Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Acute Laryngitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/864671-overview

  Epidemiology […] The exact prevalence of acute laryngitis is not reported because many patients often use conservative measures to treat their inflammation rather than seek medical consultation. Symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection often accompany the disease; thus, patients are accustomed to managing their own treatment. Nevertheless, laryngitis is one of the most common laryngeal pathologies. […] A study by Bhattacharyya suggested that annually about 1% of children in the United States are affected by voice or swallowing problems, with laryngitis being a common diagnosis in these cases. Using the 2012 National Health Interview Survey, the study found that an estimated 839,000 children in the United States (1.4%) reported a voice problem in the 12 months preceding the survey, with 53.5% of these youngsters having been given a diagnosis for it, the most prevalent being laryngitis (16.6%) and allergies (10.4%). […] A retrospective study by Roy et al indicated that among elderly members of the US population (those over age 65 years) who saw a primary care physician or otolaryngologist, acute and chronic laryngitis were among the most frequent laryngeal/voice disorder diagnoses, along with nonspecific dysphonia and benign vocal fold lesions. The study, which was based on information from a national administrative database, also found that among the elderly, women had greater odds of developing acute laryngitis than did men. […] A study by Benninger et al found that between 2008 and 2012, an increase in dysphonia diagnoses in the US population (from 1.3% to 1.7%) was accompanied by an associated rise in acute laryngitis diagnoses. […] A study by Tanislav and Kostev indicated that in Germany, there was a significant decrease in cases of acute laryngitis during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The diagnoses of acute laryngitis by general practitioners were 64% lower between April 2020 and March 2021 than they were during the same period between 2019 and 2020. Among non-COVID respiratory tract infections, only influenza diagnoses saw a greater drop (71%). The investigators suggested that measures used to prevent the spread of COVID-19, such as mask wearing, social distancing, and attention to hand hygiene, may have also impacted the transmission of these other infections.

• #1 Acute Laryngitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/864671-overview

  Mortality/Morbidity […] Because acute laryngitis is usually self-limited and treated with conservative measures, significant morbidity and mortality are not encountered. Patients who develop acute laryngitis from an infectious etiology rather than vocal trauma may ultimately injure their vocal folds. The deficient voice production in patients with acute laryngitis may result in application of a greater adduction force or tension to compensate for the incomplete glottic closure during an acute laryngitic episode. This tension further strains the vocal folds and decreases voice production, ultimately delaying return of normal phonation. […] In 1997, Ng conducted a study of the aerodynamic and acoustic characteristics of acute laryngitis. His study demonstrated that across the 5 vowels, the fundamental frequency values were lower in patients with acute laryngitis than in patients with a normal voice. The authors concluded that acute laryngitis changes the vocal fold mass, resulting in a reduction of the fundamental frequency; other authors have anecdotally corroborated this finding. […] Patients with acute laryngitis have an increased open quotient value. This indicates that the patient’s vocal folds are open longer, and less time is spent in the closed position, which contributes to the hoarseness and breathiness of the voice. […] Laryngitis has a significant economic impact. Over the economic burden, pharmaceutical costs were approximately 30% of such costs. […] Age […] Studies have demonstrated that, usually, acute laryngitis affects individuals aged 18-40 years. Children, a category not included in the above study, are clinically observed with acute laryngitis when aged 3 years and older.

• #2 Laryngitis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116339/3.2/Laryngitis

  Children are more susceptible than adults due to increased risk of symptomatic inflammation from smaller airway. […] Prevalence rates are increasing but difficult to calculate because many patients do not seek medical attention.

• #3 Acute Laryngitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/24052

  Acute laryngitis can affect patients of any age, though it is more common in the adult population, usually affecting individuals aged 18 to 40, though it may be seen in children as young as 3. […] Accurate incidence measurements of acute laryngitis remain difficult to elucidate as this condition remains under-reported, with many patients appropriately not seeking medical care for this often self-limited condition.

• #4 Laryngitis (Chronic and Acute)

  https://patient.info/doctor/laryngitis-pro

  Accurate figures regarding acute laryngitis are not available, as the condition often goes unreported. The Royal College of General Practitioners reported an average incidence of 5.3 cases of laryngitis and tracheitis per 100,000 patients (all ages) per week in 2018. […] Chronic laryngitis is a complex condition which is similarly under-reported and often goes unrecognised. Yearly incidence has been reported in one study as 3.47 per 1,000; lifetime incidence is said to be up to 21%. Women are affected more than men.

• #5 Laryngitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Laryngitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Acute laryngitis commonly affects children. […] Women are more commonly affected with laryngitis than men. […] The incidence of laryngitis in the winter is double that of the summer. […] In 2011, the incidence of laryngitis was estimated to be approximately 6 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United Kingdom. […] In 2012, approximately 839,000 children (1.4%) reported a voice problem in the 12 months; approximately half of had received a diagnosis, with laryngitis being the most common. […] The prevalence of laryngitis decreases with age.

• #6 SciELO Brazil – Quality assessment of clinical guidelines in the care of laryngitis and pharyngitis according to AGREE II Quality assessment of clinical guidelines in the care of laryngitis and pharyngitis according to AGREE II

  https://www.scielo.br/j/codas/a/bkyR9V3ghk6HgVMC9Gt6XGr/

  According to a review conducted in 2010 by the Royal College of General Practitioners in the UK, an average occurrence of 6.6 cases of acute laryngitis and tracheitis per 100,000 patients per week was observed. […] Although the occurrence of chronic laryngitis is not yet well established, it is estimated at 3.47 diagnoses per 1000 people per year. […] It is worth mentioning that no significant/updated data were found regarding the number of cases of Laryngitis and Pharyngitis in Brazil. […] The statistical results demonstrate that all guidelines were considered as recommended. However, the findings highlight the variability of recommendations for the management of laryngitis and pharyngitis between guidelines.

• #7 Incidence of chronic laryngitis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24592580/

  We describe the incidence of chronic laryngitis (CL) and identify the most common presenting symptoms and initial treatments used. […] The yearly CL incidence was 3.47 per 1,000 people. Up to 21% of the population may develop CL in their lifetime. […] Population surveys could be used to define undiagnosed disease and the overall prevalence of CL.

• #8 Association between Chronic Laryngitis and Particulate Matter Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2012 | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0133180

  Chronic laryngitis (CL) has been described as chronic inflammation of the larynx. […] However, the prevalence of CL and role of air pollution in the etiology is uncertain. […] The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between CL and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 m (PM10) in South Korea using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) during 20082012. […] Among the population 19 years of age, the weighted prevalence of CL was 3.37 0.30% (95% confidence interval, 2.793.95%). […] A significant decrease over time was observed in the prevalence of CL (P for trend = 0.0049) and the annual average concentrations of PM10 (P for trend 0.0001) from 2008 to 2012. […] Elevated PM10 exposures could be associated with increased risk of CL in South Koreans.

• #8 Association between Chronic Laryngitis and Particulate Matter Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2012 | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0133180

  This is the first epidemiological study to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of CL based on representative data from a government-centered survey in South Korea. […] The prevalence of CL was positively associated with PM10 (OR, 1.378) as well as smoking status (OR, 1.483). […] Although the causal relationship of risk factors with CL is inconclusive, the results may be reliable because this is a population-based study all around the country. […] Public acknowledgment and further intervention to modify factors associated with CL are required for preventing and managing the condition.

• #9 Laryngitis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/laryngitis/

  Laryngitis is an inflammation of the mucosa of the larynx. Laryngitis is typically accompanied by a hoarse voice and discomfort in the anterior neck (DynaMed, 2018). It can be an acute or chronic condition. Most often, laryngitis is caused by a viral infection and is self-limiting. If laryngitis lasts for 3 weeks, it is considered to be chronic. Acute laryngitis affects individuals from ages three and up, but it is more common among those 18 to 40 years old. […] The most common cause of acute laryngitis is an upper respiratory infection from a virus (Gupta Mahajan, 2021). […] The classifications of laryngitis are infectious or noninfectious. The infectious type is most common. Infectious laryngitis typically presents after an upper respiratory tract infection (URI). […] Laryngitis causes by bacterial infections usually occur as a secondary infection after a virus. This type of laryngitis occurs approximately 7 days after the viral infection (Gupta Mahajan, 2021).

• #9 Laryngitis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/laryngitis/

  A febrile illness can also cause laryngitis, so it is essential to get a vaccination history. […] Noninfectious laryngitis may occur from: Vocal trauma or misuse, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Allergies, Asthma, Smoking, Pollution, Inhalation injury, Throat cancer. […] At least one-third of the individuals with GERD have only laryngitis as a symptom. […] When a virus or bacteria settle in the larynx, there is localized congestion. […] It is best to make a referral to an otolaryngologist if laryngitis lasts longer than 2 weeks. […] Diagnosis of laryngitis can be entirely based on the history findings. […] Most treatment for acute laryngitis is supportive and can depend on the severity of illness. […] Treatment for chronic laryngitis aims to treat the underlying cause such as smoking, alcohol consumption, or GERD. […] Sometimes surgery is needed to treat laryngitis if the cause is a tumor or polyp that has to be removed.

• #10 Infectious or Allergic Chronic Laryngitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/864767-overview

  Chronic laryngitis presents a frustrating treatment problem. Voice loss, chronic cough, and airway obstruction, respectively, are the most likely complications. An association with cancer of the larynx is unclear. Mortality is obviously related to the main disease with which chronic laryngitis is associated. […] The authors found no data regarding precise frequency. Because chronic laryngitis is usually part of a more complex disease, it is probably underreported. […] Traditionally, men have been mostly affected. In recent reports, a 2:1 male predominance still exists; however, the trend is changing, probably because of more women smoking cigarettes and their increasing involvement in work activities in toxic environments. […] Adults in the sixth decade of life are mainly affected. Neonates and infants share similar risk factors with adults for developing chronic laryngitis. Additionally, various congenital lesions of the larynx may present with voice changes.

• #11 Laryngitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngitis

  The acute form of the infection, or acute laryngitis, generally resolves without specific treatment. […] The acute form is common while the chronic form of the infection, or chronic laryngitis, is not. […] Chronic laryngitis occurs most often in middle age and is more common in men than women.

• #12 Laryngitis overview – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Laryngitis_overview

  Acute laryngitis commonly affects children. Women are more commonly affected with laryngitis than men. The incidence of laryngitis in the winter is double that of the summer. […] Common risk factors in the development of laryngitis include upper respiratory infection, asthma, and cigarette smoke.

• #13 Korean survey data reveals an association of chronic laryngitis with tinnitus in men | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0191148

  The association between chronic laryngitis and tinnitus is not a well-studied topic, unlike the association of these two conditions with many other disorders. […] Chronic laryngitis was significantly associated with age, education beyond high school, depressed mood, voice change, metabolic syndrome, and tinnitus in men. […] Chronic laryngitis in men was significantly associated with tinnitus (odds ratio 1.671, [95% confidence interval: 1.1672.393]) after adjusting for age, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol intake, regular exercise, metabolic syndrome, education beyond high school, and depressed mood. […] The study revealed a significant association between chronic laryngitis and tinnitus. […] The yearly incidence of CL in the United States is 3.47 per 1,000 individuals, and up to 21% of the population may develop CL in their lifetime.

• #14 Acute laryngitis in a paediatric emergency department before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Has anything changed? | Anales de Pediatría

  https://analesdepediatria.org/en-acute-laryngitis-in-paediatric-emergency-articulo-S2341287923002806

  In the five years under study, there were 3 epidemic seasons. Two took place before the COVID-19 pandemic and one after. The number of managed AL episodes was greater in the 2022 season. […] The median Westley score was greater in the first AL epidemic season following the COVID-19 pandemic, as was the rate of hospital admission. […] The strict hygiene and public health measures implemented to contain the COVID-19 pandemic have brought on changes in the presentation of some diseases. It has been hypothesised that these measures may have resulted in an immunity debt that in turn has allowed the development of more intense and severe respiratory infections, both viral and bacterial. […] In our hospital, in the first AL season following the COVID-19 pandemic, the absolute frequency of episodes was greater compared to previous seasons and, for the first time since statistics started to be calculated, AL was one of the 10 most frequent diagnoses at the PED.

• #14 Acute laryngitis in a paediatric emergency department before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Has anything changed? | Anales de Pediatría

  https://analesdepediatria.org/en-acute-laryngitis-in-paediatric-emergency-articulo-S2341287923002806

  Recent studies published in Anales de Pediatra have described the impact of the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic on the incidence of asthma exacerbations and bronchiolitis in the paediatric emergency department (PED) setting. However, there is no evidence on its impact on the incidence of acute laryngitis (AL) episodes and their severity. […] We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional study of episodes of AL managed in a PED between January 2018 and December 2022. We analysed the monthly visits due to AL, identified based on code J04.0 of the ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision) in the records, and the number of hospital admissions. In addition, we compared the characteristics of the episodes of AL in the epidemic seasons before and after the pandemic: clinical presentation, treatment and outcome.

• #15 Laryngitis I Ohio State Medical Center

  https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/ear-nose-throat/voice-and-swallowing-disorders/laryngitis

  Laryngitis is one of the most common voice disorders that can affect the way you talk or communicate. […] Most adults will experience acute laryngitis at least a few times in their lives. Roughly 20% of adults will develop chronic laryngitis lasting longer than three weeks. […] If your laryngitis is caused by a viral or bacterial infection, it can be contagious, meaning you can pass it on to others. […] Laryngitis is generally acute, meaning it goes away in a few days or weeks, if its caused by an infection or temporary vocal strain from yelling or singing loudly. It can be longer-term or chronic if caused by smoking, drinking alcohol, an allergic reaction or persistent overuse. […] If your laryngitis symptoms last longer than two weeks, you should see a doctor. […] Its important to work with a voice and swallowing specialist to treat your laryngitis, because the condition can lead to complications, such as nodules and polyps that make it difficult to speak or sing, and can become cancerous over time.

• #16

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12328-014-0535-x

  Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is an extraesophageal manifestation of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). With the increase of GERD patients, the importance of LPR is acknowledged widely. However, the pathophysiology of LPR is not understood completely and the diagnostic criteria for LPR remain controversial. Unfortunately, a gold standard diagnostic test for reflux laryngitis is not available. […] Recently, the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) was reported to be increasing in Japan, as well as in Western countries, and the number of patients who are aware of unusual sensations in the laryngopharynx with GERD is also increasing. Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is defined as an extraesophageal variant of GERD. In one study, approximately 10 % of otolaryngology clinic patients overall and 50 % of patients with voice complaints were diagnosed with LPR.

• #16

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12328-014-0535-x

  This review addresses the current state of reflux laryngitis as an extraesophageal manifestation of GERD. […] However, the pathophysiology of LPR is not clear and the diagnostic criteria of LPR remain controversial. Diagnostic tools such as upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and pH monitoring are poor markers for diagnosing patients with reflux laryngitis and a gold standard diagnostic test for reflux laryngitis is needed. Additional prospective, evidence-based research is needed.

• #17 Fungal laryngitis: a forgotten disease mimicking laryngeal cancer—a case report | The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology | Full Text

  https://ejo.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43163-023-00537-6

  Fungal laryngitis is a fungal infection of the larynx which is an extremely rare clinical entity, especially in immunocompetent patients. The diagnosis is often overlooked and delayed among patients, and it is usually evident among immunocompromised patients. […] An isolated fungal infection of the larynx is less common than a fungal infection of the respiratory tract. Primary fungal laryngitis is also a very rare clinical entity. It often presents with nonspecific clinical symptoms and often gets confused with certain laryngeal diseases such as leukoplakia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and other granulomatous lesions of the larynx not forgetting carcinoma. The common presentation of fungal laryngitis varies and can present as hoarseness, dysphagia, dysphonia, odynophagia, stridor, and respiratory distress.

• #17 Fungal laryngitis: a forgotten disease mimicking laryngeal cancer—a case report | The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology | Full Text

  https://ejo.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43163-023-00537-6

  These nonspecific clinical presentations mimicking other laryngeal lesions may cause misdiagnosis which will lead to inappropriate treatment. Therefore, clinicians and otolaryngologists should take count of the presentation and diagnosis as treatment differs for fungal infections at uncommon sites like the larynx. […] Fungal laryngitis is an infection which is commonly seen in immunocompromised individuals masquerading other laryngeal diseases with endoscopy and radiological appearance mimicking the features of laryngeal malignancy. Early detection and treatment are crucial as misdiagnosis or delay in treatment may result in further impairment of the anatomical and functional properties of the larynx. […] Fungal laryngitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis in any immunocompromised or immunocompetent patient with risk factors as stated above. Failure to do so may result in impairment of anatomical and functional properties of the larynx. Our case has demonstrated fungal laryngitis mimicking laryngeal malignancy. Therefore, performing a biopsy with histological examination using special stains is crucial and allows the exclusion of malignancy and prevents misdiagnosis along with mistreatment which will potentially harm the patient.

• #18

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/12270/characteristics_influencing_acute_laryngitis_and.34.aspx

  Acute laryngitis lesions without appropriate management can lead to laryngeal obstruction, which is a life-threatening disease in children. This study analyzes the clinical characteristics that influence laryngeal obstruction in children with acute laryngitis. A total of 390 children who were treated in the hospital from February 2021 to February 2024 were retrospectively divided into 5 groups according to the degree of laryngeal obstruction (no, I, II, III, and IV laryngeal obstructions). The higher the degree of obstruction, the more significant the symptoms between the subgroups (P.05). The sore throat, hoarseness, wheezing, barking cough, dyspnea, diffuse congestion and swelling of the laryngeal mucosa, and vocal cord congestion are most significant symptoms. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-17, and interferon-gamma levels were risk factors for acute laryngitis complicated by laryngeal obstruction. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, and interferon-gamma levels were risk factors for severe laryngeal obstruction in children. These indicators should be concerned timely in monitoring the progression of laryngeal obstruction in children.

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