Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Meningitis: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/meningitis-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Meningitis is a life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord within the skull and vertebral canal. It is most commonly caused by infectious organisms such as bacteria and viruses and less frequently caused by fungi and parasites. […] Nurses should remain aware of symptoms and populations at risk for meningitis. Nursing interventions will include close monitoring for complications or deconditioning, preparing the patient for testing, and administering treatments. Nurses should advise patients who are candidates to receive the meningococcal vaccine. […] Once the nurse identifies nursing diagnoses for meningitis, nursing care plans help prioritize assessments and interventions for both short and long-term goals of care. […] The inflammatory and infectious process that causes meningitis often presents with a fever.

• #2 Meningitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meningitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350508

  Meningitis is an infection and swelling, called inflammation, of the fluid and membranes around the brain and spinal cord. These membranes are called meninges. […] The inflammation from meningitis most often triggers symptoms such as headache, fever and a stiff neck. […] Seek medical care right away if you think that you or someone in your family has meningitis. For meningitis caused by bacteria, early treatment can prevent serious complications. […] Bacterial meningitis can cause death within days without fast antibiotic treatment. Delayed treatment also increases the risk of long-term brain damage. […] Talk with your healthcare professional if you’ve been near someone with meningitis. That may be a family member or someone you live or work with. You may need to take medicines to prevent getting an infection. […] These steps can help prevent meningitis: Wash your hands. Careful hand-washing helps prevent the spread of germs. […] Vaccinations can help prevent some forms of bacterial meningitis.

• #3

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/neuroscience/neurology/neurological-conditions/meningitis

  Meningitis is a severe medical condition marked by the inflammation of the membranes (meninges) and fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. These membranes play a vital role in safeguarding the central nervous system. […] Meningitis is a medical emergency and potentially fatal within 24 hours. Call 911 immediately if you believe you or someone you know has symptoms of meningitis. […] Recognizing the symptoms of meningitis is crucial for prompt medical attention and effective treatment. […] If not promptly diagnosed and treated, meningitis, especially bacterial meningitis, can lead to serious complications that may have long-term effects on your health, including death. […] Getting an early diagnosis is vital for receiving effective treatment, especially in cases of bacterial meningitis, which can progress rapidly.

• #4 What doctors wish patients knew about bacterial meningitis | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/population-care/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-bacterial-meningitis

  Bacterial meningitis is a serious and potentially life-threatening infection that kills more than 300,000 people a year worldwide. The condition affects the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord and can develop quickly, requiring prompt medical attention. […] Bacterial meningitis signs and symptoms can be deceiving, said Dr. Silvers. But it is important to note that it is a medical emergency. […] A child can progress from not hungry, tired, with fever and headache to dying within a few hours, he warned. If the child cannot touch their chin to their chest without pain in combination with a fever or headache, obtain emergent medical care. […] As soon as you are concerned about meningitis, you should go for immediate medical care, Dr. Silvers said, noting that a physician can determine whether the patient has meningitis.

• #5 Meningitis NCLEX Review – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/meningitis-nclex-review/

  Meningitis is a disease condition that typically affects pediatrics and young adults, so it is usually taught as part of a pediatrics course. The highest disease rates are children younger than 12 months, with the second highest occurrence being in teens and young adults age 16-23. […] Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, which are the outer layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord. […] Rapid diagnosis of meningitis is essential as it can be fatal if left untreated. […] The classic signs of meningitis are nuchal rigidity, severe headache, photophobia and nausea/vomiting. Other common signs include chills and fever that can be as high as 104-degrees F, altered mental status, seizures, coma, skin rash, and decreased appetite. […] Get a full set of vital signs, the key one for meningitis is temperature.

• #6

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/meningitis

  Meningitis is a devastating disease that can be deadly and often results in serious long-term health issues. […] Meningitis remains a significant global health threat. […] Meningitis can affect anyone anywhere, and at any age. […] Immunocompromised and/or people living with HIV are at increased risk of different types of meningitis. […] Vaccines offer the best protection against common types of bacterial meningitis. […] Antibiotic treatment should be started as soon as possible when bacterial meningitis is suspected. […] Those who have lived through meningitis can have complications such as deafness, learning impairment or behavioural problem and require long-term treatment and care. […] Access to both services and support for these conditions is often insufficient, especially in low- and middle-income countries.

• #7 Meningitis Nursing Care Plan & Example | Free PDF Download

  https://www.carepatron.com/templates/meningitis-nursing-care-plan

  Access Carepatron’s free PDF download of a Meningitis Nursing Care Plan and example to help with a nursing diagnosis for meningitis. Learn how to create an effective care plan for patients with meningitis. […] Nurses then play a pivotal role in recognizing symptoms early on. This could include altered mental status, meningeal irritation (manifested as neck stiffness), and elevated vital signs. Timely intervention involves antibiotic therapy to combat the infection and monitoring for signs of cerebral edema and elevated intracranial pressure. […] Nursing management revolves around relieving acute pain, managing symptoms, and closely monitoring the patient’s condition for any signs of deterioration. […] Carepatron’s Meningitis Nursing Care Plan Template is a valuable tool for healthcare practitioners involved in the care of patients with meningitis. This comprehensive template streamlines the process of developing individualized care plans tailored to each patient’s specific needs.

• #8 Meningitis Diagnosis: What Nurses Need to Know

  https://nursingcecentral.com/meningitis-diagnosis/

  Nurses should take a detailed and comprehensive history of the patient suspected of meningitis. […] To manage a patient with meningitis, the most critical primary aspects are to check the ABCs (Airway, Breathing, and Circulation) and rapidly administer antibiotic therapy. […] There are various things you should do to care for your patient with meningitis. […] Encourage the patient to have complete bed rest. […] Once the acute phase settles, the need for rehabilitation begins. […] The treatment and care for the pediatric population are similar to that of adults. […] Meningitis is a serious infection that requires prompt management.

• #9 Nursing interventions – Medical Surgical

  https://www.naxlex.com/nursing/study-guides/nursing-interventions-1695390414

  – The nursing interventions for meningitis are aimed at providing supportive care, monitoring the patients condition, preventing complications, and educating the patient and family. […] […] – Some of the nursing interventions for meningitis include: Assessing the patients vital signs, neurological status, level of consciousness, pupillary response, cranial nerve function, and Glasgow coma scale score. […] […] – Administering the prescribed medications, such as antibiotics, antipyretics, analgesics, anticonvulsants, and corticosteroids. […] […] – Maintaining the patients hydration and nutrition, such as by providing intravenous fluids, oral fluids, or enteral feeding. […] […] – Implementing infection control measures, such as by isolating the patient, wearing personal protective equipment, and following standard precautions. […]

• #10 Meningitis (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568762/

  Meningitis is defined as inflammation of the meninges. […] Recall the nurse management of a patient with meningitis. […] Nursing Management includes monitoring and recording vital signs, assessing the Glasgow Coma Scale, and providing psychological support if the patient is conscious. […] Administer antibiotics as prescribed. […] Provide comfort measures. […] For patients treated promptly, the prognosis is good. […] The mortality is highest for children less than 12 months of age and decreases in middle age. […] The nurse should educate the parents on ensuring that the children are vaccinated against N. meningitides. […] To prevent this infection, the education of the public is vital.

• #11 Meningitis Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/meningitis/

  A positive Brudzinskis sign would raise suspicion that the client is developing meningitis as a complication of the craniotomy. […] Both Brudzinski’s sign and Kernig’s sign are clinical findings commonly associated with meningitis, which is the inflammation of the protective membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. […] The first action the nurse should take for a 4-month-old infant diagnosed with meningococcal meningitis is to immediately initiate droplet precautions. […] The most suitable room assignment for a client with bacterial meningitis is an isolation room due to the highly contagious nature of bacterial meningitis. […] A positive Kernig’s sign is observed when the patient experiences pain or resistance during the extension of the knee while the hip is flexed at a 90-degree angle.

• #12 Meningitis NCLEX Review – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/meningitis-nclex-review/

  Conduct a thorough pain assessment. The patient is likely to complain of a headache that is unlike any other they have ever had, and it may progressively worsen. […] Conduct a thorough neuro assessment. The patient may be confused, have decreased level of consciousness with or without elevated ICP. […] Monitor I/O – The patient may be dehydrated due to fever, decreased thirst and altered mental status. […] Conduct a skin assessment. A sign of meningococcal meningitis is a petechial or purpuric rash. […] Lumbar puncture (LP) – This is the KEY diagnostic test for meningitis. […] Antibiotic therapy is crucial and will begin with a broad-spectrum antibiotic before culture results are available. […] Nursing interventions for a patient with meningitis include standard precautions for all patients with meningitis, bacterial meningitis droplet precautions, promoting a neuro-friendly environment, avoiding increased ICP, and providing cooling measures as ordered. […] Health promotion – Prevention is always best and educating patients/families on meningococcal vaccines for those appropriate is important.

• #13 Meningitis NCLEX Review – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/meningitis-nclex-review/

  Meningitis is a disease condition that typically affects pediatrics and young adults, so it is usually taught as part of a pediatrics course. The highest disease rates are children younger than 12 months, with the second highest occurrence being in teens and young adults age 16-23. […] Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, which are the outer layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord. […] Rapid diagnosis of meningitis is essential as it can be fatal if left untreated. […] The classic signs of meningitis are nuchal rigidity, severe headache, photophobia and nausea/vomiting. Other common signs include chills and fever that can be as high as 104-degrees F, altered mental status, seizures, coma, skin rash, and decreased appetite. […] Get a full set of vital signs, the key one for meningitis is temperature.

• #14 Meningitis NCLEX Review – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/meningitis-nclex-review/

  Conduct a thorough pain assessment. The patient is likely to complain of a headache that is unlike any other they have ever had, and it may progressively worsen. […] Conduct a thorough neuro assessment. The patient may be confused, have decreased level of consciousness with or without elevated ICP. […] Monitor I/O – The patient may be dehydrated due to fever, decreased thirst and altered mental status. […] Conduct a skin assessment. A sign of meningococcal meningitis is a petechial or purpuric rash. […] Lumbar puncture (LP) – This is the KEY diagnostic test for meningitis. […] Antibiotic therapy is crucial and will begin with a broad-spectrum antibiotic before culture results are available. […] Nursing interventions for a patient with meningitis include standard precautions for all patients with meningitis, bacterial meningitis droplet precautions, promoting a neuro-friendly environment, avoiding increased ICP, and providing cooling measures as ordered. […] Health promotion – Prevention is always best and educating patients/families on meningococcal vaccines for those appropriate is important.

• #15 Patient education: Meningitis in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/meningitis-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  • Cell count, protein, and glucose – The cell count (the number of infection-fighting cells) and the levels of protein and glucose in the spinal fluid can give clues about whether there is an infection and, if so, what type of infection (bacterial or viral). These initial results are available within an hour or two. […] • Gram stain – In this test, a sample of spinal fluid is placed on a glass slide, special stains are applied, and the slide is then examined under a microscope to see if bacteria are present. Results are usually available within an hour or two. If bacteria are present, their shape and color provide clues as to which specific bacteria it is. A negative Gram stain does not mean the child doesn’t have meningitis; „false negative” results can occur. […] • Bacterial culture – The bacterial culture is the true test of whether a bacterial infection is present. This test usually takes 24 to 48 hours. In addition to finding out which bacteria is causing the infection, the bacterial culture determines which antibiotic treatment is best. If the test is negative, it generally means the child does not have bacterial meningitis. However, rarely, the result is a „false negative” and despite the negative culture result, other signs and laboratory tests strongly indicate that the child likely has bacterial meningitis. The most common cause of a false-negative bacterial culture result is that the child received antibiotics before the test was done.

• #16 Patient education: Meningitis in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/meningitis-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests – PCR tests are molecular tests that detect the DNA of viruses and bacteria. In many hospitals, PCR testing is performed with a „meningitis panel,” which tests for several different viruses and bacteria all at the same time. There are also separate PCR tests that can be performed individually to detect specific viruses, such as enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus (HSV), and others. The results of PCR tests may be available quickly (even within a few hours), or they may take several days. […] • CT scan – A computed tomography (CT) scan is a radiology test that is used to take images of the brain. Most children with suspected meningitis do not need to undergo a CT scan. However, in some cases, a CT scan is performed before the lumbar puncture. The purpose of this test is to help determine if it is safe to perform the lumbar puncture and to determine if another condition may be contributing to the child’s symptoms (eg, bleeding or a mass in the brain).

• #17 Meningitis – Management : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/meningitis-management/

  If patient is IMMUNOCOMPROMISED or has a history of central nervous system disease, new onset seizures, papilledema, altered consciousness, focal neurologic deficit, or delay in lumbar puncture (LP): Obtain blood cultures. Administer empiric antimicrobial therapy, plus dexamethasone if suspecting bacterial meningitis, STAT. Obtain LP if head CT results are negative. Modify empiric antimicrobial therapy based on results of CSF analysis. Droplet precautions for 1st 24 hours of effective antibiotic therapy. […] Do not delay the initiation of antimicrobial therapy, i.e. if LP is delayed, in a patient with suspected meningitis! […] If patient is IMMUNOCOMPETENT and has NO history of central nervous system disease, new onset of seizures, papilledema, altered consciousness, focal neurologic deficit, and no delay in LP, do all of the following: Obtain blood cultures and perform LP. Administer empiric antibiotics, plus dexamethasone if suspecting bacterial meningitis, immediately after LP. Modify empiric antimicrobial therapy based on results of CSF analysis and gram stain. Droplet precautions for 1st 24 hours of effective antibiotic therapy.

• #18 8 Meningitis Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/meningitis-nursing-care-plans/

  Use this nursing care plan and management guide to help care for patients with meningitis. Learn about the nursing assessment, nursing interventions, goals and nursing diagnosis for meningitis in this guide. […] Nursing care plan goals for a child with meningitis include attaining adequate cerebral tissue perfusion through a reduction in ICP, maintaining normal body temperature, protection against injury, enhancing coping measures, accurate perception of environmental stimuli, restoring normal cognitive functions, and prevention of complications. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with meningitis: Recognize and assess signs and symptoms of meningitis. Facilitate prompt medical evaluation and initiation of appropriate treatment. Monitor vital signs and neurological status regularly. Administer prescribed antibiotics or antiviral medications as directed. Manage symptoms and provide supportive care, such as pain relief or fluid management. Collaborate with healthcare providers to coordinate diagnostic tests, such as lumbar puncture or imaging studies. Educate patients and families on the nature of meningitis, treatment options, and the importance of vaccination. Monitor for and manage potential complications, such as seizures or neurological deficits. Implement infection control measures to prevent transmission in the healthcare setting. Offer emotional support and counseling to patients and families during the recovery process.

• #19 8 Meningitis Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/meningitis-nursing-care-plans/

  Patients with meningitis may experience altered sensory perception due to the inflammation affecting the central nervous system. […] Aside from the uncertainty surrounding the prognosis of meningitis, patients with meningitis may experience anxiety due to the distressing symptoms and potentially life-threatening nature of the condition. […] Insufficient knowledge about the condition poses a significant challenge for patients with meningitis as it can lead to delays in seeking medical attention and appropriate treatment. […] Medications used in the treatment of meningitis vary depending on the underlying cause. Antibiotics are commonly prescribed for bacterial meningitis to eliminate the bacterial infection, while antiviral drugs may be used for viral meningitis. […] In patients with meningitis, laboratory and diagnostic procedures commonly utilized include lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to collect cerebrospinal fluid for analysis, which helps identify the presence of infection or inflammation.

• #20 Meningitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meningitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350514

  A healthcare professional can diagnose meningitis based on a medical history, a physical exam and certain tests. […] Treatment depends on the type of meningitis. […] New-onset bacterial meningitis needs treatment right away with antibiotics given through a vein, called intravenous antibiotics. Sometimes corticosteroids are part of the treatment. This helps you recover and cuts the risk of complications, such as brain swelling and seizures. […] Antibiotics can’t cure viral meningitis. Viral meningitis tends to get better in a few weeks. Treatment of mild viral meningitis includes: Bed rest, Plenty of fluids, Pain medicine to help reduce fever and relieve body aches. […] If the cause of your meningitis is not known, you may need to wait to start antibiotic treatment until your healthcare professional finds the cause. […] Corticosteroids may treat meningitis due to allergic reaction or autoimmune disease. Sometimes, you don’t need treatment because the condition clears up on its own. Cancer-related meningitis needs treatment for the cancer.

• #21 Meningitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14600-meningitis

  Meningitis treatment depends on the cause. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial meningitis and antifungals are used to treat fungal meningitis. Antivirals can be used to treat some viral causes of meningitis. Non-infectious causes of meningitis are treated by addressing the underlying illness or injury. […] Medications and other therapies that might be used to treat meningitis include: Antibiotics for bacterial meningitis. Antifungals for fungal meningitis. Antivirals for certain cases of viral meningitis, like herpesvirus and influenza. Corticosteroids, like dexamethasone or prednisone, to reduce inflammation. Pain relievers. IV fluids to keep you hydrated. […] You may start to feel better within a few days to a week after starting treatment for meningitis. Full recovery can take weeks to months.

• #22 Meningitis – Management : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/meningitis-management/

  Empiric Antimicrobial Therapy (unless directed otherwise by local consultants): Ceftriaxone 2 g IV every 12 hours. If severe beta lactam allergy, replace with moxifloxacin 400 mg IV once daily. AND Vancomycin 15 to 20 mg/kg IV every 8 to 12 hours. AND Ampicillin 2 g IV every 4 hours in adults > 50 years old, pregnant or immunocompromised patients. Acyclovir 10 mg/kg IV every 8 hours if CSF profile compatible with viral meningitis (elevated WBC predominantly lymphocytes, increased protein and low glucose). […] Shown to lower the rate of hearing loss and other neurologic complications, and mortality in some patients with bacterial meningitis due to pneumoniae. Adjunctive dexamethasone (0.15 mg/kg i.e.10 MG) IV q6H for four days should be given 15-20 minutes before or at the same time as the first dose of antibiotics when bacterial meningitis is suspected. Only continue dexamethasone if subsequent CSF analysis or blood cultures reveal pneumoniae as the responsible pathogen. Do not give adjunctive dexamethasone to patients who have already received antimicrobial therapy, as it is unlikely to be beneficial.

• #23 Aseptic and Bacterial Meningitis: Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0901/p314.html

  Before CSF results are available, patients with suspected bacterial meningitis should be treated with antibiotics as quickly as possible. […] The best evidence supports the use of dexamethasone 10 to 20 minutes before or concomitantly with antibiotic administration in the following groups: infants and children with H. influenzae type B, adults with S. pneumoniae, or patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis without concomitant human immunodeficiency virus infection. […] Dexamethasone should be given before or at the time of initial antibiotics while awaiting the final culture results in all patients older than six weeks with suspected bacterial meningitis. […] Length of treatment varies based on the pathogen identified. […] Treatment of tuberculous, cryptococcal, or other fungal meningitides is beyond the scope of this article, but should be considered if risk factors are present. […] Vaccines that have decreased the incidence of meningitis include H. influenzae type B, S. pneumoniae, and N. meningitidis. […] Treatment with chemoprophylactic antibiotics should be given to close contacts.

• #24 Meningitis Nursing Interventions – Picmonic

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/nursing/courses/standard/medical-surgical-nursing-pathophysiology-296/infectious-disease-1442/meningitis-interventions_1681

  The major goal of treating the patient with meningitis is to determine the type (viral or bacterial), resolve the infection, and control pain and discomfort. This includes use of antibiotics, steroids, analgesics and antipyretics. Patient ICP should be monitored and preventative vaccines should be given. […] If meningitis is suspected, antibiotic therapy is started after collecting specimens for cultures, even before the diagnosis is confirmed. […] The corticosteroid dexamethasone may be prescribed to help prevent complications from excessive inflammation. […] Analgesics are given for pain management. Codeine is often prescribed to treat headache and stiff neck pain without undue sedation. […] Antipyretics are prescribed to treat fever as uncontrolled fevers can increase cerebral edema and the occurrence of seizures. If seizures occur, protective measures should be taken, as well as the administration of anti-seizure drugs such as phenytoin or levetiracetam.

• #25 Meningitis: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/meningitis-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Patients lack physical, psychosocial, cultural, and environmental ease due to the clinical manifestations caused by the disease. […] Meningitis is characterized by an infection of the meninges that causes inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. Infants, young children, the elderly, and other populations with a weakened immune system experience a reduced ability to guard against infection. […] Patients with meningitis may experience increased intracranial pressure (15 mmHg) from the edema and contaminated CSF in the subarachnoid space. […] The patient is at risk for the hematogenous spread of the pathogenic agent, causing further complications.

• #26 Meningitis Nursing Interventions – Picmonic

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/nursing/courses/standard/medical-surgical-nursing-pathophysiology-296/infectious-disease-1442/meningitis-interventions_1681

  Meningitis causes an inflammatory response leading to swelling around the dura and increased CSF volume, which in turn can increase intracranial pressure (ICP). Closely monitor for signs of increased ICP, which includes frequent neurological checks and monitoring of vital signs. […] Bed rest is often recommended, along with adequate fluid intake. […] Vaccination for the prevention of respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia and influenza should be implemented. Additionally, the two meningococcal vaccines available include meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPSV4) and meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4). […] Droplet-airborne precautions (respiratory isolation) should be instituted for 24 hours after effective treatment has been initiated, or until an alternative source has been identified. Meningococcal meningitis is highly contagious.

• #27 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Meningitis | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://dev.nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-meningitis/

  Meningitis Nursing Care Plan […] Place the patient in droplet isolation. Meningitis is spread via droplets; therefore a mask, gown, and gloves should be worn at all times and all surfaces should be cleaned thoroughly. […] Administer analgesics and/or anti-inflammatories to alleviate a headache or nuchal rigidity caused by inflammation. […] Administer antimicrobials. Many antibiotics cannot cross the blood-brain barrier but will be given to treat any bloodstream infection. Antivirals can be given as well. […] Assess LOC and neuro status q2-4 hours. Inflammation of the meninges can cause irritation of the brain tissue and swelling, which can cause decreased LOC. […] Monitor ICP and CPP if available. If there is enough hydrocephalus or edema, providers may place an EVD for ICP monitoring. If so, monitor ICP and CPP hourly and manage EVD. […] Initiate seizure precautions. Inflammation of the meninges can irritate the nerves and brain tissue, leading to the development of seizures. […] Educate patient and family on infection control measures and s/s to report to the provider. Handwashing is imperative, considering droplet transmission. Family members should also wash their hands on the way in and out of the room. Patients should report any s/s infection.

• #28 Nursing interventions – Medical Surgical

  https://www.naxlex.com/nursing/study-guides/nursing-interventions-1695390414

  – Reducing the patients environmental stimuli, such as by dimming the lights, minimizing noise, and avoiding unnecessary procedures. […] […] – Elevating the patients head to 30 degrees and maintaining a neutral position to reduce intracranial pressure and promote venous drainage. […] […] – Applying cold compresses or ice packs to the patients forehead or neck to reduce fever and discomfort. […] […] – Providing comfort measures, such as by repositioning the patient, massaging the neck muscles, or applying a soft collar. […] […] – Educating the patient and family about the disease, its transmission, its treatment, its complications, and its prevention. […] […] – Referring the patient and family to appropriate resources, such as social workers, counselors, or support groups.

• #29 Meningitis – LevelUpRN

  https://leveluprn.com/blogs/medical-surgical-nursing/nervous-8-meningitis?srsltid=AfmBOopkKVcnnaRD9IRF_HtJ62jWt1Ljp2N5rY3iKpsXJbEC-Mg00hZN

  Meningitis. The pathophysiology, risk factors, prevention, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing care associated with meningitis. […] Meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges, which are the membranes that surround and protect the brain and the spinal cord. […] In terms of nursing care associated with meningitis, it includes the implementation of droplet precautions for any patient with suspected or confirmed bacterial meningitis. So they will need to stay on those droplet precautions for the first 24 hours with antibiotic therapy. […] Meningitis requires droplet precautions. […] The other thing you want to do is implement seizure precautions. So that means patting the side rails of the bed, making sure you have oxygen equipment available. […] You want to monitor your patient’s neurological status. You want to provide a quiet room with dim lights because of that photophobia, and then you want to minimize your patient’s intracranial pressure. So we want to maintain the head of the bed at 30 degrees. We’re going to want to keep their head midline and minimize any suctioning.

• #30 Meningitis (Nursing Management)

  https://www.rch.org.au/rchcpg/hospital_clinical_guideline_index/Meningitis_(Nursing_Management)/

  Meningitis is a life-threatening illness caused by infection and inflammation of the meninges. The aim of this guideline is to outline the nursing care of an infant, child or young person with suspected or confirmed meningitis. […] Nursing staff need to prioritise antibiotic treatment, as delays are associated with poorer outcomes. […] All patients treated for bacterial meningitis will have a formal audiology assessment 6-8 weeks after discharge, or earlier if there are concerns regarding hearing. […] In infants, head circumference should be measured daily. […] A non-blanching, petechial/purpuric rash is indicative of acute meningococcal disease. […] Treat seizures in the setting of meningitis immediately. […] Administer antibiotics +/- Steroids as per MAR. […] Ensure adequate analgesia.

• #31 8 Meningitis Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/meningitis-nursing-care-plans/

  Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with meningitis may include: Assessing Neurological Status and Improving Cerebral Tissue Perfusion. Normalizing Body Temperature. Managing Acute Pain. Improving Sensory Perception and Preventing Injuries. Reducing Anxiety. Initiating Patient Education and Health Teachings. Administering Medications and Providing Pharmacologic Support. Monitoring Results of Diagnostic and Laboratory Procedures. […] Fever is a common symptom and can have detrimental effects on the body of a patient with meningitis. Maintaining a normal body temperature is important to minimize metabolic demands and reduce the risk of increased intracranial pressure. […] Patients with meningitis experience pain due to the inflammation and irritation of the meninges, which are the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

• #32 Meningitis (Nursing Management)

  https://www.rch.org.au/rchcpg/hospital_clinical_guideline_index/Meningitis_(Nursing_Management)/

  A quiet, dimly lit room can reduce agitation, especially in children and young people experiencing photophobia and/or phonophobia. […] Maintain peripheral intravenous (IV) access and escalate loss of IV access to medical staff immediately. […] More information about the assessment and management of children with Meningitis can be found in the Meningitis-encephalitis statewide clinical practice guideline.

• #33 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Meningitis | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-meningitis

  Provide Antipyretic Medications: Administer antipyretic medications, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, to manage fever and improve patient comfort. Maintaining a normal body temperature can also contribute to reducing metabolic demands. […] Fluid and Electrolyte Management: Ensure adequate hydration by administering intravenous fluids to maintain fluid balance. Monitor electrolyte levels regularly, especially sodium, as imbalances may occur due to fever and altered fluid intake. […] Seizure Precautions: Implement seizure precautions for patients at risk, including those with altered mental status or a history of seizures. Have appropriate antiepileptic medications readily available, and monitor closely for any signs of seizure activity. […] Isolation Precautions: Implement appropriate isolation precautions based on the infectious agent (e.g., droplet precautions for bacterial meningitis). This helps prevent the spread of infection to healthcare providers and other patients. Educate staff and visitors on the importance of adherence to isolation protocols.

• #34 MENINGITIS – Nurses Revision

  https://nursesrevisionuganda.com/meningitis/

  Maintenance of Optimal Hydration: Dehydration is a common complication in meningitis due to fever, vomiting, and decreased oral intake. […] Management of Bacterial Shock: Bacterial meningitis can lead to septic shock, a life-threatening condition. […] Control of Seizures: Seizures can occur in meningitis, particularly in the acute phase. […] Control of Temperature: Elevated body temperature is common in meningitis and can worsen outcomes. […] Treatment of Complications: Meningitis can lead to various complications, such as neurological deficits, organ dysfunction, and long-term sequelae.

• #35 Pediatric Meningitis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/pediatrics-meningitis/?srsltid=AfmBOorVJLtVAVcrBYEH8tWWZ3xh_avZYZTLhjfrJZP8Ui0BaoODTOlA

  Use the nursing process to develop a plan of care for individuals. […] Administer IV medications and IV fluids, per order. […] Monitor: Vital signs, Neurologic status, Respiratory status, Signs of elevated ICP, Lab and test results, Intake and output, Pain. […] Verbalize or demonstrate decrease in pain levels, Maintain normal body temperature, Maintain fluid volume balance, Restore normal mental status. […] Notify medical provider(s) or seek immediate care for return of symptoms or development of: Stiff neck, Headache, Fever, Nausea or vomiting, Poor feeding, Lethargy.

• #36 MENINGITIS – Nurses Revision

  https://nursesrevisionuganda.com/meningitis/

  Continuous Nursing Care: Reassurance of the patient and relatives. […] Specific Interventions: Mechanical Ventilation: Required if the level of consciousness is very low or if respiratory failure is evident. […] Bacterial Meningitis: Antibiotics Used: Cefotaxime, vancomycin, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin can be used, sometimes in combination. […] Note: Untreated bacterial meningitis is almost always fatal. […] With treatment, mortality from bacterial meningitis depends on age and the underlying cause. Mortality rates are highest in newborns (20-30%) and adults (19-37%). […] Isolation Precautions: Meningitis, especially of bacterial origin, can be highly contagious. […] Swift initiation of antimicrobial therapy is paramount. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are administered promptly to target the causative microorganism.

• #37 Strategies for Managing Bacterial Meningitis in Nursing Practice

  https://simplenursing.com/bacterial-meningitis-precautions/

  Bacterial meningitis is a serious infection that can cause inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It’s caused by several different types of bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. While the infection is relatively rare, it can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. […] Being well-informed about bacterial meningitis and its prevention is important as a nursing student. Taking proper precautions can help protect your patients and prevent the spread of this dangerous infection. […] As a nursing student, knowing how to prevent the spread of bacterial meningitis in your patients is important. The following are some steps you can take to help protect your patients from this infection: […] If a patient is diagnosed with bacterial meningitis, they should be isolated to prevent the spread of the infection to other patients. Follow isolation protocols and use appropriate precautions when caring for the patient.

• #38 Strategies for Managing Bacterial Meningitis in Nursing Practice

  https://simplenursing.com/bacterial-meningitis-precautions/

  It’s important to follow strict infection control protocols to prevent the spread of bacterial meningitis in healthcare settings. Some of the key precautions include: […] Bacterial meningitis requires droplet precautions. Use appropriate PPE, and utilize gloves, gown, mask, and eye protection, when caring for patients with suspected or confirmed bacterial meningitis. […] Clean and disinfect surfaces and equipment in patient care areas to prevent the spread of bacteria. […] Get vaccinated against bacterial meningitis and to promote vaccination to patients and their families. […] Be vigilant for signs and symptoms of bacterial meningitis and to report any suspected cases to the appropriate authorities for prompt diagnosis and treatment.

• #39

  https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis/after-effects/follow-up-care

  Meningitis is a very serious illness, and you may need ongoing follow-up care once you’ve left hospital. The type of follow-up care you’ll need and how long it lasts will depend on how meningitis affected you. […] Before you leave the hospital, it’s important that you’re given information about what to expect during recovery from meningitis. If you have any after-effects of meningitis, you should be told any plans for future treatment you may need. […] In this appointment, a doctor will review your recovery from meningitis and identify any after-effects that might need further management and ongoing care. […] The follow-up appointment is an opportunity to discuss the recovery process and to look for signs of any complications that may need further care. […] If the doctor finds any complications following your illness, then follow-up care may involve physiotherapy, occupational therapy, psychotherapy and/or speech and language therapy.

• #40

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/meningitis

  Meningitis is a devastating disease that can be deadly and often results in serious long-term health issues. […] Meningitis remains a significant global health threat. […] Meningitis can affect anyone anywhere, and at any age. […] Immunocompromised and/or people living with HIV are at increased risk of different types of meningitis. […] Vaccines offer the best protection against common types of bacterial meningitis. […] Antibiotic treatment should be started as soon as possible when bacterial meningitis is suspected. […] Those who have lived through meningitis can have complications such as deafness, learning impairment or behavioural problem and require long-term treatment and care. […] Access to both services and support for these conditions is often insufficient, especially in low- and middle-income countries.

• #41

  https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis/after-effects/follow-up-care

  Young babies recovering from meningitis are more likely to suffer from after-effects that affect the brain and development, so the UK’s NICE guidelines recommend additional monitoring and follow-up care. Community child development services should follow up and assess the risk of long-term neurodevelopmental complications for at least two years after discharge. […] Hearing loss is a possible after-effect following meningitis. It’s especially common after pneumococcal meningitis. In the UK, it’s recommended that you should have a hearing test within four weeks of being well enough to take part in the test and answer the audiologists’ questions.

• #42

  https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis/after-effects

  Most people make a full recovery from meningitis with no lasting problems. […] You will need follow-up care if you’re suffering with any after-effects from meningitis. […] Follow-up care and appointments with appropriate health professionals, specialists or support networks after meningitis are important. […] The possible after-effects of meningitis include: Learning and intellectual disabilities such as memory loss, lack of concentration or issues with thinking and problem solving. […] Most people make a full recovery from meningitis with no lasting problems. But it can leave people with temporary after-effects, or in some cases a lifelong disability. […] Regardless of the cause, meningitis is a serious illness. […] Support is available if meningitis has affected you or someone you know. […] The follow-up care you receive will be different depending on where you are in the world, and the guidelines that your local doctors follow. […] In some countries (including the UK), doctors will arrange at least one follow up appointment so they can check for longer-term after-effects.

• #43 Patient education: Meningitis in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/meningitis-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  To determine if a child’s hearing was affected by the illness, hearing testing is usually performed around the time of discharge from the hospital. Young children should also be monitored closely for signs of developmental delay (eg, not walking, talking, etc at the expected time). […] Bacterial meningitis can be fatal. The risk of death is <5 percent in high-income countries and approximately 10 percent in low- and middle-income countries. [...] Viral meningitis — Most children with viral meningitis (caused by enteroviruses or similar viruses) recover with no long-term complications. Symptoms usually begin to improve within one week, although some children will have fatigue, irritability, decreased concentration, muscle weakness and spasm, and difficulty with coordination for several weeks or more. Death is uncommon in children with enteroviral meningitis.

• #44 Recovering from meningitis | Meningitis Now

  https://www.meningitisnow.org/meningitis-explained/after-effects-meningitis/recovering-from-meningitis/

  Anyone who has been diagnosed with bacterial meningitis, should be offered a follow-up medical appointment. For adults, this should be within six weeks after discharge. […] The follow up appointment provides an opportunity to discuss the recovery process and any complications causing concern. […] Serious and potential long-term after-effects of meningitis are usually identified whilst a person is still in hospital. […] Most people will make a good recovery from meningitis. However for many, they recover from the acute phase of the illness only to find that whilst trying to get back to their everyday activities, they experience some difficulties. […] Persistent headaches, tiredness, memory problems, personality changes and depression are just some of the hidden after-effects people can experience.

• #45 Recovering from meningitis | Meningitis Now

  https://www.meningitisnow.org/meningitis-explained/after-effects-meningitis/recovering-from-meningitis/

  Because the person seems to have visibly made a good recovery, it can be very difficult to make health professionals, family and friends understand that meningitis can still have a big impact on their lives and cause ongoing problems. […] For adults affected by meningitis, getting back to work can be a huge pressure. […] For children and adolescents, returning to education can be difficult. Many children struggle getting back to school life, trying to catch up with work missed and seeing friends again. […] If you are concerned about your recovery or possible complications, speak to your GP, or ask to be referred back to the hospital where you received your care. […] Our free support services can help you rebuild your life after meningitis.

• #46

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/meningitis

  Individuals and families with members disabled by meningitis should be encouraged to seek services and guidance from local and national organizations of disabled people and other disability focused organizations, which can provide vital advice about legal rights, economic opportunities and social engagement to ensure people disabled by meningitis are able to live full and rewarding lives. […] WHO has also developed an Intersectoral global action plan on epilepsy and other neurological disorders to address the many challenges and gaps in providing care and services for people with epilepsy and other neurological disorders that exist worldwide, including those suffering from meningitis sequelae.

• #47 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Meningitis | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-meningitis

  Patient and Family Education: Develop skills in educating patients and their families about meningitis, including preventive measures, signs of worsening symptoms, and the importance of completing prescribed treatment regimens. […] Resolution of Infection: The primary goal is the complete resolution of the infectious process, leading to the elimination of bacteria, viruses, or fungi causing meningitis. This is crucial for the patients overall health and prevention of complications. […] Reduction of Intracranial Pressure (ICP): Effective nursing care aims to minimize elevated intracranial pressure, which is a common complication of meningitis. This can help prevent neurological damage and maintain cerebral perfusion. […] Relief of Symptoms: Alleviation of symptoms such as headache, fever, photophobia, and neck stiffness is a key outcome. Providing comfort and managing symptoms contribute to the overall well-being of the patient.

• #48 9.8 Meningitis – Health Alterations

  https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/healthalts/chapter/9-8-meningitis/

  Clients who have early recognition and treatment of meningitis tend to have good prognosis. […] Priority nursing interventions when caring for clients with meningitis are administering medication therapy and monitoring and documenting the clients neurologic status. […] Nurses teach clients that vaccines are the most effective way to protect against certain types of bacterial meningitis.

• #49 Patient education: Meningitis in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/meningitis-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Handwashing and other hygiene measures — Families of children with meningitis should take care to avoid becoming infected. This includes washing hands after touching the child or changing diapers and before eating or preparing food. Utensils and cups should not be shared, the child’s mouth should be covered during a cough, and the child should not be kissed on the mouth. These measures should be continued until the child no longer has symptoms (eg, fever, diarrhea, rash). […] WHEN TO SEEK HELP […] Any parent/caregiver who suspects that their child could have meningitis should seek medical attention immediately. […] Signs and symptoms of meningitis can include: […] • Newborns may develop a fever accompanied by nonspecific symptoms (eg, poor feeding, vomiting, diarrhea, rash). The infant may have a stiff neck or bulging fontanel (soft spot on the skull) and may be irritable, restless, or lethargic.

• #50 Patient education: Meningitis in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/meningitis-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Preventive antibiotics — Preventive antibiotics are recommended for close contacts of anyone infected with meningococcal infection, even if the contact was previously vaccinated. Close contact is defined as a person who lives with the child or who spent ≥4 hours with the child for at least five of the seven days before the child developed symptoms. […] Preventive antibiotics may also be necessary for close contacts of anyone infected with Hib bacterial infection. However, this only applies for those households in which there is a person with invasive Hib disease and at least one household member who is a child younger than 48 months of age and did not receive all of the vaccinations against Hib, or an individual who has a weakened immune system (even if that person was vaccinated against Hib).

• #51 Meningitis Nursing Care Plan & Example | Free PDF Download

  https://www.carepatron.com/templates/meningitis-nursing-care-plan

  Set specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goals for each nursing diagnosis identified. Goals should be focused on improving the patient’s condition, managing symptoms, and preventing complications. […] Based on the identified nursing diagnoses and goals, develop a comprehensive plan of nursing interventions using the template. This may include actions such as administering antibiotics as prescribed, monitoring vital signs regularly, providing comfort measures for pain relief, and educating the patient and their family about the condition and its management. […] Evaluate the effectiveness of the nurse interventions and the progress towards achieving the established goals regularly. Use the template to record the patient’s response to treatment, any changes in their condition, and necessary adjustments to the care plan.

• #52

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=tw12350

  Bacterial meningitis is an infection of the tissues that surround the brain and spinal cord. This serious infection can injure the brain. It can cause death. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. […] If your doctor prescribed antibiotics, take them as directed. Do not stop taking them just because you feel better. You need to take the full course of antibiotics. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if your symptoms come back or get worse. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you do not get better as expected.

• #53 Meningitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14600-meningitis

  Meningitis treatment depends on the cause. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial meningitis and antifungals are used to treat fungal meningitis. Antivirals can be used to treat some viral causes of meningitis. Non-infectious causes of meningitis are treated by addressing the underlying illness or injury. […] Medications and other therapies that might be used to treat meningitis include: Antibiotics for bacterial meningitis. Antifungals for fungal meningitis. Antivirals for certain cases of viral meningitis, like herpesvirus and influenza. Corticosteroids, like dexamethasone or prednisone, to reduce inflammation. Pain relievers. IV fluids to keep you hydrated. […] You may start to feel better within a few days to a week after starting treatment for meningitis. Full recovery can take weeks to months.

• #54 Recovering from meningitis | Meningitis Now

  https://www.meningitisnow.org/meningitis-explained/after-effects-meningitis/recovering-from-meningitis/

  Meningitis is a disease that can strike quickly, but its impact can change your life forever. […] Leaving hospital after meningitis can be a worrying time and it is understandable to feel anxious about returning home. […] Everyone leaving hospital after meningitis should be given information about recovery and what to expect, as well as being made aware of the support available. […] Anyone who has been left with ongoing problems following meningitis should be given a plan for future treatment and care, as well as being made aware of what support is available. […] Hearing loss is a common after-effect following meningitis. All children recovering from bacterial meningitis should have a hearing test performed within four weeks of being well enough to test. […] Adults, recovering from bacterial meningitis, who have noticed a change in their hearing should also be offered a hearing test.

• #55

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/meningitis/treatment/

  You’ll usually be able to go home from hospital if you or your child has mild meningitis and tests show it’s being caused by a viral infection. […] In the meantime, you may be advised to get plenty of rest, take painkillers for a headache or general aches, take anti-sickness medicine for any nausea or vomiting. […] If you feel unable to manage your symptoms at home or you feel worse, get further medical help.

• #56 8 Meningitis Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/meningitis-nursing-care-plans/

  Following a thorough assessment, a nursing diagnosis is formulated to specifically address the challenges associated with meningitis based on the nurses clinical judgment and understanding of the patients unique health condition. […] Goals and expected outcomes may include: The child will have vital signs return to normal; the child is alerted and oriented: motor, cognitive, and sensory functions are within acceptable parameters for the childs age; normal specific urine gravity. The child will regain and maintain body temperature within a normal range. The child will express feelings of comfort and relief from pain. The child will maintain normal LOC. The parents will experience decreased anxiety. The parents verbalize understanding of the cause and treatment plan. The child will not experience injury.

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