Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology of Takayasu arteritis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28756072/

  Takayasu arteritis (TA), a granulomatous large vessel vasculitis involves mostly the aorta and its proximal branches and occurs most commonly in young females. The data on the epidemiology of TA is limited, probably due to the rarity of the disease. Although the disease has a worldwide distribution, it is generally thought to be much more common among Asian populations. The incidences of TA were estimated to be 1-2 per million in Japan and 2.2 per million in Kuwait. Recent epidemiologic studies suggest that TA is being increasingly recognized in Europe with reported incidence estimates varying from 0.4 to 1.5 per million. The highest ever prevalence of TA at 40 per million was estimated in Japan and the lowest ever one at 0.9 per million in US. The reported prevalences in the European populations vary between the ranges of 4.7 per million and 33 per million. These variations between the studies may be derived from geographical and genetic differences between the populations, but also may be due to the methodological differences.

• #2 Takayasu Arteritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1007566-overview

  Takayasu arteritis is estimated to affect 2.6 persons per million annually. The prevalence is 2.6-6.4 persons per million population. Any discrepancy in terms of pinpointing the prevalence is attributed to genetic factors and difficulty in diagnosis. […] Worldwide incidence of Takayasu arteritis is estimated at 2.6 cases per million per year. Although the disease has a worldwide distribution, it is observed more frequently in Asian countries such as Japan, Korea, China, India, Thailand, and Singapore, as well as in Turkey, Israel, and Central and South America. About 100-200 new cases of Takayasu arteritis are registered each year in Japan. […] Estimates of the incidence rates in Europe vary from 0.4 to 1.5 per million, while the prevalence ranges from 4.7 to 33 per million. […] Takayasu arteritis is observed more frequently in patients of Asian or Indian descent. Japanese patients with Takayasu arteritis have a higher incidence of aortic arch involvement. In contrast, series from India report higher incidences of abdominal involvement.

• #3 The Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations of Takayasu Arteritis: A Descriptive Study of Case Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8519497/

  Takayasu’s arteritis is a rare form of chronic inflammatory disorder involving large vessels, with an unclear etiology. Common early signs and symptoms are weakness, malaise, and fever. Takayasu’s arteritis mainly involves the aorta and its branches as well as the subclavian and carotid arteries. […] In Japan, the greatest known prevalence of Takayasu arteritis was assessed to be 40 per million while in the United States, the lowest known frequency was reported to be 0.9 per million. […] The average age of the population is 25 years, with a standard deviation of 12.5 years. Females accounted for 88.3% of the cases while males accounted for 11.6 %. […] The most common symptom of Takayasu arteritis was fever (20.93%), followed by chest discomfort (13.95%), claudication (13.95%), and headache (13.95%).

• #4 A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Incidence Rate of Takayasu Arteritis | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.20246942.full

  Takayasu arteritis (TAK), is a rare autoimmune rheumatic disease causing large vessel vasculitis. […] It has a poorly understood global epidemiology. Our objective was to systematically review the available evidence in order to calculate the incidence rate of TAK. […] The incidence rate for TAK per million person-years with 95% confidence intervals was 1.11 per million person years (95% CI 0.75 1.65). […] TAK was found to be more common in women (incidence rate 2.01 per million person-years, 95% CI 1.39-2.90). […] TAK is an extremely rare disease. It affects women more commonly than men. There is considerable variation in the incidence rate between populations. […] The global epidemiology of TAK remains unknown. Prevalence seems to vary geographically and appears highest in Asia.

• #5 Giant Cell Arteritis versus Takayasu Arteritis: An Update | MJR – Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology

  http://www.mjrheum.org/june-2020/newsid792/240/showfulltext792/1

  The incidence rate of TAK is significantly lower in comparison with GCA. The incidence of the disease (overall population without age restriction per 1 million inhabitants) has been reported to be 1-2 in Japan, 2.2 in Kuwait, 1.1 in Turkey, 0.7 in Sweden, 0.4 in Denmark and 0.4-1 in Germany. The incidence of the disease peaks in the 15-30 years-old age group. The female:male ratio has been reported to be 5:1 in Japan, and a higher ratio has been reported in Southern Sweden with 13:0 ratio. In contrast to GCA, TAK is very common in individuals with Asiatic ancestry. Mortality is approximately 3 times higher in patients with TAK in comparison with age- and gender-matched controls. Caucasian race and smoking have been identified as risk factors associated with mortality.

• #6 Takayasu arteritis: Prevalence and clinical presentation in Switzerland | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0250025

  Takayasu arteritis (TAK) is a rare immune-mediated vasculitis of the aorta and its branches. Aims were to calculate prevalence and incidence in Switzerland, to assess disease activity and performance of MR-Angiography (MRA). […] A disease prevalence of 14.5/1.000.000 inhabitants and an incidence of 0.3/1.000.000 per year was calculated. […] The prevalence in the canton of Bern is 14.5/1.000.000 inhabitants. The prevalence of patients 40 years is 8.7/1.000.000 while the prevalence of patients 40 years or older is 19.1/1.000.000. Over a period of 50 years, 15 patients were diagnosed in the Canton of Bern. Based on a population of 1.034.977, the incidence is therefore 0.3/1.000.000/year. […] This is the first study reporting the prevalence and the incidence of TAK in Switzerland, describing disease characteristics as well as assessing performance of MRA and of recently proposed EULAR disease activity criteria. […] With 14.5/1.000.000 inhabitants, the prevalence is 3-fold higher as compared to a prior reported prevalence of 4.7/1000000 in Western European countries; it is similar to recent data of Sweden and Norway.

• #7

  https://www.aaem.pl/Takayasu-s-arteritis-a-rare-disease-in-Poland,92702,0,2.html

  Takayasus arteritis (TA) is a rare and potentially life-threatening granulomatous large-vessel vasculitis that involves mostly in the aorta and its proximal branches, and occurs most commonly in young females. This study measures the incidence and prevalence of TA, and assesses the gender distribution and territorial differences in the occurrences of this disease in Poland over a five-year period. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evaluation of this rare disease in Poland based on a hospital morbidity database. […] The incidence rate of TA was estimated at 0.92 per million per year (95% CI: 0.68-1.16). Five-year TA prevalence was estimated to be 4.6 per million. Incidence rates of TA did not vary significantly between more urban and more rural regions. […] The incidence of TA in Poland was similar or lower to data reported by other European countries. The study provides epidemiological data on TA in Poland that may be useful while comparing it with other geographical regions.

• #8 Takayasu’s arteritis – a comprehensive review

  https://www.rarediseasesjournal.com/articles/takayasus-arteritis–a-comprehensive-review.html

  Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology. Majority of cases have been observed in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. In Asia, its incidence (2.69 in a million per year) has been reported to be 100 times higher than in Europe and North America. Accurate and early diagnosis of TA can reduce the economic, social, and psychological burdens. […] Incidence of Takayasu arteritis is rare, but most commonly seen in Japan, South East Asia, India, and Mexico. A study of North American patients by Hall et al found the incidence to be 2.6/million/year. […] The American College of Rheumatology included arteriogram abnormalities in the diagnostic criteria of the disease. Angiography is the gold standard for evaluation of vascular lesions; in particular panangiography allows a correct assessment of the extension of the disease, which correlates with its severity.

• #9 UPDATE IN TAKAYASU’S ARTERITIS – Rheumatology Quarterly

  https://qrheumatol.com/articles/update-in-takayasus-arteritis/doi/qrheumatol.galenos.2023.36844

  Takayasu arteritis (TAK) is observed worldwide. However, it is more frequently reported in East Asian countries including Japan, India, and Korea and also recently from the Middle East, especially Turkey. Prevalence was found 40/million in Japan and 0.9/million in the USA. Prevalence was reported as 15-33/million in Turkey. […] The level of evidence for TAK management is low, and expert opinion is still the main determinant when managing patients with TAK during daily practice. […] There is a clear need to develop a validated set of outcome measures for use in clinical trials of TAK.

• #10 Ocular Manifestations of Takayasu’s Arteritis—A Case-Based Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/11/3745

  Takayasu’s arteritis (TA) is a type of vasculitis in which inflammation develops in large vessels, especially in the aorta and its branches. […] The prevalence of the disease varies from 0.9 to 40 cases per million; however, according to epidemiological data, the number is estimated to be between 4 and 15 cases per million. […] TA is more common in Asian, Central, and South American populations. In addition, women are more frequently affected by the disease, with the women-to-men ratio being 1.6–12:1 in adults. […] The highest incidence occurs in the third decade, although the disease may develop even in infancy. […] The diagnosis of Takayasu’s arteritis should be considered in patients presenting symptoms of visual decline/loss, ocular pain, or signs of retinal ischemia, optic neuropathy, or early cataract formation.

• #11 Takayasu Arteritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1007566-overview

  Approximately 80% of patients with Takayasu arteritis are women; however, the high female-to-male ratio seems to decrease west of Japan. In India, the female-to-male ratio is as low as 1.6:1. […] Most patients with Takayasu arteritis are aged 4-63 years, with the mean age of onset being approximately 30 years. Fewer than 15% of cases present in individuals older than 40 years.

• #12 Takayasu’s arteritis – Autoimmune Association

  https://autoimmune.org/disease-information/takayasus-arteritis/

  Takayasu’s arteritis is a rare disease. The best estimates of the disease frequency suggest that 2 or 3 cases occur each year per million people in a population. […] Although the disease has a worldwide distribution, it appears to occur more often in Asian women. […] There is a 9:1 female predominance in this disease.

• #13 Clinical features and diagnosis of Takayasu arteritis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-takayasu-arteritis/print

  Women are affected in 80 to 90 percent of cases, with an age of onset that is usually between 10 and 40 years. It has a worldwide distribution, with the greatest prevalence in Asia. In Japan, it has been estimated that 150 new cases occur each year.

• #14 Takayasu’s arteritis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Takayasu%27s_arteritis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The mortality rate of Takayasu arteritis over five years is less than 5%. […] Takayasu arteritis commonly affects individuals between 4 and 63 years of age. […] Mean age of onset of Takayasu arteritis is approximately 30 years. […] More than 85% of patients with Takayasu arteritis are younger than 40 years old. […] Takayasu arteritis usually affects individuals of Asian or Indian race. […] Females are more commonly affected by Takayasu arteritis than males. The female to male ratio is approximately 9 to 1. […] Takayasu arteritis is a rare disease. […] The majority of Takayasu arteritis cases are reported in Japan, South East Asia, India, and Mexico.

• #15 Takayasu Arteritis in Terms of Disease Duration and Sex Differences

  https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/circj/88/3/88_CJ-23-0900/_html/-char/en

  TAK is a LVV affecting a relatively younger population. The prevalence and incidence of TAK are reported to be higher in Asia than in other parts of the world. For instance, the prevalence is reported to be 40 per million in Japan and 5 per million in the UK. On the other hand, the incidence rate in South Korea is reported to be 2.5 per million per year. […] In their epidemiological study, Comarmond et al analyzed 318 TAK patients from referral centers in the French Takayasu network, which included multiple ethnicities, and reported that the median age at TAK diagnosis was 36 (25-47) years, and 86.8% (276 patients) were female. They also reported that male sex was associated with relapse-free survival, but there was no sex difference in the prevalence of complications. […] In a cross-country study in Japan, Watanabe et al analyzed the clinical characteristics of a larger population of 1,372 TAK patients who were newly registered. Their study revealed a median age at onset of 35 years (quartiles 13, 22-56.8 years), with women (median age 34 years) having a younger age of onset than men (median age 43.5 years).

• #16 Takayasu arteritis revisited | Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English edition)

  https://www.revportcardiol.org/en-takayasu-arteritis-revisited-articulo-S2174204915000549

  The disease typically presents in women aged under 50, although several recent series have reported a high prevalence in older age-groups. Its clinical presentation is varied; patients can be asymptomatic for several years and can present with nonspecific systemic symptoms such as fever, asthenia, arthralgia, myalgia and night sweats, and more rarely with acute vascular events. Depending on the arterial territory affected, there may be visual disturbances, headache, syncope, Raynaud phenomenon, limb claudication or differences in pulses and blood pressure between the arms. […] Hypertension is a common comorbidity, found in 33-83% of cases, linked to renal artery stenosis (observed in 20-38% of patients). Although there is disagreement concerning the treatment of these lesions, percutaneous angioplasty has shown good long-term results in terms of treating hypertension and improving renal function.

• #17 New Insights on the Pathogenesis of Takayasu Arteritis: Revisiting the Microbial Theory

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/7/3/73

  Takayasu arteritis (TAK) is a chronic vasculitis that mainly affects the aorta, its major branches, and the pulmonary arteries. […] Since then, several names, such as pulseless disease, aortic arch syndrome, obstructive productive arteritis, were proposed. […] Despite TAK primarily affecting young or middle-aged women, particularly from Asian countries, the disease has a worldwide distribution and has been reported in people of virtually all ages. […] So far, the only genetic factor that shows a consistent association with TAK is the HLA allele, HLA-B*52, which has been confirmed in various cohorts and in several ethnicities. […] Thus, it has been proposed that the increased prevalence of TAK in Asians may reflect the higher frequency of the HLA-B*52 in this population. […] In addition, genetic variants in non-HLA genes, especially in genes encoding immune response regulators and pro-inflammatory cytokines have been proposed as risk factors.

• #18 The clinical characteristics of Chinese Takayasu’s arteritis patients: a retrospective study of 411 patients over 24 years | Arthritis Research & Therapy | Full Text

  https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13075-017-1307-z

  The estimated annual incidence of TAK is 0.41.0 per million people in Germany, 2.0 per million in southeast Norway, and 3.4 per million in the northwestern part of Turkey. […] The prevalence of TAK was estimated to be 40 per million in Japan. […] In the northwestern part of Turkey, the prevalence (33 per million) of TAK is higher than that of the western population (4.78.0 per million) but is similar to east Asia. […] In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the data of 411 inpatients with complete angiographic description. […] The most common cause of death in this study was heart failure, which was secondary to hypertension and aortic regurgitation. […] In conclusion, blood vessel involvement in Chinese TAK patients is different from other ethnic groups. Aortic aneurysm is less common in Chinese TAK patients, while the subclavian artery and carotid artery may be more commonly involved in Chinese TAK patients.

• #19 The Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations of Takayasu Arteritis: A Descriptive Study of Case Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8519497/

  The characteristics of Takayasu’s arteritis were investigated in this study. Several physical findings and their corresponding values, as well as a summary of radiological findings, have been listed. […] Based on the review and analysis of all the case reports on Takayasu arteritis, we observed that Takayasu arteritis is most commonly seen in females, with an average onset age of 13-38 years. […] The main entity for diagnosis is imaging, which depicts stenosis of major vessels and other conditions.

• #20 Journal of APPLIED BIOMEDICINE: Takayasu arteritis – epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment

  https://jab.zsf.jcu.cz/artkey/jab-201901-0002_takayasu-arteritis-epidemiology-pathogenesis-diagnosis-and-treatment.php

  Takayasu disease belongs to the group of autoimmune vasculitis which most often affects the aorta and its branches. It is rare, and it mainly affects young women. Recent epidemiologic studies suggest that Takayasu arteritis is being increasingly recognized in Europe. […] The most common Takayasu arteritis complications include pulmonary thrombosis, aortic regurgitation, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular events, vision degeneration or blindness, and hearing problems.

• #21 Increased risk of malignancy in patients with Takayasu’s arteritis: a population-based cohort study in Korea | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-24324-0

  This study aimed to evaluate the relative risk of malignancy in patients with Takayasus arteritis compared to that in the general population. […] The risks of overall [SIR, 1.62; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.272.03], solid (SIR, 1.51; 95% CI 1.171.92), and hematologic (SIR, 4.05; 95% CI 1.757.98) malignancies were increased compared to those in the general population. […] An increased risk of malignancy was observed in patients with Takayasus arteritis compared to that in the general population in this large-scale nationwide population study of Korean health insurance data. […] The risk of overall malignancies combined was increased in patients with TAK (SIR, 1.62; 95% CI 1.272.03), and the risks of both solid (SIR, 1.51; 95% CI 1.171.92) and hematologic malignancy (SIR, 4.05; 95% CI 1.757.98) were also increased.

• #22 Increased risk of malignancy in patients with Takayasu’s arteritis: a population-based cohort study in Korea | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-24324-0

  The overall malignancy incidence was higher in both sexes (female: SIR, 1.53; 95% CI 1.151.99; male: SIR, 1.94; 95% CI 1.173.03) in patients with TAK than in the general population. […] The risk of overall malignancies was significantly higher in patients with TAK with medium (SIR, 1.86; 95% CI 1.102.94) and high comorbidities (SIR, 1.81; 95% CI 1.222.58) compared with that in the general population. […] An increased risk of hematologic and solid malignancies was observed in patients with TAK compared to that in the general population.

• #23 Familial risks between giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis and other autoimmune diseases in the population of Sweden | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-77857-7

  Giant cell arteritis (GCA, also called temporal arteritis) is a rare and Takayasu arteritis (TA) is an even rarer autoimmune disease (AID), both of which present with inflammatory vasculitis of large and medium size arteries. The risk factors are largely undefined but disease susceptibility has been associated with human leukocyte antigen locus. Population-level familial risk is not known. In the present nation-wide study we describe familial risk for GCA and for GCA and TA with any other AID based on the Swedish hospital diagnoses up to years 2012. Family relationships were obtained from the Multigeneration Register. Familial standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated for offspring whose parents or siblings were diagnosed with GCA, TA or any other AID. The familial risk for GCA was 2.14, 2.40 for women and non-significant for men. The results showed that family history is a risk factor for GCA. Significant familial associations of both GCA and TA with such a number of other AIDs provide evidence for polyautoimmunity among these diseases.

• #24 Familial risks between giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis and other autoimmune diseases in the population of Sweden | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-77857-7

  Here we provide a detailed assessment of familial risks for GCA and TA based on Swedish hospital records. A concordant familial risk was calculated for both of these diseases and a discordant risk was calculated between these diseases and any other of 41 AIDs. […] The present results showed that the familial clustering of GCA and TA is rare, as only 1% of the patients had a concordant family history. The familial risk for GCA was 2.14 and it was only significant for women (2.40), which is noteworthy considering the sex difference in incidence. […] In conclusion, the present study provided novel familial risk estimates for GCA and identified discordant associations for GCA with 10 other AIDs and for TA with 6 other AIDs. Significant familial associations with so many other AIDs provide evidence for polyautoimmunity among these diseases.

• #25 Takayasu arteritis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/takayasu-arteritis?lang=us

  There is a strong female predominance (F:M ~9:1), an increased prevalence in Asian populations, and it tends to affect younger patients (50 years of age). The typical age of onset is at around 15-30 years of age. […] Interestingly, it has been noted that there is a degree of geographic concurrence of cases of tuberculosis and Takayasu arteritis, suggesting a link between them. A possible hypothesis is that tuberculosis may trigger an immune-mediated reaction to the large vessels however this remains contentious.

• #26 New Insights on the Pathogenesis of Takayasu Arteritis: Revisiting the Microbial Theory

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/7/3/73

  Due to the unavailability of placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials, the management of TAK has relayed on results obtained from open studies, case series and expert opinion. […] The most commonly used therapeutic agents include corticosteroids and conventional immunosuppressive agents such as methotrexate. […] An association of microorganisms with TAK has been extensively investigated and, so far, based on epidemiological and laboratory data, the most likely pathogen that appears to be implicated in the pathogenesis of TAK is mTB. […] Future studies, using large number of patients are needed to establish the existence of causal relationship between TAK and mTB.

• #27 Top Published Expert Doctors for Takayasu Arteritis

  https://findexpertmd.com/d/Takayasu_Arteritis

  601 top medical experts on Takayasu Arteritis across 42 countries and 31 U.S. states, including 479 MDs (Physicians). This is based on an objective analysis of their Scientific Publications, Clinical Trials, Medicare, and NIH Grants. […] Clinical Trials ClinicalTrials.gov: at least 51 including 1 Active, 20 Completed, 21 Recruiting.

• #28 A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Incidence Rate of Takayasu Arteritis | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.20246942.full

  The lack of clarity on the basic epidemiology of TAK has many implications, including on the design of diagnostic pathways, creation of specialised services, funding of high-cost drugs and on clinical trial recruitment. […] The meta-analysis conducted shows TAK to be an exceedingly rare disease with an incidence rate of 1.11 (95% CI 0.75 1.65) per million person-years. […] The extreme heterogeneity shown in all forest plots was not limited by sex, study quality, setting or geographical region. This demonstrates the limited utility of attempting to calculate global incidence rates for diseases which are likely to vary in their incidence in different populations. […] There is a need for research that determines the incidence of TAK in different geographical areas. […] This systematic review of the literature has demonstrated that the incidence rate of TAK is 1.11 (95% CI 0.75-1.65) cases per million-person years. TAK is more common in women than men. There appears to be a genuine difference in incidence in different populations. The reasons for this warrant further research.

• #29 Takayasu arteritis revisited | Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English edition)

  https://www.revportcardiol.org/en-takayasu-arteritis-revisited-articulo-S2174204915000549

  Another important aspect of this case was disease progression under corticoid therapy, despite normalization of inflammatory parameters. Several authors have reported low sensitivity of laboratory monitoring in Takayasu arteritis and have suggested serial imaging studies to monitor disease progression. In around 50% of cases corticoid therapy alone is insufficient to halt progression of the vasculitis and additional immunosuppressive therapy is needed.

• #30 Ocular Manifestations of Takayasu’s Arteritis—A Case-Based Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/11/3745

  Therefore, some severe ocular manifestations may go unnoticed for an extended time. […] The main limitation of this paper is the inclusion of only case reports and case series. […] Conducting future multicenter research involving a large number of patients could provide clinicians with guidelines on managing ocular manifestations of TA. […] Ophthalmologists must be aware of the possible ocular symptoms of TA to ensure the patient gets a correct diagnosis and treatment without significant delay. […] The multidisciplinary cooperation between ophthalmologists, angiologists, and rheumatologists is crucial, as eye disorders may be the first sign of TA. […] Conducting screenings for patients with pulseless disease may be beneficial in detecting early abnormalities.

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