Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Gingivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557422/

  Gingivitis is the commonest of periodontal diseases. It is more prevalent in males as compared to females since it has been found that females tend to follow better oral care regimes. […] Studies reveal that gingivitis is more prevalent in pregnant women as compared to non-pregnant women. Moreover, more severe forms of gingivitis have been more often seen in pregnant women. […] The most frequently seen types of gingivitis are plaque-induced, hormonal, acute ulcerative necrotizing, drug-induced, or spontaneously presenting hyperplastic gingivitis. Categorically, the more predominant form of gingivitis is plaque-induced. In fact, this type accounts for far more cases than all other variants combined.

• #2 Gingivitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/763801-overview

  Gingivitis is an inflammatory process limited to the mucosal epithelial tissue surrounding the cervical portion of the teeth and the alveolar processes. […] Frequency is difficult to determine because of the lack of agreement on measurement criteria. Many people believe that gingivitis begins in early childhood and that 9-17% of children aged 3-11 years have gingivitis. At puberty, prevalence rises to 70-90%. In recent years, periodontal disease, the endpoint of chronic gingivitis, slowly has decreased among adult Americans. However, chronic periodontitis is still the most prevalent chronic inflammatory condition in the elderly. […] ANUG may be a clinical problem in immunocompromised patients during chemotherapy. Gingivitis and resulting periodontal disease are seen more frequently in patients with either diabetes or HIV infection.

• #3 Epidemiology of gingivitis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3522645/

  In recent years, tremendous strides have been made in understanding the etiology of gingivitis. […] Over the past decade, less progress has been made in further refining the epidemiological relationships between gingivitis and various host and environmental factors. […] The major restraint has been the great difficulty in reliably measuring gingival inflammation. […] Consequently, it is almost impossible to estimate longitudinal trends in gingivitis and it is nearly as difficult to make comparisons among different population groups studied by different examiners. […] Nevertheless, by focusing on the most apparent and robust epidemiological relationships, an instructive overview of the epidemiology of gingivitis can be gained. […] Estimates of the general prevalence of adult gingivitis vary from approximately 50 to 100% for dentate subjects. […] When adjusted for cohort effects, gingival disease appears to be on the decline.

• #4 Gingivitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/763801-overview

  Gingivitis is an inflammatory process limited to the mucosal epithelial tissue surrounding the cervical portion of the teeth and the alveolar processes. […] Frequency is difficult to determine because of the lack of agreement on measurement criteria. Many people believe that gingivitis begins in early childhood and that 9-17% of children aged 3-11 years have gingivitis. At puberty, prevalence rises to 70-90%. In recent years, periodontal disease, the endpoint of chronic gingivitis, slowly has decreased among adult Americans. However, chronic periodontitis is still the most prevalent chronic inflammatory condition in the elderly. […] ANUG may be a clinical problem in immunocompromised patients during chemotherapy. Gingivitis and resulting periodontal disease are seen more frequently in patients with either diabetes or HIV infection.

• #5 Gingivitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/763801-overview

  Gingivitis is an inflammatory process limited to the mucosal epithelial tissue surrounding the cervical portion of the teeth and the alveolar processes. […] Frequency is difficult to determine because of the lack of agreement on measurement criteria. Many people believe that gingivitis begins in early childhood and that 9-17% of children aged 3-11 years have gingivitis. At puberty, prevalence rises to 70-90%. In recent years, periodontal disease, the endpoint of chronic gingivitis, slowly has decreased among adult Americans. However, chronic periodontitis is still the most prevalent chronic inflammatory condition in the elderly. […] ANUG may be a clinical problem in immunocompromised patients during chemotherapy. Gingivitis and resulting periodontal disease are seen more frequently in patients with either diabetes or HIV infection.

• #6 Gingivitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/763801-overview

  Studies in Australia, Sweden, England, and Switzerland report gingivitis in 48-85% of children aged 3-6 years, but whether this range reflects population differences or whether it is due to different criteria used to define the disease is difficult to know. In adolescence, incidence around the world is comparable to US data (70-90%). ANUG may be found in areas where those at risk, particularly children, face poor living conditions. More recent publications show several cases in areas such as Nigeria, where ANUG and noma were observed in children younger than 14 years. […] Gingivitis is slightly more prevalent in males than in females because females tend to have better oral hygiene. […] Adults are most commonly affected. […] Children from sub-Saharan regions of Africa may be at risk for ANUG because of poor living conditions.

• #7 Gingivitis | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617748/all/Gingivitis?q=Stomatitis

  Gingivitis occurs in 50% of children with mild, marginal gingivitis being the most common form. […] Severe gingivitis is relatively uncommon in healthy children. […] The prevalence of gingivitis increases with age, with a peak at puberty, likely due to hormonal influences and inconsistent oral hygiene.

• #8 The prevalence of gingivitis and related risk factors in schoolchildren aged 6–12 years old | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-022-02670-9

  According to epidemiological studies, gingivitis is a common disease. However, its morbidity considerably varies among individuals. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of gingivitis, including prevalence, severity, intraoral distribution, and associated risk factors, in children aged 612 years in Jinzhou, China. […] The prevalence of gingivitis in children aged 612 years in Jinzhou was 28.58%, including 701 cases of localized gingivitis (24.3%) and 122 cases of generalized gingivitis (4.2%). […] Chi-square tests and binary logistic regression analysis showed that aging, dental calculus, plaque, and dental crowding were significantly associated with a high prevalence of gingivitis. […] Our study showed that dental calculus, large amount dental plaque, poor oral health behavior, and oral health awareness are associated with the prevalence of gingivitis and maintaining children’s oral health requires professional guidance and regular preventive care.

• #9 Gingivitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/763801-overview

  Studies in Australia, Sweden, England, and Switzerland report gingivitis in 48-85% of children aged 3-6 years, but whether this range reflects population differences or whether it is due to different criteria used to define the disease is difficult to know. In adolescence, incidence around the world is comparable to US data (70-90%). ANUG may be found in areas where those at risk, particularly children, face poor living conditions. More recent publications show several cases in areas such as Nigeria, where ANUG and noma were observed in children younger than 14 years. […] Gingivitis is slightly more prevalent in males than in females because females tend to have better oral hygiene. […] Adults are most commonly affected. […] Children from sub-Saharan regions of Africa may be at risk for ANUG because of poor living conditions.

• #10 Epidemiology and associated factors of gingivitis in adolescents in Guangdong Province, Southern China: a cross-sectional study | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-021-01666-1

  Gingivitis is the most prevalent form of periodontal disease in children and adolescents, being strongly associated to some socioeconomic factors and oral health behaviours. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of gingivitis and its association with socio-demographic factors and oral health-related behaviours in children aged 12-15 years in Guangdong, Southern China. […] The weighted prevalence of gingivitis among 12-15-year-old children was 29.6%, with 22.6% having localised gingivitis and 7.0% having generalised gingivitis. […] According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis results, factors such as increasing age, being the only child, lack of regular annual dental check-up, and heavy dental calculus were significantly associated with higher prevalence of gingivitis.

• #11 Epidemiology and associated factors of gingivitis in adolescents in Guangdong Province, Southern China: a cross-sectional study | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-021-01666-1

  The prevalence of gingivitis ranges from 23 to 77% in young Latin American individuals. […] A large number of epidemiological studies assessed the prevalence of periodontal diseases using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) of Treatment Needs (CPITN) or gingival index (GI) for evaluating gingival inflammation. […] The prevalence of gingivitis was usually defined as the presence of gingival bleeding in at least one site or sextant. […] Recently, the joint EFP/AAP workshop published a new definition of gingivitis, by which it set the threshold for gingivitis as the presence of 10% of bleeding sites. […] The association between gingivitis and age, being an only child, lack of regular annual dental check-up, and dental calculus level remained statistically significant after the inclusion of confounding variables. […] The estimation of disease prevalence, evaluation of related risk factors, and disease surveillance require a disease definition.

• #12 Epidemiology and associated factors of gingivitis in adolescents in Guangdong Province, Southern China: a cross-sectional study | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/epidemiology-and-associated-factors-of-gingivitis-in-adolescents/19265934

  The prevalence of gingivitis ranges from 23 to 77% in young Latin American individuals. […] Over the past 10 years, Guangdong, which is at the core of Southern China, has made progress in social development and urbanisation, and had rapid economic growth. […] The prevalence of gingivitis was usually defined as the presence of gingival bleeding in at least one site or sextant. […] The association of gingivitis with these factors was inconsistent among the urban and rural areas. […] A total of 29.6% of children aged 12-15 years were found to have gingivitis. It can be estimated that approximately 1.84 million children aged 12-15 years in Guangdong have gingivitis and may need medical intervention. […] The majority of 15-year-olds in Southern China had intact periodontium. […] The estimation of disease prevalence, evaluation of related risk factors, and disease surveillance require a disease definition.

• #13 Prevalence and Severity of Plaque-Induced Gingivitis in Three Latin American Cities: Mexico City-Mexico, Great Metropolitan Area-Costa Rica and Bogota-Colombia

  http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2215-34112018000200091

  Plaque-induced gingivitis is the most common form of periodontal disease and can affect 100% of the population. […] Gingivitis prevalence in Latin American population is not well documented, therefore the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of plaque-induced gingivitis in adult populations of three Latin American cities. […] Conclusion: Gingivitis prevalence was 99.6%. Moderate Gingivitis was the predominant form, with no statistically significant difference between cities or gender. […] Latin America is a heterogeneous region in which epidemiological information regarding gingivitis is scarce. […] The present study found gingivitis (GI 0.5) in 96.6% of subjects from the three Latin American cities analyzed. […] Both studies confirm that gingivitis is a highly prevalent disease in Latin America.

• #14 The prevalence of gingivitis and related risk factors in schoolchildren aged 6–12 years old | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-022-02670-9

  Although epidemiological studies have consistently shown that gingivitis is a common disease, there is considerable variation between prevalence rates, which can be explained by inter-population variability; however, the differences may also be due to the varying criteria used for diagnosis. […] According to the results of an oral epidemiological survey, prevalence varies greatly from region to region. […] The prevalence of gingivitis in children aged 12 years was 46.63% in the southern Chinese province of Sichuan and 29.1% in the central province of Shandong. […] The prevalence of gingivitis was detected in 823 participants, with an overall prevalence of 28.58%. […] The prevalence of localized and generalized gingivitis was 24.34% and 4.24%, respectively. […] The prevalence of gingivitis tended to increase with age, and age had a statistically significant effect on the prevalence of gingivitis, with a statistically significant difference.

• #15

  https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/jecm/article/view/1018

  In order to identify and analyze the epidemiology of gingivitis, the leading regional etiological risk factors in different age groups of the population of the Adjara region, 482 children in the 12-year-old age group and 459 children in the 15-year-old age group were examined, 203 students of Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University aged 18 to 21 were also examined. […] Studies have shown that gingivitis is moderately common in the 12 year old age group and highly common in the 15 and 18-21 age groups. […] The prevalence of gingivitis in children of mountainous Adjara is higher than in the inhabitants of the plains. […] A reliable statistical correlation (P0.05) was identified by analysis of gingivitis and the risk factors causing it.

• #16 Epidemiology of Gingival Diseases. | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/MuhammadRafayImran/presentation-71078149

  This document summarizes epidemiological studies on gingivitis from various locations. It reports that studies in Karachi and Hyderabad, Pakistan found high rates of gingivitis, especially in rural areas, indicating a need for improved oral healthcare access. […] Studies in India, Bangladesh, and Nepal also found over 50% prevalence of gingivitis in children and adults, with higher rates in rural locations. […] The document also notes a study in the US found higher gingivitis in males and African Americans. […] Additionally, a study in rural Kenya found 75% of adults had mild to moderate gingival inflammation. […] The present study concludes that there is a need to provide oral health care services in rural areas of Karachi. […] The conclusion was to provide good oral health in rural areas of Hyderabad.

• #17 Epidemiology of gingivitis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3522645/

  In recent years, tremendous strides have been made in understanding the etiology of gingivitis. […] Over the past decade, less progress has been made in further refining the epidemiological relationships between gingivitis and various host and environmental factors. […] The major restraint has been the great difficulty in reliably measuring gingival inflammation. […] Consequently, it is almost impossible to estimate longitudinal trends in gingivitis and it is nearly as difficult to make comparisons among different population groups studied by different examiners. […] Nevertheless, by focusing on the most apparent and robust epidemiological relationships, an instructive overview of the epidemiology of gingivitis can be gained. […] Estimates of the general prevalence of adult gingivitis vary from approximately 50 to 100% for dentate subjects. […] When adjusted for cohort effects, gingival disease appears to be on the decline.

• #18 Gingivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557422/

  Gingivitis is the commonest of periodontal diseases. It is more prevalent in males as compared to females since it has been found that females tend to follow better oral care regimes. […] Studies reveal that gingivitis is more prevalent in pregnant women as compared to non-pregnant women. Moreover, more severe forms of gingivitis have been more often seen in pregnant women. […] The most frequently seen types of gingivitis are plaque-induced, hormonal, acute ulcerative necrotizing, drug-induced, or spontaneously presenting hyperplastic gingivitis. Categorically, the more predominant form of gingivitis is plaque-induced. In fact, this type accounts for far more cases than all other variants combined.

• #19 Gingivitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/763801-overview

  Studies in Australia, Sweden, England, and Switzerland report gingivitis in 48-85% of children aged 3-6 years, but whether this range reflects population differences or whether it is due to different criteria used to define the disease is difficult to know. In adolescence, incidence around the world is comparable to US data (70-90%). ANUG may be found in areas where those at risk, particularly children, face poor living conditions. More recent publications show several cases in areas such as Nigeria, where ANUG and noma were observed in children younger than 14 years. […] Gingivitis is slightly more prevalent in males than in females because females tend to have better oral hygiene. […] Adults are most commonly affected. […] Children from sub-Saharan regions of Africa may be at risk for ANUG because of poor living conditions.

• #20 Epidemiology of Gingival Diseases. | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/MuhammadRafayImran/presentation-71078149

  This indicates the need for community health activities and awareness program. […] This indicates the need for oral health promotion and awareness programs. […] The prevalence of gingival recession was 41.37%, 58.90%, 77.41% and 86.79% in age groups of 20-29 years, 30-39 years, 40-49 years and 50 years respectively. […] Results: The males having gingivitis was significantly higher than the females’; African-Americans showed a significantly higher than other races except for the Native-Americans. […] Conclusion: there is a need for increased oral care and implementation of cost-effective preventive strategies in this community.

• #21 (PDF) Epidemiology of gingivitis in schoolchildren in Bucharest, Romania: a cross-sectional study

  https://www.academia.edu/40899959/Epidemiology_of_gingivitis_in_schoolchildren_in_Bucharest_Romania_a_cross_sectional_study

  This survey was conducted in 2007 in the primary schools of rural, suburban and urban areas of Bangladesh to evaluate oral hygiene with special emphasis on gingivitis prevalent among 6-13 years school children. […] The prevalence of gingivitis was significantly higher in males than females (20.3 vs. 14.3%, plt;0.001), lower than upper social class (21.1 vs. 12.6%, plt;0.001) and in rural than urban plus suburban children (22.5 vs. 15.1%, plt;0.001). […] The prevalence of gingivitis in study sample was about 100%. […] The risk factors that significantly related to gingivitis were self-reported gingivitis, regular dental check-ups, self-checked gingiva frequency, overweight, obesity and dental plaque.

• #22

  https://journals.lww.com/aphd/fulltext/2021/19040/prevalence_of_gingivitis_and_associated_factors_in.9.aspx

  The prevalence of gingivitis among children of Uttarakhand was lower than in other states of the country. The distribution of gingivitis showed social inequalities with increased frequency among children of lower socioeconomic status families. […] Malocclusion showed a significant association with gingivitis with its frequency more in Angle’s Class 2 (23.6%) as compared to Class 1 (20.1%) and 3 (22.9%).

• #23 Prevalence of periodontal diseases (gingivitis and periodontitis) based on gingival health indices in 35-70-year-old patients referred to Rafsanjan Cohort Center, Iran, in 2019

  https://johoe.kmu.ac.ir/index.php/journal/journal/article_91029.html

  BACKGROUND AND AIM: Periodontal disease is considered to be a remarkable factor affecting the quality of life and systemic and oral health by causing various symptoms for patients. The objective of this research was the evaluation of periodontal status and its related factors including age, gender, educational level, oral hygiene, and diabetes mellitus (DM) in people aged 35-70 years in cohort population of Rafsanjan, Iran. […] RESULTS: All three gingival health indices were higher in people in older age category significantly (P = 0.0001). BOP index was significantly higher in women (P = 0.0001); the other two indices were also more in women, although insignificantly. By education level increase, BOP, pocket depth, and CAL decreased (P = 0.0001, P = 0.0650, and P = 0.0001, respectively). Moreover, brushing decreased all indices although this decline was just significant for BOP and pocket depth (P = 0.0380 and P = 0.0001, respectively). Concerning DM, no significant difference was observed between diabetics and non-diabetics in CAL (P = 08910) and pocket depth (P = 0.3240). However, people with DM had significantly higher BOP (P = 0.0001). […] CONCLUSION: Periodontal diseases were more likely in women with older age and lower educational level who had poorer oral hygiene. People with DM had higher BOP but CAL and periodontal pocket were not different between diabetics and non-diabetics.

• #24 Periodontal disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodontal_disease

  Periodontitis is very common, and is widely regarded as the second most common dental disease worldwide, after dental decay, and in the United States has a prevalence of 30-50% of the population, but only about 10% have severe forms. […] Chronic periodontitis affects about 750 million people or about 10.8% of the world population as of 2010. […] Like other conditions intimately related to access to hygiene and basic medical monitoring and care, periodontitis tends to be more common in economically disadvantaged populations or regions. Its occurrence decreases with a higher standard of living. […] Periodontitis is frequently reported to be socially patterned, i.e. people from the lower end of the socioeconomic scale are affected more often than people from the upper end of the socioeconomic scale.

• #25 Epidemiology and associated factors of gingivitis in adolescents in Guangdong Province, Southern China: a cross-sectional study | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-021-01666-1

  Gingivitis is the most prevalent form of periodontal disease in children and adolescents, being strongly associated to some socioeconomic factors and oral health behaviours. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of gingivitis and its association with socio-demographic factors and oral health-related behaviours in children aged 12-15 years in Guangdong, Southern China. […] The weighted prevalence of gingivitis among 12-15-year-old children was 29.6%, with 22.6% having localised gingivitis and 7.0% having generalised gingivitis. […] According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis results, factors such as increasing age, being the only child, lack of regular annual dental check-up, and heavy dental calculus were significantly associated with higher prevalence of gingivitis.

• #26 The prevalence of gingivitis and related risk factors in schoolchildren aged 6–12 years old | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-022-02670-9

  According to epidemiological studies, gingivitis is a common disease. However, its morbidity considerably varies among individuals. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of gingivitis, including prevalence, severity, intraoral distribution, and associated risk factors, in children aged 612 years in Jinzhou, China. […] The prevalence of gingivitis in children aged 612 years in Jinzhou was 28.58%, including 701 cases of localized gingivitis (24.3%) and 122 cases of generalized gingivitis (4.2%). […] Chi-square tests and binary logistic regression analysis showed that aging, dental calculus, plaque, and dental crowding were significantly associated with a high prevalence of gingivitis. […] Our study showed that dental calculus, large amount dental plaque, poor oral health behavior, and oral health awareness are associated with the prevalence of gingivitis and maintaining children’s oral health requires professional guidance and regular preventive care.

• #27 Gum disease: By the numbers | NIH MedlinePlus Magazine

  https://magazine.medlineplus.gov/article/gum-disease-by-the-numbers

  Gum disease, also known as periodontal disease, is a leading threat to dental health and the most common cause of tooth loss. […] The first stage of gum disease is gingivitis. During this stage, the gums may become red and swollen, and they may bleed easily. Left untreated, gingivitis can develop into periodontitis, a more serious form of gum disease. […] More than 42% of all adults older than 30 have some form of gum disease and almost 8% have severe periodontal disease. […] The rate of gum disease increases with age. Almost 60% of adults 65 years and older have some form of gum disease. […] Periodontal disease is more common in men than women. It affects more than 50% of men and 35% of women. […] More than 60% of current smokers have periodontal disease. […] Almost 60% of people with diabetes also have periodontal disease. […] Almost half (47.2%) of all adults aged 30 years and older have some form of gum disease.

• #28 Periodontitis (Gum Disease): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/gingivitis-periodontal-disease

  Despite following good oral hygiene practices and making other healthy lifestyle choices, the American Academy of Periodontology says that up to 30% of Americans may be more likely to get gum disease because of their genes. And those who are genetically predisposed may be up to six times more likely to get some form of gum disease. […] According to the CDC, researchers have uncovered potential links between gum disease and other serious health conditions. […] Late-stage gum disease can lead to tooth loss. Bacteria may also get into your blood and cause coronary artery disease, lung disease, rheumatoid arthritis, poor blood sugar control, and other health problems.

• #29 Prevalence and risk indicators of gingivitis and periodontitis in a multi-centre study in North Jordan: a cross sectional study.

  https://www.epistemonikos.org/de/documents/cb424946e1f132bebf5aaa4ef475ae66a1f0ce95

  There are limited data about the epidemiology and risk factors/indicators of gingivitis, aggressive periodontitis (AgP) and chronic periodontitis (CP) in Jordan. […] The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and risk indicators of gingivitis, AgP and CP. […] About 76% had gingivitis, 2.2% had AgP and 5.5% had CP. […] Periodontitis was more frequent among males than females with a M: F ratio of 1.6:1 and the prevalence increased with age. […] Subjects who reported not using a tooth brush, smokers and subjects with BMI 30 kg/m2 had significantly higher prevalence of periodontitis. […] The risk for periodontitis was greater among subjects who reported positive family history and subjects with 12 years of education. […] This is the first study to report on the prevalence of gingivitis, CP and AgP in North Jordanian. […] Age, low education, low frequency of tooth brushing and family history were significantly associated with increased risk of periodontitis.

• #30 Gingivitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/763801-overview

  Gingivitis is an inflammatory process limited to the mucosal epithelial tissue surrounding the cervical portion of the teeth and the alveolar processes. […] Frequency is difficult to determine because of the lack of agreement on measurement criteria. Many people believe that gingivitis begins in early childhood and that 9-17% of children aged 3-11 years have gingivitis. At puberty, prevalence rises to 70-90%. In recent years, periodontal disease, the endpoint of chronic gingivitis, slowly has decreased among adult Americans. However, chronic periodontitis is still the most prevalent chronic inflammatory condition in the elderly. […] ANUG may be a clinical problem in immunocompromised patients during chemotherapy. Gingivitis and resulting periodontal disease are seen more frequently in patients with either diabetes or HIV infection.

• #31 Prevalence of periodontal diseases (gingivitis and periodontitis) based on gingival health indices in 35-70-year-old patients referred to Rafsanjan Cohort Center, Iran, in 2019

  https://johoe.kmu.ac.ir/index.php/journal/journal/article_91029.html

  BACKGROUND AND AIM: Periodontal disease is considered to be a remarkable factor affecting the quality of life and systemic and oral health by causing various symptoms for patients. The objective of this research was the evaluation of periodontal status and its related factors including age, gender, educational level, oral hygiene, and diabetes mellitus (DM) in people aged 35-70 years in cohort population of Rafsanjan, Iran. […] RESULTS: All three gingival health indices were higher in people in older age category significantly (P = 0.0001). BOP index was significantly higher in women (P = 0.0001); the other two indices were also more in women, although insignificantly. By education level increase, BOP, pocket depth, and CAL decreased (P = 0.0001, P = 0.0650, and P = 0.0001, respectively). Moreover, brushing decreased all indices although this decline was just significant for BOP and pocket depth (P = 0.0380 and P = 0.0001, respectively). Concerning DM, no significant difference was observed between diabetics and non-diabetics in CAL (P = 08910) and pocket depth (P = 0.3240). However, people with DM had significantly higher BOP (P = 0.0001). […] CONCLUSION: Periodontal diseases were more likely in women with older age and lower educational level who had poorer oral hygiene. People with DM had higher BOP but CAL and periodontal pocket were not different between diabetics and non-diabetics.

• #32 Gum disease: By the numbers | NIH MedlinePlus Magazine

  https://magazine.medlineplus.gov/article/gum-disease-by-the-numbers

  Gum disease, also known as periodontal disease, is a leading threat to dental health and the most common cause of tooth loss. […] The first stage of gum disease is gingivitis. During this stage, the gums may become red and swollen, and they may bleed easily. Left untreated, gingivitis can develop into periodontitis, a more serious form of gum disease. […] More than 42% of all adults older than 30 have some form of gum disease and almost 8% have severe periodontal disease. […] The rate of gum disease increases with age. Almost 60% of adults 65 years and older have some form of gum disease. […] Periodontal disease is more common in men than women. It affects more than 50% of men and 35% of women. […] More than 60% of current smokers have periodontal disease. […] Almost 60% of people with diabetes also have periodontal disease. […] Almost half (47.2%) of all adults aged 30 years and older have some form of gum disease.

• #33 Diagnosis and Treatment of Gingivitis

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-gingivitis-1058927

  Studies suggest that between 20% and 50% of people worldwide have gum disease. […] A specific type of gingivitis occurs in people diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. […] Advanced untreated gum disease can lead to tooth pain or sensitivity, loose teeth, changes in your bite, tooth loss, and local infections that can become systemic (affecting other tissues or organs). […] Periodontal disease also is associated with other health conditions, including cardiovascular (heart) disease. Research continues into the connections between gum disease and cancer, osteoporosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and more. […] Your visit also may include X-rays and an oral cancer screening. But if you are experiencing symptoms commonly seen with gingivitis (like bleeding gums and bad breath), schedule an appointment as soon as possible. […] The American Dental Association (ADA) recommends routine dental visits every six months to prevent cavities and gum disease.

• #34 Gingivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557422/

  Gingivitis is the commonest of periodontal diseases. It is more prevalent in males as compared to females since it has been found that females tend to follow better oral care regimes. […] Studies reveal that gingivitis is more prevalent in pregnant women as compared to non-pregnant women. Moreover, more severe forms of gingivitis have been more often seen in pregnant women. […] The most frequently seen types of gingivitis are plaque-induced, hormonal, acute ulcerative necrotizing, drug-induced, or spontaneously presenting hyperplastic gingivitis. Categorically, the more predominant form of gingivitis is plaque-induced. In fact, this type accounts for far more cases than all other variants combined.

• #35 Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis with Tongue Ulcer

  https://scholars.direct/Articles/gastroenterology/jgr-4-023.php?jid=gastroenterology

  We describe our experience with a 21-year-old man who presented with acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis with tongue ulcer. […] Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis is a rare disease with decreased prevalence. […] Our understanding of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis remains largely limited and further studies should be needed to explore the exact molecular mechanisms. […] ANUG is a type of periodontal disease characterized by pain, necrosis, ulceration, and bleeding in gingival surfaces, appeared at much lower rates in the general population, which can cause progressive destruction of the gingivae. […] ANUG is often caused by periodontopathic bacteria, mainly spirochetes and oral anaerobes, which may eventually result in cancrum or is if left untreated, a severe form with gangrenous orofacial lesions.

• #36 The prevalence of gingivitis and related risk factors in schoolchildren aged 6–12 years old | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-022-02670-9

  According to epidemiological studies, gingivitis is a common disease. However, its morbidity considerably varies among individuals. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of gingivitis, including prevalence, severity, intraoral distribution, and associated risk factors, in children aged 612 years in Jinzhou, China. […] The prevalence of gingivitis in children aged 612 years in Jinzhou was 28.58%, including 701 cases of localized gingivitis (24.3%) and 122 cases of generalized gingivitis (4.2%). […] Chi-square tests and binary logistic regression analysis showed that aging, dental calculus, plaque, and dental crowding were significantly associated with a high prevalence of gingivitis. […] Our study showed that dental calculus, large amount dental plaque, poor oral health behavior, and oral health awareness are associated with the prevalence of gingivitis and maintaining children’s oral health requires professional guidance and regular preventive care.

• #37 The prevalence of gingivitis and related risk factors in schoolchildren aged 6–12 years old | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-022-02670-9

  Although epidemiological studies have consistently shown that gingivitis is a common disease, there is considerable variation between prevalence rates, which can be explained by inter-population variability; however, the differences may also be due to the varying criteria used for diagnosis. […] According to the results of an oral epidemiological survey, prevalence varies greatly from region to region. […] The prevalence of gingivitis in children aged 12 years was 46.63% in the southern Chinese province of Sichuan and 29.1% in the central province of Shandong. […] The prevalence of gingivitis was detected in 823 participants, with an overall prevalence of 28.58%. […] The prevalence of localized and generalized gingivitis was 24.34% and 4.24%, respectively. […] The prevalence of gingivitis tended to increase with age, and age had a statistically significant effect on the prevalence of gingivitis, with a statistically significant difference.

• #38 Epidemiology and associated factors of gingivitis in adolescents in Guangdong Province, Southern China: a cross-sectional study | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-021-01666-1

  Gingivitis is the most prevalent form of periodontal disease in children and adolescents, being strongly associated to some socioeconomic factors and oral health behaviours. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of gingivitis and its association with socio-demographic factors and oral health-related behaviours in children aged 12-15 years in Guangdong, Southern China. […] The weighted prevalence of gingivitis among 12-15-year-old children was 29.6%, with 22.6% having localised gingivitis and 7.0% having generalised gingivitis. […] According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis results, factors such as increasing age, being the only child, lack of regular annual dental check-up, and heavy dental calculus were significantly associated with higher prevalence of gingivitis.

• #39 About Periodontal (Gum) Disease | Oral Health | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/oral-health/about/gum-periodontal-disease.html

  CDC’s Division of Oral Health (DOH) works with key partners to improve and sustain the surveillance of gum disease in the U.S. adult population. […] DOH efforts to monitor and address gum disease include: Developing and testing the validity of measures that can be used to track gum disease at national, state, and local levels. […] Updating methods to simplify how data on gum disease are collected from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants. […] Developing simple gum disease screening tools for use in clinical settings. […] Working to integrate medical and dental care.

• #40 About Periodontal (Gum) Disease | Oral Health | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/oral-health/about/gum-periodontal-disease.html

  CDC’s Division of Oral Health (DOH) works with key partners to improve and sustain the surveillance of gum disease in the U.S. adult population. […] DOH efforts to monitor and address gum disease include: Developing and testing the validity of measures that can be used to track gum disease at national, state, and local levels. […] Updating methods to simplify how data on gum disease are collected from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants. […] Developing simple gum disease screening tools for use in clinical settings. […] Working to integrate medical and dental care.

• #41 Epidemiology and associated factors of gingivitis in adolescents in Guangdong Province, Southern China: a cross-sectional study | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-021-01666-1

  The prevalence of gingivitis ranges from 23 to 77% in young Latin American individuals. […] A large number of epidemiological studies assessed the prevalence of periodontal diseases using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) of Treatment Needs (CPITN) or gingival index (GI) for evaluating gingival inflammation. […] The prevalence of gingivitis was usually defined as the presence of gingival bleeding in at least one site or sextant. […] Recently, the joint EFP/AAP workshop published a new definition of gingivitis, by which it set the threshold for gingivitis as the presence of 10% of bleeding sites. […] The association between gingivitis and age, being an only child, lack of regular annual dental check-up, and dental calculus level remained statistically significant after the inclusion of confounding variables. […] The estimation of disease prevalence, evaluation of related risk factors, and disease surveillance require a disease definition.

• #42 Comparing gingivitis diagnoses by bleeding on probing (BOP) exclusively versus BOP combined with visual signs using large electronic dental records | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-44307-z

  The major significance of the 2018 gingivitis classification criteria is utilizing a simple, objective, and reliable clinical sign, bleeding on probing score (BOP%), to diagnose gingivitis. However, studies report variations in gingivitis diagnoses with the potential to under- or over-estimating disease occurrence. […] A thirty-four percent agreement was present between BOP%-generated diagnoses and clinician-recorded diagnoses for disease status (no gingivitis/gingivitis) and a 9% agreement for the disease extent (localized/generalized gingivitis). […] Sixty-six percent of patients diagnosed with gingivitis were reclassified as having healthy gingiva based on the 2018 diagnostic classification. […] The results indicate potential challenges with clinicians adopting the new diagnostic criterion as they transition to using the BOP% alone and not considering the visual signs of inflammation.

• #43 Comparing gingivitis diagnoses by bleeding on probing (BOP) exclusively versus BOP combined with visual signs using large electronic dental records | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-44307-z

  The major significance of the 2018 gingivitis classification criteria is utilizing a simple, objective, and reliable clinical sign, bleeding on probing score (BOP%), to diagnose gingivitis. However, studies report variations in gingivitis diagnoses with the potential to under- or over-estimating disease occurrence. […] A thirty-four percent agreement was present between BOP%-generated diagnoses and clinician-recorded diagnoses for disease status (no gingivitis/gingivitis) and a 9% agreement for the disease extent (localized/generalized gingivitis). […] Sixty-six percent of patients diagnosed with gingivitis were reclassified as having healthy gingiva based on the 2018 diagnostic classification. […] The results indicate potential challenges with clinicians adopting the new diagnostic criterion as they transition to using the BOP% alone and not considering the visual signs of inflammation.

• #44 SciELO Brazil – Development of a self-report questionnaire designed for population-based surveillance of gingivitis in adolescents: assessment of content validity and reliability Development of a self-report questionnaire designed for population-based su

  https://www.scielo.br/j/jaos/a/qbmnYfVq8H9hjtkSzwvs6nK/?lang=en

  The major infectious diseases in Chile encompass the periodontal diseases, with a combined prevalence that rises up to 90% of the population. Thus, the population-based surveillance of periodontal diseases plays a central role for assessing their prevalence and for planning, implementing, and evaluating preventive and control programs. […] This study aimed to develop and assess the content validity and reliability of a cognitively adapted self-report questionnaire designed for surveillance of gingivitis in adolescents. […] The proposed questionnaire is reliable, with an acceptable internal consistency and a temporal stability from moderate to substantial, and it is promising for estimating the prevalence of gingivitis in adolescents. […] In this study, a set of self-reported questionnaire items has been tested for its validity of content and reliability. The final questionnaire had five questions able to be used to do a screening of gingivitis in an adolescent population in Chile.

• #45 Development of a self-report questionnaire designed for population based surveillance of gingivitis in adolescents and assessment of content validity and reliability

  https://www.oraljournal.com/archives/2019/5/4/F/5-4-72

  Oral health plays an important role in defining the general health status of an individual and also for maintaining a good quality of life. Adolescent frequently experiences oral/dental problems predominantly gingivitis, an inflammatory condition of the gingival tissues surrounding the tooth due to poor nutritional habits, poor self-care dental habits and also hormonal changes at the time of puberty. […] The purpose of this population based surveillance study on gingivitis followed by assessment of content validity and reliability is to evaluate the oral health behavior and practices among the adolescents and also to impart the importance of maintaining healthy oral cavity especially in adolescents aged puberty. […] Lack of awareness about the importance of oral and gingival health can lead to serious complications. Demonstration tasks and counseling the adolescents about control of oral diseases, promotion of oral health and improvement of quality of life should be initiated and evaluated for betterment of overall health status.

• #46 Non-Invasive Periodontal Evaluations with the Novel Gingivitis Extent and Gingivitis Severity Indices | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1180668

  Both indices demonstrated non-invasiveness, easiness, high quantitively, fast, increased accessibility in visible places and lack of usage of sharp equipment. […] Examining periodontal disease in critically ill, hospitalized, and at-risk severely disabled people is appropriate when using both the new GE and GS indexes.

• #47 Periodontitis (Gum Disease): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/gingivitis-periodontal-disease

  Gum disease starts when bacteria grow in your mouth. Bacteria build up when you dont brush your teeth or floss well enough. Without treatment, gum disease can cause swelling, redness, pain, and tooth loss. Almost half of adults ages 30 and older have signs of gum disease. About 9% of adults have severe gum disease. […] Gingivitis is swelling, redness, and bleeding in the part of your gums that surround your teeth. It’s a milder form of gum disease that can lead to periodontitis if you don’t treat it. […] Gum disease is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults. […] Periodontal disease has four stages. It starts with mild swelling and redness of the gums and can lead to bone damage and tooth loss. […] Gum disease is the most common cause of tooth loss in adults. […] Things like these increase your risk of gum disease: Hormone changes during pregnancy, puberty, menopause, and periods leave gums more sensitive, and make it easier for gingivitis to develop.

• #48 Patient-reported understanding and dentist-reported management of periodontal diseases – a survey: do you know what gum disease is? | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-023-6055-7

  Mild-to-moderate gingivitis is treatable by effective toothbrushing with appropriate over-the-counter oral health care products; however, rates remain high. […] Prevalence rates for gingivitis are high. In Europe, approximately 75% of 15-19-year-olds had bleeding on probing with or without calculus, a prevalence that decreased with age as the prevalence of periodontitis increased, and in a UK study, 76% of dental attenders aged 18-92 had bleeding on probing. […] The precursor to periodontitis is gingivitis, which, if untreated, will progress to periodontitis in most individuals. […] Patients struggle to attain oral health following OHA. Education about gingivitis-associated risks might improve OHA compliance. […] Most dentists (68%) indicated having no or only slight concern if a patient had an overall score of BPE1; the reason they gave for this was because gingivitis is readily treatable.

• #49 Periodontitis (Gum Disease): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/gingivitis-periodontal-disease

  Gum disease starts when bacteria grow in your mouth. Bacteria build up when you dont brush your teeth or floss well enough. Without treatment, gum disease can cause swelling, redness, pain, and tooth loss. Almost half of adults ages 30 and older have signs of gum disease. About 9% of adults have severe gum disease. […] Gingivitis is swelling, redness, and bleeding in the part of your gums that surround your teeth. It’s a milder form of gum disease that can lead to periodontitis if you don’t treat it. […] Gum disease is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults. […] Periodontal disease has four stages. It starts with mild swelling and redness of the gums and can lead to bone damage and tooth loss. […] Gum disease is the most common cause of tooth loss in adults. […] Things like these increase your risk of gum disease: Hormone changes during pregnancy, puberty, menopause, and periods leave gums more sensitive, and make it easier for gingivitis to develop.

• #50 Epidemiology | Pocket Dentistry

  https://pocketdentistry.com/epidemiology/

  The existence of gingivitis cannot be taken as evidence that periodontitis will eventually develop. […] The public health significance of gingivitis epidemiology may therefore be called into question. […] In studies in which both gingivitis and plaque were considered, a clear positive correlation between oral hygiene and severity of gingivitis emerged.

• #51 Periodontitis (Gum Disease): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/gingivitis-periodontal-disease

  Despite following good oral hygiene practices and making other healthy lifestyle choices, the American Academy of Periodontology says that up to 30% of Americans may be more likely to get gum disease because of their genes. And those who are genetically predisposed may be up to six times more likely to get some form of gum disease. […] According to the CDC, researchers have uncovered potential links between gum disease and other serious health conditions. […] Late-stage gum disease can lead to tooth loss. Bacteria may also get into your blood and cause coronary artery disease, lung disease, rheumatoid arthritis, poor blood sugar control, and other health problems.

• #52 Periodontal disease and its prevention, by traditional and new avenues (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2019.8381

  One of the most prevalent diseases affecting humans are those which affect the oral cavity. […] According to the US National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, periodontal disease is an infection of the tissue that holds one’s teeth in place. […] The majority of adults are affected by gingivitis. […] Periodontitis is widely regarded as the second most common type of dental disease worldwide, following dental decay. […] The prevalence of peri-implantitis seems to be in the order of 10% of implants and 20% of patients during 510 years following implant placement. […] Periodontal disease is believed to be associated with various systemic health issues.

• #53 Gum Disease Tied to Alzheimer’s Disease Risk – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/29/well/mind/gum-disease-tied-to-alzheimers-disease-risk.html

  Severe gum disease and tooth loss may be linked to an increased risk for developing dementia, a new study has found. […] Researchers looked at 8,275 men and women whose average age was 63 at the start of the study. Over an average follow-up of more than 18 years, 19 percent of them developed Alzheimer’s disease or other forms of dementia. […] After controlling for various characteristics, including age, sex, education, cholesterol, high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, smoking and body mass index, they found that compared with people with healthy gums, those who had severe gingivitis with tooth loss had a 22 percent increased relative risk for dementia. Being toothless was associated with a 26 percent increased risk. […] The report is in the journal Neurology. […] Previous studies have shown that bacteria present in periodontal disease, particularly certain spirochetes, can travel along the trigeminal nerve that connects the mucous membranes of the mouth to the brain, potentially causing brain damage.

• #54 Why Inflammation in Your Mouth May Raise Your Risk of Cancer | TIME

  https://time.com/4891340/inflammation-mouth-breast-cancer/

  Women with gum disease are 14% more likely to develop cancer than those with healthy teeth and gums, according to a study published in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers Prevention. […] The study looked at data from nearly 66,000 postmenopausal women, ages 54 to 86, who were followed for about eight years. […] During the study’s follow-up period, about 7,100 of those women developed cancer. Overall, those with a history of periodontal disease were more than three times as likely to develop esophageal cancer and nearly twice as likely to develop gallbladder cancer than women without. […] Periodontal disease is more common in people who smoke and drink, which are also risk factors for several types of cancer. […] But even among non-smokers, gum disease was still associated with a 12% increased risk of developing cancer overall.

• #55 Bacteria Involved in Gum Disease Linked to Increased Risk of Head & Neck Cancer | NYU Langone News

  https://nyulangone.org/news/bacteria-involved-gum-disease-linked-increased-risk-head-neck-cancer

  More than a dozen bacterial species among the hundreds that live in peoples mouths have been linked to a collective 50 percent increased chance of developing head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), a new study shows. […] Experts have long observed that those with poor oral health are statistically more vulnerable than those with healthier mouths to HNSCC, a group that includes the most common cancers of the mouth and throat. […] Our findings offer new insight into the relationship between the oral microbiome and head and neck cancers, said study lead author Soyoung Kwak, PhD. […] The researchers emphasized that their study was designed to identify correlations between risk of cancer and certain bacteria in the mouth, but not to establish a direct cause-and-effect link. That will require further research. […] Dr. Ahn cautions that while added risks from bacteria are concerning, overall cases of head and neck cancer remain uncommon.

• #56 Presence of gingivitis and periodontitis significantly increases hospital charges in patients undergoing heart valve surgery – University of Iowa

  https://iro.uiowa.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9984065984902771&context=L&vid=01IOWA_INST:ResearchRepository&lang=en&search_scope=Research&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=Research&query=sub%2Cexact%2CHispanic%2CAND&mode=advanced&offset=140

  To examine the prevalence and impact of gingivitis and periodontitis in patients having heart valve surgical procedures. […] Prevalence of gingivitis/periodontitis was examined in these patients. […] Gingivitis/periodontitis was present in 0.2 percent. […] After adjusting for the effects of patient- and hospital-level confounding factors, hospital charges and length of stay were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in those with gingivitis/periodontitis compared to their counterparts. [...] Presence of gingivitis and periodontitis is associated with higher risk for bacterial infections and significant hospital resource utilization.

• #57 Gum Disease Facts | Oral Health | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/oral-health/data-research/facts-stats/fast-facts-gum-disease.html

  Gingivitis is the mildest type of gum disease; signs include red, swollen, or easily bleeding gums. […] Gingivitis is preventable and reversible with good oral hygiene (such as brushing twice daily and flossing daily) and professional treatment. […] Nearly half (42%) of all adults aged 30 years and older have periodontitis. Severe periodontitis affects about 8% of adults.

• #58 Gum Disease Facts | Oral Health | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/oral-health/data-research/facts-stats/fast-facts-gum-disease.html

  Gingivitis is the mildest type of gum disease; signs include red, swollen, or easily bleeding gums. […] Gingivitis is preventable and reversible with good oral hygiene (such as brushing twice daily and flossing daily) and professional treatment. […] Nearly half (42%) of all adults aged 30 years and older have periodontitis. Severe periodontitis affects about 8% of adults.

• #59 Patient-reported understanding and dentist-reported management of periodontal diseases – a survey: do you know what gum disease is? | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-023-6055-7

  Dentists who indicated greater concern were more likely to highlight that gingivitis is active disease and carries a risk of progression. […] Most dentists indicated that patients with symptoms of gingivitis should book a dental appointment, while 29% thought that the patient should wait and bring it up at their next check-up. […] The most useful tools for improving oral health outcomes in patients were identified as better patient understanding of the consequences of poor oral health, and one-to-one demonstrations, with 90% and 84% of dentists indicating these were important.

• #60 Prevalence and Severity of Plaque-Induced Gingivitis in Three Latin American Cities: Mexico City-Mexico, Great Metropolitan Area-Costa Rica and Bogota-Colombia

  http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2215-34112018000200091

  Moderate gingivitis predominated in the three cities. […] The study data underlines the importance of understanding oral health at the geographical population level and provides valuable information on gingival status in Latin America that could help develop programs to benefit oral care in these populations.

• #61 Epidemiology of Gingival Diseases. | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/MuhammadRafayImran/presentation-71078149

  This indicates the need for community health activities and awareness program. […] This indicates the need for oral health promotion and awareness programs. […] The prevalence of gingival recession was 41.37%, 58.90%, 77.41% and 86.79% in age groups of 20-29 years, 30-39 years, 40-49 years and 50 years respectively. […] Results: The males having gingivitis was significantly higher than the females’; African-Americans showed a significantly higher than other races except for the Native-Americans. […] Conclusion: there is a need for increased oral care and implementation of cost-effective preventive strategies in this community.

• #62

  https://journals.lww.com/aphd/fulltext/2021/19040/prevalence_of_gingivitis_and_associated_factors_in.9.aspx

  Gingivitis is the most prevalent oral disease among children with a strong influence of social gradients. To date, its studies in the Uttarakhand state are scarce and inconclusive. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiologic parameters of gingivitis and its association with sociodemographic and clinical risk factors in the 619-year-old children in Uttarakhand state. […] Epidemiological data on gingivitis in children help understand the natural course of the disease, analyzing its risk factors, and predicting its time trends. […] The prevalence of gingivitis was 20.0% of which 5.4% of children had severe gingivitis affecting gums around more than 6 teeth. […] As compared to other states of the country, the prevalence of gingivitis was lower in Uttarakhand. […] The study also signifies that, bad oral habits like digital sucking, and mouth breathing had no significant association with prevalence of gingivitis.

• #63 Epidemiology of gingivitis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3522645/

  In recent years, tremendous strides have been made in understanding the etiology of gingivitis. […] Over the past decade, less progress has been made in further refining the epidemiological relationships between gingivitis and various host and environmental factors. […] The major restraint has been the great difficulty in reliably measuring gingival inflammation. […] Consequently, it is almost impossible to estimate longitudinal trends in gingivitis and it is nearly as difficult to make comparisons among different population groups studied by different examiners. […] Nevertheless, by focusing on the most apparent and robust epidemiological relationships, an instructive overview of the epidemiology of gingivitis can be gained. […] Estimates of the general prevalence of adult gingivitis vary from approximately 50 to 100% for dentate subjects. […] When adjusted for cohort effects, gingival disease appears to be on the decline.

• #64 Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis with Tongue Ulcer

  https://scholars.direct/Articles/gastroenterology/jgr-4-023.php?jid=gastroenterology

  Melnick SL, Roseman JM, Engel D, et al. (1988) Epidemiology of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. Epidemiol Rev 10: 191-211. […] Folayan MO (2004) The epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiology of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis associated with malnutrition. J Contemp Dent Pract 5: 28-41. […] Lopez R, Fernandez O, Jara G, et al. (2002) Epidemiology of necrotizing ulcerative gingival lesions in adolescents. J Periodontal Res 37: 439-444.

• #65 SciELO Brazil – Development of a self-report questionnaire designed for population-based surveillance of gingivitis in adolescents: assessment of content validity and reliability Development of a self-report questionnaire designed for population-based su

  https://www.scielo.br/j/jaos/a/qbmnYfVq8H9hjtkSzwvs6nK/?lang=en

  The self-report questionnaire designed presented an acceptable reliability for this group of Chilean teenagers. Its criterion validity needs to be assessed on a later stage to determine the correlation of the responses to the questionnaire with the clinical examination (gold standard) and objective signs of gingival inflammation, to validate its use to monitor the prevalence and severity of periodontal diseases at an early age, at population level and at lower cost.

• #66 Why Inflammation in Your Mouth May Raise Your Risk of Cancer | TIME

  https://time.com/4891340/inflammation-mouth-breast-cancer/

  This isn’t the first study to suggest that gum disease is associated with certain cancers, but few studies—and none on older women—have calculated an overall increased risk. […] Researchers don’t know for sure why gum disease and cancer are linked, says senior author Jean Wactawski-Wende, dean of the School of Public Health and Health Professions at the State University of New York at Buffalo. […] Previous studies have shown that these pathogens may play a direct role in the formation of cancer tumors and other inflammatory health issues throughout the body. […] The study authors point out that they were only able to find an association, not a cause-and-effect relationship, between gum disease and cancer risk. […] But the large study size and the strength of their findings make a good argument for more research, they say.

• #67 Gingivitis Market Size, Trends and Forecast 2024-2034

  https://www.imarcgroup.com/gingivitis-market

  The gingivitis market has been comprehensively analyzed in IMARC’s new report titled „Gingivitis Market: Epidemiology, Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity, and Forecast 2024-2034”. […] According to the report the United States has the largest patient pool for gingivitis and also represents the largest market for its treatment. […] IMARC Group’s new report provides an exhaustive analysis of the gingivitis market in the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and United Kingdom) and Japan. This includes treatment practices, in-market, and pipeline drugs, share of individual therapies, market performance across the seven major markets, market performance of key companies and their drugs, etc. […] What is the number of prevalent cases (2018-2034) of gingivitis across the seven major markets?

• #68 Gingivitis Market Size, Trends and Forecast 2024-2034

  https://www.imarcgroup.com/gingivitis-market

  What is the size of the gingivitis patient pool (2018-2023) across the seven major markets? […] What would be the forecasted patient pool (2024-2034) across the seven major markets? […] What are the key factors driving the epidemiological trend of gingivitis? […] What will be the growth rate of patients across the seven major markets?

• #69 Comparing gingivitis diagnoses by bleeding on probing (BOP) exclusively versus BOP combined with visual signs using large electronic dental records | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-44307-z

  The study demonstrated that a significant percent of people with BOP%10% on an intact periodontium could also have visual signs of gingival inflammation such as redness and swelling, which is considered periodontally healthy according to the 2018 diagnostic classification. […] Given that visual signs have been a significant part of diagnosing gingivitis until 2018, periodic training and calibration exercises are necessary for clinicians and researchers to transition them to using the new classification consistently in their practice. […] The results confirm that visual signs of inflammation such as changes in gingival color and volume could be present in a healthy gingiva patient case with a BOP%10%. […] The study also demonstrated the significance of utilizing EDR data for PD research. […] The results of this study indicate that training and calibration sessions could lead to better documentation of patient information in the EDR.

• #70 Comparing gingivitis diagnoses by bleeding on probing (BOP) exclusively versus BOP combined with visual signs using large electronic dental records | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-44307-z

  The study demonstrated that a significant percent of people with BOP%10% on an intact periodontium could also have visual signs of gingival inflammation such as redness and swelling, which is considered periodontally healthy according to the 2018 diagnostic classification. […] Given that visual signs have been a significant part of diagnosing gingivitis until 2018, periodic training and calibration exercises are necessary for clinicians and researchers to transition them to using the new classification consistently in their practice. […] The results confirm that visual signs of inflammation such as changes in gingival color and volume could be present in a healthy gingiva patient case with a BOP%10%. […] The study also demonstrated the significance of utilizing EDR data for PD research. […] The results of this study indicate that training and calibration sessions could lead to better documentation of patient information in the EDR.

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