Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Laryngitis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/laryngitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374267?_escaped_fragment_=&p=1

  The most common sign of laryngitis is hoarseness. Changes in your voice can vary with the degree of infection or irritation, ranging from mild hoarseness to almost total loss of your voice. If you have chronic hoarseness, your doctor may review your medical history and symptoms. He or she may want to listen to your voice and examine your vocal cords, and he or she may refer you to an ear, nose and throat specialist. […] These techniques sometimes are used to help diagnose laryngitis: […] In a procedure called laryngoscopy, your doctor can visually examine your vocal cords by using a light and a tiny mirror to look into the back of your throat. Or your doctor may use fiber-optic laryngoscopy. This involves inserting a thin, flexible tube (endoscope) with a tiny camera and light through your nose or mouth and into the back of your throat. Then your doctor can watch the motion of your vocal cords as you speak. […] If your doctor sees a suspicious area, he or she may do a biopsy taking a sample of tissue for examination under a microscope.

• #1 Laryngitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/423

  Laryngitis is inflammation of the larynx, which can lead to edema of the true vocal folds. […] Acute laryngitis is usually a clinical diagnosis, characterized by hoarseness arising over 7 days, preceded by a viral upper respiratory tract infection. […] Patients may present with airway distress due to edema and high fever. […] Exudative tonsillopharyngitis with fever and anterior cervical lymphadenitis is highly suggestive of a bacterial origin. […] Chronic laryngitis is the presence of laryngeal inflammatory symptoms including hoarseness, globus, pain, dysphagia, throat clearing, or cough lasting 3 weeks. […] A thorough evaluation and specialist consultation, including laryngeal exam, should be obtained because chronic laryngitis can mimic symptoms of laryngeal malignancy. […] The most common variant is acute viral laryngitis, which is self-limiting and usually related to an upper respiratory infection.

• #1 Laryngitis – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/laryngeal-disorders/laryngitis

  Laryngitis is inflammation of the larynx, usually the result of a virus or overuse. Diagnosis is based on clinical findings. Laryngoscopy is required for symptoms persisting 3 weeks. […] Diagnosis of laryngitis is based on symptoms. […] Indirect or direct flexible laryngoscopy is recommended for symptoms persisting 3 weeks; findings in laryngitis may include mild to marked erythema of the mucous membrane, which may also be edematous.

• #1 Laryngitis Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/ent-ear-nose-throat/laryngitis/causes-and-diagnosis

  Diagnosing laryngitis […] If your laryngitis does not go away on its own and you seek medical attention, your physician may use one of the following tests to diagnose the cause of your condition. […] Laryngoscopy: Using a light and a tiny mirror inserted in your throat, your physician can look for irregularities on your vocal cords and watch how they vibrate. […] Fiber-optic laryngoscopy: An endoscope (a thin, lighted tube with a camera attached to it) is passed through your mouth and into your larynx. This allows your physician to see the surface of your vocal cords. […] Biopsy: Your physician may perform a biopsy (obtain small tissue samples) by using forceps (tiny tweezers) that are passed through the endoscope. A pathologist will examine the sample to determine if the tissues are abnormal.

• #1 Laryngitis: Causes, Treatment, Prevention | Froedtert & MCW

  https://www.froedtert.com/ent/laryngitis

  Your ear, nose and throat appointment should include a detailed history of your voice use and concerns related to your throat and your ability to swallow. […] The ear, nose and throat specialist will also do a physical exam, which consists of a full head and neck exam with a direct examination of the voice box tissues to look for the potential cause of your voice issue. […] The physician uses numbing spray in your nose to make it easier to pass a thin flexible tube with a camera and light attached to it through your nose and into your throat. […] This part of the exam takes about two minutes and is called a videostroboscopy. […] It allows the physician to observe the structure of your vocal cords and how they vibrate, as well as to identify any stiffness in the vocal tissue and any physical abnormalities of the vocal cords. […] Small lesions and nodules on the undersurface of the vocal cords are often hard to see, but videostroboscopy provides a full view of the cords vibrating in slow motion. […] It allows physicians to assess vocal cord closure and vibration and make the most accurate diagnosis.

• #1 Diagnosis of Laryngitis – THE VOICE FOUNDATION

  https://voicefoundation.org/health-science/voice-disorders/voice-disorders/laryngitis/diagnosis-of-laryngitis/

  Laryngitis is diagnosed by examination of the larynx. The laryngeal examination may include a mirror examination or specialized magnified viewing of the voice box (rigid laryngoscopy or laryngeal stroboscopy). […] On laryngeal examination, laryngitis appears as redness and/or swelling of the larynx. This swelling may occur throughout the larynx (diffuse) or may occur only on the vocal folds or in the back of the larynx. […] Laryngitis is a general term describing an area of inflammation; the cause of the laryngitis needs to be identified before a complete medical diagnosis can be offered. […] Chronic laryngitis, without identification of a cause, is not a specific diagnosis. A patient diagnosed with chronic laryngitis should ask the otolaryngologist to identify the underlying cause of the chronic laryngitis.

• #1 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Hoarseness | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0515/p1292.html

  Hoarseness should be diagnosed in a patient with altered voice quality, pitch, loudness, or vocal effort that impairs communication or reduces voice-related quality of life (grade C recommendation). […] The diagnosis of hoarseness is based on clinical criteria that may be reported by the patient or proxy, identified by the physician, or both. No testing or additional evaluation is required. […] Evaluation is needed in patients with significant voice change, or limited voice change but significant other symptoms. […] Laryngoscopy may be performed at any time, although it is recommended when hoarseness does not resolve within three months of onset or if a serious underlying cause is suspected (grade C recommendation). […] Visualizing the larynx and vocal folds is important in a patient presenting with hoarseness, especially if symptoms persist.

• #1 Hoarseness in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1201/p720.html

  In the absence of signs and symptoms suggestive of an underlying cause, antibiotics, oral corticosteroids, and proton pump inhibitors should not be used for the empiric treatment of laryngitis/hoarseness. […] The presence of hoarseness warrants investigation to determine an underlying cause. […] Hoarseness is often part of a constellation of upper respiratory symptoms caused by viruses and less commonly by bacterial or fungal sources. […] Chronic laryngitis is diagnosed when symptoms persist for more than three to four weeks. […] Hoarseness alone or other related symptoms (e.g., dysphagia, odynophagia, otalgia, hemoptysis, unilateral throat pain) may be the initial presentation of these lesions, particularly in middle-aged or older persons who smoke. […] Laryngoscopy should be performed if serious pathology is suspected, or it can be considered if dysphonia persists longer than two weeks, especially in patients with risk factors for dysplasia such as tobacco use, heavy alcohol use, or hemoptysis. […] Surgical intervention is needed for dysplastic or malignant lesions, airway obstruction, or benign lesions (e.g., nodules, polyps, cysts) that do not respond to conservative therapies.

• #1 Laryngitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/423

  Bacterial laryngitis can be life-threatening. […] Key diagnostic factors include hoarseness, dysphagia, sore throat, odynophagia, cough, hyperemia of the oropharynx, history of heavy vocal use, gastroesophageal reflux, and oropharyngeal white-gray exudates. […] 1st tests to order include laryngoscopy. […] Investigations to avoid include computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and viral panel testing. […] Tests to consider include biopsy, oropharyngeal cultures, nasal swab for culture, serum immunoprecipitation or polymerase chain reaction for diphtheria, complete blood count, rapid antigen detection test, chest x-ray, sputum cultures, and videostroboscopy.

• #1 Laryngitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngitis

  Laryngitis is categorized as acute if it lasts less than 3 weeks and chronic if symptoms last more than 3 weeks. […] Concerning signs that may require further investigation include stridor, history of radiation therapy to the neck, trouble swallowing, duration of more than 3 weeks, and a history of smoking. […] If concerning signs are present, the vocal cords should be examined via laryngoscopy. […] Diagnosis of different forms of acute laryngitis include: Laryngitis following trauma: This form of laryngitis is usually identified by obtaining a case history providing information on previous phono-traumatic experiences, internal trauma caused by recent procedures as well as any previous neck injuries. […] Acute viral laryngitis: This form of laryngitis is characterized by lower vocal pitch as well as hoarseness.

• #1 Hoarseness (Dysphonia): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17105-hoarseness

  If you have hoarseness, following your healthcare providers instructions is the best way for you to get your voice back. […] Contact a healthcare provider if hoarseness lasts for three weeks or if its hard or painful when you swallow or breathe, youre coughing up blood, have a lump in your neck or it’s been a few days since youve been able to use your voice. Your provider will find out why youre hoarse and help you regain your voice.

• #1 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Hoarseness | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0515/p1292.html

  Laryngoscopy should be performed in neonates with hoarseness (based on the sound of crying) to identify congenital anomalies that could affect breathing or swallowing. […] Computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging should not be performed in patients with primary hoarseness before visualizing the larynx (grade C recommendation). […] Antireflux medications should not be prescribed for patients with hoarseness without gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) signs or symptoms (grade B recommendation). […] Laryngoscopy should be performed before initiating voice therapy, and results should be documented and communicated to the speech-language pathologist (grade C recommendation). […] Surgery should be advocated in patients with hoarseness and suspected laryngeal malignancy, benign laryngeal soft tissue lesions, or glottic insufficiency (grade B recommendation). […] Botulinum toxin injections should be prescribed for the treatment of hoarseness caused by spasmodic dysphonia (grade B recommendation).

• #1 Laryngitis: Diagnosis, Symptoms, Causes, Treatments & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22268-laryngitis

  Laryngitis occurs when your larynx, or voice box, is inflamed. The condition can develop when your vocal cords are overused, irritated or infected. […] Laryngitis can affect people of all ages. […] Most of the time, you can tell if you have laryngitis because you develop symptoms such as hoarseness, a sore throat or a dry cough. […] When necessary, however, your healthcare provider can determine if you have laryngitis by: Taking a culture. Your healthcare provider examines and swabs your throat. The sample is then treated with a substance that encourages germ growth. If germs that cause infection are found, then your culture is positive. […] Performing a laryngoscopy. A small camera called an endoscope is inserted through your nose or mouth so your healthcare provider can get a better look at your vocal cords. […] Completing a biopsy. If you have a nodule or lump on your vocal cords, your healthcare provider may take a small sample of tissue and send it to a pathology lab for analysis. […] If your laryngitis symptoms last longer than two weeks, schedule an appointment with your healthcare provider.

• #1 Infectious or Allergic Chronic Laryngitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/864767-overview

  Chronic laryngitis is a current topic of interest, primarily because of newly identified etiopathogenetic factors related to the change in the quality of environmental pollutants and toxic products found in workplaces. […] Symptoms of chronic laryngitis can be present in otherwise healthy people. […] Laboratory studies in chronic laryngitis include the following: Complete blood cell count with differential if an infection is suspected, Sputum cultures and sensitivities for bacteria, fungi, and viruses, Swab of the laryngeal mucosa, culture and sensitivities for bacteria, fungi, and viruses, Serologic markers for autoimmune disorders, Studies for tuberculosis and syphilis when such conditions are being considered. […] Imaging studies include the following: Lateral plain neck radiograph, Chest radiograph, Computed tomography (CT) scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Barium swallow studies, double-contrast upper gastrointestinal (GI) series, manometry, Videostrobe.

• #1 Laryngitis Diagnosis and Tests – WelcomeCure

  https://www.welcomecure.com/diseases/laryngitis/tests-and-diagnosis

  Physical Examination: In most cases, Laryngitis can be diagnosed by a doctor through a clinical examination. Swollen and inflamed vocal cords, temperature, enlarged lymph nodes of the neck may be noted. […] Invasive Procedures Laryngoscopy: In chronic cases with persisting symptoms of laryngitis, it is advisable to undergo laryngoscopy to rule out other anatomical abnormalities. […] Laryngoscopy is an examination procedure that lets your doctor look at the back of your throat, your voice box (larynx) and vocal cords with a scope. The scope used to perform this procedure is called a laryngoscope. […] Laboratory Tests: CBC Full Blood Count with differential to exclude bacteria, fungi and virus infection. […] Laryngeal mucosal swab for microbiological analysis. […] Strep Test for bacterial laryngitis.

• #1 Larynx | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/larynx

  The usual symptom is hoarseness. […] Diagnosis methods depend on the disorder, but may include: Physical examination, Neck x-ray and fluoroscopy (which uses real-time x-rays to show movement of a body part), Laryngoscopy (using a piece of equipment called a laryngoscope to view the throat), Biopsy (taking a sample of tissue for testing). […] The larynx can be viewed through the open mouth.

• #1 Diagnosis of Reflux Laryngitis – THE VOICE FOUNDATION

  https://voicefoundation.org/health-science/voice-disorders/voice-disorders/reflux-laryngitis/diagnosis-of-reflux-laryngitis/

  How is reflux laryngitis identified by physicians? […] A Step-Wise Process As with most diseases, a step-wise process of investigation is necessary to identify reflux laryngitis. […] Although physicians may use different investigative approaches, initial identification is aimed at collecting three main clusters of clues that suggest that voice disorder is caused by backflow of stomach fluid into the voice box. […] Combined with suggestive patient risk factor(s) and observation clues, the presence of the changes listed above present a convincing case that the patients voice disorder is most likely reflux laryngitis. […] With first step findings suggestive of reflux laryngitis, a trial of anti-reflux treatment is done to begin treatment as well as to confirm the suggestive identification of reflux laryngitis.

• #1 Diagnosis of Reflux Laryngitis – THE VOICE FOUNDATION

  https://voicefoundation.org/health-science/voice-disorders/voice-disorders/reflux-laryngitis/diagnosis-of-reflux-laryngitis/

  A favorable response to the anti-reflux treatment trial indicates that the voice disorder is most likely caused by backflow of stomach fluids to the voice box (reflux laryngitis). […] If the treatment trial results in improvement of patient symptoms and/or decrease of swelling and irritation of the voice box, identification that the voice disorder is due to stomach fluid backflow or becomes quite certain. […] When there is no clear-cut response to the treatment trial the patients work-up that identified reflux laryngitis will be revisited and confirmatory tests for acid backflow will be performed, such as a test that directly measures the levels of acid in the throat and esophagus throughout a routine patient day (ambulatory prolonged double probe pH monitoring). […] Four tests are used to confirm the diagnosis of backflow of stomach fluid (reflux) as the cause of voice disorder or throat complaints.

• #1 Diagnosis of Reflux Laryngitis – THE VOICE FOUNDATION

  https://voicefoundation.org/health-science/voice-disorders/voice-disorders/reflux-laryngitis/diagnosis-of-reflux-laryngitis/

  Detection of acid backflow to the level of the upper probe (above the upper esophageal sphincter or (UES)) indicates that the voice disorder is caused by backflow of stomach fluid with a high degree of certainty. […] However, non-detection of acid (negative results on pH monitoring) does not eliminate the possibility that the voice disorder is caused by reflux. […] A barium swallow esophagram is an X-ray study that can demonstrate reflux, abnormal narrowings along the food pipe (esophageal strictures). […] This test allows direct inspection of the inner surface of the food pipe and stomach. […] Manometry, which measures pressure generated along the esophagus, can be useful in identifying how backflow occurs. […] If the pressure at the UES is low (normal UES pressure is about +100 units), any acid that has found its way into the food pipe can easily get into the throat and voice box area (laryngopharyngeal reflux). […] If the pressure at the LES is low (normal LES pressure is about +20 units), stomach acid can easily backflow into the food pipe since the pressure in the stomach (usually + 5 units) is 10 times higher than the pressure along the food pipe (usually -5 units since it is in the chest cavity).

• #1 Laryngitis differential diagnosis – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Laryngitis_differential_diagnosis

  Laryngitis must be differentiated from upper respiratory tract infection, vocal fold cyst, nodule, or polyp, and laryngeal stenosis. […] Laryngitis must be differentiated from other diseases and conditions which cause inflammation near the larynx. These include: Upper respiratory tract infection, Vocal fold cyst, nodule, or polyp, Laryngeal stenosis, Spasmodic dysphonia, Post-nasal drip (chronic upper airway cough syndrome), Contact granulomas, Glottic stenosis, Thyroarytenoid muscle sulcus, Reinke’s edema, Epiglottitis, Foreign body obstruction, Subglottic stenosis, Angioneurotic edema, Retropharyngeal abscess, Bacterial tracheitis.

• #1 Chronic Laryngitis – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/chronic-laryngitis-a-to-z

  Diagnosing chronic laryngitis […] Your doctor will examine you, paying special attention to your mouth, throat, nose, ears and the lymph nodes in your neck. Using a special mirror, your doctor will look down your throat and examine your larynx. This exam may be followed by a procedure called laryngoscopy, a more sophisticated method of looking at the larynx using straight or flexible tube-like instruments. If your doctor suspects that you have GERD, additional tests can check for acid reflux in your throat and esophagus. […] Hoarseness that doesn’t go away or keeps coming back should never be ignored because it also can be a symptom of certain head and neck cancers. People who drink or smoke heavily are at especially high risk of these cancers. So, if hoarseness lasts more than two weeks, make an appointment to see your doctor. Your doctor may refer you to a specialist (an otolaryngologist, also called an ear, nose and throat doctor) for evaluation and treatment.

• #1 Laryngitis–diagnosis and management – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18328380/

  Laryngeal inflammation includes a broad spectrum of pathologies, from infectious processes that need to be managed as airway emergencies, to indolent diseases that mimic head and neck cancer. The importance of a thorough history cannot be emphasized enough as it is the most important step toward developing a differential diagnosis. […] Treatment of specific pathologies depends on the causative pathogen or etiology, as well as the age, vocal demands, and clinical characteristics of the individual.

• #2 Laryngitis: Diagnosis, Symptoms, Causes, Treatments & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22268-laryngitis

  Laryngitis occurs when your larynx, or voice box, is inflamed. The condition can develop when your vocal cords are overused, irritated or infected. […] Laryngitis can affect people of all ages. […] Most of the time, you can tell if you have laryngitis because you develop symptoms such as hoarseness, a sore throat or a dry cough. […] When necessary, however, your healthcare provider can determine if you have laryngitis by: Taking a culture. Your healthcare provider examines and swabs your throat. The sample is then treated with a substance that encourages germ growth. If germs that cause infection are found, then your culture is positive. […] Performing a laryngoscopy. A small camera called an endoscope is inserted through your nose or mouth so your healthcare provider can get a better look at your vocal cords. […] Completing a biopsy. If you have a nodule or lump on your vocal cords, your healthcare provider may take a small sample of tissue and send it to a pathology lab for analysis. […] If your laryngitis symptoms last longer than two weeks, schedule an appointment with your healthcare provider.

• #2 Laryngitis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/laryngitis/?srsltid=AfmBOorbV1bCUwP3xrr_paW5DyKP5wMNCw1-FUq7YFfgfkGm3iU4vjmR

  Starting with a thorough history is the best first step to diagnosing laryngitis. […] Diagnosis of laryngitis can be entirely based on the history findings. The larynx should also be visually examined for edema. Visualizing the larynx requires a mirror with a long handle or a flexible laryngoscope. […] It is best to make a referral to an otolaryngologist if laryngitis lasts longer than 2 weeks.

• #2 Acute Laryngitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/864671-overview

  Laryngitis, an inflammation of the larynx, is one of the most common laryngeal conditions identified. It manifests in acute and chronic forms. […] Acute laryngitis has an abrupt onset and is usually self-limited. If a patient has symptoms of laryngitis for more than 3 weeks, the condition is classified as chronic laryngitis. […] No laboratory studies are necessary in acute laryngitis. If the patient has an exudate in the oropharynx or overlying the vocal folds, a culture may be taken. […] Direct fiberoptic or indirect laryngoscopy may be performed to provide a view of the larynx. This examination reveals redness and small dilated vasculature on the inflamed vocal folds. […] The treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) related laryngitic conditions includes dietary and lifestyle modifications, as well as antireflux medications.

• #2 Laryngitis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/laryngitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374267?_escaped_fragment_=&p=1

  The most common sign of laryngitis is hoarseness. Changes in your voice can vary with the degree of infection or irritation, ranging from mild hoarseness to almost total loss of your voice. If you have chronic hoarseness, your doctor may review your medical history and symptoms. He or she may want to listen to your voice and examine your vocal cords, and he or she may refer you to an ear, nose and throat specialist. […] These techniques sometimes are used to help diagnose laryngitis: […] In a procedure called laryngoscopy, your doctor can visually examine your vocal cords by using a light and a tiny mirror to look into the back of your throat. Or your doctor may use fiber-optic laryngoscopy. This involves inserting a thin, flexible tube (endoscope) with a tiny camera and light through your nose or mouth and into the back of your throat. Then your doctor can watch the motion of your vocal cords as you speak. […] If your doctor sees a suspicious area, he or she may do a biopsy taking a sample of tissue for examination under a microscope.

• #2 Laryngitis Diagnosis and Treatment | Port Huron ENT

  https://www.porthuronent.com/conditions/laryngitis/

  A laryngoscopy is an examination of the back of the throat, voice box (larynx), and vocal cords. The procedure can be performed directly or indirectly. A laryngscopy may be suggested by your physician if you suffer from hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, or symptoms of laryngitis. […] An indirect laryngoscopy uses two mirrors and a light source. One mirror is held towards the back of a patients throat, while the doctor wears the other mirror. Light is reflected from the doctors mirror into the throat so he or she can evaluate any throat conditions that may be present. […] A direct laryngoscopy involves a fiber-optic scope that can be flexible or rigid. The scope allows the doctor to see deeper into the throat than is possible with an indirect evaluation. Flexible scopes are mostly used in examinations. Rigid scopes are used for surgery, tissue sampling, removing obstructions, and laser procedures, and require general anesthesia.

• #2 Laryngitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngitis

  The larynx itself will often show erythema (reddening) and edema (swelling). This can be seen with laryngoscopy or stroboscopy. […] Some signs and symptoms indicate the need for early referral. […] If laryngeal symptoms last for more than 3 weeks, a referral to a physician should be made for further examination, including direct laryngoscopy.

• #2 Laryngitis – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/laryngeal-disorders/laryngitis

  Laryngitis is inflammation of the larynx, usually the result of a virus or overuse. Diagnosis is based on clinical findings. Laryngoscopy is required for symptoms persisting 3 weeks. […] Diagnosis of laryngitis is based on symptoms. […] Indirect or direct flexible laryngoscopy is recommended for symptoms persisting 3 weeks; findings in laryngitis may include mild to marked erythema of the mucous membrane, which may also be edematous.

• #2 Hoarseness in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1201/p720.html

  Hoarseness is a common presentation in primary care practices. […] The initial evaluation begins with a targeted history and physical examination, while also looking for signs of potential systemic etiologies. […] Direct visualization of the larynx and vocal folds, commonly mislabeled as vocal cords, should be performed within three months if an etiology has not been determined or if conservative management has been ineffective. […] Patients who experience symptoms lasting longer than two weeks and who have risk factors for dysplasia (e.g., tobacco use, heavy alcohol use, hemoptysis) may require earlier laryngoscopic evaluation. […] Examination of the larynx by direct or indirect laryngoscopy should be performed on patients with hoarseness lasting longer than two weeks without an apparent benign etiology.

• #2 Chronic Laryngitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/laryngitis

  Laryngitis occurs when your larynx (also known as your voice box) and its vocal cords become inflamed, swollen, and irritated. […] Your doctor can diagnose chronic laryngitis. Youll want to see your doctor if your voice has started to become hoarse or youve had any other laryngitis symptoms lasting 3 weeks or longer. […] Its better to try to address and treat the cause of laryngitis sooner than later. Laryngitis that lasts for longer than 3 weeks is considered to be chronic laryngitis. […] Your doctor may want you to see a specialist who can perform a laryngoscopy to look at your larynx. If anything looks out of the ordinary, a biopsy of the affected area might be done. […] Treatment will be based on the cause of your condition. […] Your doctor may prescribe an antihistamine, pain relievers, or a glucocorticosteroid. If you have stomach acid reflux thats irritating your voice box, your doctor may prescribe therapy to address this.

• #2 Laryngitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/laryngitis/

  Laryngitis usually comes on suddenly and gets worse during the first 3 days. […] If you’re not sure it’s laryngitis, check other sore throat symptoms. […] Laryngitis usually goes away on its own after 1 to 2 weeks and you do not need to see a GP. […] Speak to a pharmacist about your sore throat. […] The GP will try to work out what has caused your laryngitis. […] They may: look inside your throat using a small mirror, wipe a cotton bud around the back of your throat for testing, arrange a blood test, refer you to an ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist (if you keep getting laryngitis). […] If your laryngitis is caused by an infection, the GP might prescribe antibiotics.

• #2 Chronic Laryngitis – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/chronic-laryngitis-a-to-z

  Diagnosing chronic laryngitis […] Your doctor will examine you, paying special attention to your mouth, throat, nose, ears and the lymph nodes in your neck. Using a special mirror, your doctor will look down your throat and examine your larynx. This exam may be followed by a procedure called laryngoscopy, a more sophisticated method of looking at the larynx using straight or flexible tube-like instruments. If your doctor suspects that you have GERD, additional tests can check for acid reflux in your throat and esophagus. […] Hoarseness that doesn’t go away or keeps coming back should never be ignored because it also can be a symptom of certain head and neck cancers. People who drink or smoke heavily are at especially high risk of these cancers. So, if hoarseness lasts more than two weeks, make an appointment to see your doctor. Your doctor may refer you to a specialist (an otolaryngologist, also called an ear, nose and throat doctor) for evaluation and treatment.

• #2 Infectious or Allergic Chronic Laryngitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/864767-overview

  Chronic laryngitis is a current topic of interest, primarily because of newly identified etiopathogenetic factors related to the change in the quality of environmental pollutants and toxic products found in workplaces. […] Symptoms of chronic laryngitis can be present in otherwise healthy people. […] Laboratory studies in chronic laryngitis include the following: Complete blood cell count with differential if an infection is suspected, Sputum cultures and sensitivities for bacteria, fungi, and viruses, Swab of the laryngeal mucosa, culture and sensitivities for bacteria, fungi, and viruses, Serologic markers for autoimmune disorders, Studies for tuberculosis and syphilis when such conditions are being considered. […] Imaging studies include the following: Lateral plain neck radiograph, Chest radiograph, Computed tomography (CT) scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Barium swallow studies, double-contrast upper gastrointestinal (GI) series, manometry, Videostrobe.

• #2 Laryngitis Diagnosis and Tests – WelcomeCure

  https://www.welcomecure.com/diseases/laryngitis/tests-and-diagnosis

  Physical Examination: In most cases, Laryngitis can be diagnosed by a doctor through a clinical examination. Swollen and inflamed vocal cords, temperature, enlarged lymph nodes of the neck may be noted. […] Invasive Procedures Laryngoscopy: In chronic cases with persisting symptoms of laryngitis, it is advisable to undergo laryngoscopy to rule out other anatomical abnormalities. […] Laryngoscopy is an examination procedure that lets your doctor look at the back of your throat, your voice box (larynx) and vocal cords with a scope. The scope used to perform this procedure is called a laryngoscope. […] Laboratory Tests: CBC Full Blood Count with differential to exclude bacteria, fungi and virus infection. […] Laryngeal mucosal swab for microbiological analysis. […] Strep Test for bacterial laryngitis.

• #2 Autoimmune Laryngitis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Maggie Yu MD, IFMCP

  https://drmaggieyu.com/blog/autoimmune-laryngitis/

  Autoimmune laryngitis, featuring laryngeal manifestations such as dysphonia, is a condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells in the larynx, potentially affecting the laryngeal nerve. This can lead to inflammation and damage of the vocal folds, affecting voice quality and potentially causing dysphonia and other laryngeal manifestations. […] Laryngoscopy is key. It lets doctors see the larynx directly. They look for signs of swelling and redness. This procedure can confirm if inflammation of the vocal folds is due to autoimmune laryngitis. […] Blood tests are crucial too. They detect markers that suggest an autoimmune condition. These markers show if the body’s immune system attacks its own tissues. […] Seeing specialists is important when symptoms persist or worsen.

• #2 Larynx | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/larynx

  The usual symptom is hoarseness. […] Diagnosis methods depend on the disorder, but may include: Physical examination, Neck x-ray and fluoroscopy (which uses real-time x-rays to show movement of a body part), Laryngoscopy (using a piece of equipment called a laryngoscope to view the throat), Biopsy (taking a sample of tissue for testing). […] The larynx can be viewed through the open mouth.

• #2 Diagnosis of Reflux Laryngitis – THE VOICE FOUNDATION

  https://voicefoundation.org/health-science/voice-disorders/voice-disorders/reflux-laryngitis/diagnosis-of-reflux-laryngitis/

  Detection of acid backflow to the level of the upper probe (above the upper esophageal sphincter or (UES)) indicates that the voice disorder is caused by backflow of stomach fluid with a high degree of certainty. […] However, non-detection of acid (negative results on pH monitoring) does not eliminate the possibility that the voice disorder is caused by reflux. […] A barium swallow esophagram is an X-ray study that can demonstrate reflux, abnormal narrowings along the food pipe (esophageal strictures). […] This test allows direct inspection of the inner surface of the food pipe and stomach. […] Manometry, which measures pressure generated along the esophagus, can be useful in identifying how backflow occurs. […] If the pressure at the UES is low (normal UES pressure is about +100 units), any acid that has found its way into the food pipe can easily get into the throat and voice box area (laryngopharyngeal reflux). […] If the pressure at the LES is low (normal LES pressure is about +20 units), stomach acid can easily backflow into the food pipe since the pressure in the stomach (usually + 5 units) is 10 times higher than the pressure along the food pipe (usually -5 units since it is in the chest cavity).

• #2 Laryngitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/423

  Bacterial laryngitis can be life-threatening. […] Key diagnostic factors include hoarseness, dysphagia, sore throat, odynophagia, cough, hyperemia of the oropharynx, history of heavy vocal use, gastroesophageal reflux, and oropharyngeal white-gray exudates. […] 1st tests to order include laryngoscopy. […] Investigations to avoid include computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and viral panel testing. […] Tests to consider include biopsy, oropharyngeal cultures, nasal swab for culture, serum immunoprecipitation or polymerase chain reaction for diphtheria, complete blood count, rapid antigen detection test, chest x-ray, sputum cultures, and videostroboscopy.

• #2 Laryngitis Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/ent-ear-nose-throat/laryngitis/causes-and-diagnosis

  Diagnosing laryngitis […] If your laryngitis does not go away on its own and you seek medical attention, your physician may use one of the following tests to diagnose the cause of your condition. […] Laryngoscopy: Using a light and a tiny mirror inserted in your throat, your physician can look for irregularities on your vocal cords and watch how they vibrate. […] Fiber-optic laryngoscopy: An endoscope (a thin, lighted tube with a camera attached to it) is passed through your mouth and into your larynx. This allows your physician to see the surface of your vocal cords. […] Biopsy: Your physician may perform a biopsy (obtain small tissue samples) by using forceps (tiny tweezers) that are passed through the endoscope. A pathologist will examine the sample to determine if the tissues are abnormal.

• #2 Diagnosis of Reflux Laryngitis – THE VOICE FOUNDATION

  https://voicefoundation.org/health-science/voice-disorders/voice-disorders/reflux-laryngitis/diagnosis-of-reflux-laryngitis/

  A favorable response to the anti-reflux treatment trial indicates that the voice disorder is most likely caused by backflow of stomach fluids to the voice box (reflux laryngitis). […] If the treatment trial results in improvement of patient symptoms and/or decrease of swelling and irritation of the voice box, identification that the voice disorder is due to stomach fluid backflow or becomes quite certain. […] When there is no clear-cut response to the treatment trial the patients work-up that identified reflux laryngitis will be revisited and confirmatory tests for acid backflow will be performed, such as a test that directly measures the levels of acid in the throat and esophagus throughout a routine patient day (ambulatory prolonged double probe pH monitoring). […] Four tests are used to confirm the diagnosis of backflow of stomach fluid (reflux) as the cause of voice disorder or throat complaints.

• #2 Infectious or Allergic Chronic Laryngitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/864767-overview

  Skin tests can be performed if allergies are suspected, as can 24-hour pH monitoring if gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is in the differential diagnosis. […] The larynx can be directly examined with a flexible fiberoptic nasopharyngolaryngoscope. […] Direct laryngoscopy with a rigid laryngoscope (under general anesthesia) may be required for a detailed laryngeal inspection and may help obtain tissue for biopsy, cultures, and smears to identify the presence of organisms. […] Undertake this examination when noninvasive studies fail. […] Accomplish a thorough evaluation of the aerodigestive tract, including bronchoscopy and esophagoscopy, when indicated. […] Stroboscopic examination may help to differentiate mucosal stiffness secondary to epithelial hyperplasia that may be caused by chronic inflammation.

• #2 Hoarse Voice – Differential Diagnosis – Investigations – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/ent/presentations/hoarse-voice/

  There are a multiple causes of hoarseness, ranging from simple benign conditions to serious malignant or neurological causes. Regardless, all cases of new onset hoarseness need investigation and management depends on the underlying cause. […] Laryngitis is inflammation of the vocal cords, commonly following respiratory tract infections. Clinical examination will be normal, however FNE will reveal an acutely inflamed larynx. This can be managed conservatively and should result in complete recovery. […] Patients present with a hoarse voice, alongside potential other red flag signs such as a neck lump, dysphagia, weight loss or referred otalgia. Investigation and management options are further discussed here. […] Extensive examinations are key to further delineating the underlying diagnosis, including neck examination and cranial nerve examination. Most cases would warrant CT imaging from skull base to diaphragm, to assess for any pathology affecting the recurrent laryngeal nerve route.

• #2 Hoarseness (Dysphonia): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17105-hoarseness

  Laryngitis. This is the most common hoarseness cause. It happens when allergies, upper respiratory infections or sinus infections make your vocal cords swell. […] How is hoarseness diagnosed? Depending on your symptoms, your usual healthcare provider may refer you to an otolaryngologist, a provider who specializes in treating ear, nose and throat conditions. […] What tests will be done to diagnose hoarseness? Your provider will listen to your voice and examine your head and neck for lumps. They may do the following tests: Laryngoscopy. Videostroboscopy. Computed tomography (CT) scan. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Biopsy. […] Treatment depends on the reason why youre hoarse: Vocal fold hemorrhage or muscle tension dysphonia. Resting your voice or voice therapy with a speech-language pathologist (SLP). Colds and sinus infections. Over-the-counter (OTC) medications or antibiotics for bacterial infections. Laryngitis. Antibiotics or corticosteroids. GERD. Antacids, proton pump inhibitors and/or lifestyle modifications. Vocal nodules, cysts and polyps, or papillomas. Surgery and/or voice therapy.

• #2 Hoarseness in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1201/p720.html

  In the absence of signs and symptoms suggestive of an underlying cause, antibiotics, oral corticosteroids, and proton pump inhibitors should not be used for the empiric treatment of laryngitis/hoarseness. […] The presence of hoarseness warrants investigation to determine an underlying cause. […] Hoarseness is often part of a constellation of upper respiratory symptoms caused by viruses and less commonly by bacterial or fungal sources. […] Chronic laryngitis is diagnosed when symptoms persist for more than three to four weeks. […] Hoarseness alone or other related symptoms (e.g., dysphagia, odynophagia, otalgia, hemoptysis, unilateral throat pain) may be the initial presentation of these lesions, particularly in middle-aged or older persons who smoke. […] Laryngoscopy should be performed if serious pathology is suspected, or it can be considered if dysphonia persists longer than two weeks, especially in patients with risk factors for dysplasia such as tobacco use, heavy alcohol use, or hemoptysis. […] Surgical intervention is needed for dysplastic or malignant lesions, airway obstruction, or benign lesions (e.g., nodules, polyps, cysts) that do not respond to conservative therapies.

• #2 Laryngitis—Diagnosis and Management | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/laryngitis-diagnosis-and-management/

  Laryngeal inflammation includes a broad spectrum of pathologies, from infectious processes that need to be managed as airway emergencies, to indolent diseases that mimic head and neck cancer. […] The importance of a thorough history cannot be emphasized enough as it is the most important step toward developing a differential diagnosis. […] Treatment of specific pathologies depends on the causative pathogen or etiology, as well as the age, vocal demands, and clinical characteristics of the individual. […] In this article, laryngitis will be evaluated under two main topics: infectious laryngitis and reflux aryngitis. […] A thorough history should include information about voice, breathing, and swallowing patterns. […] Complaints of persistent, unexplained changes in vocal quality are pathognomonic for laryngeal disorders.

• #2 Laryngitis, don’t wait until you lose your voice. | Bangkok Hospital Headquarter

  https://www.bangkokhospital.com/en/content/laryngitis

  Currently, there are 3 methods for examining the voice box: […] Voice box examination, Laryngitis, Voice loss […] This allows the doctor to easily and clearly check for abnormalities, such as inflammation, tumors, cysts, cancer, ulcers, vocal cord function, vocal cord paralysis, acid reflux, bleeding or bruising of the vocal cords, muscle atrophy of the vocal cords, etc. It also enables comparison of images before and after treatment, such as before and after surgery. […] Laryngitis requires prompt examination and treatment by experienced doctors to ensure proper treatment as soon as possible, because if left untreated, it may become chronic and lead to other diseases.

• #3 Acute Laryngitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534871/

  Laryngitis refers to inflammation of the larynx, most commonly caused by an acute viral infection, resulting in hoarseness, sore throat, and voice loss. […] Proper evaluation and differential diagnosis are essential to ruling out these conditions and ensuring appropriate management. Diagnosis is often clinical, though further investigation may be warranted for persistent or atypical cases. […] Diagnosis can usually be made based on history. The examination of the larynx can confirm the diagnosis. Indirect examination of the airway with a mirror or with a flexible laryngoscope is warranted. […] Diagnosis is usually made via a very thorough history and physical examination. Formal voice analysis and fiberoptic laryngoscopy can confirm the diagnosis in cases refractory to treatment or otherwise convoluted. […] Further imaging or laboratory studies are not required unless an atypical pathogen or neoplasm is suspected. Rarely, if the patient has exudate in the oropharynx or vocal cords, culture may be indicated.

• #3 Laryngitis: Causes, Treatment, Prevention | Froedtert & MCW

  https://www.froedtert.com/ent/laryngitis

  Your ear, nose and throat appointment should include a detailed history of your voice use and concerns related to your throat and your ability to swallow. […] The ear, nose and throat specialist will also do a physical exam, which consists of a full head and neck exam with a direct examination of the voice box tissues to look for the potential cause of your voice issue. […] The physician uses numbing spray in your nose to make it easier to pass a thin flexible tube with a camera and light attached to it through your nose and into your throat. […] This part of the exam takes about two minutes and is called a videostroboscopy. […] It allows the physician to observe the structure of your vocal cords and how they vibrate, as well as to identify any stiffness in the vocal tissue and any physical abnormalities of the vocal cords. […] Small lesions and nodules on the undersurface of the vocal cords are often hard to see, but videostroboscopy provides a full view of the cords vibrating in slow motion. […] It allows physicians to assess vocal cord closure and vibration and make the most accurate diagnosis.

• #3 Laryngitis: Diagnosis, Symptoms, Causes, Treatments & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22268-laryngitis

  Laryngitis occurs when your larynx, or voice box, is inflamed. The condition can develop when your vocal cords are overused, irritated or infected. […] Laryngitis can affect people of all ages. […] Most of the time, you can tell if you have laryngitis because you develop symptoms such as hoarseness, a sore throat or a dry cough. […] When necessary, however, your healthcare provider can determine if you have laryngitis by: Taking a culture. Your healthcare provider examines and swabs your throat. The sample is then treated with a substance that encourages germ growth. If germs that cause infection are found, then your culture is positive. […] Performing a laryngoscopy. A small camera called an endoscope is inserted through your nose or mouth so your healthcare provider can get a better look at your vocal cords. […] Completing a biopsy. If you have a nodule or lump on your vocal cords, your healthcare provider may take a small sample of tissue and send it to a pathology lab for analysis. […] If your laryngitis symptoms last longer than two weeks, schedule an appointment with your healthcare provider.

• #3 Laryngitis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/laryngitis/?srsltid=AfmBOorbV1bCUwP3xrr_paW5DyKP5wMNCw1-FUq7YFfgfkGm3iU4vjmR

  Starting with a thorough history is the best first step to diagnosing laryngitis. […] Diagnosis of laryngitis can be entirely based on the history findings. The larynx should also be visually examined for edema. Visualizing the larynx requires a mirror with a long handle or a flexible laryngoscope. […] It is best to make a referral to an otolaryngologist if laryngitis lasts longer than 2 weeks.

Zobacz więcej