. Without prompt treatment, infants with meningitis can suffer permanent brain damage or even death. […] The most common cause of bacterial meningitis in infants is E. coli and group B streptococcus (GBS) bacteria. […] Sometimes, the bacteria that cause meningitis enter a newborn’s body through cuts in the scalp from tools like forceps used to assist a vaginal delivery. […] A mother can also pass on bacteria to a baby during delivery that can lead to meningitis. […] The bacteria that cause bacterial meningitis can spread to the meninges from a severe head injury or an ear or sinus infection. […] The two most common types of meningitis in babies — bacterial and viral meningitis — spread the same way most other infectious diseases spread. A person with meningitis can infect an infant by coughing or sneezing near the child or touching objects that end up in the child’s mouth.

• #2 Acute Bacterial Meningitis – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/meningitis/acute-bacterial-meningitis

  Defects in humoral immunity or splenectomy: S. pneumoniae or, less frequently, N. meningitidis (both can cause fulminant meningitis). […] Neutropenia: P. aeruginosa or gram-negative enteric bacteria. […] In very young infants (particularly preterm infants) and older adults, T-cell immunity may be weak; thus, these age groups are at risk of meningitis due to L. monocytogenes.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/meningitis

  Some bacterial pathogens may also account for other symptoms as a result of bloodstream infection, which can quickly lead to sepsis, including cold hands and feet, fast breathing, and low blood pressure. […] Vaccines against meningococcal, pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae disease have been available for many years. […] No universal vaccine exists. […] Vaccines against GBS are in development. […] Intravenous penicillin can be administered to mothers at risk of transmitting GBS to their babies during labour, to prevent their babies developing GBS infection. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis with antibiotics is given to close contacts of individuals with meningococcal disease to eradicate asymptomatic meningococcal carriage in the nose and decrease the risk of transmission.

• #2 Meningitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232915-overview

  Bacterial meningitis is characterized by a pyogenic inflammatory response in the meninges and subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), caused by bacterial infection. It typically presents with a sudden onset of meningeal symptoms and an increase in neutrophils in the CSF. Without prompt treatment, bacterial meningitis can result in lifelong disability or even death. […] Bacterial meningitis typically occurs when bacteria enter the meninges through the bloodstream, with colonization of the nasopharynx being a common source in cases where the infection is not clearly identified. Many bacteria that cause meningitis, such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae, often are present in the nose and throat without causing symptoms. […] The specific mechanisms by which these infectious agents reach the subarachnoid space are not fully understood. Inside the CNS, the pathogens can thrive as immune defenses, such as immunoglobulins, neutrophils, and complement factors, are limited in this region. The uncontrolled presence and replication of these infectious agents can trigger the inflammatory cascade seen in meningitis.

• #3 What Is Bacterial Meningitis? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/meningitis/guide/bacterial-meningitis/

  Bacterial meningitis occurs when bacteria cause an infection of the membranes (meninges) that surround your brain and spinal cord. […] Bacterial meningitis can occur in two ways: when bacteria enter the bloodstream and then travel to the brain and spinal cord, or when bacteria directly invade the meninges, which may be caused by an ear or sinus infection, a skull fracture, or, in rare cases, some surgeries. […] Bacterial meningitis can be caused by about 50 different kinds of bacteria. The most common culprits include: Group B Streptococcus (group B strep). This bacterium most commonly affects infants less than 2 months old […] Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae). This bacterium most commonly affects infants, young children, and adults in the United States […] Neisseria meningitidis (N. meningitidis). This bacterium most commonly affects teenagers and young adults.

• #3 Meningitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meningitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350508

  Meningitis is an infection and swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of the fluid and three membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord. The three membranes are called meninges. […] Viral infections are the most common cause of meningitis in the United States, followed by bacterial infections and, rarely, fungal and parasitic infections. Because bacterial infections can lead to death, finding the cause is vital. […] Germs that enter the bloodstream and travel to the brain and spinal cord cause bacterial meningitis. But bacterial meningitis also can happen when bacteria directly enter the meninges. This may be caused by an ear or sinus infection or a skull fracture. Rarely, some surgeries can cause it. […] Several strains of bacteria can cause bacterial meningitis. The most common are: Streptococcus pneumoniae. This germ is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in infants, young children and adults in the United States.

• #3 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Meningitis-Causes.aspx

  Patients having spinal procedures (eg spinal anaesthetia) are at a risk of meningitis caused by Pseudomonas spp. […] Syphilis and Tuberculosis leading to meningitis as well as fungal meningitis are rare causes but are seen in HIV positive individuals and those with a suppressed immunity. […] According to age group of the patient the most likely bacterial causes of meningitis include: In new-borns – Pneumococcal bacteria or group B streptococci, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli. […] Infants and young children – H. influenzae type b, in children less than 4 years and being unvaccinated raises risk of meningitis due to Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumonia. […] Older children and adults – S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae type b, N. meningitidis, Gram-negative bacilli, staphylococci, streptococci and L. monocytogenes.

• #3 Aseptic Meningitis: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1169489-overview

  Viral causes include the following: Enteroviruses – coxsackievirus, echovirus, poliovirus; Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2); Varicella-zoster virus; Arboviruses; Epstein-Barr virus; HIV; Influenza virus types A and B; Mumps virus; Coloradotick fever virus; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV); Rabies. […] Bacterial causes are as follows: Partially treated bacterial meningitis; Parameningeal infection; Endocarditis; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Ehrlichiosis – monocytic, granulocytic; Borrelia burgdorferi; Treponema pallidum; Brucella species. […] Fungal causes are as follows: Cryptococcus neoformans; Histoplasma capsulatum; Coccidioides immitis; Blastomyces dermatitides. […] Parasites that can cause aseptic meningitis are as follows: Toxoplasma gondii; Taenia solium (cysticercosis).

• #3 Meningitis – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/meningitis/index.html

  There are many different bacteria and viruses that can cause meningitis. […] The most common causes of bacterial meningitis: […] Meningococcal disease is an illness caused by a bacteria called Neisseria meningitidis. […] Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) was once the most common cause of bacterial infection in children. […] The Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria kills more people in the United States each year than all other vaccine-preventable diseases combined. […] The most common causes of viral meningitis is a group of viruses known as enteroviruses, which includes coxsackieviruses and echoviruses.

• #3

  https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis/viral-meningitis/causes

  Viruses are the most common cause of meningitis around the world. Meningitis is the swelling of the lining of the brain and spinal cord (called meninges), which increases pressure on the brain and causes the symptoms of meningitis. […] Enteroviruses cause more than 90% of all viral meningitis cases. The two most common enteroviruses are echovirus and coxsackievirus. […] Parechoviruses are common across the world and mainly affect young children. […] Herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus are the most likely herpes viruses to cause meningitis. […] HSV is a common cause of viral meningitis in adolescents and adults in developed countries. […] Mumps and measles can also cause meningitis and encephalitis (inflammation of the brain). […] Arboviruses are usually transmitted by mosquitos and ticks. Some of these viruses can cause meningitis or encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in humans. […] HIV can cause meningitis during the early stages of infection. […] Meningitis caused by LCMV is rare and is estimated to be fatal in 1% of cases.

• #3 Etiology and Management of Chronic Meningitis

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/etiology-and-management-of-chronic-meningitis

  The most common cause of chronic meningitis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (40%-60%). […] The most common fungal cause of chronic meningitis is Cryptococcus neoformans (an encapsulated yeast), occurring most often in patients with HIV/AIDS. […] Parasitic causes of chronic meningitis include Taenia solium, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Toxoplasma gondii, and Acanthamoeba species. […] Several autoimmune diseases have been rarely associated with chronic meningitis. The causative mechanism is unclear. […] Sarcoidosis is a chronic, multisystem, granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology that is characterized pathologically by the presence of noncaseating granulomas (nodular inflammatory lesions) in the lungs, skin, joints, eyes, and–rarely–CNS. […] BD is a chronic multisystem inflammatory disorder that primarily causes vasculitis.

• #3 Meningitis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/meningitis

  Causes of viral meningitis include Mumps, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Non-polio enteroviruses, Herpesviruses, Measles, Arboviruses, such as West Nile virus, and Influenza. […] Causes of fungal meningitis include Coccidioides. […] Causes of parasitic meningitis include Angiostrongylus Cantonensis, Baylisascaris Procyonis, and Gnathostoma Spinigerum. […] Causes of amebic meningitis include Naegleria fowleri. […] Causes of non-infectious meningitis include Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), NSAIDs and antibiotics, Head injuries, Brain surgery, Certain types of cancer, and Chemical reactions.

• #3 Meningitis | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/m/meningitis.html

  Sometimes meningitis can be caused by cancer cells in the spinal fluid. […] It’s usually caused by a virus. But it can be caused by bacteria and fungi. […] Sometimes meningitis can be from noninfectious causes, such as autoimmune disorders or medicines. […] Treatment for meningitis depends on the cause of the disease.

• #3

  https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis

  Meningitis is usually caused by: Bacteria. […] Meningitis is usually caused by: Viruses. […] Meningitis is usually caused by: Fungi. […] Rarer causes of meningitis include: Parasites, which are usually found in animals and infect humans when they eat contaminated food. […] Certain types of cancer that can spread to the meninges. This is known as leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LMC), or carcinomatous meningitis. […] Autoimmune diseases, when your own immune system attacks the lining of the brain. Autoimmune meningitis has been associated with diseases such as lupus, Behet disease and vasculitis. […] The treatment for meningitis depends on what germs have caused the illness: Viral meningitis often gets better without medical treatment. […] Bacterial meningitis needs urgent treatment with antibiotics.

• #3 Types of meningitis | Meningitis Now

  https://www.meningitisnow.org/meningitis-explained/types-of-meningitis/

  Certain parasites can cause meningitis; however, this is extremely rare. […] Cryptococcal meningitis is caused by a type of fungus which is found in soil and bird droppings. […] Infectious diseases are not the only causes of meningitis. […] Malignant or carcinomatous meningitis is a serious condition in which cancer cells spread to the meninges.

• #3

  https://www.recurrentmeningitis.org/causes

  Known viral causes for recurrent meningitis include HSV-2, HSV-1, and EBV (HHV-4). […] Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM), i.e. the seeding of tumor cells to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the leptomeninges, is a devastating and mostly late-stage complication of various solid tumors. […] In leukemic meningitis, cancer cells have spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). […] In lymphomatous meningitis, cancer cells have spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). […] Antibiotics known to cause recurrent meningitis include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cephalosporins, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin. […] Anticonvulsants known to cause recurrent meningitis include lamotrigine and carbamazepine.

• #3 Meningitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis

  An infection in the head and neck area, such as otitis media or mastoiditis, can lead to meningitis in a small proportion of people. […] Meningitis may occur as the result of several non-infectious causes: spread of cancer to the meninges (malignant or neoplastic meningitis) and certain drugs. […] It may also be caused by several inflammatory conditions, such as sarcoidosis (which is then called neurosarcoidosis), connective tissue disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus, and certain forms of vasculitis.

• #3 Meningitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232915-overview

  Bacterial meningitis is characterized by a pyogenic inflammatory response in the meninges and subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), caused by bacterial infection. It typically presents with a sudden onset of meningeal symptoms and an increase in neutrophils in the CSF. Without prompt treatment, bacterial meningitis can result in lifelong disability or even death. […] Bacterial meningitis typically occurs when bacteria enter the meninges through the bloodstream, with colonization of the nasopharynx being a common source in cases where the infection is not clearly identified. Many bacteria that cause meningitis, such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae, often are present in the nose and throat without causing symptoms. […] The specific mechanisms by which these infectious agents reach the subarachnoid space are not fully understood. Inside the CNS, the pathogens can thrive as immune defenses, such as immunoglobulins, neutrophils, and complement factors, are limited in this region. The uncontrolled presence and replication of these infectious agents can trigger the inflammatory cascade seen in meningitis.

• #3 Meningitis Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/meningitis.html

• #3 Meningitis in Adults Symptoms, Diagnosis, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/meningitis_in_adults/article_em.htm

  Fungal meningitis is a very serious and rare cause of meningitis. Typically limited to people who have had surgical procedures or have impaired immune systems due to cancer and other diseases affecting immune function, the 2012 outbreak of fungal meningitis was linked to a specific procedure using a specific steroid medication. […] Risk factors that place people at higher risk for bacterial meningitis include the following: Adults older than 60 years of age, Children younger than 5 years of age, People with alcoholism, People with sickle cell anemia, People with cancer, especially those receiving chemotherapy, People who have received transplants and are taking drugs that suppress the immune system, People with diabetes, Those recently exposed to meningitis at home, People living in close quarters (military barracks, dormitories), IV drug users, People with shunts in place for hydrocephalus.

• #3 Acute Bacterial Meningitis – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/meningitis/acute-bacterial-meningitis

  Routes of entry include the following: By hematogenous spread (the most common route), from infected structures in or around the head (eg, sinuses, middle ear, mastoid process), sometimes associated with a CSF leak, through a penetrating head wound, after a neurosurgical procedure (eg, if a ventricular shunt becomes infected), and through congenital or acquired defects in the skull or spine. […] Overall, the most common causes of bacterial meningitis in immunocompromised patients are S. pneumoniae, L. monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, N. meningitidis, and gram-negative bacteria. […] But the most likely bacteria depend on the type of immune deficiency: Defects in cell-mediated immunity (eg, in severe HIV infection, Hodgkin lymphoma, or drug-induced immunosuppression): L. monocytogenes or mycobacteria.

• #3 Bacterial Meningitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11039-bacterial-meningitis

  Yes. If you’ve had bacterial meningitis, you should encourage anyone you’ve had close contact with to seek preventive treatment with antibiotics. […] Children between the ages of 1 month and 2 years are the most susceptible to bacterial meningitis. Adults with certain risk factors are also susceptible. You’re at higher risk if you have: Substance use disorder, Chronic nose and/or ear infections, A head injury, Pneumococcal pneumonia, A weakened immune system, Had your spleen removed, Sickle cell disease. […] If you don’t seek treatment immediately, bacterial meningitis can lead to paralysis, stroke and death. In people who survive, long-term complications can occur. These complications may include: Seizures, Memory and concentration issues, Balance, coordination and movement problems, Learning differences, Speech issues, Vision or hearing loss.

• #3 How do you get meningitis? – Causes of meningitis | Meningitis Now

  https://www.meningitisnow.org/meningitis-explained/how-to-catch-meningitis/

  Enteroviruses (one of the most common causes of viral meningitis) are carried harmlessly in the intestines of both children and adults, and carriage of these viruses helps us to build up natural immunity to infection. […] Spread of these viruses is common and they can be passed from person to person by coughing, sneezing and on unwashed hands. […] Medical conditions or treatments that affect the immune system can increase the risk of meningitis and septicaemia. […] Complement deficiencies are rare, but in some cases they can put people at increased risk of meningococcal disease. […] People who take this type of medication are at increased risk of infections, including meningitis. […] Some bacteria that cause meningitis are more prevalent in certain areas of the world. […] The risk of meningococcal disease is greatest in the meningitis belt of sub-Saharan Africa. […] Environmental factors such as exposure to cigarette smoke or living in poorly ventilated, crowded conditions can increase the risk of meningitis. […] However, when there is a case of meningococcal disease, there is a slightly increased risk of illness in close contacts of that case.

• #3 How do you get meningitis? – Causes of meningitis | Meningitis Now

  https://www.meningitisnow.org/meningitis-explained/how-to-catch-meningitis/

  Most cases of meningitis occur alone, and the risk of a second, related case is usually very small. It is rare to catch meningitis from someone who has the disease. […] The bacteria that can cause meningitis commonly live in the back of the nose or throat. This is called carriage. […] Around 10% of the population carry meningococcal bacteria (one of the most common causes of bacterial meningitis) in the back of their throat at any one time. […] The bacteria can then travel in the bloodstream to infect the meninges, causing meningitis, or while in the bloodstream they can cause septicaemia. […] The bacteria are passed from person to person by coughing, sneezing and intimate kissing. […] Because many different viruses can cause meningitis, the way in which the virus is spread will depend on its type.

• #3 Meningitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis

  Recurrent bacterial meningitis may be caused by persisting anatomical defects, either congenital or acquired, or by disorders of the immune system. […] The types of bacteria that cause bacterial meningitis vary according to the infected individual’s age group. […] In premature babies and newborns up to three months old, common causes are group B streptococci and bacteria that normally inhabit the digestive tract such as Escherichia coli. […] Older children are more commonly affected by Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae and those under five by Haemophilus influenzae type B. […] In adults, Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae together cause 80% of bacterial meningitis cases. […] A head injury potentially allows nasal cavity bacteria to enter the meningeal space.

• #3 Meningitis in Infants | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguide.com/birth-injury/meningitis/

  Meningitis is an infection of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. While meningitis affects people in all age groups, children 2 and younger are most at risk. Without prompt treatment, infants with meningitis can suffer permanent brain damage or even death. […] The most common cause of bacterial meningitis in infants is E. coli and group B streptococcus (GBS) bacteria. […] Sometimes, the bacteria that cause meningitis enter a newborn’s body through cuts in the scalp from tools like forceps used to assist a vaginal delivery. […] A mother can also pass on bacteria to a baby during delivery that can lead to meningitis. […] The bacteria that cause bacterial meningitis can spread to the meninges from a severe head injury or an ear or sinus infection. […] The two most common types of meningitis in babies — bacterial and viral meningitis — spread the same way most other infectious diseases spread. A person with meningitis can infect an infant by coughing or sneezing near the child or touching objects that end up in the child’s mouth.

• #3 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Meningitis-Causes.aspx

  Elderly and those with a suppressed immunity – S. pneumoniae, L. monocytogenes, tuberculosis (TB), Gram-negative organisms. […] Other causes of meningitis include: Fungal meningitis Caused by Cryptococcus, Histoplasma and Coccidioides species and seen in AIDS patients. […] Parasites causing meningitis includes examples of eosinophilic meningitis caused by angiostrongyliasis. […] Other organisms like atypical tuberculosis, syphilis, Lyme disease, leptospirosis, listeriosis and brucellosis, Kawasaki’s disease and Mollaret’s meningitis. […] There may be no infection and only inflammation of the meninges leading to non-infective meningitis. This is caused by tumors, leukemia, lymphomas, drugs and chemicals given spinally or epidurally during anesthesia or other procedures, diseases like Sarcoidosis, Systemic lupus erythematosus and Behet’s disease etc.

• #3 What doctors wish patients knew about bacterial meningitis | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/population-care/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-bacterial-meningitis

  The organisms that cause bacterial meningitis are usually carried in the human nose or throat and can be spread through respiratory droplets. […] Different bacteria are more likely to affect certain age groups, Dr. Silvers said. […] When it comes to the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis, it requires a spinal tap also called a lumbar puncture to look at the spinal fluid. […] Vaccinations play a critical role in preventing bacterial meningitis, said Dr. Silvers. […] Three very important causes of bacterial meningitis are preventable by vaccinations, Dr. Silvers said. […] The standard treatment for bacterial meningitis is intravenous antibiotics. […] Bacterial meningitis is not common. Unfortunately, it can have serious consequences if medical care is delayed, Dr. Silvers said.

• #3 What causes meningitis? – VaccinesToday

  https://www.vaccinestoday.eu/stories/what-causes-meningitis/

  Meningitis can be caused by viral and bacterial infections immunisation can prevent the most common forms of the disease. […] Bacterial meningitis can be caused by many different types of bacteria. […] Currently available vaccines could prevent more than 90% of cases of bacterial meningitis, according to CoMO. […] There is no single meningitis vaccine receiving one type of meningitis vaccine will not protect an individual against other strains or types of meningitis. […] Some types of viral meningitis can be prevented by vaccination.

• #3 Bacterial Meningitis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/bacterial-meningitis/

  Bacterial meningitis is a bacterial infection of the meninges, the membranes around the brain and spinal cord. Many different bacteria can cause bacterial meningitis. Meningitis occurs when bacteria invade the bloodstream, cross the blood-brain barrier, and infect the meninges, membranes that cover the brain and the spinal cord. The bacteria that infect the meninges in bacterial meningitis can come from anywhere in the body, and once they are in the CSF, they multiply, releasing toxins. This causes inflammation of the meninges and the brain, which increases intracranial pressure (ICP), i.e., pressure inside the skull. This increase in pressure causes many of the distinctive symptoms of meningitis, including a stiff neck, headache, and sensitivity to light. Various bacteria can cause meningitis. The ones most often encountered include: Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pneumococcus, also known as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Meningococcus, also known as Neisseria meningitidis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, although this is rare. Meningococcal meningitis is caused by a bacteria known as Neisseria meningitidis. Severe pneumococcal infections are more common in developing countries. Meningitis caused by pneumococcus can be more severe than that caused by meningococcus, and is associated with somewhat higher mortality. However, vaccines against pneumococcal meningitis are available.

• #4 Meningitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14600-meningitis

  Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective layers surrounding your brain and spinal cord (meninges). Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and non-infectious conditions can cause meningitis. […] Infectious diseases, like viruses and bacteria, and non-infectious conditions, like cancer or head injuries, can cause meningitis. […] Infectious causes are bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and the ameba Naegleria fowleri. Non-infectious causes include diseases, certain medications and other conditions. […] Causes of bacterial meningitis include Streptococcus pneumonia, Group B Streptococcus, Neisseria meningitides, Haemophilus influenza, Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. […] Causes of viral meningitis include non-polio enteroviruses, mumps, herpesviruses, measles, influenza, arboviruses, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.

• #4 Meningitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meningitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350508

  Meningitis is an infection and swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of the fluid and three membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord. The three membranes are called meninges. […] Viral infections are the most common cause of meningitis in the United States, followed by bacterial infections and, rarely, fungal and parasitic infections. Because bacterial infections can lead to death, finding the cause is vital. […] Germs that enter the bloodstream and travel to the brain and spinal cord cause bacterial meningitis. But bacterial meningitis also can happen when bacteria directly enter the meninges. This may be caused by an ear or sinus infection or a skull fracture. Rarely, some surgeries can cause it. […] Several strains of bacteria can cause bacterial meningitis. The most common are: Streptococcus pneumoniae. This germ is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in infants, young children and adults in the United States.

• #4 Viral Meningitis – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/meningitis/viral-meningitis

  Viral meningitis is inflammation of the layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord (meninges) and of the fluid-filled space between the meninges (subarachnoid space) when it is caused by viruses. […] Viral meningitis is the most common cause of aseptic meningitis. Aseptic meningitis refers to meningitis that is caused by anything other than the bacteria that typically cause meningitis. […] The most common cause of viral meningitis is Enteroviruses, such as echovirus and coxsackievirus. […] Other common causes include Herpes simplex virus (HSV), usually type 2 (HSV-2), Varicella-zoster virus, viruses spread by mosquitoes (called arboviruses), such as West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, and California encephalitis virus, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

• #4

  https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis/viral-meningitis/causes

  Viruses are the most common cause of meningitis around the world. Meningitis is the swelling of the lining of the brain and spinal cord (called meninges), which increases pressure on the brain and causes the symptoms of meningitis. […] Enteroviruses cause more than 90% of all viral meningitis cases. The two most common enteroviruses are echovirus and coxsackievirus. […] Parechoviruses are common across the world and mainly affect young children. […] Herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus are the most likely herpes viruses to cause meningitis. […] HSV is a common cause of viral meningitis in adolescents and adults in developed countries. […] Mumps and measles can also cause meningitis and encephalitis (inflammation of the brain). […] Arboviruses are usually transmitted by mosquitos and ticks. Some of these viruses can cause meningitis or encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in humans. […] HIV can cause meningitis during the early stages of infection. […] Meningitis caused by LCMV is rare and is estimated to be fatal in 1% of cases.

• #4 Meningitis – cryptococcal: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000642.htm

  Cryptococcal meningitis is a fungal infection of the tissues covering the brain and spinal cord. These tissues are called meninges. […] In most cases, cryptococcal meningitis is caused by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. This fungus is found in soil around the world. Cryptococcus gattii can also cause meningitis, but this form can cause disease in people with a normal immune system as well. […] This type of meningitis is not spread from person to person. Usually, it spreads through the bloodstream to the brain from another place in the body that has the initial infection. […] Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis most often affects people with a weakened immune system, including people with: AIDS, Cirrhosis (a type of liver disease), Diabetes, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Sarcoidosis, An organ transplant. […] Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis is rare in people who have a normal immune system and no long-term health problems.

• #4 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Meningitis-Causes.aspx

  Elderly and those with a suppressed immunity – S. pneumoniae, L. monocytogenes, tuberculosis (TB), Gram-negative organisms. […] Other causes of meningitis include: Fungal meningitis Caused by Cryptococcus, Histoplasma and Coccidioides species and seen in AIDS patients. […] Parasites causing meningitis includes examples of eosinophilic meningitis caused by angiostrongyliasis. […] Other organisms like atypical tuberculosis, syphilis, Lyme disease, leptospirosis, listeriosis and brucellosis, Kawasaki’s disease and Mollaret’s meningitis. […] There may be no infection and only inflammation of the meninges leading to non-infective meningitis. This is caused by tumors, leukemia, lymphomas, drugs and chemicals given spinally or epidurally during anesthesia or other procedures, diseases like Sarcoidosis, Systemic lupus erythematosus and Behet’s disease etc.

• #4 Noninfectious Meningitis – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/meningitis/noninfectious-meningitis

  Noninfectious meningitis is caused by disorders that are not infections or by medications or vaccines. Overall, these conditions are uncommon causes of meningitis. […] Disorders that most commonly cause noninfectious meningitis include disorders that cause inflammation, such as the inflammation that occurs when the body’s immune system malfunctions and attacks the body’s own tissues (autoimmune disorders). Such disorders include rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus). […] Medications that can cause noninfectious meningitis include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and certain antibiotics. Noninfectious meningitis due to NSAIDs may occur in people who have autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus). […] Noninfectious meningitis may also develop after a brain cyst ruptures and the fluid in it leaks into the subarachnoid space. Such cysts may be present at birth or be caused by a tapeworm infection called cysticercosis.

• #4 Etiology and Management of Chronic Meningitis

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/etiology-and-management-of-chronic-meningitis

  WG is a severe, necrotizing, granulomatous systemic vasculitis associated with the cytoplasmic form of the antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody. […] A chronic inflammatory disease of unknown origin that often affects young women, SLE can involve the skin, joints, kidneys, lungs, nervous system, serous membranes, or other organs. […] Rarely, chronic meningitis is caused by medications. […] Neoplastic meningitis may be the first sign in 5% to 10% of patients diagnosed with cancer. Many tumors can cause meningitis, but small-cell lung cancer and melanoma are the most likely tumors to spread to the meninges.

• #4

  https://www.recurrentmeningitis.org/causes

  Known viral causes for recurrent meningitis include HSV-2, HSV-1, and EBV (HHV-4). […] Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM), i.e. the seeding of tumor cells to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the leptomeninges, is a devastating and mostly late-stage complication of various solid tumors. […] In leukemic meningitis, cancer cells have spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). […] In lymphomatous meningitis, cancer cells have spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). […] Antibiotics known to cause recurrent meningitis include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cephalosporins, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin. […] Anticonvulsants known to cause recurrent meningitis include lamotrigine and carbamazepine.

• #4 Meningitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis

  An infection in the head and neck area, such as otitis media or mastoiditis, can lead to meningitis in a small proportion of people. […] Meningitis may occur as the result of several non-infectious causes: spread of cancer to the meninges (malignant or neoplastic meningitis) and certain drugs. […] It may also be caused by several inflammatory conditions, such as sarcoidosis (which is then called neurosarcoidosis), connective tissue disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus, and certain forms of vasculitis.

• #4 Meningitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232915-overview

  An infectious agent (such as a bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite) can access the CNS and cause meningeal disease through any of the following three major pathways: Invasion of the bloodstream (eg, bacteremia, viremia, fungemia, or parasitemia) leading to subsequent hematogenous seeding of the CNS, Utilizing a retrograde neuronal pathway (eg, olfactory and peripheral nerves), as seen with organisms like Naegleria fowleri or Gnathostoma spinigerum, Direct contiguous spread through methods such as sinusitis, otitis media, congenital malformations, trauma, or direct inoculation during intracranial manipulation.

• #4 Meningitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232915-overview

  Bacterial meningitis is characterized by a pyogenic inflammatory response in the meninges and subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), caused by bacterial infection. It typically presents with a sudden onset of meningeal symptoms and an increase in neutrophils in the CSF. Without prompt treatment, bacterial meningitis can result in lifelong disability or even death. […] Bacterial meningitis typically occurs when bacteria enter the meninges through the bloodstream, with colonization of the nasopharynx being a common source in cases where the infection is not clearly identified. Many bacteria that cause meningitis, such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae, often are present in the nose and throat without causing symptoms. […] The specific mechanisms by which these infectious agents reach the subarachnoid space are not fully understood. Inside the CNS, the pathogens can thrive as immune defenses, such as immunoglobulins, neutrophils, and complement factors, are limited in this region. The uncontrolled presence and replication of these infectious agents can trigger the inflammatory cascade seen in meningitis.

• #4 Bacterial Meningitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11039-bacterial-meningitis

  Yes. If you’ve had bacterial meningitis, you should encourage anyone you’ve had close contact with to seek preventive treatment with antibiotics. […] Children between the ages of 1 month and 2 years are the most susceptible to bacterial meningitis. Adults with certain risk factors are also susceptible. You’re at higher risk if you have: Substance use disorder, Chronic nose and/or ear infections, A head injury, Pneumococcal pneumonia, A weakened immune system, Had your spleen removed, Sickle cell disease. […] If you don’t seek treatment immediately, bacterial meningitis can lead to paralysis, stroke and death. In people who survive, long-term complications can occur. These complications may include: Seizures, Memory and concentration issues, Balance, coordination and movement problems, Learning differences, Speech issues, Vision or hearing loss.

• #4 Acute Bacterial Meningitis – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/meningitis/acute-bacterial-meningitis

  Defects in humoral immunity or splenectomy: S. pneumoniae or, less frequently, N. meningitidis (both can cause fulminant meningitis). […] Neutropenia: P. aeruginosa or gram-negative enteric bacteria. […] In very young infants (particularly preterm infants) and older adults, T-cell immunity may be weak; thus, these age groups are at risk of meningitis due to L. monocytogenes.

• #4 How do you get meningitis? – Causes of meningitis | Meningitis Now

  https://www.meningitisnow.org/meningitis-explained/how-to-catch-meningitis/

  Enteroviruses (one of the most common causes of viral meningitis) are carried harmlessly in the intestines of both children and adults, and carriage of these viruses helps us to build up natural immunity to infection. […] Spread of these viruses is common and they can be passed from person to person by coughing, sneezing and on unwashed hands. […] Medical conditions or treatments that affect the immune system can increase the risk of meningitis and septicaemia. […] Complement deficiencies are rare, but in some cases they can put people at increased risk of meningococcal disease. […] People who take this type of medication are at increased risk of infections, including meningitis. […] Some bacteria that cause meningitis are more prevalent in certain areas of the world. […] The risk of meningococcal disease is greatest in the meningitis belt of sub-Saharan Africa. […] Environmental factors such as exposure to cigarette smoke or living in poorly ventilated, crowded conditions can increase the risk of meningitis. […] However, when there is a case of meningococcal disease, there is a slightly increased risk of illness in close contacts of that case.

• #4 Recurrent Meningitis: Causes, Risk Factors, Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/recurrent-meningitis

  Recurrent viral meningitis, which is also known as Mollarets meningitis, is typically caused by the herpes simplex virus. […] The Epstein-Barr virus, which can cause mononucleosis (mono), has also been associated with recurrent meningitis. […] Recurrent bacterial meningitis is rare. However, it can occur in people who have certain risk factors. A few different bacterial pathogens can cause it. […] According to 2021 research, the most common bacterial cause of recurrent meningitis is Streptococcus pneumonia. […] Another common cause is Haemophilus influenzae. […] There are also noninfectious causes of recurrent and chronic meningitis, like cancer, lupus, and head injury. […] Drug-induced meningitis is another possible cause. This can happen when someone has an unusual response to certain anti-inflammatory medications, like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). […] Recurrent meningitis happens when meningitis goes away and then comes back again months or years later. A bacterial infection, viral infection, or noninfectious causes can lead to meningitis. […] Treating recurrent meningitis means treating both the acute condition and the underlying cause.

• #4 Infant Meningitis and Cerebral Palsy | Brain Damage

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguidance.com/cerebral-palsy/causes/meningitis/

  Meningitis is an infection that affects the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis in infants can cause brain damage and long-term complications, including cerebral palsy. Quick diagnosis and treatment of meningitis are essential for protecting vulnerable infants. […] Infectious meningitis can be bacterial, viral, or fungal. Infants are particularly vulnerable to bacterial meningitis, which has the most potential to cause long-term harm or even death. […] Meningitis in an infant can lead to cerebral palsy. […] The most common infectious agents that cause bacterial meningitis in infants are Group B streptococci, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes. […] Bacterial meningitis occurs when an infant has sepsis, an infection in the bloodstream. […] Risk factors for neonatal meningitis include: Pre-term birth, Low birth weight, Not being up-to-date on vaccines, Infection in the mother, Premature rupture of membranes (PROM), Traumatic delivery.

• #4 Meningitis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/meningitis.html

  Four of the most common bacteria species that cause meningitis include: Neisseria meningitidis, which is a specific type of bacteria normally found in people’s noses and throats. In rare cases, this bacteria can enter the bloodstream and travel to the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord, causing an illness known as meningococcal disease. This type is very contagious and can spread rapidly in large group settings, such as college campuses. […] Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria can cause pneumococcal meningitis, which is the most serious form of bacterial meningitis. […] Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteria (Hib) typically affects children under age 5. It once was the leading cause of meningitis in young children in the U.S., but has nearly been eliminated since infant vaccination against Hib was recommended in 1989. […] Listeria monocytogenes is a type of bacteria that has become a more frequent cause of meningitis in newborns, pregnant women, adults over age 60 and people with weak immune systems in the past few decades, according to Massachusetts General Hospital.

• #4 Meningitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232915-overview

  The specific infectious agents that are involved in bacterial meningitis vary among different patient age groups, and the meningeal inflammation may evolve into the following conditions: Ventriculitis, Empyema, Cerebritis, Abscess formation. […] Some of the bacteria associated with bacterial meningitis include the following: Acinetobacter spp, Capnocytophaga canimorsus, Coagulase negative Staphylococcus, Cutibacterium acnes, Enterococcus spp, Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Pasteurella multocida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Viridans streptococci. […] Bacterial meningitis is caused by an infectious agent that has colonized or established a localized infection in various parts of the body such as the skin, nose and throat, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, or genitourinary tract.

• #5 Meningitis: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Treatment, Risks, Vaccine

  https://www.healthline.com/health/meningitis

  Chronic meningitis requires treating the underlying cause, such as a fungal infection, or an autoimmune issue, such as rheumatoid arthritis. […] Bacterial meningitis is contagious and caused by infection from certain bacteria. […] Common bacterial causes include: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus. […] Fungal meningitis occurs when a fungus enters the body and spreads from the bloodstream to the brain or spinal cord. […] Parasitic meningitis is caused by parasites in dirt, feces, and on some animals and food.

• #5 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Meningitis-Causes.aspx

  Meningitis can be caused by bacteria or a virus. While bacterial meningitis is more dangerous, viral meningitis is more common and runs a milder course. […] There are currently a number of bacteria that can lead to meningitis. Some of these include: Neisseria meningitidis bacteria or Meningococcal bacteria – There are several different types of meningococcal bacteria called groups A, B, C, W135, Y and Z. […] Most cases of meningococcal meningitis, however, are caused by the group B bacteria. […] Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria or pneumococcal bacteria These bacteria tend to affect babies and young children and the elderly because their immune system is weaker than other age groups. […] Those who have a CSF shunt or have dural defects are likely to get meningitis caused by Staphylococcus.

• #5 Meningitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meningitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350508

  Neisseria meningitidis. This germ causes a bacterial meningitis called meningococcal meningitis. […] Haemophilus influenzae. Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteria, also called Hib bacteria, was once the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children. […] Listeria monocytogenes. These bacteria can be found in cheeses that aren’t pasteurized, hot dogs and lunch meats. […] Viral meningitis is most often mild and clears on its own. A group of viruses known as enteroviruses is most often the cause in the United States. […] Chronic meningitis is meningitis whose symptoms last at least four weeks without letup. There are many causes of chronic meningitis. […] Fungal meningitis isn’t common in the United States. It may act like bacterial meningitis. […] Tuberculous meningitis is a rare complication of tuberculosis, also called TB. […] Parasites can cause a rare type of meningitis called eosinophilic meningitis. […] Causes of meningitis that aren’t infections include chemical reactions, medicines, allergies, some types of cancer and diseases such as sarcoidosis.

• #5 Meningitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14600-meningitis

  Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective layers surrounding your brain and spinal cord (meninges). Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and non-infectious conditions can cause meningitis. […] Infectious diseases, like viruses and bacteria, and non-infectious conditions, like cancer or head injuries, can cause meningitis. […] Infectious causes are bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and the ameba Naegleria fowleri. Non-infectious causes include diseases, certain medications and other conditions. […] Causes of bacterial meningitis include Streptococcus pneumonia, Group B Streptococcus, Neisseria meningitides, Haemophilus influenza, Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. […] Causes of viral meningitis include non-polio enteroviruses, mumps, herpesviruses, measles, influenza, arboviruses, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.

• #5

  https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis/viral-meningitis/causes

  Viruses are the most common cause of meningitis around the world. Meningitis is the swelling of the lining of the brain and spinal cord (called meninges), which increases pressure on the brain and causes the symptoms of meningitis. […] Enteroviruses cause more than 90% of all viral meningitis cases. The two most common enteroviruses are echovirus and coxsackievirus. […] Parechoviruses are common across the world and mainly affect young children. […] Herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus are the most likely herpes viruses to cause meningitis. […] HSV is a common cause of viral meningitis in adolescents and adults in developed countries. […] Mumps and measles can also cause meningitis and encephalitis (inflammation of the brain). […] Arboviruses are usually transmitted by mosquitos and ticks. Some of these viruses can cause meningitis or encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in humans. […] HIV can cause meningitis during the early stages of infection. […] Meningitis caused by LCMV is rare and is estimated to be fatal in 1% of cases.

• #5 Meningitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14600-meningitis

  Causes of fungal meningitis include Coccidioides. […] Causes of parasitic meningitis (eosinophilic meningitis) include Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Baylisascaris procyonis, and Gnathostoma spinigerum. […] Naegleria fowleri causes amebic meningitis. […] Causes of non-infectious meningitis include systemic lupus erythematosus, certain medications, head injuries, and brain surgery.

• #5 Meningitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis

  Meningitis is typically caused by an infection. Most infections are due to viruses, and others due to bacteria, fungi, and parasites. […] The inflammation may be caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites. […] Non-infectious causes include malignancy (cancer), subarachnoid hemorrhage, chronic inflammatory disease (sarcoidosis) and certain drugs. […] The term aseptic meningitis refers to cases of meningitis in which no bacterial infection can be demonstrated. This type of meningitis is usually caused by viruses, but it may be due to bacterial infection that has already been partially treated, when bacteria disappear from the meninges, or when pathogens infect a space adjacent to the meninges (such as sinusitis). […] Tuberculous meningitis, which is meningitis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is more common in people from countries in which tuberculosis is endemic, but is also encountered in people with immune problems, such as AIDS.

• #5

  https://www.recurrentmeningitis.org/causes

  Known viral causes for recurrent meningitis include HSV-2, HSV-1, and EBV (HHV-4). […] Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM), i.e. the seeding of tumor cells to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the leptomeninges, is a devastating and mostly late-stage complication of various solid tumors. […] In leukemic meningitis, cancer cells have spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). […] In lymphomatous meningitis, cancer cells have spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). […] Antibiotics known to cause recurrent meningitis include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cephalosporins, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin. […] Anticonvulsants known to cause recurrent meningitis include lamotrigine and carbamazepine.

• #5 Noninfectious Meningitis – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/meningitis/noninfectious-meningitis

  Noninfectious meningitis is caused by disorders that are not infections or by medications or vaccines. Overall, these conditions are uncommon causes of meningitis. […] Disorders that most commonly cause noninfectious meningitis include disorders that cause inflammation, such as the inflammation that occurs when the body’s immune system malfunctions and attacks the body’s own tissues (autoimmune disorders). Such disorders include rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus). […] Medications that can cause noninfectious meningitis include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and certain antibiotics. Noninfectious meningitis due to NSAIDs may occur in people who have autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus). […] Noninfectious meningitis may also develop after a brain cyst ruptures and the fluid in it leaks into the subarachnoid space. Such cysts may be present at birth or be caused by a tapeworm infection called cysticercosis.

• #5 Meningitis: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/meningitis-causes-risk-factors-297086

  A number of lifestyle risk factors have been associated with meningitis risk. […] School-age children, young children who go to daycare, and their teachers are all at risk of meningitis due to their close proximity to one another during the day. […] College student dorm life, which involves sharing living spaces with many other people, increases the risk of meningitis. […] Traveling may increase your risk for meningococcal disease. […] If you aren’t up to date on your recommended vaccines, you will be more susceptible to infections from certain types of bacteria and viruses.

• #5 Bacterial Meningitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11039-bacterial-meningitis

  Yes. If you’ve had bacterial meningitis, you should encourage anyone you’ve had close contact with to seek preventive treatment with antibiotics. […] Children between the ages of 1 month and 2 years are the most susceptible to bacterial meningitis. Adults with certain risk factors are also susceptible. You’re at higher risk if you have: Substance use disorder, Chronic nose and/or ear infections, A head injury, Pneumococcal pneumonia, A weakened immune system, Had your spleen removed, Sickle cell disease. […] If you don’t seek treatment immediately, bacterial meningitis can lead to paralysis, stroke and death. In people who survive, long-term complications can occur. These complications may include: Seizures, Memory and concentration issues, Balance, coordination and movement problems, Learning differences, Speech issues, Vision or hearing loss.

• #5 What doctors wish patients knew about bacterial meningitis | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/population-care/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-bacterial-meningitis

  Bacterial meningitis is a serious and potentially life-threatening infection that kills more than 300,000 people a year worldwide. […] There are several different bacteria that can cause bacterial meningitis. […] Before availability of the Hemophilus vaccine, Hemophilus influenzae unrelated to the influenza virus was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis and invasive disease in children younger than 5 years old with about 20,000 cases per year in the United States. […] Meanwhile, meningococcal meningitis makes the most news, and it is a vaccine-preventable infection, but Streptococcal pneumoniae Pneumococcal and Hemophilus influenzae meningitis can be equally severe and are also preventable by vaccinations. […] About 8% of meningitis cases are caused by bacterial infections. […] Bacterial meningitis signs and symptoms can be deceiving, said Dr. Silvers. But it is important to note that it is a medical emergency.

• #5

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/meningitis

  Some bacterial pathogens may also account for other symptoms as a result of bloodstream infection, which can quickly lead to sepsis, including cold hands and feet, fast breathing, and low blood pressure. […] Vaccines against meningococcal, pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae disease have been available for many years. […] No universal vaccine exists. […] Vaccines against GBS are in development. […] Intravenous penicillin can be administered to mothers at risk of transmitting GBS to their babies during labour, to prevent their babies developing GBS infection. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis with antibiotics is given to close contacts of individuals with meningococcal disease to eradicate asymptomatic meningococcal carriage in the nose and decrease the risk of transmission.

• #6 About Meningococcal Disease | Meningococcal | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/about/index.html

  Meningococcal disease is a name for any infection caused by bacteria called Neisseria meningitidis. […] The two most common types of meningococcal infections are meningitis and bloodstream infections. […] With meningococcal meningitis, the bacteria infect the lining of the brain and spinal cord and cause swelling. […] N. meningitidis are bacteria that can live in the back of the nose and throat. About 1 in 10 people have these bacteria in their throat and aren’t sick. […] Sometimes the bacteria move to other parts of the body and cause infection. […] Three serogroups cause most meningococcal disease in the United States: B, C, and Y. […] Meningococcal disease is an uncommon but serious illness that causes meningitis and bloodstream infections.

• #6 Meningitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meningitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350508

  Neisseria meningitidis. This germ causes a bacterial meningitis called meningococcal meningitis. […] Haemophilus influenzae. Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteria, also called Hib bacteria, was once the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children. […] Listeria monocytogenes. These bacteria can be found in cheeses that aren’t pasteurized, hot dogs and lunch meats. […] Viral meningitis is most often mild and clears on its own. A group of viruses known as enteroviruses is most often the cause in the United States. […] Chronic meningitis is meningitis whose symptoms last at least four weeks without letup. There are many causes of chronic meningitis. […] Fungal meningitis isn’t common in the United States. It may act like bacterial meningitis. […] Tuberculous meningitis is a rare complication of tuberculosis, also called TB. […] Parasites can cause a rare type of meningitis called eosinophilic meningitis. […] Causes of meningitis that aren’t infections include chemical reactions, medicines, allergies, some types of cancer and diseases such as sarcoidosis.

• #6 Meningitis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/meningitis

  Causes of viral meningitis include Mumps, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Non-polio enteroviruses, Herpesviruses, Measles, Arboviruses, such as West Nile virus, and Influenza. […] Causes of fungal meningitis include Coccidioides. […] Causes of parasitic meningitis include Angiostrongylus Cantonensis, Baylisascaris Procyonis, and Gnathostoma Spinigerum. […] Causes of amebic meningitis include Naegleria fowleri. […] Causes of non-infectious meningitis include Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), NSAIDs and antibiotics, Head injuries, Brain surgery, Certain types of cancer, and Chemical reactions.

• #6

  https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis/viral-meningitis/causes

  Viruses are the most common cause of meningitis around the world. Meningitis is the swelling of the lining of the brain and spinal cord (called meninges), which increases pressure on the brain and causes the symptoms of meningitis. […] Enteroviruses cause more than 90% of all viral meningitis cases. The two most common enteroviruses are echovirus and coxsackievirus. […] Parechoviruses are common across the world and mainly affect young children. […] Herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus are the most likely herpes viruses to cause meningitis. […] HSV is a common cause of viral meningitis in adolescents and adults in developed countries. […] Mumps and measles can also cause meningitis and encephalitis (inflammation of the brain). […] Arboviruses are usually transmitted by mosquitos and ticks. Some of these viruses can cause meningitis or encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in humans. […] HIV can cause meningitis during the early stages of infection. […] Meningitis caused by LCMV is rare and is estimated to be fatal in 1% of cases.

• #6 Meningitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14600-meningitis

  Causes of fungal meningitis include Coccidioides. […] Causes of parasitic meningitis (eosinophilic meningitis) include Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Baylisascaris procyonis, and Gnathostoma spinigerum. […] Naegleria fowleri causes amebic meningitis. […] Causes of non-infectious meningitis include systemic lupus erythematosus, certain medications, head injuries, and brain surgery.

• #6 Meningitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis

  Meningitis is typically caused by an infection. Most infections are due to viruses, and others due to bacteria, fungi, and parasites. […] The inflammation may be caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites. […] Non-infectious causes include malignancy (cancer), subarachnoid hemorrhage, chronic inflammatory disease (sarcoidosis) and certain drugs. […] The term aseptic meningitis refers to cases of meningitis in which no bacterial infection can be demonstrated. This type of meningitis is usually caused by viruses, but it may be due to bacterial infection that has already been partially treated, when bacteria disappear from the meninges, or when pathogens infect a space adjacent to the meninges (such as sinusitis). […] Tuberculous meningitis, which is meningitis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is more common in people from countries in which tuberculosis is endemic, but is also encountered in people with immune problems, such as AIDS.

• #6

  https://www.recurrentmeningitis.org/causes

  Known viral causes for recurrent meningitis include HSV-2, HSV-1, and EBV (HHV-4). […] Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM), i.e. the seeding of tumor cells to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the leptomeninges, is a devastating and mostly late-stage complication of various solid tumors. […] In leukemic meningitis, cancer cells have spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). […] In lymphomatous meningitis, cancer cells have spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). […] Antibiotics known to cause recurrent meningitis include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cephalosporins, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin. […] Anticonvulsants known to cause recurrent meningitis include lamotrigine and carbamazepine.

• #6 Acute Bacterial Meningitis – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/meningitis/acute-bacterial-meningitis

  Routes of entry include the following: By hematogenous spread (the most common route), from infected structures in or around the head (eg, sinuses, middle ear, mastoid process), sometimes associated with a CSF leak, through a penetrating head wound, after a neurosurgical procedure (eg, if a ventricular shunt becomes infected), and through congenital or acquired defects in the skull or spine. […] Overall, the most common causes of bacterial meningitis in immunocompromised patients are S. pneumoniae, L. monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, N. meningitidis, and gram-negative bacteria. […] But the most likely bacteria depend on the type of immune deficiency: Defects in cell-mediated immunity (eg, in severe HIV infection, Hodgkin lymphoma, or drug-induced immunosuppression): L. monocytogenes or mycobacteria.

• #6 Meningitis: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/meningitis-causes-risk-factors-297086

  A number of lifestyle risk factors have been associated with meningitis risk. […] School-age children, young children who go to daycare, and their teachers are all at risk of meningitis due to their close proximity to one another during the day. […] College student dorm life, which involves sharing living spaces with many other people, increases the risk of meningitis. […] Traveling may increase your risk for meningococcal disease. […] If you aren’t up to date on your recommended vaccines, you will be more susceptible to infections from certain types of bacteria and viruses.

• #6 Meningitis Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/meningitis.html

• #6 Bacterial Meningitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11039-bacterial-meningitis

  Yes. If you’ve had bacterial meningitis, you should encourage anyone you’ve had close contact with to seek preventive treatment with antibiotics. […] Children between the ages of 1 month and 2 years are the most susceptible to bacterial meningitis. Adults with certain risk factors are also susceptible. You’re at higher risk if you have: Substance use disorder, Chronic nose and/or ear infections, A head injury, Pneumococcal pneumonia, A weakened immune system, Had your spleen removed, Sickle cell disease. […] If you don’t seek treatment immediately, bacterial meningitis can lead to paralysis, stroke and death. In people who survive, long-term complications can occur. These complications may include: Seizures, Memory and concentration issues, Balance, coordination and movement problems, Learning differences, Speech issues, Vision or hearing loss.

• #6 Meningitis in Adults Symptoms, Diagnosis, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/meningitis_in_adults/article_em.htm

  Fungal meningitis is a very serious and rare cause of meningitis. Typically limited to people who have had surgical procedures or have impaired immune systems due to cancer and other diseases affecting immune function, the 2012 outbreak of fungal meningitis was linked to a specific procedure using a specific steroid medication. […] Risk factors that place people at higher risk for bacterial meningitis include the following: Adults older than 60 years of age, Children younger than 5 years of age, People with alcoholism, People with sickle cell anemia, People with cancer, especially those receiving chemotherapy, People who have received transplants and are taking drugs that suppress the immune system, People with diabetes, Those recently exposed to meningitis at home, People living in close quarters (military barracks, dormitories), IV drug users, People with shunts in place for hydrocephalus.

• #6

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/meningitis

  Some bacterial pathogens may also account for other symptoms as a result of bloodstream infection, which can quickly lead to sepsis, including cold hands and feet, fast breathing, and low blood pressure. […] Vaccines against meningococcal, pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae disease have been available for many years. […] No universal vaccine exists. […] Vaccines against GBS are in development. […] Intravenous penicillin can be administered to mothers at risk of transmitting GBS to their babies during labour, to prevent their babies developing GBS infection. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis with antibiotics is given to close contacts of individuals with meningococcal disease to eradicate asymptomatic meningococcal carriage in the nose and decrease the risk of transmission.

• #7 Meningitis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/meningitis.html

  Four of the most common bacteria species that cause meningitis include: Neisseria meningitidis, which is a specific type of bacteria normally found in people’s noses and throats. In rare cases, this bacteria can enter the bloodstream and travel to the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord, causing an illness known as meningococcal disease. This type is very contagious and can spread rapidly in large group settings, such as college campuses. […] Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria can cause pneumococcal meningitis, which is the most serious form of bacterial meningitis. […] Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteria (Hib) typically affects children under age 5. It once was the leading cause of meningitis in young children in the U.S., but has nearly been eliminated since infant vaccination against Hib was recommended in 1989. […] Listeria monocytogenes is a type of bacteria that has become a more frequent cause of meningitis in newborns, pregnant women, adults over age 60 and people with weak immune systems in the past few decades, according to Massachusetts General Hospital.

• #7 Meningitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meningitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350508

  Neisseria meningitidis. This germ causes a bacterial meningitis called meningococcal meningitis. […] Haemophilus influenzae. Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteria, also called Hib bacteria, was once the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children. […] Listeria monocytogenes. These bacteria can be found in cheeses that aren’t pasteurized, hot dogs and lunch meats. […] Viral meningitis is most often mild and clears on its own. A group of viruses known as enteroviruses is most often the cause in the United States. […] Chronic meningitis is meningitis whose symptoms last at least four weeks without letup. There are many causes of chronic meningitis. […] Fungal meningitis isn’t common in the United States. It may act like bacterial meningitis. […] Tuberculous meningitis is a rare complication of tuberculosis, also called TB. […] Parasites can cause a rare type of meningitis called eosinophilic meningitis. […] Causes of meningitis that aren’t infections include chemical reactions, medicines, allergies, some types of cancer and diseases such as sarcoidosis.

• #7 Viral Meningitis – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/meningitis/viral-meningitis

  Viral meningitis is inflammation of the layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord (meninges) and of the fluid-filled space between the meninges (subarachnoid space) when it is caused by viruses. […] Viral meningitis is the most common cause of aseptic meningitis. Aseptic meningitis refers to meningitis that is caused by anything other than the bacteria that typically cause meningitis. […] The most common cause of viral meningitis is Enteroviruses, such as echovirus and coxsackievirus. […] Other common causes include Herpes simplex virus (HSV), usually type 2 (HSV-2), Varicella-zoster virus, viruses spread by mosquitoes (called arboviruses), such as West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, and California encephalitis virus, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

• #7 Meningitis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/meningitis

  Causes of viral meningitis include Mumps, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Non-polio enteroviruses, Herpesviruses, Measles, Arboviruses, such as West Nile virus, and Influenza. […] Causes of fungal meningitis include Coccidioides. […] Causes of parasitic meningitis include Angiostrongylus Cantonensis, Baylisascaris Procyonis, and Gnathostoma Spinigerum. […] Causes of amebic meningitis include Naegleria fowleri. […] Causes of non-infectious meningitis include Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), NSAIDs and antibiotics, Head injuries, Brain surgery, Certain types of cancer, and Chemical reactions.

• #7

  https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis/viral-meningitis/causes

  Viruses are the most common cause of meningitis around the world. Meningitis is the swelling of the lining of the brain and spinal cord (called meninges), which increases pressure on the brain and causes the symptoms of meningitis. […] Enteroviruses cause more than 90% of all viral meningitis cases. The two most common enteroviruses are echovirus and coxsackievirus. […] Parechoviruses are common across the world and mainly affect young children. […] Herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus are the most likely herpes viruses to cause meningitis. […] HSV is a common cause of viral meningitis in adolescents and adults in developed countries. […] Mumps and measles can also cause meningitis and encephalitis (inflammation of the brain). […] Arboviruses are usually transmitted by mosquitos and ticks. Some of these viruses can cause meningitis or encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in humans. […] HIV can cause meningitis during the early stages of infection. […] Meningitis caused by LCMV is rare and is estimated to be fatal in 1% of cases.

• #7 Aseptic Meningitis: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1169489-overview

  Viral causes include the following: Enteroviruses – coxsackievirus, echovirus, poliovirus; Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2); Varicella-zoster virus; Arboviruses; Epstein-Barr virus; HIV; Influenza virus types A and B; Mumps virus; Coloradotick fever virus; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV); Rabies. […] Bacterial causes are as follows: Partially treated bacterial meningitis; Parameningeal infection; Endocarditis; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Ehrlichiosis – monocytic, granulocytic; Borrelia burgdorferi; Treponema pallidum; Brucella species. […] Fungal causes are as follows: Cryptococcus neoformans; Histoplasma capsulatum; Coccidioides immitis; Blastomyces dermatitides. […] Parasites that can cause aseptic meningitis are as follows: Toxoplasma gondii; Taenia solium (cysticercosis).

• #7 Etiology and Management of Chronic Meningitis

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/etiology-and-management-of-chronic-meningitis

  The most common cause of chronic meningitis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (40%-60%). […] The most common fungal cause of chronic meningitis is Cryptococcus neoformans (an encapsulated yeast), occurring most often in patients with HIV/AIDS. […] Parasitic causes of chronic meningitis include Taenia solium, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Toxoplasma gondii, and Acanthamoeba species. […] Several autoimmune diseases have been rarely associated with chronic meningitis. The causative mechanism is unclear. […] Sarcoidosis is a chronic, multisystem, granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology that is characterized pathologically by the presence of noncaseating granulomas (nodular inflammatory lesions) in the lungs, skin, joints, eyes, and–rarely–CNS. […] BD is a chronic multisystem inflammatory disorder that primarily causes vasculitis.

• #7 Noninfectious Meningitis – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/meningitis/noninfectious-meningitis

  Noninfectious meningitis is caused by disorders that are not infections or by medications or vaccines. Overall, these conditions are uncommon causes of meningitis. […] Disorders that most commonly cause noninfectious meningitis include disorders that cause inflammation, such as the inflammation that occurs when the body’s immune system malfunctions and attacks the body’s own tissues (autoimmune disorders). Such disorders include rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus). […] Medications that can cause noninfectious meningitis include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and certain antibiotics. Noninfectious meningitis due to NSAIDs may occur in people who have autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus). […] Noninfectious meningitis may also develop after a brain cyst ruptures and the fluid in it leaks into the subarachnoid space. Such cysts may be present at birth or be caused by a tapeworm infection called cysticercosis.

• #7

  https://www.recurrentmeningitis.org/causes

  Known viral causes for recurrent meningitis include HSV-2, HSV-1, and EBV (HHV-4). […] Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM), i.e. the seeding of tumor cells to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the leptomeninges, is a devastating and mostly late-stage complication of various solid tumors. […] In leukemic meningitis, cancer cells have spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). […] In lymphomatous meningitis, cancer cells have spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). […] Antibiotics known to cause recurrent meningitis include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cephalosporins, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin. […] Anticonvulsants known to cause recurrent meningitis include lamotrigine and carbamazepine.

• #7 Meningitis in Children | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/meningitis

  Bacterial meningitis can be spread through coughing or sneezing, kissing, or sharing drinks. In addition, you increase your chances of catching meningitis by: Having been in close contact with someone who has bacterial meningitis (especially when its due to meningococcus, a type of bacteria that is more contagious than others), Having a compromised immune system, Having traveled to an area of the world where meningitis is widespread (consult your doctor for the recommended vaccinations before traveling overseas).

• #7 Meningitis in Adults Symptoms, Diagnosis, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/meningitis_in_adults/article_em.htm

  Fungal meningitis is a very serious and rare cause of meningitis. Typically limited to people who have had surgical procedures or have impaired immune systems due to cancer and other diseases affecting immune function, the 2012 outbreak of fungal meningitis was linked to a specific procedure using a specific steroid medication. […] Risk factors that place people at higher risk for bacterial meningitis include the following: Adults older than 60 years of age, Children younger than 5 years of age, People with alcoholism, People with sickle cell anemia, People with cancer, especially those receiving chemotherapy, People who have received transplants and are taking drugs that suppress the immune system, People with diabetes, Those recently exposed to meningitis at home, People living in close quarters (military barracks, dormitories), IV drug users, People with shunts in place for hydrocephalus.

• #7 What causes meningitis? – VaccinesToday

  https://www.vaccinestoday.eu/stories/what-causes-meningitis/

  Meningitis can be caused by viral and bacterial infections immunisation can prevent the most common forms of the disease. […] Bacterial meningitis can be caused by many different types of bacteria. […] Currently available vaccines could prevent more than 90% of cases of bacterial meningitis, according to CoMO. […] There is no single meningitis vaccine receiving one type of meningitis vaccine will not protect an individual against other strains or types of meningitis. […] Some types of viral meningitis can be prevented by vaccination.

• #8 Acute Bacterial Meningitis – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/meningitis/acute-bacterial-meningitis

  Likely causes of bacterial meningitis depend on […] In neonates and young infants, the most common causes of bacterial meningitis are Group B streptococci, particularly Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia (E.) coli and other gram-negative bacteria, and Listeria monocytogenes. […] In older infants, children, and young adults, the most common causes of bacterial meningitis are Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae. […] In middle-aged and in older adults, the most common cause of bacterial meningitis is S. pneumoniae. […] Less commonly, N. meningitidis causes meningitis in middle-aged and older adults. […] As host defenses decline with age, patients may develop meningitis due to L. monocytogenes or gram-negative bacteria. […] In people of all ages, Staphylococcus aureus occasionally causes meningitis.

• #8

  https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis/viral-meningitis/causes

  Viruses are the most common cause of meningitis around the world. Meningitis is the swelling of the lining of the brain and spinal cord (called meninges), which increases pressure on the brain and causes the symptoms of meningitis. […] Enteroviruses cause more than 90% of all viral meningitis cases. The two most common enteroviruses are echovirus and coxsackievirus. […] Parechoviruses are common across the world and mainly affect young children. […] Herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus are the most likely herpes viruses to cause meningitis. […] HSV is a common cause of viral meningitis in adolescents and adults in developed countries. […] Mumps and measles can also cause meningitis and encephalitis (inflammation of the brain). […] Arboviruses are usually transmitted by mosquitos and ticks. Some of these viruses can cause meningitis or encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in humans. […] HIV can cause meningitis during the early stages of infection. […] Meningitis caused by LCMV is rare and is estimated to be fatal in 1% of cases.

• #8 Aseptic Meningitis: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1169489-overview

  Viral causes include the following: Enteroviruses – coxsackievirus, echovirus, poliovirus; Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2); Varicella-zoster virus; Arboviruses; Epstein-Barr virus; HIV; Influenza virus types A and B; Mumps virus; Coloradotick fever virus; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV); Rabies. […] Bacterial causes are as follows: Partially treated bacterial meningitis; Parameningeal infection; Endocarditis; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Ehrlichiosis – monocytic, granulocytic; Borrelia burgdorferi; Treponema pallidum; Brucella species. […] Fungal causes are as follows: Cryptococcus neoformans; Histoplasma capsulatum; Coccidioides immitis; Blastomyces dermatitides. […] Parasites that can cause aseptic meningitis are as follows: Toxoplasma gondii; Taenia solium (cysticercosis).

• #8 Etiology and Management of Chronic Meningitis

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/etiology-and-management-of-chronic-meningitis

  The most common cause of chronic meningitis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (40%-60%). […] The most common fungal cause of chronic meningitis is Cryptococcus neoformans (an encapsulated yeast), occurring most often in patients with HIV/AIDS. […] Parasitic causes of chronic meningitis include Taenia solium, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Toxoplasma gondii, and Acanthamoeba species. […] Several autoimmune diseases have been rarely associated with chronic meningitis. The causative mechanism is unclear. […] Sarcoidosis is a chronic, multisystem, granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology that is characterized pathologically by the presence of noncaseating granulomas (nodular inflammatory lesions) in the lungs, skin, joints, eyes, and–rarely–CNS. […] BD is a chronic multisystem inflammatory disorder that primarily causes vasculitis.

• #8

  https://www.recurrentmeningitis.org/causes

  Chemotherapeutic drugs known to cause recurrent meningitis include cetuximab and intrathecal chemotherapy. […] Immunosuppressive agents known to cause recurrent meningitis include IVIG, methotrexate, azathioprine and TNF inhibitors (e.g., adalimumab, infliximab, etanercept). […] NSAIDs known to cause recurrent meningitis include ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, and sulindac.

• #8 How do you get meningitis? – Causes of meningitis | Meningitis Now

  https://www.meningitisnow.org/meningitis-explained/how-to-catch-meningitis/

  Enteroviruses (one of the most common causes of viral meningitis) are carried harmlessly in the intestines of both children and adults, and carriage of these viruses helps us to build up natural immunity to infection. […] Spread of these viruses is common and they can be passed from person to person by coughing, sneezing and on unwashed hands. […] Medical conditions or treatments that affect the immune system can increase the risk of meningitis and septicaemia. […] Complement deficiencies are rare, but in some cases they can put people at increased risk of meningococcal disease. […] People who take this type of medication are at increased risk of infections, including meningitis. […] Some bacteria that cause meningitis are more prevalent in certain areas of the world. […] The risk of meningococcal disease is greatest in the meningitis belt of sub-Saharan Africa. […] Environmental factors such as exposure to cigarette smoke or living in poorly ventilated, crowded conditions can increase the risk of meningitis. […] However, when there is a case of meningococcal disease, there is a slightly increased risk of illness in close contacts of that case.

• #8 Meningitis – pneumococcal Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/meningitis-pneumococcal

  Meningitis is an infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. This covering is called the meninges. […] Bacteria are one type of germ that can cause meningitis. The pneumococcal bacteria are one kind of bacteria that causes meningitis. […] Pneumococcal meningitis is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria (also called pneumococcus, or S pneumoniae). This type of bacteria is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults. It is the second most common cause of meningitis in children older than age 2. […] Risk factors include: Alcohol use, Diabetes, History of meningitis, Infection of a heart valve with S pneumoniae, Injury or trauma to the head, Meningitis in which there is leakage of spinal fluid, Recent ear infection with S pneumoniae, Recent pneumonia with S pneumoniae, Recent upper respiratory infection, Spleen removal or a spleen that does not function.

• #8 Meningitis in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://deprod.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=meningitis-in-children-90-P02528

  Meningitis caused by a virus is more common and usually less severe. Bacterial meningitis is usually more severe and may lead to long-term complications or death. […] Several vaccines are available to prevent some of the bacterial infections that can cause meningitis. These include: H. influenzae type b vaccine (Hib), PCV13 pneumococcal vaccine, PPSV23 pneumococcal vaccine, and meningococcal vaccine. […] Vaccines that protect against viruses such as measles, mumps, chickenpox, and the flu can prevent viral meningitis.

• #9

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/meningitis

  Meningitis is a serious infection of the meninges, the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. […] The disease can be caused by many different pathogens including bacteria, fungi or viruses, but the highest global burden is seen with bacterial meningitis. […] There are four main causes of acute bacterial meningitis: meningococcus, pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as Group B streptococcus (GBS). […] Meningococcus has the most potential to produce outbreaks and large-scale epidemics. […] Most bacteria that cause meningitis are carried in the human nose and throat. […] GBS is often carried in the human gut or vagina and can spread from mother to child around the time of birth. […] Carriage of these organisms is usually harmless and helps build up immunity against infection, but the bacteria occasionally invade the body causing meningitis and sepsis.

• #9 Aseptic Meningitis: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1169489-overview

  Viral causes include the following: Enteroviruses – coxsackievirus, echovirus, poliovirus; Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2); Varicella-zoster virus; Arboviruses; Epstein-Barr virus; HIV; Influenza virus types A and B; Mumps virus; Coloradotick fever virus; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV); Rabies. […] Bacterial causes are as follows: Partially treated bacterial meningitis; Parameningeal infection; Endocarditis; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Ehrlichiosis – monocytic, granulocytic; Borrelia burgdorferi; Treponema pallidum; Brucella species. […] Fungal causes are as follows: Cryptococcus neoformans; Histoplasma capsulatum; Coccidioides immitis; Blastomyces dermatitides. […] Parasites that can cause aseptic meningitis are as follows: Toxoplasma gondii; Taenia solium (cysticercosis).

• #9 Etiology and Management of Chronic Meningitis

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/etiology-and-management-of-chronic-meningitis

  WG is a severe, necrotizing, granulomatous systemic vasculitis associated with the cytoplasmic form of the antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody. […] A chronic inflammatory disease of unknown origin that often affects young women, SLE can involve the skin, joints, kidneys, lungs, nervous system, serous membranes, or other organs. […] Rarely, chronic meningitis is caused by medications. […] Neoplastic meningitis may be the first sign in 5% to 10% of patients diagnosed with cancer. Many tumors can cause meningitis, but small-cell lung cancer and melanoma are the most likely tumors to spread to the meninges.

• #9

  https://www.recurrentmeningitis.org/causes

  Chemotherapeutic drugs known to cause recurrent meningitis include cetuximab and intrathecal chemotherapy. […] Immunosuppressive agents known to cause recurrent meningitis include IVIG, methotrexate, azathioprine and TNF inhibitors (e.g., adalimumab, infliximab, etanercept). […] NSAIDs known to cause recurrent meningitis include ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, and sulindac.

• #9 Meningitis: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/meningitis-causes-risk-factors-297086

  A number of lifestyle risk factors have been associated with meningitis risk. […] School-age children, young children who go to daycare, and their teachers are all at risk of meningitis due to their close proximity to one another during the day. […] College student dorm life, which involves sharing living spaces with many other people, increases the risk of meningitis. […] Traveling may increase your risk for meningococcal disease. […] If you aren’t up to date on your recommended vaccines, you will be more susceptible to infections from certain types of bacteria and viruses.

• #9 Meningitis – pneumococcal Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/meningitis-pneumococcal

  Meningitis is an infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. This covering is called the meninges. […] Bacteria are one type of germ that can cause meningitis. The pneumococcal bacteria are one kind of bacteria that causes meningitis. […] Pneumococcal meningitis is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria (also called pneumococcus, or S pneumoniae). This type of bacteria is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults. It is the second most common cause of meningitis in children older than age 2. […] Risk factors include: Alcohol use, Diabetes, History of meningitis, Infection of a heart valve with S pneumoniae, Injury or trauma to the head, Meningitis in which there is leakage of spinal fluid, Recent ear infection with S pneumoniae, Recent pneumonia with S pneumoniae, Recent upper respiratory infection, Spleen removal or a spleen that does not function.

• #9 Meningitis in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://deprod.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=meningitis-in-children-90-P02528

  Meningitis caused by a virus is more common and usually less severe. Bacterial meningitis is usually more severe and may lead to long-term complications or death. […] Several vaccines are available to prevent some of the bacterial infections that can cause meningitis. These include: H. influenzae type b vaccine (Hib), PCV13 pneumococcal vaccine, PPSV23 pneumococcal vaccine, and meningococcal vaccine. […] Vaccines that protect against viruses such as measles, mumps, chickenpox, and the flu can prevent viral meningitis.

• #10 Meningitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis

  Recurrent bacterial meningitis may be caused by persisting anatomical defects, either congenital or acquired, or by disorders of the immune system. […] The types of bacteria that cause bacterial meningitis vary according to the infected individual’s age group. […] In premature babies and newborns up to three months old, common causes are group B streptococci and bacteria that normally inhabit the digestive tract such as Escherichia coli. […] Older children are more commonly affected by Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae and those under five by Haemophilus influenzae type B. […] In adults, Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae together cause 80% of bacterial meningitis cases. […] A head injury potentially allows nasal cavity bacteria to enter the meningeal space.

• #10

  https://www.recurrentmeningitis.org/causes

  Known viral causes for recurrent meningitis include HSV-2, HSV-1, and EBV (HHV-4). […] Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM), i.e. the seeding of tumor cells to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the leptomeninges, is a devastating and mostly late-stage complication of various solid tumors. […] In leukemic meningitis, cancer cells have spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). […] In lymphomatous meningitis, cancer cells have spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). […] Antibiotics known to cause recurrent meningitis include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cephalosporins, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin. […] Anticonvulsants known to cause recurrent meningitis include lamotrigine and carbamazepine.

• #10 Meningitis in Adults Symptoms, Diagnosis, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/meningitis_in_adults/article_em.htm

  Fungal meningitis is a very serious and rare cause of meningitis. Typically limited to people who have had surgical procedures or have impaired immune systems due to cancer and other diseases affecting immune function, the 2012 outbreak of fungal meningitis was linked to a specific procedure using a specific steroid medication. […] Risk factors that place people at higher risk for bacterial meningitis include the following: Adults older than 60 years of age, Children younger than 5 years of age, People with alcoholism, People with sickle cell anemia, People with cancer, especially those receiving chemotherapy, People who have received transplants and are taking drugs that suppress the immune system, People with diabetes, Those recently exposed to meningitis at home, People living in close quarters (military barracks, dormitories), IV drug users, People with shunts in place for hydrocephalus.

• #11 Bacterial Meningitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11039-bacterial-meningitis

  Bacterial meningitis is a very serious type of meningitis. It can cause the tissues around your brain to swell, leading to long-term complications and even death. Bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening type of meningitis. Meningitis is inflammation of the membranes (meninges) that surround and protect your brain and spinal cord. An infection of the fluid surrounding your brain and spinal cord usually causes this inflammation. Bacterial meningitis can cause death within hours. […] About 50 different types of bacteria can cause bacterial meningitis. The most common bacteria include: Group B Streptococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal), Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcal), Haemophilus influenzae, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli (E. coli). […] The bacteria most often responsible for bacterial meningitis are common in the environment. They can be in your nose and throat at any time without causing any harm. You may not get sick, but you can still spread the bacteria to other people who could get sick. You can spread the bacteria through close contact with someone else. The bacteria commonly spreads through respiratory secretions when you’re sneezing, coughing or kissing.

• #12 Meningitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis

  Recurrent bacterial meningitis may be caused by persisting anatomical defects, either congenital or acquired, or by disorders of the immune system. […] The types of bacteria that cause bacterial meningitis vary according to the infected individual’s age group. […] In premature babies and newborns up to three months old, common causes are group B streptococci and bacteria that normally inhabit the digestive tract such as Escherichia coli. […] Older children are more commonly affected by Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae and those under five by Haemophilus influenzae type B. […] In adults, Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae together cause 80% of bacterial meningitis cases. […] A head injury potentially allows nasal cavity bacteria to enter the meningeal space.

• #13 Meningitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meningitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350508

  Neisseria meningitidis. This germ causes a bacterial meningitis called meningococcal meningitis. […] Haemophilus influenzae. Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteria, also called Hib bacteria, was once the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children. […] Listeria monocytogenes. These bacteria can be found in cheeses that aren’t pasteurized, hot dogs and lunch meats. […] Viral meningitis is most often mild and clears on its own. A group of viruses known as enteroviruses is most often the cause in the United States. […] Chronic meningitis is meningitis whose symptoms last at least four weeks without letup. There are many causes of chronic meningitis. […] Fungal meningitis isn’t common in the United States. It may act like bacterial meningitis. […] Tuberculous meningitis is a rare complication of tuberculosis, also called TB. […] Parasites can cause a rare type of meningitis called eosinophilic meningitis. […] Causes of meningitis that aren’t infections include chemical reactions, medicines, allergies, some types of cancer and diseases such as sarcoidosis.

• #14 Acute Bacterial Meningitis – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/meningitis/acute-bacterial-meningitis

  Likely causes of bacterial meningitis depend on […] In neonates and young infants, the most common causes of bacterial meningitis are Group B streptococci, particularly Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia (E.) coli and other gram-negative bacteria, and Listeria monocytogenes. […] In older infants, children, and young adults, the most common causes of bacterial meningitis are Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae. […] In middle-aged and in older adults, the most common cause of bacterial meningitis is S. pneumoniae. […] Less commonly, N. meningitidis causes meningitis in middle-aged and older adults. […] As host defenses decline with age, patients may develop meningitis due to L. monocytogenes or gram-negative bacteria. […] In people of all ages, Staphylococcus aureus occasionally causes meningitis.

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