Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Intestinal Intussusception: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5179276/

  Intussusception results from the alteration of normal peristalsis by a lesion in the bowel wall that creates invagination. It can occur anywhere in the small and large intestine. […] The etiology of pediatric intussusception is usually idiopathic, with only 10% of cases having an identifiable precipitating lesion. […] Certain anatomic features in the developing gastrointestinal tract may predispose the pediatric bowel to an intussusception, including an anterior insertion of the terminal ileum with respect to the cecum, decreased rigidity of the cecum secondary to the absence or underdeveloped taeniae coli, and lack of mature participation of the longitudinal muscle fibers of the colon at the level of the ileocecal valve. […] Infectious etiology resulting in mesenteric lymphadenopathy is another common cause of pediatric intussusception.

• #1 Intestinal Intussusception: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5179276/

  Intussusception can also be caused by noninfectious etiologies, such as intestinal allergies, Celiac disease, and Crohn disease. […] Although the majority of pediatric cases do not have an identifiable etiology, in approximately 10% a lead point or underlying cause will be found. […] Malrotation is another etiology of intussusception in a condition called Waugh syndrome. […] Adult intussusception is rare, accounting for only 1 to 5% of bowel obstructions. […] The causes of nonidiopathic adult intestinal intussusception are shown in Table 2. […] The mean age of intussusception in adults is 50 years with no gender predominance. […] In direct contrast to pediatric etiologies, adult intussusception is associated with an identifiable cause in 90% of symptomatic cases with an idiopathic cause in 10% of cases.

• #1 Intestinal Intussusception: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5179276/

  Benign or malignant neoplasms cause two-thirds of cases with a lead point; the remaining cases are caused by infections, postoperative adhesions, Crohn granulomas, intestinal ulcers (Yersinia), and congenital abnormalities such as Meckel diverticulum. […] Most adult intussusceptions arise from the small bowel, and most lesions are benign with a rate of 50 to 75% in most series. […] Less commonly, malignant tumors may act as lead points with metastatic disease (i.e., carcinomatosis) being the most common. […] Adult intussusception less commonly occurs in the colon than in the small bowel and accounts for only 20 to 25% of all intussusceptions in most reported case series. […] The etiologies of adult intussusception defined earlier apply mainly to the Western developed world. In central and western Africa, primary adult intussusception is known as Ibadan intussusception or tropical intussusception and is most commonly cecocolic.

• #2 Intussusception | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/intussusception

  Intussusception is the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in children who are between 3 months and 6 years old. […] We don’t really know. An increased incidence of developing intussusception is often seen in children: […] Who have abdominal or intestinal tumors or masses […] Who have an intestinal virus known as gastroenteritis […] Who have just finished taking chemotherapy for cancer.

• #3 Intussusception in children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/intussusception-in-children

  Intussusception refers to the invagination (telescoping) of a part of the intestine into itself. It is the most common abdominal emergency in early childhood, particularly in children younger than two years of age. The majority of cases in children are idiopathic, and pathologic lead points are identified in only 25 percent of cases involving children. […] Approximately 75 percent of cases of childhood intussusception are idiopathic because there is no clear disease trigger or pathologic lead point. Idiopathic intussusception is most common in children between three months and five years of age. […] An increasing body of evidence suggests that viral triggers may play a role in some cases, as illustrated by the following observations: The incidence of intussusception has a seasonal variation, with peaks coinciding with seasonal viral gastroenteritis in some populations. Intussusception has been associated with some forms of rotavirus vaccine.

• #3 Intussusception in children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/intussusception-in-children

  In approximately 25 percent of cases, an underlying disease causes a pathologic lead point for the intussusception, which may be focal or diffuse. Underlying disease processes account for a greater proportion of cases of intussusception in children younger than three months or older than five years. […] A variety of conditions have been associated with intussusception, including Meckel diverticulum, polyps, small bowel lymphoma, duplication cysts, vascular malformations, inverted appendiceal stumps, parasites, immunoglobulin A vasculitis, cystic fibrosis, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Meckel diverticulum is the most common pathologic lead point in most case series in children, followed by polyps, and then either duplication cysts or IgAV. […] The mechanisms leading to intussusception depend upon the specific cause. As examples: Meckel diverticulum, polyps, duplication cysts, lymphomas, areas of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia, or other focal abnormalities of the intestinal tract act as lead points for peristalsis advancing the intestine into a distal segment of intestine.

• #3 Intussusception in children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/intussusception-in-children

  Celiac disease appears to be associated with a modestly increased risk for intussusception, as suggested by a large study in Sweden. The proposed mechanism is that celiac disease may promote enteroenteric (small bowel) intussusception because of dysmotility and excessive secretions or bowel wall weakness. […] In patients with IgAV, a small bowel wall hematoma acts as the lead point. Intussusception typically occurs after resolution of the HSP-associated abdominal pain. […] Small bowel intussusception (usually jejuno-jejunal or ileo-ileal) has been described in the postoperative setting where it is an uncommon but insidious cause of intestinal obstruction. Most cases occur after open abdominal surgery (especially nephrectomies), but there is also a modest increased risk after nonabdominal procedures. […] The diagnosis can be difficult to establish because intussusception may be confused with postoperative paralytic ileus.

• #4 Intussusception – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/gastrointestinal-disorders-in-neonates-and-infants/intussusception

  Intussusception generally occurs between 6 months and 3 years of age, with most cases occurring before age 1 and 70% occurring before age 2. It is the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in this age group and occurs roughly equally in male and female children; intussusception is much more common in males. […] Most cases are idiopathic. The most common type of intussusception is the ileocolic type. […] There is a slight male predominance as well as a seasonal variation; peak incidence coincides with the viral enteritis season. An older rotavirus vaccine was associated with a marked increase in risk of intussusception and was taken off the market in the United States. The newer rotavirus vaccines, when given in the recommended sequence and timing, are not associated with any clinically significant increased risk.

• #4 Intussusception – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/gastrointestinal-disorders-in-neonates-and-infants/intussusception

  In about 25% of children who have intussusception, typically very young and older children, a lead point (ie, a mass or other intestinal abnormality) triggers the telescoping. Examples include polyps, lymphoma, Meckel diverticulum, and immunoglobulin A-associated vasculitis (formerly called Henoch-Schnlein purpura) when purpura involve the bowel wall. Cystic fibrosis is also a risk factor.

• #5

  https://journals.lww.com/njom/fulltext/2023/32050/primary_intussusception_and_weaning_methods_in_two.14.aspx

  A widely held belief is that an isolated spot of lymphoid proliferation in the wall of the small bowels precedes the onset of intussusceptions. […] Some researchers have postulated that the interaction of several components can give rise to lymphoid multiplication and alter the mechanics of the digestive system by altering fluid flow rates, obstruction, narrowing, or acting by inducing abnormal peristalsis. […] Moreover, certain anatomical factors can predispose to intussusception in the growing infant gut such as an anterior attachment of the terminal ileum to the cecum, an inflexible cecum secondary to immature taenia coli, and the absence or diminished effective participation of the longitudinal muscle fibers of the small intestines at the level of the ileocecal junction. […] Apart from these factors listed above, intussusception can also be caused by intestinal hypersensitivity due to noninfectious causes such as intestinal allergies, Crohns disease, and celiac disease.

• #5

  https://journals.lww.com/njom/fulltext/2023/32050/primary_intussusception_and_weaning_methods_in_two.14.aspx

  Primary intussusception causes intestinal obstruction in early childhood. Diet has been implicated as a causative agent and this is ascribed to the high prevalence observed during weaning; however, there is no consensus regarding the major causative factors. […] The cause of primary intussusception is not thoroughly known. Etiological factors known to be associated with it include the probable role of pathogenic processes supported by the frequent account of recent respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms. […] The likelihood of diet as a predisposing factor has also been reported as being responsible for a high prevalence observed during weaning. Some researchers have reported a connection between intussusception and hyperplasia of the lymphatics secondary to dietary allergic reactions nevertheless, there is no consensus reached about the major causative factors of primary intussusception during infancy and consequently, intussusception during this period is regarded as idiopathic.

• #5

  https://journals.lww.com/njom/fulltext/2023/32050/primary_intussusception_and_weaning_methods_in_two.14.aspx

  The role of diet in the onset of intussusception has a link in our study, particularly in exclusively breastfed babies, while the lowest was in those completely weaned to pap. It is recommended that weaning for those in the tropics should be more with pap (cereals) rather than with cow milk infant formula to reduce the incidence of intussusception.

• #6 Intussusception: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/930708-overview

  Intussusception occurs in approximately 1% of patients with cystic fibrosis. Intussusception is assumed to be precipitated by the thick, inspissated stool material that adheres to the mucosa and acts as a lead point. […] Electrolyte derangements associated with various medical conditions can produce aberrant intestinal motility, leading to enteroenteral intussusception. […] A viral etiology has also been implicated. A seasonal variation in the incidence of intussusception that corresponds to the peaks in frequency of gastroenteritis and respiratory illnesses has been described. […] An association was found between the administration of a rotavirus vaccine (RotaShield) and the development of intussusception. […] In most infants and toddlers with intussusception, the etiology is unclear. This group is believed to have idiopathic intussusception. One theory to explain the possible etiology of idiopathic intussusception is that it occurs because of an enlarged Peyer patch.

• #6 Intussusception: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/930708-overview

  Intussusception is a process in which a segment of intestine invaginates into the adjoining intestinal lumen, causing bowel obstruction. […] The pathogenesis of idiopathic intussusception is not well established. It is believed to be secondary to an imbalance in the longitudinal forces along the intestinal wall. In enteroenteral intussusception, this imbalance can be caused by a mass acting as a lead point or by a disorganized pattern of peristalsis (eg, an ileus in the postoperative period). […] In approximately 2-12% of children with intussusception, a surgical lead point is found. Occurrence of surgical lead points increases with age and indicates that the probability of nonoperative reduction is highly unlikely. Examples of lead points are as follows: Meckel diverticulum, enlarged mesenteric lymph node, benign or malignant tumors of the mesentery or of the intestine, including lymphoma, polyps, ganglioneuroma, and hamartomas associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.

• #7 Intussusception | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/intussusception/

  A rotavirus vaccine approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1998 was pulled from the market in 1999 because of an association between the vaccine and an increased risk for intussusception in infants aged one year or younger. However, no direct link was established to the vaccine as a cause of intussusception. […] A new rotavirus vaccine was approved by the FDA in 2006. The risk for intussusception with the new vaccine was evaluated in a large clinical trial of more than 70,000 children, and no increased risk was found.

• #8 Rotavirus Vaccine and Intussusception | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/rotavirus/about-intussusception.html

  There is also a small risk of intussusception from rotavirus vaccination, usually within a week after the first or second dose. […] Most of the time, the cause is not known. Some cases may be caused by a bowel infection. Some cases may be caused by a polyp or tumor in the bowelboth of these are groups of cells growing in the bowel that are not normal. There is also a small risk of intussusception from rotavirus vaccination.

• #9 Intussusception | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/intussusception?lang=us

  Intussusception occurs when one segment of the bowel is pulled into itself or a neighboring loop of the bowel by peristalsis. […] In children, a lead point is not identified in 90% of cases, and this is most frequently thought to relate to hypertrophic lymphoid tissue following an infection. This potentially explains the relative rarity of the condition in the first three months of life, when passive immunity is still paramount. […] In infants and adults, a lead point is more frequently identified, with up to 90% of adult cases having a lead point (which is usually malignant in the large bowel and benign in the small bowel). […] Lead points are numerous and include gastrointestinal malignancy (most common cause in adults, accounting for 65% of cases).

• #10 What Is Intussusception?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/gastro-health/intussusception

  Hyperplasia of Peyers Patches: A group of lymphoid follicles in the mucous membrane lining the small intestine are called Peyer’s patches. Enlargement of these lymphoid follicles is termed as hyperplasia of Peyer’s patches. […] Appendicitis: Inflammation in the appendix (finger-like pouch projecting out from the colon of the large intestine). […] Polyps: Small, flat, bump-like tissue growth in the lining of organs. […] Duplication: It is a rare congenital disorder termed duplication of the alimentary tract (DAT) by Fiorami et al. The most affected site is the small intestine.

• #10 What Is Intussusception?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/gastro-health/intussusception

  Intussusception is a condition where one segment of the intestine slides inside another, leading to intestinal obstruction. […] Although the exact cause of intussusception is unknown, it is often preceded by a viral infection that causes swelling of the intestinal lining. In some cases, it may be caused by congenital conditions like polyps or diverticula. […] The etiology behind intussusception needs to be clarified. It can be due to anatomical factors, motility, or any infection. […] Some of the known causes are: Infection: It can be a virus that causes swelling of the intestine lining, which slips into the intestine beside it. […] Altered Motility: Abnormal intestinal contractions such as spasms. […] Meckels Diverticulum: This is a common congenital anomaly formed in the small intestine (gastrointestinal tract).

• #11 Intussusception – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/anatomic-problems-lower-gi-tract/intussusception

  In most cases of intussusception in babies and young children, doctors cannot find a cause. Research suggests that infections with viruses or bacteria may increase the chance of intussusception. […] Doctors can find a cause in only 2 to 12 percent of cases of intussusception in children. These causes include abnormal growths in the intestines, such as benign or cancerous tumors, polyps, or cysts; birth defects in the digestive tract, such as malrotation and Meckels diverticulum; diseases and disorders such as cystic fibrosis, IgA vasculitis, and hemophilia; surgery. […] In adults, doctors can find the cause of intussusception in about 90 percent of cases. Causes of intussusception in adults include abnormal growths in the intestines, such as benign and cancerous tumors and polyps; abdominal adhesions that form after surgery; diseases such as cystic fibrosis, celiac disease, and Crohns disease.

• #12 Profile and outcome of pediatric intussusception: a 5-year experience in a tertiary care center | Annals of Pediatric Surgery | Full Text

  https://aops.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43159-021-00097-5

  Intussusception is the most frequent cause of bowel obstruction in infants and toddlers; idiopathic intussusception occurs predominantly under the age of 3 and is rare after the age of 6 years; the highest incidence occurs in infants between 4 and 9 months; the gold standard for treatment of intussusception is non-operative reduction. […] Idiopathic intussusception occurs predominantly under the age of 3 and is rare after the age of 6 years. Most patients are well-nourished, healthy infants, and approximately two-thirds are boys. The highest incidence occurs in infants between 4 and 9 months, and it is also the most common cause of small bowel obstruction in this age group. Intussusception is uncommon below 3 months and above 3 years of age. […] The main reason for failure was delayed presentation, and in two cases, the reason for failure was perforation during reduction. […] Pathologic lead points such as a tumor, polyp, or Meckel’s diverticulum are more common in neonates and children over 5 years old or in those whose intussusceptions are restricted to the small intestine; 40% of the lead points in this study were Meckel’s diverticulum.

• #13

  https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/intussusception

  Intussusception is a severe medical condition and can be life-threatening in some cases. […] The exact cause of intussusception is unknown, but it may be more common in people with family members who have also had intussusception. […] Various factors may contribute to the development of intussusception, including viral infections, food allergies, and tumors. […] Intussusception is most common in children who meet the following criteria: Those with cystic fibrosis with dehydration, those who have intestinal or abdominal masses or tumors, those who have gastroenteritis (an intestinal virus), those with an upper respiratory tract infection, which includes those infected with adenovirus, and those who have just completed chemotherapy for cancer. […] In addition, those with intestinal malrotation have a higher chance of intussusception. This is a condition where the intestine doesn’t develop or rotate properly. […] It can also be more likely to occur in people with certain disorders, such as cystic fibrosis, Crohn’s disease, celiac disease, or Henoch-Schonlein purpura (IgA vasculitis).

• #14 Intussusception pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Intussusception_pathophysiology

  Celiac disease:- Recent studies show that celiac disease is associated with increased risk of intussusception. Celiac disease may lead to small bowel intussusception by causing dysmotility and excessive secretions in bowel wall or by causing small bowel weakness. […] Crohns disease:- Crohns disease is a chronic granulomatous inflammatory disease which may lead to intussusception due to inflammation and stricture formation in the intestine.

• #15 Postoperative Small Bowel Intussusception in a Pediatric Trauma Patient: A Literature Review and Unique Case Report | ACS

  https://www.facs.org/for-medical-professionals/news-publications/journals/case-reviews/issues/v1n3/walsh-postoperative/

  Intussusception is a well-documented cause of acute abdomen in the pediatric population; however, posttraumatic and postoperative intussusceptions are exceptionally uncommon. […] The etiology is considered idiopathic in 75 percent of young children. Other causes include enteric infections or underlying disorders such as Meckels diverticulum, small bowel lymphoma, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, cystic fibrosis, postoperative and posttraumatic intussusception. postoperative and posttraumatic intussusceptions are very uncommon, with the latter being even less common. […] Postoperative intussusception (POI) is well known to occur mostly after operations involving the gastrointestinal (GI) system but has also been reported post retroperitoneal dissections and tumor resections, diaphragmatic procedures, and extensive bowel manipulation.

• #15 Postoperative Small Bowel Intussusception in a Pediatric Trauma Patient: A Literature Review and Unique Case Report | ACS

  https://www.facs.org/for-medical-professionals/news-publications/journals/case-reviews/issues/v1n3/walsh-postoperative/

  Posttraumatic intussusception (PTI) is exceedingly rare, with only 22 reported cases in the English literature. This usually presents after blunt abdominal trauma, and the cause is often unknown. […] The etiology is thought to be multifocal, but peristaltic impairment is believed to be the most prominent cause. […] Causes of this disorder in peristalsis include excessive bowel manipulation, abnormal serum electrolytes, anesthetic agents, postoperatively administered medications or impaired bowel innervation. […] Other reported causes of PTI include impaired peristalsis, bowel edema and local spasms. […] About 18 percent of cases of PTIs have been described to be due to intramural hematoma. Other causes described include bowel edema and local spasms.

• #16 Intussusception: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/intussusception

  Intussusception is a common cause of blockage in the intestine in young children. It is rarer in adults and is usually due to an underlying condition. […] In adults, intussusception is often due to an associated condition that causes a lead point. This is something that makes the intestine catch and telescope in on itself. […] Research into intussusception in children indicates that it can occur during development or because of an infection. However, the cause is sometimes unknown. […] Some causes can be: an enlarged lymph node, polyps, cancerous tumors, cysts, weight loss surgery, or other surgery on the intestinal tract, inflammation due to Crohns disease, Meckel diverticulum, which is a bulge in the lower intestine. […] In children, intussusception usually has no known cause, with only 10% of cases having an identifiable cause. In contrast, 90% of adults with intussusception develop it as a result of an underlying condition.

• #17 Intussusception in Adults: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/intussusception-in-adults

  In intussusception, part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract invaginates or telescopes into another neighbouring portion. […] There is usually a 'lead point’ which is the cause of the invagination. […] Unlike in children, where most cases of intussusception do not have any identifiable cause, in adults, a cause is identified in up to 90% of cases. These include the following: Benign or malignant mass tumours in 54-69% (eg, primary neoplasms – eg, bowel carcinoma, lymphomas, polyps, or lipomas or metastatic deposits (rare) – eg, renal cell carcinoma). […] Small bowel intussusceptions are more likely to be caused by benign lesions (50-75% of cases) whereas some evidence suggests colonic intussusceptions are more likely to be malignant in origin (though other case series disagree). […] Enterovirus infection has been reported as a cause. […] Another case report describes intussusception in the context of diabetic ketoacidosis – possibly by altering GI tract motility – and Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis.

• #18 Bowel intussusception in adult: Prevalence, diagnostic tools and therapy

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2222-0682/full/v11/i3/81.htm

  Intussusception is defined as invagination of one segment of the bowel into an immediately adjacent segment. […] In direct contrast to pediatric etiologies, adult intussusception is associated with an identifiable cause in almost all the symptomatic cases while the idiopathic causes are extremely rare. […] Any perturbation of the normal pattern of intestinal peristalsis increase the risk of intussusception. […] As opposed to the pediatric population, adult intussusception is commonly caused by a pathologic lead point; it can be located in the lumen of the bowel, inside the wall or extramural, and its occurrence is associated to an identifiable cause in 80%-90% of symptomatic cases. […] The causes of adult intussusception are summarized in Table 1. […] Malignant and benign neoplasms account for 60% of cases with a lead point; the remaining non-idiopathic cases are usually caused by postoperative adherences, Crohns disease, infections, intestinal ulcers, and Meckel diverticulum.

• #18 Bowel intussusception in adult: Prevalence, diagnostic tools and therapy

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2222-0682/full/v11/i3/81.htm

  According to several reports, when dividing etiologies by enteric and colonic location, the small bowel intussusception is more often caused by benign lesions. In contrast, colonic intussusception is more likely to have an underlying malignant lead point (often a colonic adenocarcinoma). […] The optimal management for adult intussusception is still controversial, nevertheless its definitive treatment consists in surgical intervention with appropriate approach depending on the underlying etiology and location.

• #19 Intussusception in Adults: A Retrospective Review from a Single Instit | OAEM

  https://www.dovepress.com/intussusception-in-adults-a-retrospective-review-from-a-single-institu-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OAEM

  Intussusception is uncommon in adults and often manifests as nonspecific symptoms. […] The main causes of intussusception in adults are as follows: carcinomas, polyps, strictures, benign tumors, Meckels diverticulum, and colonic diverticulum. […] About 70-90% of intussusceptions in adults have a lead point, which is a well-defined pathological abnormality. […] Neoplasms are the most common etiology of adult intussusception, and malignant lesions account for approximately 60% of all neoplasms causing intussusception. […] In contrast, intussusception in the large bowel is more likely to have a malignant etiology and represents approximately 75% of total cases. […] AI lead points are observed more often, and the incidence of malignancy is high. […] Therefore, preoperative barium or air reduction is not recommended.

• #19 Intussusception in Adults: A Retrospective Review from a Single Instit | OAEM

  https://www.dovepress.com/intussusception-in-adults-a-retrospective-review-from-a-single-institu-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OAEM

  The optimal management is definitive surgical resection, which is performed in almost all cases. […] The controversy on the extent of bowel resection and intraoperative bowel reduction in AI is yet to be resolved. […] Despite advances in radiological procedures, it is difficult to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions preoperatively in cases of intussusception. […] In this study, the rate of malignancy in CI was lower than that reported in other studies.

• #20 Appendiceal Intussusception Secondary to Endometriosis: A Rare Etiology of Right Lower Quadrant Abdominal Pain | Journal of the Belgian Society of Radiology

  https://jbsr.be/articles/10.5334/jbsr.2739

  Appendiceal intussusception appears as a sausage or target shaped lesion in the caecal lumen and may be caused by a lead point. […] Appendiceal intussusception is a rare condition, accounting for around 0.01% of appendectomies. The pathology affects predominantly adults, in particular women who in 70% of cases present a favorable underlying pathology, notably endometriosis, appendiceal mucocele, adenoma, adenocarcinoma, and Crohns disease. […] In conclusion, this is a rare pathology, often asymptomatic, and its imaging diagnosis should raise the suspicion of an underlying benign or malignant etiology.

• #21 Intestinal intussusception due to benign lesions in adults

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0120-99572011000200013&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en

  Intestinal intussusception in adults occurs infrequently. […] In the majority of the cases there is an identifiable mechanical cause. […] Benign or malignant tumors account for 65% of cases. […] Colocolonic intussusceptions, which represent 8% to 19% of intussusception cases, are less common than those in the longer and more mobile small intestine. […] Its etiology is malignant in 50% to 80% of cases. […] There are definable pathological causes in 90% of all cases of intussusceptions in adults. […] Adenomatous polyps and lipomas are two of the primary benign causes of intussusception. […] Lipomas are the primary benign etiology of coloconic intussusception, and the second most common benign colon tumor. […] The main colocolonic causes of intussusception are malignant primary colonic tumors such as adenocarcinoma, lymphoma and metastases.

• #22 Transient intussusception | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/transient-intussusception?lang=us

  Transient or uncomplicated intussusception is known to occur in adults and children and can be considered physiological. Given the condition’s transient nature, it is probably underdiagnosed. The main factors distinguishing transient from intussusceptions requiring surgical intervention are absent clinical symptoms, enteroenteric type, short length, and absent visible lead point. […] The exact etiology of intussusceptions without a lead point is not clear. […] Transient/uncomplicated enteroenteric intussusception can be secondary to increased bowel peristalsis due to downstream bowel obstruction (e.g. stricture, tumor).

• #23 Transient small bowel intussusception in an adult: case report with intraoperative video and literature review | BMC Surgery | Full Text

  https://bmcsurg.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12893-015-0020-6

  Transient intermittent intussusceptions were reported in literature in patients with celiac or Crohns disease. […] However, they are frequently idiopathic and reduce spontaneously without any surgical intervention. […] The transient intermittent small bowel intussusception is a rare condition with only few similar cases reported in literature. […] In adults, intussusception is usually accompanied with intermittent abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation, melena, weight loss, and fever. […] Transient small bowel intussusception can carry a further challenge as it often presents with nonspecific symptoms and signs. […] It has been reported that transient small bowel intussusception can be completely asymptomatic. […] Treatment is almost always surgical in adults with pathological intussusception, where resection and primary anastomosis of the involved segment of bowel is performed. […] In contrast, the transient type can be managed conservatively in the absence of any abdominal symptoms suggestive of complicated intussusception. […] There are no sufficient data in literature to draw any standard therapy or follow up for this rare entity of bowel intussusception.

• #23 Transient small bowel intussusception in an adult: case report with intraoperative video and literature review | BMC Surgery | Full Text

  https://bmcsurg.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12893-015-0020-6

  The term intussusception refers to invagination of a segment of the gastrointestinal tract into the lumen of an adjacent segment. […] Intussusception in adults is usually secondary to an existing pathology; in pediatric population, however it is mostly primary in origin. […] While 60% of colonic intussusceptions in adults are induced by malignant tumor as the lead point, 30% of small bowel intussusceptions are caused by malignancy. […] About 10% of small bowel intussusceptions in adults are idiopathic. […] The mechanism behind intussusception could be explained by the presence of a bowel lesion that alters the normal peristaltic movements and serves as a lead point for intussusception. […] The mechanism of the rare entity of transient small bowel intussusception, as in our case, is not well described in medical literature.

• #24 Intussusception (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/intussusception.html

  Most of the time, doctors don’t know what causes intussusception. In some cases, it might follow a recent attack of gastroenteritis (or „stomach flu”). It also can follow a cold or the flu. Bacterial or viral gastrointestinal infections can make the infection-fighting lymph tissue that lines the intestine swell. This can cause part of the intestine to get pulled into the other. […] In kids younger than 3 months old or older than 5, intussusception is more likely to be caused by an underlying condition like enlarged lymph nodes, a tumor, or a blood vessel problem in the intestines. […] Intussusception is most common in babies 5 to 9 months old, but older children also can have it. Boys get intussusception more often than girls.

• #25 Intussusception in an eleven years old girl: the diagnostic challenge in an unusual age

  https://www.oatext.com/intussusception-in-an-eleven-years-old-girl-the-diagnostic-challenge-in-an-unusual-age.php

  Intussusception is considered the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in infants between 6 and 36 months of age, consisting of the invagination of an intestinal tract into itself. […] This condition is considered rare in older infants and young adults, where the diagnosis is commonly overlooked and usually underlines a para physiologic or pathologic mass serving as a lead point for invagination. […] Intussusception is considered rare before 3 months and after 6 years of age, resulting, therefore, relatively unusual in adolescents and adults, where the diagnosis is commonly overlooked. […] In almost 90% of adulthood intussusception cases an underlying condition (Meckels diverticulum, polyp, intestinal carcinoma, etc), that serves as a lead point, can be discovered intraoperatively.

• #26 Intussusception – Risk factors – Management – TeachMePaediatrics

  https://teachmepaediatrics.com/surgery/abdominal/intussusception/

  Most cases are idiopathic but in approximately 25% of cases an underlying pathological cause can be identified. These pathological causes create a lead point in the intestinal wall enabling the bowel to telescope more easily. Research has shown there to be an association between recognised viruses such as rotavirus and the development of intussuception. […] A pathological cause should be suspected if the child is older or has a high recurrence rate.

• #27 Adult intussusception: still a challenging diagnosis for the surgeon | Revista de Gastroenterología de México

  https://www.revistagastroenterologiamexico.org/en-adult-intussusception-still-challenging-diagnosis-avance-S2255534X22000731

  Intussusception is rare in adults and can occur in the small bowel and colon. Its atypical presentation makes the diagnosis difficult. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the causes, clinical characteristics, and treatment outcomes of adult intussusception and to determine whether there was an association between etiology and clinical presentation. […] Intussusception etiology was benign in 15 cases, 9 were associated with malignancy, and 4 were idiopathic. […] Intestinal lesions were identified in 24 cases as lead points, and 4 were idiopathic. Benign lesions were found in 15 patients and malignant lesions in 9 patients. […] Adult intussusception accounts for 5% of all cases of intussusceptions and only 1-5% of intestinal obstruction cases. In contrast to the pediatric population, nearly 90% of the cases of adult intussusceptions are secondary to a pathologic condition that functions as a lead point, and 8-20% are classified as primary or idiopathic. There is a 65% risk of associated malignancy in adult intussusception cases, signifying that almost 70-90% of those cases could require surgical resection. […] We retrospectively reviewed 20 years of data from adult patients with intussusception and found that 32.14% of the cases (n=9) were related to malignancy, 53.57% (n=15) had benign etiology, and 14.29% (n=4) were idiopathic.

• #28 Intussusception | Great Ormond Street Hospital

  https://www.gosh.nhs.uk/conditions-and-treatments/conditions-we-treat/intussusception/

  We are not sure what causes the bowel to telescope in on itself, but there may be some link to infections. The child may have had a cough, cold or high temperature and tummy ache in the days leading up to the intussusception, followed by vomiting or even passing blood in the faeces (poo). We think that most of the time, swelling in the bowel wall makes it telescope in on itself. Less often, there may be a physical reason, such as a pocket in the bowel that might get caught and tangled. […] Intussusception can cause reduced blood flow to the affected part of the bowel, which stops it functioning properly, and bruising and damage to the bowel tissue.

• #29 Intussusception Injury: Symptoms, Causes, and Legal Help

  https://www.myvaccinelawyer.com/vaccine-injury-lawyer/resources/vaccine/injury/intussusception/

  Intussusception occurs when the Rotavirus vaccine has an adverse effect on infants. […] Intussusception is most often found in children younger than 3 years old, and is the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in that population. […] Increased risk factors for intussusception include: (1) age, (2) sex; (3) abnormal intestinal formation at birth; and (4) underlying conditions. […] Other factors such as Abnormal Intestinal Formation at birth, an intestinal malrotation, specifically, increases the risk of intussusception as the intestine is not fully developed and does not rotate correctly in a young child. […] The most common vaccine that can trigger Intussusception is the Rotavirus vaccine. […] Studies suggest a causal relationship between the two, pointing at increased gut motility (movement of food through the body’s digestive system) as a result of a mimicked viral infection in many cases of intussusception.

• #30 Intussusception | Causes & Treatment in Turkey – Bimaristan

  https://bi-maristan.com/en/general-surgery/stomach-small-intestine/intussusception/

  Intussusception is a condition in infants where one part of the intestine slides inside another, causing blockages. […] Up until now, the fundamental cause of intestinal intussusception in newborns has not been determined, but males are more commonly affected than females. […] In any case, the most significant contributing factor to infantile intestinal intussusception is respiratory or digestive infections preceding this telescoping. […] This can be explained by these infections causing swelling in the defensive tissues located in the intestinal wall, leading to variations in wall thickness. […] Lymphomas or certain tumors may also lead to intestinal intussusception in older age groups through the same mechanism.

• #31 Intussusception in Horses: Risk Factors, Treatment & Prognosis | Mad Barn

  https://madbarn.com/intussusception-in-horses/?srsltid=AfmBOooqx_EUsXoVW1kPRMJ_kXrsH_JIw_VqFF1jrRjQlzJ955-_xng7

  The exact causes of intussusception are not fully understood. Factors such as intestinal lesions, infections, and changes in diet are commonly associated with the condition. […] One theory is that intussusception is initiated by a lesion in the intestine that allows the intestine to fold into itself. This lesion could be a mass such as a cyst or diverticula, a load of parasites, or material lodged in the tract such as food or other foreign bodies. […] Another factor in intussusception, particularly of the small intestine, is abnormalities in the contractions of the intestinal wall (i.e. disruption to peristalsis). This could be because of the triggering lesion or due to other causes such as inflammation in the digestive tract, diarrhea, or recent anaesthesia. […] Intussusception is also associated with rapid changes in the horses diet. The risk of intussusception is just one example of why its important to make changes to the horses diet slowly.

• #31 Intussusception in Horses: Risk Factors, Treatment & Prognosis | Mad Barn

  https://madbarn.com/intussusception-in-horses/?srsltid=AfmBOooqx_EUsXoVW1kPRMJ_kXrsH_JIw_VqFF1jrRjQlzJ955-_xng7

  Other conditions associated with intussusception include: Inflammation in the digestive tract, Salmonellosis, Heavy parasite burdens, particularly tapeworm, strongyles, Eimeria leuckarti, or ascarids, Vascular injury, Inflammation of the mesenteric arteries, Variations in the thickness of the intestinal wall, History of abdominal surgery, Presence of masses in the tract such as enteroliths, cysts, diverticula, or granulomas, Presence of foreign bodies or stuck digesta, Abscesses in the wall of the cecum or other structures, Deworming with organophosphates, Use of intestinal motility-modifying drugs. […] There is a strong correlation between parasite infection and intussusception, particularly in young horses.

• #32 Intussusception in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://deprod.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=intussusception-in-children-90-P02002

  Intussusception is the most common cause of intestinal blockage in children between ages 3 months and 3 years. […] Experts dont know what causes intussusception. It may occur more often in children who have a family history of the disorder. […] Experts have found a link in some cases with other conditions. These include viral infection, abdominal or intestinal tumors or masses, appendicitis, parasites, celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, and Crohn’s disease. […] If not treated, intussusception can be life-threatening. […] Intussusception can happen again, especially if it is not treated with surgery the first time.

• #33 Intussusception: Definition, Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/intussusception-4800911

  Intussusception can occur at any point in the digestive tract but is most often found to occur at the junction between the small and the large intestine. […] There are a few different reasons that intussusception may occur, but most of the time there is no identifiable cause. […] One possible cause of intussusception in children is a virus. Viruses have been found in the stool of children who have had intussusception. […] Another possible cause of intussusception is a polyp, tumor, or abnormal growth in the small intestine. […] In children, the cause of intussusception is often unknown in up to 90% of cases. However, in some children the cause may be a Meckels diverticulum. […] In adults, intussusception could be the result of an abnormal growth (such as a polyp or a tumor). It could also occur because of scar tissue (adhesions) in the intestine, such as that which forms after having abdominal surgery. […] Rarely (in 0.10.3% of cases), intussusception may occur after gastric bypass or other weight loss surgery.

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