Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Gingivitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gingivitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354453

  Gingivitis is a common and mild form of gum disease, also called periodontal disease. […] The most common cause of gingivitis is not keeping your teeth and gums clean and healthy. […] The most common cause of gingivitis is poor care of teeth and gums, which allows plaque to form on teeth. This causes swelling of the surrounding gum tissues. […] The longer that plaque and tartar remain on your teeth, the more they irritate the gingiva. In time, your gums become swollen and bleed easily. This is called gingivitis. If not treated, gingivitis can lead to tooth decay, periodontitis and tooth loss.

• #2 Gingivitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingivitis

  Gingivitis is a non-destructive disease that causes inflammation of the gums; ulitis is an alternative term. The most common form of gingivitis, and the most common form of periodontal disease overall, is in response to bacterial biofilms (also called plaque) that are attached to tooth surfaces, termed plaque-induced gingivitis. Most forms of gingivitis are plaque-induced. […] The cause of plaque-induced gingivitis is bacterial plaque, which acts to initiate the body’s host response. This, in turn, can lead to destruction of the gingival tissues, which may progress to destruction of the periodontal attachment apparatus. The plaque accumulates in the small gaps between teeth, in the gingival grooves and in areas known as plaque traps: locations that serve to accumulate and maintain plaque. Examples of plaque traps include bulky and overhanging restorative margins, clasps of removable partial dentures and calculus (tartar) that forms on teeth. Although these accumulations may be tiny, the bacteria in them produce chemicals, such as degradative enzymes, and toxins, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS, otherwise known as endotoxin) or lipoteichoic acid (LTA), that promote an inflammatory response in the gum tissue.

• #2 Gingivitis: Symptoms & How To Treat It

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10950-gingivitis-and-periodontal-disease-gum-disease

  Gingivitis is your body’s inflammatory response to plaque and tartar on your teeth. When plaque and tartar remain on your teeth for too long, your gums become irritated, red and swollen. […] You may face a higher risk of developing gingivitis if you: Are pregnant or experience other hormonal changes tied to oral health. […] Gingivitis is reversible with proper care and maintenance, but it can come back. […] If you don’t treat gingivitis, it can turn into a more serious gum disease. Known as periodontitis, this gum disease damages the structures that keep your teeth anchored.

• #3 Gingivitis: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/241721

  Gingivitis is a common condition that affects most adults at some point in their life. […] Bacterial buildup around the teeth is the most common cause of gingivitis. […] The most common cause of gingivitis is the accumulation of bacterial plaque between and around the teeth. […] Several underlying conditions and outside factors can increase plaque formation or a persons risk of gum inflammation. […] Changes in hormones: This may occur during puberty, menopause, the menstrual cycle, and pregnancy. The gums may become more sensitive, raising the risk of inflammation. […] Some diseases: Cancer, diabetes, and HIV have links to a higher risk of gingivitis. […] Vitamin deficiencies: Vitamin C deficiency (scurvy) has a strong link to gingivitis, as do deficiencies in vitamin D and vitamin B12. […] Smoking: Regular smokers more commonly develop gingivitis than nonsmokers. […] The risk of gingivitis increases with age. […] Those whose parent or parents have had gingivitis have a higher risk of developing it too.

• #3 Gingivitis – Mouth and Dental Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/mouth-and-dental-disorders/periodontal-diseases/gingivitis

  Gingivitis results most often from inadequate brushing and flossing but may result from medical disorders or the use of certain medications. […] Almost all gingivitis is due to dental plaque, which is a filmlike substance made up primarily of bacteria, saliva, food debris, and dead cells that is continually being deposited on teeth. By far, the most common cause is inadequate brushing and flossing. […] In addition to poor oral hygiene, gingivitis due to plaque may also be started or worsened by medications, vitamin deficiencies, hormone changes, leukemia and leukopenia (low white blood cell count), diabetes, and HIV infection. […] Some medications can cause an overgrowth (hyperplasia) of gum tissue, so that removing plaque becomes more difficult, and gingivitis often develops. […] Vitamin deficiencies, in rare cases, can cause gingivitis. Vitamin C deficiency (scurvy) can lead to inflamed, bleeding gums.

• #4 Overview of gingivitis and periodontitis in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-gingivitis-and-periodontitis-in-adults

  Periodontal diseases (mostly gingivitis and periodontitis) are common conditions that affect the dental supporting structures including the gingiva, cementum, periodontal ligament, and the alveolar bone (figure 1). […] Periodontal disease, which includes gingivitis and periodontitis, is classified according to the presence or absence of periodontal ligament and/or alveolar bone involvement (figure 1) [1,2]. […] Gingivitis – Gingivitis involves only the gums (picture 1); it is an inflammatory process characterized by gingival redness, swelling, and bleeding that is provoked by routine brushing or flossing or by the use of a periodontal probe. […] Periodontitis – Periodontitis is characterized by gingival inflammation accompanied by the loss of supportive connective tissue including the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone (figure 1).

• #4 Gingivitis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Colgate® Oral Care

  https://www.colgate.com/en-za/oral-health/gum-disease/what-is-gingivitis-signs-and-symptoms

  Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gums and a symptom of the first stages of gum disease. […] The direct cause of gingivitis is plaque, which builds up on your teeth due to improper brushing after meals. […] If the plaque is not removed by daily brushing and flossing, it produces toxins that can irritate the gum tissue, which can then cause gingivitis. […] If gingivitis is not treated, your condition may progress and become periodontal disease, which can lead to permanent damage to your gums and teeth.

• #5 Periodontitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/periodontitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354473

  In most cases, the development of periodontitis starts with plaque. Plaque is a sticky film mainly made up of bacteria. If not treated, here’s how plaque can advance over time to periodontitis: […] Plaque can cause gingivitis, the mildest form of gum disease. Gingivitis is irritation and swelling of the gum tissue around the base of your teeth. Gingiva is another word for gum tissue. Gingivitis can be reversed with professional treatment and good home oral care, but only if treated early before you have bone loss. […] Ongoing gum irritation and swelling, called inflammation, can cause periodontitis. Eventually this causes deep pockets to form between your gums and teeth. These pockets fill with plaque, tartar and bacteria and become deeper over time. If not treated, these deep infections cause a loss of tissue and bone. Eventually you may lose one or more teeth. Also, ongoing inflammation can put a strain on your immune system, causing other health problems.

• #5 Gingivitis (Gum Disease): Causes, Risk Factors, and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gingivitis

  Gingivitis typically develops due to a bacterial infection caused by plaque overgrowth. […] Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gums, usually caused by a bacterial infection. […] Gingivitis is usually caused by an overgrowth of dental plaque. […] There are some types of gingivitis-causing gum infections that are not related to plaque overgrowth. […] Your gums actually attach to the teeth at a lower point than the gum edges we see. This forms a small space called a sulcus. Food and plaque can get trapped in this space and cause a gum infection or gingivitis. […] Plaque is a thin film of bacteria. It constantly forms on the surface of your teeth. As plaque advances, it hardens and becomes tartar. You can develop a gum infection when plaque extends below the gum line. […] If left unchecked, gingivitis can cause the gums to separate from the teeth.

• #6 Gum (Periodontal) Disease Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research

  https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/gum-disease

  Periodontal (gum) disease is an infection of the tissues that hold your teeth in place. It’s typically caused by poor brushing and flossing habits that allow plaque—a sticky film of bacteria—to build up on the teeth and harden. […] Dental plaque that is not removed every day can harden and form tartar, and tartar build-up can lead to gum disease. Only a professional cleaning by a dentist or dental hygienist can remove tartar. […] There are several risk factors for gum disease, but smoking is the most significant. Smoking also can make treatment for gum disease less successful. Other risk factors include hormonal changes in girls and women; certain illnesses, such as diabetes or AIDS and their medications; and genetics.

• #7 Gingivitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingivitis

  Early plaque in health consists of a relatively simple bacterial community dominated by Gram-positive cocci and rods. As plaque matures and gingivitis develops, the communities become increasingly complex with higher proportions of Gram-negative rods, fusiforms, filaments, spirilla and spirochetes. Later experimental gingivitis studies, using culture, provided more information regarding the specific bacterial species present in plaque. Taxa associated with gingivitis included Fusobacterium nucleatum subspecies polymorphum, Lachnospiraceae species HOT100, Lautropia species HOTA94, and Prevotella oulorum (a species of Prevotella bacterium), whilst Rothia dentocariosa was associated with periodontal health.

• #8 Learn What Causes Gingivitis, Gum Disease, & Gum Infections | LISTERINE®

  https://www.listerine.com/gum-disease-healthy-gums/common-causes-gum-disease

  A family history of gum disease can increase a persons risk of developing gingivitis symptoms due to factors such as learned poor oral hygiene habits, access to preventative dental care, diet, and medical conditions that run in their family. […] The best way to prevent gum disease is by establishing a thorough, daily oral hygiene routine. […] Older individuals typically have weaker immune systems. […] One of the main types of bacteria that cause gum disease is P. gingivalis.

• #9 Common Causes of Gingivitis | Delta Dental

  https://www.deltadental.com/us/en/protect-my-smile/oral-health-conditions/gum-periodontal-disease/gingivitis/common-causes-and-risk-factors.html

  Certain local and systemic factors can increase your risk for gingivitis and affect the severity and extent of the problem, should it occur. If any of these factors apply to you, we recommend speaking with your dentist about the extra measures you can take to protect your mouth and keep it healthy: […] Poor oral hygiene Inconsistent or irregular brushing or flossing or consistently missing the same areas of the mouth allow plaque to accumulate. Factors like crooked teeth, rough or defective fillings, or extensive dental work can make it more difficult to effectively maintain good oral hygiene. […] Formation of tartar/calculus The minerals in your saliva can eventually harden accumulated plaque into tartar (also called calculus), a rough-surfaced substance that brushing alone cannot remove. Tartar allows more plaque build-up, further irritating the gums.

• #10 Gingivitis: causes, symptoms & treatments | Smile Brilliant

  https://www.smilebrilliant.com/articles/gingivitis-cause-symptom-treatment/?srsltid=AfmBOoqLRV2hJP5EqFRkMwtA-37dUngwwPUfoUjTTbjRZN-RxncomFVU

  Gingivitis may occur due to a vitamin C deficiency. […] Hormones play an essential role in oral health. Fluctuations in hormone levels can cause changes in the mouth, such as increased sensitivity or dryness. […] During pregnancy, it has been suggested that estrogen levels determine the severity of gingival inflammation created against the biofilm at the gingival margin. […] Certain medications can also affect oral health. Several drugs prescribed for systemic conditions can cause drug-induced gingivitis as a side effect, such as phenytoin (used for epileptic seizures), calcium channel blockers (used for angina and high blood pressure), anticoagulants, and fibrinolytic agents, oral contraceptive agents, protease inhibitors, vitamin A and analogs. […] Drug-induced gingival overgrowth (DIGO), also referred to as drug-induced gingival enlargement, is noted as a side-effect of certain medications given for non-dental uses where the gums are not the intended target.

• #11 What Causes Puberty-Associated Gingivitis?: Dr. Raminder Singh: General Dentistry

  https://www.elitedentalanddenture.com/blog/what-causes-puberty-associated-gingivitis

  Puberty gingivitis is typically the result of a combination of elevated hormone levels, which increase the gingival tissues’ response to accumulate dental plaque and poor oral hygiene habits. […] Certain things can make a person more likely to develop gum disease. Some are inherited, while others, like frequent sugary snacks, put a child more at risk of gum disease. […] Hormonal Changes: Puberty and menstruation can cause gum inflammation and gum sensitivity. Increases in female sex hormones during puberty can make girls’ gums more susceptible to irritation. […] Tobacco use is one of the primary causes of gum disease. […] Poor nutrition can make it challenging for the body to fight off infections, which puts children at a higher risk of developing gum disease.

• #12 8 Causes of Gingivitis & Gum Disease | Listerine®

  https://www.listerine-me.com/gingivitis/causes-of-gingivitis

  The most common causes of gingivitis are improper oral hygiene and improper technique. When brushing, flossing and rinsing dont occur daily, leftover bacteria builds and forms a thick film known as plaque, which can lead to yellowing and break down teeth over time. […] Gum infection is most commonly caused by plaquea thick film of bacteria forming on gums and teeth that daily brushing, flossing and rinsing removes. […] Smoking interferes with the normal function of gum tissue cells, making your mouth more vulnerable to infections like gum disease. […] When youre pregnant, or sometimes even during typical monthly menstrual cycles, hormones can rise and fall, making gums more susceptible to gum problems. […] Medications may have a side effect of dampening saliva production and flow, leaving a dry mouth where bacteria can more readily spread.

• #12 8 Causes of Gingivitis & Gum Disease | Listerine®

  https://www.listerine-me.com/gingivitis/causes-of-gingivitis

  A diet that is high in sugar and carbohydrates and low in water and vitamin C is a recipe for gum problems. […] If you have the common situation where your teeth overlap, are crooked or rotate, this can create a breeding ground for gum infection. […] If there has been a history of gum disease in your family, this is something to mention to your dentist, as it may put you at a slightly increased risk for developing the bacterial gum infection. […] Biofilm is a thin, slimy layer of bacteria that adhere to surfaces in the mouth such as the tongue, gums, and teeth. […] The thicker biofilm can irritate gums and spur the bodys inflammatory response. This will make gums appear red and swollen instead of their normal healthy pink and firm state. If left untreated, gingivitis, the early stage of gum disease, which is completely reversible when action is swiftly taken, can progress into serious gum disease, called periodontitis, which can infect the bone.

• #13 Learn What Causes Gingivitis, Gum Disease, & Gum Infections | LISTERINE®

  https://www.listerine.com/gum-disease-healthy-gums/common-causes-gum-disease

  Gingivitis, a form of gum disease, is an infection usually caused by the build-up of bacteria in the mouth. […] The sticky bacteria called plaque, which can build up on the teeth if not removed through proper oral hygiene practices such as brushing, flossing, and using a mouth rinse. In time, the gums become inflamed and infected, leading to gum disease. Other factors that can cause gum disease and gingivitis include tobacco use, certain medications, hormonal changes, and underlying medical conditions such as diabetes. […] Studies have shown that smokers are more likely to develop gum disease than non-smokers. […] Hormonal changes during pregnancy can make the gums prone to inflammation, increasing the risk of gingivitis. […] Certain prescription medications can cause gingivitis symptoms, including inflammation of the gums.

• #14 Gingivitis – Mouth and Dental Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/mouth-and-dental-disorders/periodontal-diseases/gingivitis

  Pregnancy can worsen mild gingivitis, primarily because of hormonal changes. […] Leukemia can cause gingivitis. In fact, gingivitis is the first sign of disease in about 25% of children with leukemia. […] Gingivitis that is not caused by plaque occurs in a small percentage of people. Causes include infections, allergies, other medical disorders, and injuries. […] Viral infections can cause gingivitis. […] Fungal infections can cause gingivitis as well. […] Gingivitis can develop in the gums surrounding the crown of an impacted tooth (a tooth that has not fully emerged).

• #15 Gingivitis: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/241721

  Gingivitis is a common condition that affects most adults at some point in their life. […] Bacterial buildup around the teeth is the most common cause of gingivitis. […] The most common cause of gingivitis is the accumulation of bacterial plaque between and around the teeth. […] Several underlying conditions and outside factors can increase plaque formation or a persons risk of gum inflammation. […] Changes in hormones: This may occur during puberty, menopause, the menstrual cycle, and pregnancy. The gums may become more sensitive, raising the risk of inflammation. […] Some diseases: Cancer, diabetes, and HIV have links to a higher risk of gingivitis. […] Vitamin deficiencies: Vitamin C deficiency (scurvy) has a strong link to gingivitis, as do deficiencies in vitamin D and vitamin B12. […] Smoking: Regular smokers more commonly develop gingivitis than nonsmokers. […] The risk of gingivitis increases with age. […] Those whose parent or parents have had gingivitis have a higher risk of developing it too.

• #16 Gingivitis – Dental Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/dental-disorders/periodontal-disorders/gingivitis

  […] […] Hormonal changes that occur at puberty, during menstrual cycles and pregnancy, and at menopause or that are due to oral (or injectable) contraceptives may exacerbate inflammation. […] […] […] Systemic disorders (eg, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, vitamin deficiency, leukemia, leukopenia) can affect the response to infection. Some patients with Crohn disease have a cobblestone area of granulomatous gingival hypertrophy when intestinal flare-ups occur. […] […] […] Medications such as cyclosporine and nifedipine and severe deficiencies (rare in the United States) of niacin (causing pellagra) or vitamin C (causing scurvy) can cause gingivitis. […] […] […] Exposure to heavy metals (eg, lead, bismuth) may cause gingivitis and a dark line at the gingival margin.

• #16 Gingivitis – Dental Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/dental-disorders/periodontal-disorders/gingivitis

  Gingivitis can be […] […] […] Almost all gingivitis is plaque induced. Mineralized plaque is a concretion of bacteria, food residue, saliva, and mucus with calcium and phosphate salts. Poor oral hygiene allows plaque to accumulate between the gingiva and the teeth; ie, gingivitis does not occur in places where teeth are missing. Irritation due to plaque deepens the normal crevice (sulcus) between the tooth and gingiva, creating gingival pockets. These pockets contain the bacteria that cause gingivitis and root caries. Other local factors, such as malocclusion, dental calculus, food impaction, faulty dental restorations, and xerostomia, play a secondary role. […] […] […] Plaque-induced gingivitis may be precipitated or exacerbated by hormonal changes, systemic disorders, medications, or nutritional deficiencies.

• #17 Gingivitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/763801-overview

  Gingivitis has been classified by clinical appearance (eg, ulcerative, hemorrhagic, necrotizing, purulent), etiology (eg, drug-induced, hormonal, nutritional, infectious, plaque-induced), and duration (acute, chronic). […] The primary cause of chronic gingivitis is inadequate oral hygiene. […] Use of tobacco or ethanol is thought to be a risk factor. […] Immune incompetence is observed more frequently in HIV-infected children. […] Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of gingivitis and periodontitis. […] The list of drugs that cause gingivitis and gingival bleeding is extensive. […] Gingivitis has been observed with use of protease inhibitors (eg, saquinavir, ritonavir), vitamin A and analogues, danazol, pentamidine, misoprostol, methotrexate, and gold compounds. […] Acute necrotizing infection may occur as a complication of chronic gingivitis in situations in which hygiene is abandoned completely or host defenses are weakened. […] ANUG is the result of soft tissue invasion by ubiquitous organisms and is not believed to be contagious. […] Other causes include inadequate plaque removal, blood dyscrasias, allergic reactions, chronic debilitating disease, poor nutrition, and lack of periodic dental examinations.

• #18 Your Complete Guide to Gingivitis: Causes, Symptoms, & Prevention – The Avenue Dental Group

  https://theavenuedentalgroup.com/your-complete-guide-to-gingivitis-causes-symptoms-prevention/

  Gingivitis can arise from various factors, many of which are related to oral hygiene practices. Understanding these causes is essential for prevention and early intervention. Here are some common contributors to gingivitis: […] One of the primary causes of gingivitis is inadequate oral hygiene. When plaque accumulates on the teeth and gums, it can lead to irritation and inflammation. Failing to brush and floss regularly allows plaque to harden into tartar, which can only be removed through professional dental cleaning. […] Smoking and other forms of tobacco use significantly impact gum health. Tobacco can inhibit blood flow to the gums, making it more difficult for them to heal from any irritation or infection. […] Hormonal fluctuations can also contribute to gingivitis, particularly in women. Changes during puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause can increase gum sensitivity and make them more prone to inflammation. […] Certain medical conditions can exacerbate the risk of gingivitis. For example, individuals with diabetes are more susceptible to gum disease due to higher blood sugar levels, which can impair blood flow and hinder healing.

• #19 Common Causes of Gingivitis | Delta Dental

  https://www.deltadental.com/us/en/protect-my-smile/oral-health-conditions/gum-periodontal-disease/gingivitis/common-causes-and-risk-factors.html

  Dry mouth A consistent lack of saliva can lead to an increased build-up of plaque. […] Smoking/tobacco use Smoking has profound effects on gingival tissues. Research shows that smokers have twice the risk for gum disease when compared to a nonsmoker. […] Systemic diseases and conditions Certain diseases like diabetes, leukemia, cancer, and HIV hinder your body’s ability to battle infection, including gum disease. […] Hormonal shifts Puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, menopause, oral contraceptives and other hormonal changes can cause increased sensitivity in your gums. During these periods, it’s extra important to take care of your teeth. […] Stress High levels of stress can weaken the immune system and impair your ability to fight off infection, including gum disease. […] Poor nutrition An unbalanced diet deprives your body of vital nutrients and makes it more difficult for your body to ward off infections like gum disease.

• #20 Gingivitis: Causes and treatment | CURAPROX

  https://curaprox.in/blog/post/how-to-combat-gingivitis?srsltid=AfmBOooZBkkWCVR8WSoEyl9aiz8UejIznbJxw9qDAt9SUcFrSq-PGDPy

  Gingivitis is the result of poor oral hygiene. However, it can also be triggered by injuries to the gums, medication, infections and certain risk factors. […] The bitter truth is: Insufficient toothbrushing is by far the most serious cause. Our oral cavity is the perfect habitat for countless bacteria that feed on food debris. […] Wounds in the gums can also cause gingivitis if bacteria settle there. The causes of gum injuries are manifold: Brushing your teeth too hard. […] Certain medications can also promote gingivitis. These include ACE inhibitors, medications that inhibit the immune system (immunosuppressants), and antiepileptic drugs. […] Certain diseases promote the development of gingivitis. These include metabolic disorders, diabetes, leukaemia, COVID-19, vitamin deficiency, and iron deficiency.

• #20 Gingivitis: Causes and treatment | CURAPROX

  https://curaprox.in/blog/post/how-to-combat-gingivitis?srsltid=AfmBOooZBkkWCVR8WSoEyl9aiz8UejIznbJxw9qDAt9SUcFrSq-PGDPy

  Hormonal imbalance impacts blood circulation in the gums. Gingivitis is, for example, particularly common during pregnancy, puberty, menopause and menstruation. […] Smoking limits the blood circulation. This is particularly true for the fine blood vessels around the mouth: Dry mouth and a lack of nutrients and oxygen promote gingivitis. […] Stress and psychological strain weaken the body’s overall immune defence, facilitating the wider spread of inflammations, including gingivitis. […] Dry mouth facilitates gum inflammation. This is due to the absence of the antibacterial effect of saliva, which protects not only the teeth but also the gums and oral mucosa against germs.

• #21 Gingivitis and Periodontal Disease (Gum Disease): Causes and Symptoms – Consensus: AI Search Engine for Research

  https://consensus.app/home/blog/gingivitis-and-periodontal-disease-gum-disease-causes-and-symptoms/

  The primary cause of gingivitis and periodontal disease is bacterial infection. Pathogenic bacteria such as Tannerella forsythia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Treponema denticola play a crucial role in the development of these conditions. […] Uncontrolled activation of the complement system, particularly complement C3, has been identified as a significant factor in chronic gingival inflammation. […] Poor oral hygiene practices, such as inadequate brushing and flossing, lead to the accumulation of dental plaque, which is a major contributor to gingivitis. […] Smoking is a well-known modifying factor in the progression of periodontal disease. […] Systemic conditions such as diabetes and pregnancy can exacerbate periodontal disease. […] Gingivitis and periodontal disease are multifactorial conditions primarily caused by bacterial infection and exacerbated by poor oral hygiene, smoking, and systemic conditions.

• #22

  https://www.theorthodontists.com.au/blog/what-is-gingivitis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Gingivitis is caused by a build-up of plaque on teeth and around the gum line. The bacteria in plaque can irritate the gums causing them to become inflamed. […] The primary cause of gingivitis is poor oral health. If people brush their teeth twice a day, they will remove the bacterial film on their teeth which leads to a buildup of plaque and tartar. […] Those people who suffer from a chronic disease such as cancer or HIV have a weakened immune system which makes gum disease more likely. […] When teeth are crowded theyre difficult to clean with a toothbrush. […] Women who are pregnant or take an oral contraceptive are more at risk of developing gingivitis. […] A parent or sibling with gingivitis or periodontitis makes a person at greater risk of suffering the same. […] The gum tissue in smokers struggles to repair itself as it can in non-smokers and the real issue is that the orthodontists cannot accurately detect gum disease in smokers because the blood vessels become scarred in the gums and do not bleed when they are infected. […] Some medications reduce the amount of saliva the body produces which helps protect teeth and gums.

• #23 Causes of Gingivitis: Uncovering the Culprits Behind Gum Inflammation | Salvatore Dental

  https://www.salvatoredental.com/dental-services/blog/causes-gingivitis-uncovering-culprits-behind-gum-inflammation

  While poor oral hygiene is the most common cause of gingivitis, it isn’t the only one. Other causes of gingivitis include: Dietary choices: Sugary and acidic foods are essentially treats for the plaque bacteria, fueling their growth and inflammatory potential. […] Smoking: This habit weakens your immune system, making it harder for your body to fight off gum infections. […] Hormonal fluctuations: Pregnancy and menopause can increase your susceptibility to gingivitis due to hormonal shifts. […] Medications: Certain medicines can cause dry mouth and reduce the natural cleansing effect of saliva to create an environment where plaque thrives. […] Medical conditions: Underlying health issues like diabetes and HIV/AIDS can compromise your immune system and increase the risk of gum disease. […] Genetics: While not the sole determinant, research suggests a potential genetic predisposition to gingivitis in some individuals. Knowing your family history can help you be extra vigilant about oral hygiene and regular dental care.

• #24 What Is Gingivitis? Treatment, Symptoms, Home Remedies & Causes

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/gingivitis/article_em.htm

  Gingivitis is the inflammation of the gums caused by bacteria. Gingivitis is inflammation of the gums (gingiva) surrounding the teeth. Gingivitis is a bacterial infection of the gums. The exact reason why gingivitis develops has not been proven, but several theories exist. For gingivitis to develop, plaque must accumulate in the areas between the teeth. This plaque contains large numbers of bacteria thought to be responsible for gingivitis. In certain instances, an individual may have an underlying illness or condition that renders their immune system susceptible to gingivitis. For example, people with diabetes and other immune system diseases (such as HIV) have a weaker ability to fight bacteria invading the gums. People who smoke, chew tobacco, or have a substance abuse problem are also predisposed to develop gingivitis. Overconsumption of alcohol can lead to gingivitis. Sometimes hormonal changes in the body during pregnancy, puberty, and steroid therapy leave the gums vulnerable to bacterial infection. Local factors, such as crowded teeth and poor fitting or altered tooth anatomy due to dental work increase an individual’s susceptibility to gingivitis. A number of medications used for seizures, high blood pressure, and organ transplants have been shown to cause an enlargement of the gingiva. […] The gum disease of gingivitis is an infection that occurs when bacteria invade soft tissues and bone adjacent to teeth. The severity of this infection varies from mild to severe and can be an indication of a life-threatening systemic disease.

• #25 Gingivitis Causes And Treatment – Arcadia Family and Cosmetic DentistryArcadia Family and Cosmetic Dentistry

  https://arcadiafamilyandcosmeticdentistry.com/gingivitis-causes-and-treatment/

  When plaque is not removed adequately, it can harden into calculus, or tartar, at the base of the teeth, near the gums. This has a yellow color. Calculus can only be removed professionally. […] Plaque and tartar eventually irritate the gums, causing gum inflammation around the base of the teeth. This means that the gums might easily bleed. […] Changes in hormones: This may occur during puberty, menopause, the menstrual cycle, and pregnancy. The gingiva might become more sensitive, raising the risk of inflammation. […] Some diseases: Cancer, diabetes, and HIV are linked to a higher risk of gingivitis. […] Drugs: Oral health may be affected by some medications, especially if saliva flow is reduced. Dilantin, an anticonvulsant, and some anti-angina medications can cause abnormal growth of gum tissue.

• #25 Gingivitis Causes And Treatment – Arcadia Family and Cosmetic DentistryArcadia Family and Cosmetic Dentistry

  https://arcadiafamilyandcosmeticdentistry.com/gingivitis-causes-and-treatment/

  Smoking: Regular smokers more commonly develop gingivitis, compared with non-smokers. […] Age: The risk of gingivitis increases with age. […] Poor diet: A vitamin-C deficiency, for example, is linked to gum disease. […] Family history: Those whose parent or parents have had gingivitis have a higher risk of developing it too. This is thought to be due to the type of bacteria we acquire during our early life.

• #26 Common Causes of Gingivitis | Delta Dental

  https://www.deltadental.com/us/en/protect-my-smile/oral-health-conditions/gum-periodontal-disease/gingivitis/common-causes-and-risk-factors.html

  Medications Certain medications and drugs, such as steroids and oral contraceptives, could make you more prone to gum disease. […] Age Older people have higher rates of periodontal disease. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that more than 70% of Americans over age 70 have some level of periodontal disease. […] Genetics Studies show some people are more susceptible to developing gum disease. […] Gum lesions Though less common than the factors listed above, gum lesions may be made worse by the existence of plaque even though they are not directly caused by dental bacterial plaque.

• #27 Periodontitis (Gum Disease): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/gingivitis-periodontal-disease

  The infection breaks down the bone and connective tissue that hold your teeth in place. After a while, your teeth may get loose enough to fall out. Gum disease is the most common cause of tooth loss in adults. […] Despite following good oral hygiene practices and making other healthy lifestyle choices, the American Academy of Periodontology says that up to 30% of Americans may be more likely to get gum disease because of their genes. And those who are genetically predisposed may be up to six times more likely to get some form of gum disease. If anyone in your family has gum disease, it may mean that you are at greater risk as well.

• #28 Diagnosis and Treatment of Gingivitis

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-gingivitis-1058927

  Gingivitis is a reversible form of gum disease caused by the buildup of plaque on the tooths surface. […] Gingivitis is most commonly caused by bacterial plaque. The persistent presence of bacteria around the teeth triggers an inflammatory response by the immune system, causing the gums to swell and turn red. […] Risk factors for gingivitis include: Diabetes, Smoking, Poor oral hygiene, Stress, Crooked teeth, Defective fillings, Dental bridges that dont fit properly, Taking medications that cause dry mouth (including blood thinners, calcium channel blockers, and phenytoin), Changes in female hormones, such as caused by pregnancy or birth control, Vitamin A and C deficiencies, Underlying immunodeficiency, such as HIV. […] Gum disease often runs in families, suggesting that gingivitis may be influenced by genetics. Some studies suggest that up to a third of cases involve genetic factors and tend to be more severe. […] The main cause of gingivitis is poor oral hygiene, so careful brushing and flossing can improve symptoms. But other factors can contribute, such as crooked teeth, tobacco use, ill-fitting dental bridges, and certain medications.

• #29 Gingivitis: Causes, symptoms, and treatment – Southern Delaware Dental Specialists

  https://www.dentaldelaware.com/news/gingivitis-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  Gingivitis is a reversible gum disease caused by the accumulation of bacterial plaque on the teeth. […] The main factor of gingivitis is poor oral hygiene that leads to the accumulation of plaque. […] There are other factors that can lead to gingivitis: Smoking: is one of the most common causes. […] Xerostomia or a decrease in saliva production makes it easier for bacterial plaque to accumulate on the teeth. […] A poor diet or vitamin deficiencies. Lack of vitamin C or B3 is a direct cause of inflamed gums. […] Poorly fitted or badly maintained dental restorations. […] Crooked, malpositioned teeth. […] Immunosuppressive diseases (HIV, leukemia, oncological treatments,…). […] Drugs, medicines that are used daily. […] Hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy or menopause, as well as the use of oral contraceptives are also directly related to gum tissue inflammation. […] Genetic factors. […] The main cause of gingivitis is not brushing your teeth regularly because it allows dental plaque to form on your teeth.

• #30 10 Risk Factors of Gingivitis: Complete Guide

  https://myprimedental.com/10-causes-of-gingivitis-complete-guide/

  Gingivitis is the result of gum inflammation. This happens when you have poor oral hygiene and plaque builds up on your teeth. This can cause irritation to your gums. […] One of the primary causes of Gingivitis is Poor oral hygiene, including not regularly brushing or flossing. […] As stress is one of the causes of many diseases, Gingivitis is no exception. […] Chronic diseases are risk factors for Gingivitis with a similar rationale as stress. […] Hormone is critical to gingival health. […] If you take any medications, it will be another risk factor for Gingivitis. […] Proper Nutrition is the basic foundation for your body. […] Age is one of the significant risk factors. […] Gingivitis can be related to our genetics. […] Having a dry mouth (xerostomia) is another health issue that can lead to Gingivitis.

• #31 Common Causes of Gingivitis Explained | Maroubra Dental Avenue

  https://maroubradentalavenue.com.au/the-causes-of-gingivitis/

  Gingivitis is linked to several infections that can occur in the mouth. For instance, HIV, oral thrush, and oral herpes contribute to gingivitis. […] If your diet isn’t giving you a sufficient amount of nutrition, this can impact the tissues in your gums, meaning they are more prone to infections. Calcium, Vitamin B, and Vitamin C deficiencies can all affect your gums, making you more vulnerable to conditions like gingivitis. […] Hormone changes/imbalances during the menstrual cycle, puberty, pregnancy, and menopause, hormone changes and imbalances could lead to your gums becoming inflamed or sensitive. […] Smoking can cause dryness in the mouth, and regular smokers are more likely to suffer from gingivitis than non-smokers. […] As we grow older, our mouths can become drier, and tartar can build upon our teeth, making us more likely to suffer gingivitis. […] If you have a family history of gingivitis, you will be more likely to suffer from the condition.

• #32 Gingivitis Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U

  https://cura4u.com/conditions/gingivitis

  The primary cause of gingivitis is the sticky layer formed on your tooth structure known as plaque. […] Diabetes, hormonal changes, less salivary flow rate, and nutritional deficiency might also contribute to gingivitis. […] There are several risk factors for gingivitis. The most common risk factor is the ill maintenance of oral hygiene. […] Another risk factor is hormonal fluctuations due to stress, anxiety, menstruation, and pregnancy. […] Smoking is a major external factor that contributes to gingivitis. […] Chronic gingivitis occurs in almost every 3 out of 5 individuals. […] The prevalence of gingivitis is more among the adult population, especially in elders above 50, compared to children.

• #33 Preventing and Treating Gingivitis (Gum Disease) in Children | NYC Pediatric Dentistry

  https://www.nycpediatricdentist.com/preventing-and-treating-gingivitis-gum-disease-in-children/

  Gum disease can be caused by a number of factors, but the most common cause is poor oral hygiene. […] Plaque contains bacteria and produces toxins that irritate the gums. […] Older children and young adults may be more susceptible to gingivitis and orthodontic appliances make proper oral hygiene challenging. […] Other causes of gingivitis in children include a vitamin C deficiency or a diet lacking essential nutrients, teeth grinding, medical conditions including diabetes and systemic or autoimmune diseases, hormonal changes, certain medications, and mouth breathing, which may lead to severe drying of the gums and teeth in the front of the mouth.

• #34 Causes of Gum Disease | Wheat Ridge, CO | Colorado Periodontal Associates

  https://www.perioco.com/procedures/periodontics/causes-of-gum-disease/

  Despite practicing rigorous oral hygiene routines, as much as 30% of the population may have a strong genetic predisposition to gum disease. […] Hormonal changes experienced by the body can cause the gum tissue to become more sensitive, rendering them more susceptible to gum disease. […] Stress lowers the ability of the immune system to fight off disease, which means bacterial infections may possibly beat the body’s defense system. […] Many medical conditions can intensify or accelerate the onset and progression of gum disease including respiratory disease, heart disease, arthritis and osteoporosis. […] Diabetes hinders the body’s ability to utilize insulin which makes the bacterial infection in the gums more difficult to control and cure. […] The clenching or grinding of the teeth can significantly damage the supporting tissue surrounding the teeth. […] Many drugs including oral contraceptive pills, heart medicines, anti-depressants and steroids affect the overall condition of teeth and gums; making them more susceptible to gum disease.

• #35 Gingivitis (Gum Disease): Causes, Risk Factors, and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gingivitis

  Gingivitis typically develops due to a bacterial infection caused by plaque overgrowth. […] Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gums, usually caused by a bacterial infection. […] Gingivitis is usually caused by an overgrowth of dental plaque. […] There are some types of gingivitis-causing gum infections that are not related to plaque overgrowth. […] Your gums actually attach to the teeth at a lower point than the gum edges we see. This forms a small space called a sulcus. Food and plaque can get trapped in this space and cause a gum infection or gingivitis. […] Plaque is a thin film of bacteria. It constantly forms on the surface of your teeth. As plaque advances, it hardens and becomes tartar. You can develop a gum infection when plaque extends below the gum line. […] If left unchecked, gingivitis can cause the gums to separate from the teeth.

• #36 What is Gingivitis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments | Crest CA

  https://ca.crest.com/en-ca/oral-care-tips/gum-health/gingivitis-symptoms-causes-treatments

  Gingivitis is caused by the buildup of plaque a naturally-occurring sticky film containing bacteria on the teeth and gums. The bacteria found in plaque produce toxins that can irritate the gums and cause them to become red, inflamed, puffy, and may even lead to bleeding. (Gingivitis is actually the number one cause of bleeding gums in adults.) […] Other factors might increase your risk of gingivitis. If some of the factors below apply to you, pay extra attention to your teeth and gum line and talk to your dentist and hygienist about what you can do to keep your mouth healthy. […] Smoking/tobacco use is one of the greatest risk factors associated with gum disease and can lower the chances for successful treatment. Research shows that smokers are seven times more likely to suffer from gum disease than people who dont smoke.

• #37 Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (ANUG) – Mouth and Dental Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/mouth-and-dental-disorders/periodontal-diseases/acute-necrotizing-ulcerative-gingivitis-anug

  If the normal bacteria in the mouth overgrow, the gums can become infected. […] The infection is caused by an abnormal overgrowth of the bacteria that normally exist harmlessly in the mouth. Poor oral hygiene usually contributes to the development of ANUG, as do physical or emotional stress, poor diet, and lack of sleep. […] The infection occurs most often in people who have gingivitis and then experience a stressful event (for example, final exam week or military basic training). Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis is far more common among people who smoke than among people who do not.

• #38 Swollen Gums: Causes, Treatments, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gums-swollen

  These hormonal changes can also hinder your bodys ability to fight off bacteria that typically cause gum infections. This can increase your chance of developing gingivitis. […] Being deficient in vitamins, especially vitamins B and C, can cause gum swelling. […] Vitamin C, for example, plays an important role in the maintenance and repair of your teeth and gums. […] Infections caused by fungi and viruses can potentially cause swollen gums. If you have herpes, it could lead to a condition called acute herpetic gingivostomatitis, which causes swollen gums.

• #39 Periodontal Disease (Gum Disease): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21482-gum-periodontal-disease

  Periodontal disease also called gum disease refers to inflammation and infection of the tissues that support your teeth. Poor oral hygiene can result in gum disease. But some people are more prone to this condition than others are, even with proper brushing and flossing. […] Buildup of dental plaque is the No. 1 cause of periodontal disease. Plaque contains many different kinds of bacteria that can potentially infect your gums. Thats why youre more likely to get gum disease if you have poor oral hygiene. In some people, genes play a role in gum disease by changing the way their immune system responds to bacteria. […] Possible periodontal disease risk factors include: Smoking or other tobacco use. Poor oral hygiene. Diabetes. Autoimmune diseases, including lupus, scleroderma and Crohns disease. Hormonal changes, particularly during puberty, pregnancy and menopause. Stress. Genetics (youre more likely to get gum disease if your parents, grandparents or siblings have it). Heart disease.

• #39 Periodontal Disease (Gum Disease): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21482-gum-periodontal-disease

  The bacteria that cause gum disease can pass from person to person. While you cant catch gum disease through brief casual contact, repeated and long-term contact through saliva (such as kissing) may increase your risk for periodontal disease. […] Research has also proven that gum disease has a direct impact on your overall health and well-being. Theres a link between gum disease and other health issues like heart disease, stroke and diabetes.

• #40 Gingivitis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and Prevention – Ask the Dentist

  https://askthedentist.com/gingivitis/

  Less frequently, you may develop gingivitis due to: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections (including oral thrush); Genetic disorders, primarily hereditary gingival fibromatosis (HGF); Inflammatory or autoimmune diseases; Metabolic disorders; Precancerous or oral cancer lesions (like leukoplakia); Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency); Trauma to gum tissue.

• #41 Gingivitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingivitis

  Gingivitis is a non-destructive disease that causes inflammation of the gums; ulitis is an alternative term. The most common form of gingivitis, and the most common form of periodontal disease overall, is in response to bacterial biofilms (also called plaque) that are attached to tooth surfaces, termed plaque-induced gingivitis. Most forms of gingivitis are plaque-induced. […] The cause of plaque-induced gingivitis is bacterial plaque, which acts to initiate the body’s host response. This, in turn, can lead to destruction of the gingival tissues, which may progress to destruction of the periodontal attachment apparatus. The plaque accumulates in the small gaps between teeth, in the gingival grooves and in areas known as plaque traps: locations that serve to accumulate and maintain plaque. Examples of plaque traps include bulky and overhanging restorative margins, clasps of removable partial dentures and calculus (tartar) that forms on teeth. Although these accumulations may be tiny, the bacteria in them produce chemicals, such as degradative enzymes, and toxins, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS, otherwise known as endotoxin) or lipoteichoic acid (LTA), that promote an inflammatory response in the gum tissue.

• #42 Causes of Gingivitis, Periodontitis & Gum Disease | Haleon HealthPartner

  https://www.haleonhealthpartner.com/en-sa/oral-health/conditions/gum-health/causes-and-mechanisms/

  Periodontal disease is caused by bacteria at the gum margin forming plaque on the dental pellicle. […] Endotoxins and bacterial debris released by these plaque bacteria cause inflammation in the surrounding gum known as gingivitis. […] Gingivitis is a reversible condition that develops from healthy gums when plaque around the gum line induces inflammation of the gingivae. […] If left untreated, chronic gingival inflammation can progress into chronic periodontitis, causing irreversible destruction of the periodontal tissues. […] While not all gingivitis becomes progressive, almost half of adults are susceptible. […] Reversible plaque-induced inflammation of the gingivae. […] Characteristics include: Change in colour of the gingivae, Marginal gingival swelling and blunting of the gingival papillae, Bleeding on probing and brushing. […] Chronic periodontitis is irreversible destruction of the periodontal tissues caused by chronic inflammation. […] Common among smokers and patients with poor oral hygiene; stress might also be a predisposing cause.

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