Materiały źródłowe

• #1 The lowdown on meningitis, a public health challenge | Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/research-journal/reports/lowdown-meningitis-public-health-challenge?language=fr

  On April 26, 2024, the World Health Organization held a high-level meeting at the Institut Pasteur to highlight the importance of tackling meningitis, a disease that comes in multiple, often severe forms, some of which can kill in the space of hours. […] Every year worldwide, 2.5 million people contract bacterial meningitis, including 500,000 cases of meningococcal meningitis. […] In 2023 in France, 560 cases of meningococcal meningitis and 59 deaths were recorded. […] Acute bacterial meningitis begins very suddenly and develops rapidly. It can kill a person in excellent health in just a few hours. […] 10-15% of meningitis cases result in death despite treatment. […] The National Reference Center (CNR) for Meningococci at the Institut Pasteur offers biological expertise on meningococcal and Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in France. It performs epidemiological surveillance in collaboration with Sant publique France.

• #2 Bacterial Meningitis: A Global Public Health Challenge – ISID

  https://isid.org/bacterial-meningitis-a-global-public-health-challenge/

  Bacterial Meningitis: A Global Public Health Challenge […] Meningitis is a life-threatening infectious disease that affects millions of people of all ages worldwide and is considered a major global public health issue. […] Although considerable efforts have been made over the years to reduce the burden of meningitis, it accounted for 5 million cases globally and 290,000 deaths in 2017, according to the World Health Organization. […] Acute bacterial meningitis is considered one of the most fatal and disabling forms of the disease, leading to epidemics, lifelong disabilities among survivors, and high mortality rates. […] Meningococcus, pneumococcus, and H. influenzae can be spread from person-to-person by respiratory droplets or throat secretions, while GBS can be transmitted vertically from mother to neonate during birth as it can be part of the human gut or vaginal microbiota.

• #3 The lowdown on meningitis, a public health challenge | Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/research-journal/reports/lowdown-meningitis-public-health-challenge?language=fr

  On April 26, 2024, the World Health Organization held a high-level meeting at the Institut Pasteur to highlight the importance of tackling meningitis, a disease that comes in multiple, often severe forms, some of which can kill in the space of hours. […] Every year worldwide, 2.5 million people contract bacterial meningitis, including 500,000 cases of meningococcal meningitis. […] In 2023 in France, 560 cases of meningococcal meningitis and 59 deaths were recorded. […] Acute bacterial meningitis begins very suddenly and develops rapidly. It can kill a person in excellent health in just a few hours. […] 10-15% of meningitis cases result in death despite treatment. […] The National Reference Center (CNR) for Meningococci at the Institut Pasteur offers biological expertise on meningococcal and Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in France. It performs epidemiological surveillance in collaboration with Sant publique France.

• #4 Fighting Meningitis with Surveillance and Data Management | CDC Foundation

  https://www.cdcfoundation.org/blog/fighting-meningitis-surveillance-and-data-management

  The 26 countries of the meningitis belt of Africa, an area that extends from Senegal in the west to Ethiopia in the east, have endured seasonal outbreaks and devastating epidemics of bacterial meningitis for over a century. […] Yet despite these and other advances, the meningitis belt continues to experience the highest number of cases in the world with a staggering 470 million people at risk. […] The main challenge in managing meningitis is getting real-time data to detect early outbreaks, said Felix Tarbangdo, epidemiologist and data manager for Davycas International, a nonprofit that specializes in disease monitoring and control. […] Surveillance and data management systems are important tools that can help countries evaluate the effectiveness of vaccines, detect disease outbreaks quickly and save lives.

• #5 Meningococcal Disease in Other Countries | Meningococcal | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/php/global/index.html

  Meningococcal disease occurs worldwide. […] The highest incidence of meningococcal disease is found in the 'meningitis belt’ of sub-Saharan Africa. […] The meningitis belt of sub-Saharan African historically experienced major epidemics of meningococcal disease every 5 to 12 years. […] Attack rates during these epidemics can reach 1,000 cases per 100,000 population. […] Risk factors for meningococcal disease outbreaks in Africa aren’t fully understood. […] However, the following characteristics create favorable conditions for meningococcal disease epidemics: Dry, dusty conditions during the dry season (December to June), Immunological susceptibility of the population, Travel and large population displacements, Crowded living conditions. […] Following vaccine introduction, epidemics due to serogroup A have been eliminated in vaccinated areas.

• #6 Meningococcal Disease in Other Countries | Meningococcal | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/php/global/index.html

  Meningococcal disease occurs worldwide. […] The highest incidence of meningococcal disease is found in the 'meningitis belt’ of sub-Saharan Africa. […] The meningitis belt of sub-Saharan African historically experienced major epidemics of meningococcal disease every 5 to 12 years. […] Attack rates during these epidemics can reach 1,000 cases per 100,000 population. […] Risk factors for meningococcal disease outbreaks in Africa aren’t fully understood. […] However, the following characteristics create favorable conditions for meningococcal disease epidemics: Dry, dusty conditions during the dry season (December to June), Immunological susceptibility of the population, Travel and large population displacements, Crowded living conditions. […] Following vaccine introduction, epidemics due to serogroup A have been eliminated in vaccinated areas.

• #7 Meningitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis

  Although meningitis is a notifiable disease in many countries, the exact incidence rate is unknown. In 2013 meningitis resulted in 303,000 deaths down from 464,000 deaths in 1990. In 2010 it was estimated that meningitis resulted in 420,000 deaths, excluding cryptococcal meningitis. […] Bacterial meningitis occurs in about 3 people per 100,000 annually in Western countries. Population-wide studies have shown that viral meningitis is more common, at 10.9 per 100,000, and occurs more often in the summer. In Brazil, the rate of bacterial meningitis is higher, at 45.8 per 100,000 annually. Sub-Saharan Africa has been plagued by large epidemics of meningococcal meningitis for over a century, leading to it being labeled the „meningitis belt”. Epidemics typically occur in the dry season (December to June), and an epidemic wave can last two to three years, dying out during the intervening rainy seasons.

• #8 Meningitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis

  Although meningitis is a notifiable disease in many countries, the exact incidence rate is unknown. In 2013 meningitis resulted in 303,000 deaths down from 464,000 deaths in 1990. In 2010 it was estimated that meningitis resulted in 420,000 deaths, excluding cryptococcal meningitis. […] Bacterial meningitis occurs in about 3 people per 100,000 annually in Western countries. Population-wide studies have shown that viral meningitis is more common, at 10.9 per 100,000, and occurs more often in the summer. In Brazil, the rate of bacterial meningitis is higher, at 45.8 per 100,000 annually. Sub-Saharan Africa has been plagued by large epidemics of meningococcal meningitis for over a century, leading to it being labeled the „meningitis belt”. Epidemics typically occur in the dry season (December to June), and an epidemic wave can last two to three years, dying out during the intervening rainy seasons.

• #9 Changing Epidemiology of Bacterial Meningitis Since Introduction of Conjugate Vaccines: 3 Decades of National Meningitis Surveillance in The Netherlands

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8423501/

  The epidemiology of acute bacterial meningitis has changed substantially since the introduction of conjugate vaccines. […] We assessed the impact of conjugate vaccines on incidence (defined as episodes per 100 000 population per year) and for different age groups using incidence rate ratios (IRRs), comparing incidence before and after conjugate vaccine introduction. […] Overall, bacterial meningitis incidence decreased from 6.37 to 1.58 between 1989-1993 and 2014-2019 (IRR, 0.25 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .23-26]; P<.001). [...] Conjugate vaccines effectively reduced the incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b, Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C, and 10 pneumococcal serotypes (IRRs, .02-04; P<.001). [...] Conjugate vaccines reduced the burden of bacterial meningitis, especially in children.

• #10 Changing Epidemiology of Bacterial Meningitis Since Introduction of Conjugate Vaccines: 3 Decades of National Meningitis Surveillance in The Netherlands

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8423501/

  The epidemiology of acute bacterial meningitis has changed substantially since the introduction of conjugate vaccines. […] We assessed the impact of conjugate vaccines on incidence (defined as episodes per 100 000 population per year) and for different age groups using incidence rate ratios (IRRs), comparing incidence before and after conjugate vaccine introduction. […] Overall, bacterial meningitis incidence decreased from 6.37 to 1.58 between 1989-1993 and 2014-2019 (IRR, 0.25 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .23-26]; P<.001). [...] Conjugate vaccines effectively reduced the incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b, Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C, and 10 pneumococcal serotypes (IRRs, .02-04; P<.001). [...] Conjugate vaccines reduced the burden of bacterial meningitis, especially in children.

• #11 Epidemiology of community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-of-community-acquired-bacterial-meningitis-in-adults

  Epidemiology of community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults […] The epidemiology of community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults will be reviewed here. […] The epidemiology of health care-associated meningitis and ventriculitis is discussed elsewhere. […] United States — S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis are the two major organisms causing community-acquired meningitis (table 1). […] In the United States and other countries, following the institution of routine infant immunization with the conjugate H. influenzae type b vaccine in 1990 and the 7-valent S. pneumoniae (pneumococcus) conjugate vaccine in 2000, followed by the 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13) in 2010, bacterial meningitis decreased in frequency, and the peak incidence of bacterial meningitis has shifted from children under five years of age to adults.

• #12 Changing Epidemiology of Bacterial Meningitis Since Introduction of Conjugate Vaccines: 3 Decades of National Meningitis Surveillance in The Netherlands

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8423501/

  The residual incidence remains high in neonates and the elderly. […] The Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis (NRLBM) performs nationwide surveillance and monitors the incidence of bacterial meningitis and sepsis and the effect of vaccination. […] The incidence of bacterial meningitis due to any pathogen decreased from 6.37 in 1989-1993 to 1.58 episodes per 100 000 population per year in 2014-2019 (IRR, 0.25 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .23-26]; P<.001). [...] The incidence of H. influenzae meningitis declined from 1.57 per 100 000 population in 1989-1993 to 0.14 per 100 000 in 2014-2019 (IRR, 0.09 [95% CI, .07-10]; Figure 4 and Table 2). [...] The incidence of N. meningitidis meningitis decreased from 2.87 per 100 000 population in 1989-1993 to 0.20 per 100 000 population in 2014-2019 (IRR, 0.07 [95% CI, .06-08]; Figure 4 and Table 2).

• #13 Department of Health | Communicable Disease Service | Meningococcal Invasive Disease

  https://www.nj.gov/health/cd/topics/meningo.shtml

  Health care providers, administrators, and clinical laboratory directors should report confirmed or suspect cases immediately to their Local Health Department by telephone. […] Cases of meningococcal disease in the US have increased sharply since 2021 and now exceed pre-pandemic levels. In 2023, 422 confirmed and probable cases were reported in the US (preliminary data). This is the largest number of US meningococcal disease cases since 2014. Most of the increase in meningococcal disease is driven by N. meningitidis serogroup Y. The NJDOH Communicable Disease Service has observed a similar trend in NJ. In 2023, 17 total confirmed meningococcal disease cases were reported in NJ. This was the largest number of NJ meningococcal cases since 2013 where a total of 20 cases were reported (included an outbreak of serogroup B occurring on a college campus). […] Healthcare providers should continue to remain vigilant for individuals presenting with clinically compatible symptoms of invasive meningococcal disease (meningitis or meningococcemia), especially those with recent travel to Saudi Arabia or close contact with travelers.

• #14 Meningitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis

  There are significant differences in the local distribution of causes for bacterial meningitis. For instance, while N. meningitides groups B and C cause most disease episodes in Europe, group A is found in Asia and continues to predominate in Africa, where it causes most of the major epidemics in the meningitis belt, accounting for about 80% to 85% of documented meningococcal meningitis cases.

• #15 Meningococcal Disease in Other Countries | Meningococcal | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/php/global/index.html

  Meningococcal disease occurs worldwide. […] The highest incidence of meningococcal disease is found in the 'meningitis belt’ of sub-Saharan Africa. […] The meningitis belt of sub-Saharan African historically experienced major epidemics of meningococcal disease every 5 to 12 years. […] Attack rates during these epidemics can reach 1,000 cases per 100,000 population. […] Risk factors for meningococcal disease outbreaks in Africa aren’t fully understood. […] However, the following characteristics create favorable conditions for meningococcal disease epidemics: Dry, dusty conditions during the dry season (December to June), Immunological susceptibility of the population, Travel and large population displacements, Crowded living conditions. […] Following vaccine introduction, epidemics due to serogroup A have been eliminated in vaccinated areas.

• #16 Meningococcal Disease in Other Countries | Meningococcal | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/php/global/index.html

  The consortium also monitors the emergence of disease and epidemics due to other serogroups. […] In Europe, the Americas, and Australia, serogroups B, C, W, and Y together account for a large majority of cases. […] In temperate regions, the number of cases increases in winter and spring. […] The annual Hajj pilgrimage has also been associated with outbreaks of meningococcal disease due to serogroups A and W.

• #17 Meningococcal Meningitis: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1165557-overview

  Meningococcal meningitis has been recognized as a serious problem for almost 200 years. […] Meningococcal disease still is associated with a high mortality rate and persistent neurologic defects, particularly among infants and young children. […] Since 1960, the incidence of meningococcal meningitis in the United States has been stable, at approximately 0.9-1.5 cases per 100,000 people per year. Most cases occur during winter and early spring. […] Serogroups B and C have caused most cases of meningococcal meningitis in the United States since World War II. An increased frequency of serogroup B and Y meningococci has been noted since 1990. The frequency of localized outbreaks has increased since 1991. […] Morbidity and mortality rates from the disease remain high. Apart from epidemics, at least 1.2 million cases of bacterial meningitis are estimated to occur every year; 135,000 of them are fatal. Approximately 500,000 of these cases and 50,000 of the deaths are due to meningococci.

• #18 Meningitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis

  There are significant differences in the local distribution of causes for bacterial meningitis. For instance, while N. meningitides groups B and C cause most disease episodes in Europe, group A is found in Asia and continues to predominate in Africa, where it causes most of the major epidemics in the meningitis belt, accounting for about 80% to 85% of documented meningococcal meningitis cases.

• #19 Meningococcal Disease in Other Countries | Meningococcal | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/php/global/index.html

  The consortium also monitors the emergence of disease and epidemics due to other serogroups. […] In Europe, the Americas, and Australia, serogroups B, C, W, and Y together account for a large majority of cases. […] In temperate regions, the number of cases increases in winter and spring. […] The annual Hajj pilgrimage has also been associated with outbreaks of meningococcal disease due to serogroups A and W.

• #20

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/meningitis

  Meningitis remains a major global public health challenge. […] Epidemics of meningitis are seen across the world, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. […] Meningitis remains a significant global health threat. […] Globally, the highest burden of disease is seen in a region of sub-Saharan Africa, known as the African meningitis belt, which stretches from Senegal to Ethiopia, and is at high risk of recurrent epidemics of meningococcal meningitis. […] Surveillance, from case detection to investigation and laboratory confirmation, is essential to the control of meningitis. Main objectives include: detect and confirm outbreaks; monitor the incidence trends, including the distribution and evolution of serogroups and serotypes; estimate the disease burden; monitor the antibiotic resistance profile; monitor the circulation, distribution, and evolution of specific strains (clones); and estimate the impact of meningitis control strategies, particularly preventive vaccination programmes.

• #21

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/meningitis

  Meningitis remains a major global public health challenge. […] Epidemics of meningitis are seen across the world, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. […] Meningitis remains a significant global health threat. […] Globally, the highest burden of disease is seen in a region of sub-Saharan Africa, known as the African meningitis belt, which stretches from Senegal to Ethiopia, and is at high risk of recurrent epidemics of meningococcal meningitis. […] Surveillance, from case detection to investigation and laboratory confirmation, is essential to the control of meningitis. Main objectives include: detect and confirm outbreaks; monitor the incidence trends, including the distribution and evolution of serogroups and serotypes; estimate the disease burden; monitor the antibiotic resistance profile; monitor the circulation, distribution, and evolution of specific strains (clones); and estimate the impact of meningitis control strategies, particularly preventive vaccination programmes.

• #22

  https://www.who.int/activities/ensuring-effective-meningitis-surveillance

  Surveillance, from case detection to investigation and laboratory confirmation, is essential for the control of meningitis in order to: detect and confirm outbreaks; monitor trends; estimate disease burden; monitor the emergence of epidemic strains as well as their antibiotic resistance profile; and estimate the impact of meningitis control strategies, particularly preventive vaccination programmes. […] WHO and partners work together to provide the latest guidance and technical support to countries to strengthen their surveillance systems and laboratory confirmation capacity. […] In the African meningitis belt where prompt outbreak detection and confirmation remains a major surveillance objective, WHO works with Member States to collect, analyze and disseminate the latest information on the meningitis situation, in the Weekly meningitis bulletins.

• #23 Meningococcal Disease Surveillance and Trends | Meningococcal | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/php/surveillance/index.html

  Rates of meningococcal disease in the United States increased in 2023. […] Public health officials track all meningococcal disease in the United States using multiple surveillance systems. […] Health departments respond to every case to implement control measures to reduce disease spread. […] Meningococcal disease is a reportable condition in all states. […] CDC collects national information about meningococcal disease through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). CDC receives NNDSS data each week. […] Health departments from all 50 states and several large jurisdictions collect enhanced meningococcal disease data and isolates. This enhanced surveillance began in 2015 in order to collect more complete data to monitor disease epidemiology. […] U.S. rates of meningococcal disease have declined sharply since the 1990s. […] Since 2019, CDC has detected penicillin- and ciprofloxacin-resistant serogroup Y meningococcal isolates in the United States. […] Due to concern over antibiotic-resistant cases, CDC has updated information and guidance on treatment, prophylaxis, and surveillance activities.

• #24 Meningococcal Disease Surveillance and Trends | Meningococcal | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/php/surveillance/index.html

  Rates of meningococcal disease in the United States increased in 2023. […] Public health officials track all meningococcal disease in the United States using multiple surveillance systems. […] Health departments respond to every case to implement control measures to reduce disease spread. […] Meningococcal disease is a reportable condition in all states. […] CDC collects national information about meningococcal disease through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). CDC receives NNDSS data each week. […] Health departments from all 50 states and several large jurisdictions collect enhanced meningococcal disease data and isolates. This enhanced surveillance began in 2015 in order to collect more complete data to monitor disease epidemiology. […] U.S. rates of meningococcal disease have declined sharply since the 1990s. […] Since 2019, CDC has detected penicillin- and ciprofloxacin-resistant serogroup Y meningococcal isolates in the United States. […] Due to concern over antibiotic-resistant cases, CDC has updated information and guidance on treatment, prophylaxis, and surveillance activities.

• #25 Meningococcal Disease Surveillance and Trends | Meningococcal | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/php/surveillance/index.html

  Rates of meningococcal disease in the United States increased in 2023. […] Public health officials track all meningococcal disease in the United States using multiple surveillance systems. […] Health departments respond to every case to implement control measures to reduce disease spread. […] Meningococcal disease is a reportable condition in all states. […] CDC collects national information about meningococcal disease through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). CDC receives NNDSS data each week. […] Health departments from all 50 states and several large jurisdictions collect enhanced meningococcal disease data and isolates. This enhanced surveillance began in 2015 in order to collect more complete data to monitor disease epidemiology. […] U.S. rates of meningococcal disease have declined sharply since the 1990s. […] Since 2019, CDC has detected penicillin- and ciprofloxacin-resistant serogroup Y meningococcal isolates in the United States. […] Due to concern over antibiotic-resistant cases, CDC has updated information and guidance on treatment, prophylaxis, and surveillance activities.

• #26

  https://www.who.int/activities/ensuring-effective-meningitis-surveillance

  Surveillance, from case detection to investigation and laboratory confirmation, is essential for the control of meningitis in order to: detect and confirm outbreaks; monitor trends; estimate disease burden; monitor the emergence of epidemic strains as well as their antibiotic resistance profile; and estimate the impact of meningitis control strategies, particularly preventive vaccination programmes. […] WHO and partners work together to provide the latest guidance and technical support to countries to strengthen their surveillance systems and laboratory confirmation capacity. […] In the African meningitis belt where prompt outbreak detection and confirmation remains a major surveillance objective, WHO works with Member States to collect, analyze and disseminate the latest information on the meningitis situation, in the Weekly meningitis bulletins.

• #27

  https://www.who.int/activities/ensuring-effective-meningitis-surveillance

  WHO works together with partners through networks, such as the MenAfrinet regional surveillance Network for the African meningitis Belt, to support Member States to collect and analyze high quality meningitis surveillance data. This enables monitoring the impact of meningitis control strategies, such as the introduction of the Meningitis A conjugate vaccine.

• #28 Changing Epidemiology of Bacterial Meningitis Since Introduction of Conjugate Vaccines: 3 Decades of National Meningitis Surveillance in The Netherlands

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8423501/

  The residual incidence remains high in neonates and the elderly. […] The Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis (NRLBM) performs nationwide surveillance and monitors the incidence of bacterial meningitis and sepsis and the effect of vaccination. […] The incidence of bacterial meningitis due to any pathogen decreased from 6.37 in 1989-1993 to 1.58 episodes per 100 000 population per year in 2014-2019 (IRR, 0.25 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .23-26]; P<.001). [...] The incidence of H. influenzae meningitis declined from 1.57 per 100 000 population in 1989-1993 to 0.14 per 100 000 in 2014-2019 (IRR, 0.09 [95% CI, .07-10]; Figure 4 and Table 2). [...] The incidence of N. meningitidis meningitis decreased from 2.87 per 100 000 population in 1989-1993 to 0.20 per 100 000 population in 2014-2019 (IRR, 0.07 [95% CI, .06-08]; Figure 4 and Table 2).

• #29 The lowdown on meningitis, a public health challenge | Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/research-journal/reports/lowdown-meningitis-public-health-challenge?language=fr

  On April 26, 2024, the World Health Organization held a high-level meeting at the Institut Pasteur to highlight the importance of tackling meningitis, a disease that comes in multiple, often severe forms, some of which can kill in the space of hours. […] Every year worldwide, 2.5 million people contract bacterial meningitis, including 500,000 cases of meningococcal meningitis. […] In 2023 in France, 560 cases of meningococcal meningitis and 59 deaths were recorded. […] Acute bacterial meningitis begins very suddenly and develops rapidly. It can kill a person in excellent health in just a few hours. […] 10-15% of meningitis cases result in death despite treatment. […] The National Reference Center (CNR) for Meningococci at the Institut Pasteur offers biological expertise on meningococcal and Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in France. It performs epidemiological surveillance in collaboration with Sant publique France.

• #30 Toward Establishing Integrated, Comprehensive, and Sustainable Meningitis Surveillance in Africa to Better Inform Vaccination Strategies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8409533/

  Although sub-Saharan Africa has the largest burden of meningitis globally, most countries have meningitis surveillance systems that are weak, poorly integrated, and rely heavily on external financing and technical assistance. […] The Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) system was established in 1998 by WHO/AFRO in partnership with technical partners. […] The PBM and Global IB-VPD surveillance networks leveraged funding and resources through Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, and the Global Polio Eradication Initiative; however, the funding available is declining. […] Integration of existing meningitis surveillance systems will be key to achieving sustainable, comprehensive systems that are synergistic, efficient, and cost-effective. […] The establishment of country-owned, comprehensive and sustainable meningitis surveillance systems hinges on effective integration and harmonization of meningitis surveillance within and across regions.

• #31 Revision of Meningitis Surveillance System in Jordan during 2001 and 2014 Years

  https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/revision-of-meningitis-surveillance-system-in-jordan-during-2001-and2014-years-2161-1165-1000220.php?aid=67142

  Non-standardized case definition by clinicians plagues the meningitis surveillance system. Targeted efforts to strengthen the system should be adopted by the Ministry of Health (National Clinical Guidelines, Active System Versus Passive). […] Considering that there is severe underreporting in meningitis cases, which make numbers that received by Directorate of Disease Control and Prevention (DDC) doubtful, it was important to start meningitis database in the DDC to enable the surveillance system to determine the sensitivity of the system and to distinguish different types of meningitis. […] The sharp decrease in incidence rate of meningitis as a result of Hib and MMR vaccine introduction into the expanded immunization program. […] The severe underreporting in meningitis cases all over Jordan excluding Rahma hospital, which revealed the individual efforts in reporting cases by districts. […] To adopt standardized national clinical guideline for meningitis management by Ministry of Health. […] To substitute active meningitis surveillance system instead of current passive meningitis surveillance system.

• #32 Revision of Meningitis Surveillance System in Jordan during 2001 and 2014 Years

  https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/revision-of-meningitis-surveillance-system-in-jordan-during-2001-and2014-years-2161-1165-1000220.php?aid=67142

  Non-standardized case definition by clinicians plagues the meningitis surveillance system. Targeted efforts to strengthen the system should be adopted by the Ministry of Health (National Clinical Guidelines, Active System Versus Passive). […] Considering that there is severe underreporting in meningitis cases, which make numbers that received by Directorate of Disease Control and Prevention (DDC) doubtful, it was important to start meningitis database in the DDC to enable the surveillance system to determine the sensitivity of the system and to distinguish different types of meningitis. […] The sharp decrease in incidence rate of meningitis as a result of Hib and MMR vaccine introduction into the expanded immunization program. […] The severe underreporting in meningitis cases all over Jordan excluding Rahma hospital, which revealed the individual efforts in reporting cases by districts. […] To adopt standardized national clinical guideline for meningitis management by Ministry of Health. […] To substitute active meningitis surveillance system instead of current passive meningitis surveillance system.

• #33

  https://www.healio.com/news/infectious-disease/20140105/areas-of-improvement-identified-in-meningitis-surveillance-in-china

  Researchers have identified several ways to enhance surveillance of bacterial meningitis in China, which may lead to better recommendations for vaccines. […] Accurate pathogen-specific estimates of the number of bacterial meningitis cases are needed to monitor and refine vaccination programs, but such estimates are challenging to obtain in many countries because of limited laboratory-based surveillance capacity. […] The active surveillance component of the project relied on six hospitals in each prefecture that represented the largest general infectious disease and children’s hospitals, known as sentinel sites, where serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected from cases of acute meningitis and encephalitis syndrome (AMES). […] Overall, 7,876 AMES cases were reported from the four prefectures 4,712 cases from sentinel and 3,164 from non-sentinel hospitals.

• #34 Revision of Meningitis Surveillance System in Jordan during 2001 and 2014 Years

  https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/revision-of-meningitis-surveillance-system-in-jordan-during-2001-and2014-years-2161-1165-1000220.php?aid=67142

  Non-standardized case definition by clinicians plagues the meningitis surveillance system. Targeted efforts to strengthen the system should be adopted by the Ministry of Health (National Clinical Guidelines, Active System Versus Passive). […] Considering that there is severe underreporting in meningitis cases, which make numbers that received by Directorate of Disease Control and Prevention (DDC) doubtful, it was important to start meningitis database in the DDC to enable the surveillance system to determine the sensitivity of the system and to distinguish different types of meningitis. […] The sharp decrease in incidence rate of meningitis as a result of Hib and MMR vaccine introduction into the expanded immunization program. […] The severe underreporting in meningitis cases all over Jordan excluding Rahma hospital, which revealed the individual efforts in reporting cases by districts. […] To adopt standardized national clinical guideline for meningitis management by Ministry of Health. […] To substitute active meningitis surveillance system instead of current passive meningitis surveillance system.

• #35 High-spatial resolution epidemic surveillance of bacterial meningitis in the African meningitis belt in Burkina Faso | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-23279-6

  Despite improved surveillance capacities and WHO recommendations for subdistrict analysis, routine epidemic surveillance of acute bacterial meningitis in the African meningitis belt remains largely limited to the district level. […] Individual meningitis epidemics expanded little in space, suggesting that a health centre level analysis is most appropriate for epidemic surveillance. Epidemic surveillance could gain in precision and timeliness by higher spatial resolution. […] Our operational analysis confirms that surveillance for epidemic meningitis events at health-center level may provide benefits in terms of precision and timeliness. […] The spatial analyses suggest that the ideal grid size would be between 10 and 30 km, which corresponds to health centres in most areas of the meningitis belt.

• #36 Toward Establishing Integrated, Comprehensive, and Sustainable Meningitis Surveillance in Africa to Better Inform Vaccination Strategies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8409533/

  Although sub-Saharan Africa has the largest burden of meningitis globally, most countries have meningitis surveillance systems that are weak, poorly integrated, and rely heavily on external financing and technical assistance. […] The Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) system was established in 1998 by WHO/AFRO in partnership with technical partners. […] The PBM and Global IB-VPD surveillance networks leveraged funding and resources through Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, and the Global Polio Eradication Initiative; however, the funding available is declining. […] Integration of existing meningitis surveillance systems will be key to achieving sustainable, comprehensive systems that are synergistic, efficient, and cost-effective. […] The establishment of country-owned, comprehensive and sustainable meningitis surveillance systems hinges on effective integration and harmonization of meningitis surveillance within and across regions.

• #37

  https://www.who.int/activities/ensuring-effective-meningitis-surveillance

  Surveillance, from case detection to investigation and laboratory confirmation, is essential for the control of meningitis in order to: detect and confirm outbreaks; monitor trends; estimate disease burden; monitor the emergence of epidemic strains as well as their antibiotic resistance profile; and estimate the impact of meningitis control strategies, particularly preventive vaccination programmes. […] WHO and partners work together to provide the latest guidance and technical support to countries to strengthen their surveillance systems and laboratory confirmation capacity. […] In the African meningitis belt where prompt outbreak detection and confirmation remains a major surveillance objective, WHO works with Member States to collect, analyze and disseminate the latest information on the meningitis situation, in the Weekly meningitis bulletins.

• #38 Changing Epidemiology of Bacterial Meningitis Since Introduction of Conjugate Vaccines: 3 Decades of National Meningitis Surveillance in The Netherlands

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8423501/

  The epidemiology of acute bacterial meningitis has changed substantially since the introduction of conjugate vaccines. […] We assessed the impact of conjugate vaccines on incidence (defined as episodes per 100 000 population per year) and for different age groups using incidence rate ratios (IRRs), comparing incidence before and after conjugate vaccine introduction. […] Overall, bacterial meningitis incidence decreased from 6.37 to 1.58 between 1989-1993 and 2014-2019 (IRR, 0.25 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .23-26]; P<.001). [...] Conjugate vaccines effectively reduced the incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b, Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C, and 10 pneumococcal serotypes (IRRs, .02-04; P<.001). [...] Conjugate vaccines reduced the burden of bacterial meningitis, especially in children.

• #39 Epidemiology of community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-of-community-acquired-bacterial-meningitis-in-adults

  Epidemiology of community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults […] The epidemiology of community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults will be reviewed here. […] The epidemiology of health care-associated meningitis and ventriculitis is discussed elsewhere. […] United States — S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis are the two major organisms causing community-acquired meningitis (table 1). […] In the United States and other countries, following the institution of routine infant immunization with the conjugate H. influenzae type b vaccine in 1990 and the 7-valent S. pneumoniae (pneumococcus) conjugate vaccine in 2000, followed by the 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13) in 2010, bacterial meningitis decreased in frequency, and the peak incidence of bacterial meningitis has shifted from children under five years of age to adults.

• #40 Meningococcal Disease in Other Countries | Meningococcal | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/php/global/index.html

  Meningococcal disease occurs worldwide. […] The highest incidence of meningococcal disease is found in the 'meningitis belt’ of sub-Saharan Africa. […] The meningitis belt of sub-Saharan African historically experienced major epidemics of meningococcal disease every 5 to 12 years. […] Attack rates during these epidemics can reach 1,000 cases per 100,000 population. […] Risk factors for meningococcal disease outbreaks in Africa aren’t fully understood. […] However, the following characteristics create favorable conditions for meningococcal disease epidemics: Dry, dusty conditions during the dry season (December to June), Immunological susceptibility of the population, Travel and large population displacements, Crowded living conditions. […] Following vaccine introduction, epidemics due to serogroup A have been eliminated in vaccinated areas.

• #41 Bacterial meningitis epidemiology and return of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A cases in Burkina Faso in the five years following MenAfriVac mass vaccination campaign | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0187466

  Burkina Faso, a landlocked West African country with a population of approximately 19 million, is one of the few countries entirely located within the meningitis belt and experiences hyper-endemic rates of meningitis. In December 2010, Burkina Faso was the first country to complete national introduction of MACV through a 10-day mass vaccination campaign reaching 11 million people (approx. 70% of the population), achieving 96% coverage among the target population of persons aged 1-29 years. An evaluation of the impact of MACV one-year following the campaign demonstrated a substantial reduction in meningitis incidence among both the target population and the general population, due to high coverage and herd protection. […] A growing cohort of unvaccinated children (currently over 4 million) born since 2010 puts the population at risk of NmA epidemic resurgence. The World Health Organization (WHO) Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunizations 2014 recommendation of one dose of MACV at 9 months of age provides an opportunity to sustain the immunity already achieved. Burkina Faso conducted a catch-up campaign among children aged 1-6 years in November 2016 and introduced a single dose of MACV into their routine immunization program in March 2017 at age 15-18 months, along with the second dose of measles-containing vaccine. We analyzed national meningitis surveillance data and described the epidemiology of reported NmA cases in the five years (2011-2015) since MACV introduction in Burkina Faso.

• #42 Bacterial meningitis epidemiology and return of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A cases in Burkina Faso in the five years following MenAfriVac mass vaccination campaign | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0187466

  Burkina Faso, a landlocked West African country with a population of approximately 19 million, is one of the few countries entirely located within the meningitis belt and experiences hyper-endemic rates of meningitis. In December 2010, Burkina Faso was the first country to complete national introduction of MACV through a 10-day mass vaccination campaign reaching 11 million people (approx. 70% of the population), achieving 96% coverage among the target population of persons aged 1-29 years. An evaluation of the impact of MACV one-year following the campaign demonstrated a substantial reduction in meningitis incidence among both the target population and the general population, due to high coverage and herd protection. […] A growing cohort of unvaccinated children (currently over 4 million) born since 2010 puts the population at risk of NmA epidemic resurgence. The World Health Organization (WHO) Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunizations 2014 recommendation of one dose of MACV at 9 months of age provides an opportunity to sustain the immunity already achieved. Burkina Faso conducted a catch-up campaign among children aged 1-6 years in November 2016 and introduced a single dose of MACV into their routine immunization program in March 2017 at age 15-18 months, along with the second dose of measles-containing vaccine. We analyzed national meningitis surveillance data and described the epidemiology of reported NmA cases in the five years (2011-2015) since MACV introduction in Burkina Faso.

• #43 Bacterial meningitis epidemiology and return of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A cases in Burkina Faso in the five years following MenAfriVac mass vaccination campaign | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0187466

  Meningococcal meningitis incidence in Burkina Faso remains relatively low following MACV introduction. However, a substantial burden remains and NmA transmission has persisted. MACV integration into routine childhood immunization programs is essential to ensure continued protection. […] For over 100 years, the meningitis belt of sub-Saharan Africa stretching from Senegal to Ethiopia and including 450 million people in 26 countries experienced high endemic rates of meningitis, annual seasonal outbreaks, and explosive epidemics occurring every 5-12 years. Prior to the introduction of the meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccine (MACV, MenAfriVac), approximately 90% of meningitis cases during epidemics in the region were attributable to Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A (NmA). From 2010-2016, MACV was aggressively rolled out using national vaccination campaigns in 19 at-risk countries within or bordering the meningitis belt, representing a new approach to controlling epidemic-prone diseases.

• #44 Bacterial meningitis epidemiology and return of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A cases in Burkina Faso in the five years following MenAfriVac mass vaccination campaign | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0187466

  Bacterial meningitis epidemiology and return of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A cases in Burkina Faso in the five years following MenAfriVac mass vaccination campaign […] Historically, Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A (NmA) caused large meningitis epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2010, Burkina Faso became the first country to implement a national meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccine (MACV) campaign. We analyzed nationwide meningitis surveillance data from Burkina Faso for the 5 years following MACV introduction. […] We examined Burkina Faso’s aggregate reporting and national laboratory-confirmed case-based meningitis surveillance data from 2011-2015. We calculated incidence (cases per 100,000 persons), and described reported NmA cases. […] In 2011-2015, Burkina Faso reported 20,389 cases of suspected meningitis. A quarter (4,503) of suspected meningitis cases with cerebrospinal fluid specimens were laboratory-confirmed as either S. pneumoniae (57%), N. meningitidis (40%), or H. influenzae (2%). Average adjusted annual national incidence of meningococcal meningitis was 3.8 (range: 2.0-10.2 annually) and was highest among infants aged 1 year (8.4). N. meningitidis serogroup W caused the majority (64%) of meningococcal meningitis among all age groups. Only six confirmed NmA cases were reported in 2011-2015. Five cases were in children who were too young (n = 2) or otherwise not vaccinated (n = 3) during the 2010 MACV mass vaccination campaign; one case had documented MACV receipt, representing the first documented MACV failure.

• #45 Meningococcal disease | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/meningococcal-disease

  Meningococcal disease can occur sporadically or in epidemics. In Australia, most cases occur during winter and early spring. Other countries with temperate climates also have this seasonal trend. The meningococcal serogroups that cause meningococcal disease have changed over time. A meningococcal C vaccine was introduced on the National Immunisation Program in 2003 and has resulted in a large reduction in meningococcal C disease incidence. In 2022, there were no notifications of meningococcal C disease in Australia. […] From 2013, the incidence of meningococcal W disease increased rapidly and the incidence of meningococcal Y disease increased steadily from 2015. Several states and territories introduced vaccination programs with MenACWY vaccine in 2017 to manage meningococcal disease caused by MenW and MenY. MenACWY vaccine was introduced on the National Immunisation Program in 2018 for toddlers aged 12 months, and in 2019 for adolescents. Following this, there was a decrease in both notifications and relative proportions of MenW and MenY disease. The incidence of meningococcal W disease has also fallen with widespread use of the MenACWY vaccine in these age groups.

• #46 Bacterial meningitis epidemiology and return of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A cases in Burkina Faso in the five years following MenAfriVac mass vaccination campaign | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0187466

  Burkina Faso, a landlocked West African country with a population of approximately 19 million, is one of the few countries entirely located within the meningitis belt and experiences hyper-endemic rates of meningitis. In December 2010, Burkina Faso was the first country to complete national introduction of MACV through a 10-day mass vaccination campaign reaching 11 million people (approx. 70% of the population), achieving 96% coverage among the target population of persons aged 1-29 years. An evaluation of the impact of MACV one-year following the campaign demonstrated a substantial reduction in meningitis incidence among both the target population and the general population, due to high coverage and herd protection. […] A growing cohort of unvaccinated children (currently over 4 million) born since 2010 puts the population at risk of NmA epidemic resurgence. The World Health Organization (WHO) Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunizations 2014 recommendation of one dose of MACV at 9 months of age provides an opportunity to sustain the immunity already achieved. Burkina Faso conducted a catch-up campaign among children aged 1-6 years in November 2016 and introduced a single dose of MACV into their routine immunization program in March 2017 at age 15-18 months, along with the second dose of measles-containing vaccine. We analyzed national meningitis surveillance data and described the epidemiology of reported NmA cases in the five years (2011-2015) since MACV introduction in Burkina Faso.

• #47 Bacterial meningitis epidemiology and return of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A cases in Burkina Faso in the five years following MenAfriVac mass vaccination campaign | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0187466

  Burkina Faso, a landlocked West African country with a population of approximately 19 million, is one of the few countries entirely located within the meningitis belt and experiences hyper-endemic rates of meningitis. In December 2010, Burkina Faso was the first country to complete national introduction of MACV through a 10-day mass vaccination campaign reaching 11 million people (approx. 70% of the population), achieving 96% coverage among the target population of persons aged 1-29 years. An evaluation of the impact of MACV one-year following the campaign demonstrated a substantial reduction in meningitis incidence among both the target population and the general population, due to high coverage and herd protection. […] A growing cohort of unvaccinated children (currently over 4 million) born since 2010 puts the population at risk of NmA epidemic resurgence. The World Health Organization (WHO) Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunizations 2014 recommendation of one dose of MACV at 9 months of age provides an opportunity to sustain the immunity already achieved. Burkina Faso conducted a catch-up campaign among children aged 1-6 years in November 2016 and introduced a single dose of MACV into their routine immunization program in March 2017 at age 15-18 months, along with the second dose of measles-containing vaccine. We analyzed national meningitis surveillance data and described the epidemiology of reported NmA cases in the five years (2011-2015) since MACV introduction in Burkina Faso.

• #48 Meningococcal disease | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/meningococcal-disease

  Meningococcal B continues to cause most meningococcal disease in Australia. In 2022, meningococcal B disease made up the majority (83%) of all meningococcal disease notifications, a proportion not observed in Australia since 2008 to 2009. State-funded MenB vaccination programs have been introduced in South Australia, from 2018, and in Queensland, from 2024. […] Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have much higher incidence rates of meningococcal disease than non-Indigenous Australians. This is particularly among children aged <15 years for the 2 most common meningococcal serogroups: B and W. Between 2006 and 2015, rates of meningococcal disease caused by serogroup B disease were reported as being 3.4 times and 3.8 times higher among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander infants aged <12 months and children aged 1–4 years, respectively, compared with non-Indigenous infants and children of the same age.

• #49 Meningococcal Disease Surveillance and Trends | Meningococcal | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/php/surveillance/index.html

  Rates of meningococcal disease in the United States increased in 2023. […] Public health officials track all meningococcal disease in the United States using multiple surveillance systems. […] Health departments respond to every case to implement control measures to reduce disease spread. […] Meningococcal disease is a reportable condition in all states. […] CDC collects national information about meningococcal disease through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). CDC receives NNDSS data each week. […] Health departments from all 50 states and several large jurisdictions collect enhanced meningococcal disease data and isolates. This enhanced surveillance began in 2015 in order to collect more complete data to monitor disease epidemiology. […] U.S. rates of meningococcal disease have declined sharply since the 1990s. […] Since 2019, CDC has detected penicillin- and ciprofloxacin-resistant serogroup Y meningococcal isolates in the United States. […] Due to concern over antibiotic-resistant cases, CDC has updated information and guidance on treatment, prophylaxis, and surveillance activities.

• #50 Meningococcal Disease Surveillance and Trends | Meningococcal | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/php/surveillance/index.html

  Rates of meningococcal disease in the United States increased in 2023. […] Public health officials track all meningococcal disease in the United States using multiple surveillance systems. […] Health departments respond to every case to implement control measures to reduce disease spread. […] Meningococcal disease is a reportable condition in all states. […] CDC collects national information about meningococcal disease through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). CDC receives NNDSS data each week. […] Health departments from all 50 states and several large jurisdictions collect enhanced meningococcal disease data and isolates. This enhanced surveillance began in 2015 in order to collect more complete data to monitor disease epidemiology. […] U.S. rates of meningococcal disease have declined sharply since the 1990s. […] Since 2019, CDC has detected penicillin- and ciprofloxacin-resistant serogroup Y meningococcal isolates in the United States. […] Due to concern over antibiotic-resistant cases, CDC has updated information and guidance on treatment, prophylaxis, and surveillance activities.

• #51 Surveillance of bacterial meningitis in an Angolan pediatric hospital after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines | Published in Journal of Global Health Reports

  https://www.joghr.org/article/12123-surveillance-of-bacterial-meningitis-in-an-angolan-pediatric-hospital-after-the-introduction-of-pneumococcal-conjugate-vaccines

  In the present study, the median age of children with BM was 29 months, similar to that reported in other studies of this nature in different countries. […] Despite vaccine introduction, disease due to vaccine serotypes still occurred in this study, 48% of the S. pneumoniae infections were due to serotypes covered by the PCV13 vaccine routinely used in Angola, and 67% of cases due to H. influenzae were type b, covered by the pentavalent vaccine. […] Strategies to reduce the incidence of BM must continue to focus on increasing vaccination coverage and raising awareness of the signs and symptoms of disease to allow for prompt medical attention and antibiotic treatment, which can help to reduce mortality and morbidity. […] Continual surveillance of the incidence and etiology of BM at a city/country-wide level will also help guide prevention and control strategies in a timely and responsive manner.

• #52 Surveillance of bacterial meningitis in an Angolan pediatric hospital after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines | Published in Journal of Global Health Reports

  https://www.joghr.org/article/12123-surveillance-of-bacterial-meningitis-in-an-angolan-pediatric-hospital-after-the-introduction-of-pneumococcal-conjugate-vaccines

  In the present study, the median age of children with BM was 29 months, similar to that reported in other studies of this nature in different countries. […] Despite vaccine introduction, disease due to vaccine serotypes still occurred in this study, 48% of the S. pneumoniae infections were due to serotypes covered by the PCV13 vaccine routinely used in Angola, and 67% of cases due to H. influenzae were type b, covered by the pentavalent vaccine. […] Strategies to reduce the incidence of BM must continue to focus on increasing vaccination coverage and raising awareness of the signs and symptoms of disease to allow for prompt medical attention and antibiotic treatment, which can help to reduce mortality and morbidity. […] Continual surveillance of the incidence and etiology of BM at a city/country-wide level will also help guide prevention and control strategies in a timely and responsive manner.

• #53 Toward Establishing Integrated, Comprehensive, and Sustainable Meningitis Surveillance in Africa to Better Inform Vaccination Strategies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8409533/

  Although sub-Saharan Africa has the largest burden of meningitis globally, most countries have meningitis surveillance systems that are weak, poorly integrated, and rely heavily on external financing and technical assistance. […] The Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) system was established in 1998 by WHO/AFRO in partnership with technical partners. […] The PBM and Global IB-VPD surveillance networks leveraged funding and resources through Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, and the Global Polio Eradication Initiative; however, the funding available is declining. […] Integration of existing meningitis surveillance systems will be key to achieving sustainable, comprehensive systems that are synergistic, efficient, and cost-effective. […] The establishment of country-owned, comprehensive and sustainable meningitis surveillance systems hinges on effective integration and harmonization of meningitis surveillance within and across regions.

• #54 Toward Establishing Integrated, Comprehensive, and Sustainable Meningitis Surveillance in Africa to Better Inform Vaccination Strategies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8409533/

  Although sub-Saharan Africa has the largest burden of meningitis globally, most countries have meningitis surveillance systems that are weak, poorly integrated, and rely heavily on external financing and technical assistance. […] The Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) system was established in 1998 by WHO/AFRO in partnership with technical partners. […] The PBM and Global IB-VPD surveillance networks leveraged funding and resources through Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, and the Global Polio Eradication Initiative; however, the funding available is declining. […] Integration of existing meningitis surveillance systems will be key to achieving sustainable, comprehensive systems that are synergistic, efficient, and cost-effective. […] The establishment of country-owned, comprehensive and sustainable meningitis surveillance systems hinges on effective integration and harmonization of meningitis surveillance within and across regions.

• #55 Toward Establishing Integrated, Comprehensive, and Sustainable Meningitis Surveillance in Africa to Better Inform Vaccination Strategies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8409533/

  Although sub-Saharan Africa has the largest burden of meningitis globally, most countries have meningitis surveillance systems that are weak, poorly integrated, and rely heavily on external financing and technical assistance. […] The Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) system was established in 1998 by WHO/AFRO in partnership with technical partners. […] The PBM and Global IB-VPD surveillance networks leveraged funding and resources through Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, and the Global Polio Eradication Initiative; however, the funding available is declining. […] Integration of existing meningitis surveillance systems will be key to achieving sustainable, comprehensive systems that are synergistic, efficient, and cost-effective. […] The establishment of country-owned, comprehensive and sustainable meningitis surveillance systems hinges on effective integration and harmonization of meningitis surveillance within and across regions.

• #56 20th International Meningitis Annual Meeting incorporated other epidemic-prone diseases to address surveillance, preparedness, and response to outbreaks in Africa | MenAfriNet

  https://www.menafrinet.org/20th-international-meningitis-annual-meeting-incorporated-other-epidemic-prone-diseases-address

  In 2023, the 10th MenAfriNet and 20th World Health Organization (WHO) Annual meeting on Surveillance, Preparedness and Response to Meningitis Outbreaks in Africa was expanded to include yellow fever, measles-rubella, and maternal and neonatal tetanus. […] A goal of this combined meeting was to promote integration of surveillance systems for all epidemic-prone diseases and strengthen collaboration and preparedness, while also reducing conflicts and meeting requests for surveillance staff. […] The explicitly multi-pathogen and multidisciplinary nature of DM2030 provided opportunities to link with other projects and initiatives, both those focused on specific pathogens and ones with broader health systems focus. […] These activities are key to quickly identifying outbreaks and informing response efforts.

• #57 20th International Meningitis Annual Meeting incorporated other epidemic-prone diseases to address surveillance, preparedness, and response to outbreaks in Africa | MenAfriNet

  https://www.menafrinet.org/20th-international-meningitis-annual-meeting-incorporated-other-epidemic-prone-diseases-address

  In 2023, the 10th MenAfriNet and 20th World Health Organization (WHO) Annual meeting on Surveillance, Preparedness and Response to Meningitis Outbreaks in Africa was expanded to include yellow fever, measles-rubella, and maternal and neonatal tetanus. […] A goal of this combined meeting was to promote integration of surveillance systems for all epidemic-prone diseases and strengthen collaboration and preparedness, while also reducing conflicts and meeting requests for surveillance staff. […] The explicitly multi-pathogen and multidisciplinary nature of DM2030 provided opportunities to link with other projects and initiatives, both those focused on specific pathogens and ones with broader health systems focus. […] These activities are key to quickly identifying outbreaks and informing response efforts.

• #58 20th International Meningitis Annual Meeting incorporated other epidemic-prone diseases to address surveillance, preparedness, and response to outbreaks in Africa | MenAfriNet

  https://www.menafrinet.org/20th-international-meningitis-annual-meeting-incorporated-other-epidemic-prone-diseases-address

  This meeting was also an opportunity to kick off the next phase of meningitis prevention using Men5CV. […] Countries were encouraged to monitor reported cases and submit outbreak vaccine requests to the International Coordinating Group (ICG) on Vaccine Provision within one week of crossing epidemic thresholds. […] Furthermore, WHO encouraged countries that have not yet introduced monovalent serogroup A conjugate vaccine (MenACV) into their routine immunization schedule to do so at the earliest opportunity in 20242025 (9 remaining countries). […] This first joint disease annual meeting provided an opportunity for programs to share key lessons learned that could be applied across all diseases represented at the meeting. […] Sharing lessons learned and identifying synergies across disease programs may not only address challenges, but also lead to improved efficiency and increase sustainability of activities, coordination across diseases, and progress towards the DM2030 goals.

• #59 Bacterial Meningitis: A Global Public Health Challenge – ISID

  https://isid.org/bacterial-meningitis-a-global-public-health-challenge/

  Fast and accurate diagnosis and proper treatment are crucial to saving lives and avoiding long-term complications. […] However, access to proper diagnosis, treatment, healthcare support for lifelong disabilities, and vaccination against bacterial meningitis is not universal, and it is often insufficient in low- and middle-income countries, which are the countries that suffer the most from the disease. […] The global roadmap Defeating Meningitis by 2030 has the vision „Towards a world free of meningitis” and encompasses three major goals, including: elimination of bacterial meningitis epidemics; reduction of cases of vaccine-preventable bacterial meningitis by 50% and deaths by 70%; and reduction of disability and improvement of quality of life after meningitis due to any cause. […] Additionally, efforts have been made to improve meningitis surveillance in the meningitis belt of sub-Saharan Africa by the MenAfriNet consortium, and a Global Meningitis Genome Partnership has been formed to improve strain identification and global tracking of meningococcus, pneumococcus, H. influenzae and GBS.

• #60 Bacterial Meningitis: A Global Public Health Challenge – ISID

  https://isid.org/bacterial-meningitis-a-global-public-health-challenge/

  Fast and accurate diagnosis and proper treatment are crucial to saving lives and avoiding long-term complications. […] However, access to proper diagnosis, treatment, healthcare support for lifelong disabilities, and vaccination against bacterial meningitis is not universal, and it is often insufficient in low- and middle-income countries, which are the countries that suffer the most from the disease. […] The global roadmap Defeating Meningitis by 2030 has the vision „Towards a world free of meningitis” and encompasses three major goals, including: elimination of bacterial meningitis epidemics; reduction of cases of vaccine-preventable bacterial meningitis by 50% and deaths by 70%; and reduction of disability and improvement of quality of life after meningitis due to any cause. […] Additionally, efforts have been made to improve meningitis surveillance in the meningitis belt of sub-Saharan Africa by the MenAfriNet consortium, and a Global Meningitis Genome Partnership has been formed to improve strain identification and global tracking of meningococcus, pneumococcus, H. influenzae and GBS.

• #61 EMPHNET and Partners Host Bacterial Meningitis Surveillance and Data Management Training Part of MenMap Project.

  https://emphnet.net/en/resources/news/2023/emphnet-and-partners-host-bacterial-meningitis-surveillance-and-data-management-training-part-of-menmap-project/

  Bacterial meningitis, a global public health challenge, is notably prevalent in our region. This disease, particularly menacing for infants and young children, continues to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries have been facing endemic and epidemic outbreaks of meningococcal disease, yet there’s a striking scarcity of published data in these regions. This gap hinders the formulation of evidence-based decisions crucial for implementing effective vaccine intervention strategies. […] Recognizing this need, EMPHNET in collaboration with Sanofi has spearheaded the establishment of the Meningitis and Septicemia Mapping Network (MenMap). This regional network aims to bolster the understanding and management of vaccine-preventable Invasive Bacterial Diseases (IBD), especially those caused by pathogens like Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Hemophilus influenza type b (Hib). Operating across the Middle East, North Africa, and Eurasia region MenMap initiatives are multifaceted, encompassing research, surveillance, strengthening of laboratory diagnosis capacities, and public health policy advancement to prevent, control and treat bacterial meningitis and septicemia.

• #62 EMPHNET and Partners Host Bacterial Meningitis Surveillance and Data Management Training Part of MenMap Project.

  https://emphnet.net/en/resources/news/2023/emphnet-and-partners-host-bacterial-meningitis-surveillance-and-data-management-training-part-of-menmap-project/

  The initial phase of MenMap project focuses on enhancing the epidemiological surveillance of the IBD by strengthening the link between epidemiological and laboratory data through the application of real-time PCR for accurate IBD detection and subtyping. This foundational step sets the stage for a series of outcomes including determining N. meningitidis serogroups in confirmed cases of Invasive Meningococcal Disease (IMD), estimating serogroup specific IMD incidence, evaluating early antibiotic treatment impacts, documenting clinical IMD presentations, and detailing outcomes of confirmed cases in each participating country. […] A significant milestone in this initiative was the recent hosting of sessions by the Disease Control and Prevention Unit of EMPHNET in Egypt, Iraq, and Jordan, titled „Bacterial Meningitis Surveillance and Data Management Training.” These sessions brought together physicians, public health officers, laboratory technicians and infection control officers from targeted hospitals and the Central Public Health Laboratory (CPHL). Their objective was to enrich participants’ understanding of bacterial meningitis surveillance. They covered aspects ranging from case definition, clinical signs and symptoms, cases enrolment, specimen collection, handling, preservation, transportation and advanced laboratory detection techniques to the epidemiology, treatments, surveillance.

• #63 Bacterial Meningitis: A Global Public Health Challenge – ISID

  https://isid.org/bacterial-meningitis-a-global-public-health-challenge/

  Fast and accurate diagnosis and proper treatment are crucial to saving lives and avoiding long-term complications. […] However, access to proper diagnosis, treatment, healthcare support for lifelong disabilities, and vaccination against bacterial meningitis is not universal, and it is often insufficient in low- and middle-income countries, which are the countries that suffer the most from the disease. […] The global roadmap Defeating Meningitis by 2030 has the vision „Towards a world free of meningitis” and encompasses three major goals, including: elimination of bacterial meningitis epidemics; reduction of cases of vaccine-preventable bacterial meningitis by 50% and deaths by 70%; and reduction of disability and improvement of quality of life after meningitis due to any cause. […] Additionally, efforts have been made to improve meningitis surveillance in the meningitis belt of sub-Saharan Africa by the MenAfriNet consortium, and a Global Meningitis Genome Partnership has been formed to improve strain identification and global tracking of meningococcus, pneumococcus, H. influenzae and GBS.

• #64 Bacterial Meningitis: A Global Public Health Challenge – ISID

  https://isid.org/bacterial-meningitis-a-global-public-health-challenge/

  Fast and accurate diagnosis and proper treatment are crucial to saving lives and avoiding long-term complications. […] However, access to proper diagnosis, treatment, healthcare support for lifelong disabilities, and vaccination against bacterial meningitis is not universal, and it is often insufficient in low- and middle-income countries, which are the countries that suffer the most from the disease. […] The global roadmap Defeating Meningitis by 2030 has the vision „Towards a world free of meningitis” and encompasses three major goals, including: elimination of bacterial meningitis epidemics; reduction of cases of vaccine-preventable bacterial meningitis by 50% and deaths by 70%; and reduction of disability and improvement of quality of life after meningitis due to any cause. […] Additionally, efforts have been made to improve meningitis surveillance in the meningitis belt of sub-Saharan Africa by the MenAfriNet consortium, and a Global Meningitis Genome Partnership has been formed to improve strain identification and global tracking of meningococcus, pneumococcus, H. influenzae and GBS.

• #65 Global epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease | Population Health Metrics | Full Text

  https://pophealthmetrics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1478-7954-11-17

  Neisseria meningitidis is one of the leading causes of bacterial meningitis globally and can also cause sepsis, pneumonia, and other manifestations. The worldwide epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) varies markedly by region and over time. This review summarizes the burden of IMD in different countries and identifies the highest-incidence countries where routine preventive programs against Neisseria meningitidis would be most beneficial in providing protection. […] The majority of countries in the high-incidence group are found in the African meningitis belt; many moderate-incidence countries are found in the European and African regions, and Australia, while low-incidence countries include many from Europe and the Americas. […] Epidemiological data on burden of IMD are needed in countries where this is not known, particularly in South-East Asia and Eastern Mediterranean regions, so evidence-based decisions about the use of meningococcal vaccines can be made.

• #66 Bacterial meningitis epidemiology and return of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A cases in Burkina Faso in the five years following MenAfriVac mass vaccination campaign | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0187466

  Burkina Faso’s NmA case investigations confirmed that one of the six patients was vaccinated with MACV in 2010, signifying the first reported MACV failure among the estimated 260 million individuals vaccinated across 19 countries in the meningitis belt since 2010. The country’s investigation and transparent reporting to the international community are a key component of monitoring MACV implementation and success. […] In addition to the reemergence of NmA disease in Burkina Faso and other countries that previously introduced MACV, regional meningitis epidemiology is changing. S. pneumoniae has been the predominant endemic bacterial meningitis pathogen in Burkina Faso since 2011, and N. meningitidis serogroup W has accounted for the majority of epidemic meningitis. […] An immense effort has been invested in mass vaccination campaigns in Burkina Faso and other countries in the region, resulting in major successes in mobilizing international and local communities and encouraging high vaccine uptake, and in an extraordinary and unprecedented reduction in meningitis burden and NmA transmission. However, the data provide concerning evidence of a return of NmA transmission and disease as the susceptible population size increases. It is critical that the initial MACV roll-out is completed in the remaining countries of the meningitis belt and that MACV is thoughtfully and successfully integrated into EPI programs. Continuing the momentum of MACV roll-out, along with long-term investments in surveillance and thorough investigations into reported NmA cases, must remain a high priority for the international community and countries within the meningitis belt. Failure to take these measures will undermine the outstanding successes that have already been achieved, and will place future generations at risk of experiencing devastating meningitis epidemics.

• #67 Bacterial meningitis epidemiology and return of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A cases in Burkina Faso in the five years following MenAfriVac mass vaccination campaign | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0187466

  Burkina Faso’s NmA case investigations confirmed that one of the six patients was vaccinated with MACV in 2010, signifying the first reported MACV failure among the estimated 260 million individuals vaccinated across 19 countries in the meningitis belt since 2010. The country’s investigation and transparent reporting to the international community are a key component of monitoring MACV implementation and success. […] In addition to the reemergence of NmA disease in Burkina Faso and other countries that previously introduced MACV, regional meningitis epidemiology is changing. S. pneumoniae has been the predominant endemic bacterial meningitis pathogen in Burkina Faso since 2011, and N. meningitidis serogroup W has accounted for the majority of epidemic meningitis. […] An immense effort has been invested in mass vaccination campaigns in Burkina Faso and other countries in the region, resulting in major successes in mobilizing international and local communities and encouraging high vaccine uptake, and in an extraordinary and unprecedented reduction in meningitis burden and NmA transmission. However, the data provide concerning evidence of a return of NmA transmission and disease as the susceptible population size increases. It is critical that the initial MACV roll-out is completed in the remaining countries of the meningitis belt and that MACV is thoughtfully and successfully integrated into EPI programs. Continuing the momentum of MACV roll-out, along with long-term investments in surveillance and thorough investigations into reported NmA cases, must remain a high priority for the international community and countries within the meningitis belt. Failure to take these measures will undermine the outstanding successes that have already been achieved, and will place future generations at risk of experiencing devastating meningitis epidemics.

• #68 Bacterial meningitis epidemiology and return of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A cases in Burkina Faso in the five years following MenAfriVac mass vaccination campaign | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0187466

  Burkina Faso’s NmA case investigations confirmed that one of the six patients was vaccinated with MACV in 2010, signifying the first reported MACV failure among the estimated 260 million individuals vaccinated across 19 countries in the meningitis belt since 2010. The country’s investigation and transparent reporting to the international community are a key component of monitoring MACV implementation and success. […] In addition to the reemergence of NmA disease in Burkina Faso and other countries that previously introduced MACV, regional meningitis epidemiology is changing. S. pneumoniae has been the predominant endemic bacterial meningitis pathogen in Burkina Faso since 2011, and N. meningitidis serogroup W has accounted for the majority of epidemic meningitis. […] An immense effort has been invested in mass vaccination campaigns in Burkina Faso and other countries in the region, resulting in major successes in mobilizing international and local communities and encouraging high vaccine uptake, and in an extraordinary and unprecedented reduction in meningitis burden and NmA transmission. However, the data provide concerning evidence of a return of NmA transmission and disease as the susceptible population size increases. It is critical that the initial MACV roll-out is completed in the remaining countries of the meningitis belt and that MACV is thoughtfully and successfully integrated into EPI programs. Continuing the momentum of MACV roll-out, along with long-term investments in surveillance and thorough investigations into reported NmA cases, must remain a high priority for the international community and countries within the meningitis belt. Failure to take these measures will undermine the outstanding successes that have already been achieved, and will place future generations at risk of experiencing devastating meningitis epidemics.

• #69 Bacterial meningitis epidemiology and return of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A cases in Burkina Faso in the five years following MenAfriVac mass vaccination campaign | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0187466

  Burkina Faso’s NmA case investigations confirmed that one of the six patients was vaccinated with MACV in 2010, signifying the first reported MACV failure among the estimated 260 million individuals vaccinated across 19 countries in the meningitis belt since 2010. The country’s investigation and transparent reporting to the international community are a key component of monitoring MACV implementation and success. […] In addition to the reemergence of NmA disease in Burkina Faso and other countries that previously introduced MACV, regional meningitis epidemiology is changing. S. pneumoniae has been the predominant endemic bacterial meningitis pathogen in Burkina Faso since 2011, and N. meningitidis serogroup W has accounted for the majority of epidemic meningitis. […] An immense effort has been invested in mass vaccination campaigns in Burkina Faso and other countries in the region, resulting in major successes in mobilizing international and local communities and encouraging high vaccine uptake, and in an extraordinary and unprecedented reduction in meningitis burden and NmA transmission. However, the data provide concerning evidence of a return of NmA transmission and disease as the susceptible population size increases. It is critical that the initial MACV roll-out is completed in the remaining countries of the meningitis belt and that MACV is thoughtfully and successfully integrated into EPI programs. Continuing the momentum of MACV roll-out, along with long-term investments in surveillance and thorough investigations into reported NmA cases, must remain a high priority for the international community and countries within the meningitis belt. Failure to take these measures will undermine the outstanding successes that have already been achieved, and will place future generations at risk of experiencing devastating meningitis epidemics.

• #70 Increases in vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks threaten years of progress, warn WHO, UNICEF, Gavi

  https://www.unicef.org/oman/press-releases/increases-vaccine-preventable-disease-outbreaks-threaten-years-progress-warn-who

  Meningitis cases in Africa also rose sharply in 2024, and the upward trend has continued into 2025. In the first three months of this year alone, more than 5,500 suspected cases and nearly 300 deaths were reported in 22 countries. This follows approximately 26,000 cases and almost 1,400 deaths across 24 countries last year. […] Vaccination campaigns have led to the elimination of meningitis A in Africa’s meningitis belt, while a new vaccine that protects against five strains of meningitis holds promise for broader protection, with efforts underway to expand its use for outbreak response and prevention. […] Gavi’s next strategic period has a clear plan to bolster our defences by expanding investments in global vaccine stockpiles and rolling out targeted preventive vaccination in countries most impacted by meningitis, yellow fever and measles.

• #71 Bacterial Meningitis: A Global Public Health Challenge – ISID

  https://isid.org/bacterial-meningitis-a-global-public-health-challenge/

  Fast and accurate diagnosis and proper treatment are crucial to saving lives and avoiding long-term complications. […] However, access to proper diagnosis, treatment, healthcare support for lifelong disabilities, and vaccination against bacterial meningitis is not universal, and it is often insufficient in low- and middle-income countries, which are the countries that suffer the most from the disease. […] The global roadmap Defeating Meningitis by 2030 has the vision „Towards a world free of meningitis” and encompasses three major goals, including: elimination of bacterial meningitis epidemics; reduction of cases of vaccine-preventable bacterial meningitis by 50% and deaths by 70%; and reduction of disability and improvement of quality of life after meningitis due to any cause. […] Additionally, efforts have been made to improve meningitis surveillance in the meningitis belt of sub-Saharan Africa by the MenAfriNet consortium, and a Global Meningitis Genome Partnership has been formed to improve strain identification and global tracking of meningococcus, pneumococcus, H. influenzae and GBS.

• #72

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40475-024-00316-0

  Despite the availability of effective vaccines against the three primary pathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and Neisseria meningitidis) that cause bacterial meningitis, this condition remains a significant cause of morbidity, neurologic sequelae, and mortality among children and adults living in low-income and middle-income countries. […] Bacterial meningitis represents a significant public health challenge for national and global health systems. Since vaccine-preventable meningitis remains highly prevalent in low-income and middle-income countries, the World Health Organization (WHO) recently developed a global roadmap to defeating meningitis by 2030 and ameliorating its associated neurological sequelae. […] There is a need for a global approach to surveillance and prevention of bacterial meningitis. Increasing vaccination coverage with conjugate vaccines against pneumococcus and meningococcus with optimal immunization schedules are high-value healthcare interventions. Additionally, overcoming diagnostic challenges and the early institution of empirical antibiotic therapy and, when feasible, adjunctive steroid therapy constitutes the pillars of reducing the disease burden of bacterial meningitis in resource-limited settings. […] The IB-VPD surveillance network by WHO demonstrated that bacterial meningitis continues to cause many deaths in sub-Saharan Africa, and most deaths are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.

• #73

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40475-024-00316-0

  Despite the availability of effective vaccines against the three primary pathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and Neisseria meningitidis) that cause bacterial meningitis, this condition remains a significant cause of morbidity, neurologic sequelae, and mortality among children and adults living in low-income and middle-income countries. […] Bacterial meningitis represents a significant public health challenge for national and global health systems. Since vaccine-preventable meningitis remains highly prevalent in low-income and middle-income countries, the World Health Organization (WHO) recently developed a global roadmap to defeating meningitis by 2030 and ameliorating its associated neurological sequelae. […] There is a need for a global approach to surveillance and prevention of bacterial meningitis. Increasing vaccination coverage with conjugate vaccines against pneumococcus and meningococcus with optimal immunization schedules are high-value healthcare interventions. Additionally, overcoming diagnostic challenges and the early institution of empirical antibiotic therapy and, when feasible, adjunctive steroid therapy constitutes the pillars of reducing the disease burden of bacterial meningitis in resource-limited settings. […] The IB-VPD surveillance network by WHO demonstrated that bacterial meningitis continues to cause many deaths in sub-Saharan Africa, and most deaths are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.

• #74

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40475-024-00316-0

  Despite the availability of effective vaccines against the three primary pathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and Neisseria meningitidis) that cause bacterial meningitis, this condition remains a significant cause of morbidity, neurologic sequelae, and mortality among children and adults living in low-income and middle-income countries. […] Bacterial meningitis represents a significant public health challenge for national and global health systems. Since vaccine-preventable meningitis remains highly prevalent in low-income and middle-income countries, the World Health Organization (WHO) recently developed a global roadmap to defeating meningitis by 2030 and ameliorating its associated neurological sequelae. […] There is a need for a global approach to surveillance and prevention of bacterial meningitis. Increasing vaccination coverage with conjugate vaccines against pneumococcus and meningococcus with optimal immunization schedules are high-value healthcare interventions. Additionally, overcoming diagnostic challenges and the early institution of empirical antibiotic therapy and, when feasible, adjunctive steroid therapy constitutes the pillars of reducing the disease burden of bacterial meningitis in resource-limited settings. […] The IB-VPD surveillance network by WHO demonstrated that bacterial meningitis continues to cause many deaths in sub-Saharan Africa, and most deaths are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Zobacz więcej