Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Takayasu Arteritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459127/

  Takayasu arteritis, aka pulseless disease, is a systemic inflammatory condition which leads to damage of the medium and large arteries and their branches. […] An abnormality in cell-mediated immunity seems to be its main pathogenesis, but its etiology is still largely unknown. […] The etiology of Takayasu arteritis is largely unknown. At its core, it is an inflammatory disease, and it is thought that autoimmune cell-mediated immunity may be responsible for the disease. […] There continues to be a substantial lack of understanding of the pathogenesis of Takayasu arteritis, and the etiology is largely unknown.

• #2 Takayasu’s Arteritis : Johns Hopkins Vasculitis Center

  https://www.hopkinsvasculitis.org/types-vasculitis/takayasus-arteritis/

  The cause of Takayasus arteritis is not known. Some evidence suggests that an infection of some kind viral, bacterial, or other occurring in a person with other predisposing factors (such as the correct genes), may lead to this disease. This is an attractive hypothesis, but definitive evidence for it is lacking. […] Takayasus arteritis is a granulomatous vasculitis chiefly of young women that involves the aorta and its major branches.

• #3 Takayasu Arteritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332378-overview

  Takayasu arteritis is a rare, systemic, inflammatory large-vessel vasculitis of unknown etiology that most commonly affects women of childbearing age. […] The etiology of Takayasu arteritis is unknown. The underlying pathologic process is inflammatory, with several etiologic factors having been proposed, including infection with spirochetes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and streptococcal organisms; and circulating antibodies due to an autoimmune process. Genetic susceptibility factors have been identified. […] An antigen may stimulate aortic tissue, leading to the expression of heat shock protein65, which, in turn, induces major histocompatibility (MHC) class Irelated chain A (MICA). […] The genetic susceptibility factor that has been most consistently associated with Takayasu arteritis is the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele HLA-B*52, which has been confirmed in several ethnicities. […] Other HLA alleles have also been implicated; for example, HLA-B39, HLA-DRB11502, and HLA-DRB10405 have also been associated with the disease in Japanese patients. […] One study demonstrated an association between several cases of Takayasu arteritis and CD36 deficiency (CD36d).

• #4 Takayasu’s Arteritis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7097-takayasus-arteritis

  Takayasus arteritis may be an autoimmune condition, which means your immune system is harming healthy tissue that it should leave alone. […] Researchers think some cases of Takayasus arteritis may come from a gene you get from both of your parents. They may not have symptoms because theyre just carrying one copy of the gene. When you inherit that specific gene from both parents, you can get the condition and its symptoms.

• #5 Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Takayasu Arteritis: A Review of Current Advances

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10386905/

  Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare, chronic, inflammatory vasculitis that primarily affects large arteries, causing significant morbidity and mortality. […] The disease is believed to have an autoimmune etiology, with immune-mediated inflammation playing a central role. […] The pathogenesis of TA involves a combination of genetic and immune-mediated factors. Genetic studies have identified several genetic loci associated with TA, including genes encoding human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and class II specificities, immune response regulators, and proinflammatory cytokines. […] The immune system plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of TA, involving both adaptive and innate immune responses. […] Autoimmunity, particularly B cell-mediated autoimmunity, is implicated in TA. […] The activation of inflammatory M1 macrophages and reparative M2 macrophages is one potential mechanism underlying vascular fibrosis in TA.

• #6 Takayasu arteritis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/takayasu-arteritis

  Takayasu arteritis is an inflammation of large arteries such as the aorta and its major branches. […] The cause of Takayasu arteritis is not known. […] Takayasu arteritis appears to be an autoimmune condition. This means the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in the blood vessel wall. […] Several genes that increase the chance of having this problem were recently found.

• #7 Takayasu Arteritis – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/vasculitis/takayasu-arteritis

  Takayasu arteritis is an inflammatory disease affecting the aorta, its branches, and pulmonary arteries. […] Etiology is unknown. […] The cause of Takayasu arteritis is unknown. Cell-mediated immune mechanisms may be involved.

• #8 Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Takayasu Arteritis: A Review of Current Advances

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10386905/

  Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare, chronic, inflammatory vasculitis that primarily affects large arteries, causing significant morbidity and mortality. […] The disease is believed to have an autoimmune etiology, with immune-mediated inflammation playing a central role. […] The pathogenesis of TA involves a combination of genetic and immune-mediated factors. Genetic studies have identified several genetic loci associated with TA, including genes encoding human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and class II specificities, immune response regulators, and proinflammatory cytokines. […] The immune system plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of TA, involving both adaptive and innate immune responses. […] Autoimmunity, particularly B cell-mediated autoimmunity, is implicated in TA. […] The activation of inflammatory M1 macrophages and reparative M2 macrophages is one potential mechanism underlying vascular fibrosis in TA.

• #9 Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Takayasu Arteritis: A Review of Current Advances

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10386905/

  The mammalian target organ of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation and Notch-1 signaling are the key mechanisms driving the activation of Th1 and Th17 lymphocytes in the inflamed arterial wall of TA. […] The potential for precision medicine in Takayasu arteritis extends to tailoring therapies based on individual patient characteristics. […] The understanding of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of Takayasu arteritis is of utmost importance in providing appropriate care to affected individuals.

• #10 Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Takayasu Arteritis: A Review of Current Advances

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10386905/

  Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare, chronic, inflammatory vasculitis that primarily affects large arteries, causing significant morbidity and mortality. […] The disease is believed to have an autoimmune etiology, with immune-mediated inflammation playing a central role. […] The pathogenesis of TA involves a combination of genetic and immune-mediated factors. Genetic studies have identified several genetic loci associated with TA, including genes encoding human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and class II specificities, immune response regulators, and proinflammatory cytokines. […] The immune system plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of TA, involving both adaptive and innate immune responses. […] Autoimmunity, particularly B cell-mediated autoimmunity, is implicated in TA. […] The activation of inflammatory M1 macrophages and reparative M2 macrophages is one potential mechanism underlying vascular fibrosis in TA.

• #11 Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Takayasu Arteritis: A Review of Current Advances

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10386905/

  Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare, chronic, inflammatory vasculitis that primarily affects large arteries, causing significant morbidity and mortality. […] The disease is believed to have an autoimmune etiology, with immune-mediated inflammation playing a central role. […] The pathogenesis of TA involves a combination of genetic and immune-mediated factors. Genetic studies have identified several genetic loci associated with TA, including genes encoding human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and class II specificities, immune response regulators, and proinflammatory cytokines. […] The immune system plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of TA, involving both adaptive and innate immune responses. […] Autoimmunity, particularly B cell-mediated autoimmunity, is implicated in TA. […] The activation of inflammatory M1 macrophages and reparative M2 macrophages is one potential mechanism underlying vascular fibrosis in TA.

• #12 Takayasu’s Arteritis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7097-takayasus-arteritis

  Takayasus arteritis may be an autoimmune condition, which means your immune system is harming healthy tissue that it should leave alone. […] Researchers think some cases of Takayasus arteritis may come from a gene you get from both of your parents. They may not have symptoms because theyre just carrying one copy of the gene. When you inherit that specific gene from both parents, you can get the condition and its symptoms.

• #13 Takayasu Arteritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332378-overview

  Takayasu arteritis is a rare, systemic, inflammatory large-vessel vasculitis of unknown etiology that most commonly affects women of childbearing age. […] The etiology of Takayasu arteritis is unknown. The underlying pathologic process is inflammatory, with several etiologic factors having been proposed, including infection with spirochetes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and streptococcal organisms; and circulating antibodies due to an autoimmune process. Genetic susceptibility factors have been identified. […] An antigen may stimulate aortic tissue, leading to the expression of heat shock protein65, which, in turn, induces major histocompatibility (MHC) class Irelated chain A (MICA). […] The genetic susceptibility factor that has been most consistently associated with Takayasu arteritis is the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele HLA-B*52, which has been confirmed in several ethnicities. […] Other HLA alleles have also been implicated; for example, HLA-B39, HLA-DRB11502, and HLA-DRB10405 have also been associated with the disease in Japanese patients. […] One study demonstrated an association between several cases of Takayasu arteritis and CD36 deficiency (CD36d).

• #14 Takayasu’s arteritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takayasu%27s_arteritis

  Takayasu’s arteritis (TA), also known as aortic arch syndrome, nonspecific aortoarteritis, and pulseless disease, is a form of large vessel granulomatous vasculitis with massive intimal fibrosis and vascular narrowing, most commonly affecting young or middle-aged women of Asian descent, though anyone can be affected. […] Although the cause of Takayasu arteritis is unknown, the condition is characterized by segmental and patchy granulomatous inflammation of the aorta and its major derivative branches. This inflammation leads to arterial stenosis, thrombosis, and aneurysms. […] The genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of Takayasu’s arteritis is supported by the genetic association with HLA-B·52. A 2013 large collaborative study uncovered multiple additional susceptibility loci for this disease, increasing its number of genetic loci to five risk loci across the genome.

• #15 Takayasu Arteritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332378-overview

  Takayasu arteritis is a rare, systemic, inflammatory large-vessel vasculitis of unknown etiology that most commonly affects women of childbearing age. […] The etiology of Takayasu arteritis is unknown. The underlying pathologic process is inflammatory, with several etiologic factors having been proposed, including infection with spirochetes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and streptococcal organisms; and circulating antibodies due to an autoimmune process. Genetic susceptibility factors have been identified. […] An antigen may stimulate aortic tissue, leading to the expression of heat shock protein65, which, in turn, induces major histocompatibility (MHC) class Irelated chain A (MICA). […] The genetic susceptibility factor that has been most consistently associated with Takayasu arteritis is the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele HLA-B*52, which has been confirmed in several ethnicities. […] Other HLA alleles have also been implicated; for example, HLA-B39, HLA-DRB11502, and HLA-DRB10405 have also been associated with the disease in Japanese patients. […] One study demonstrated an association between several cases of Takayasu arteritis and CD36 deficiency (CD36d).

• #16 Takayasu Arteritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332378-overview

  Takayasu arteritis is a rare, systemic, inflammatory large-vessel vasculitis of unknown etiology that most commonly affects women of childbearing age. […] The etiology of Takayasu arteritis is unknown. The underlying pathologic process is inflammatory, with several etiologic factors having been proposed, including infection with spirochetes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and streptococcal organisms; and circulating antibodies due to an autoimmune process. Genetic susceptibility factors have been identified. […] An antigen may stimulate aortic tissue, leading to the expression of heat shock protein65, which, in turn, induces major histocompatibility (MHC) class Irelated chain A (MICA). […] The genetic susceptibility factor that has been most consistently associated with Takayasu arteritis is the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele HLA-B*52, which has been confirmed in several ethnicities. […] Other HLA alleles have also been implicated; for example, HLA-B39, HLA-DRB11502, and HLA-DRB10405 have also been associated with the disease in Japanese patients. […] One study demonstrated an association between several cases of Takayasu arteritis and CD36 deficiency (CD36d).

• #17 Pathology Outlines – Takayasu arteritis

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/kidneynontumortakayasuarteritis.html

  Precise etiology unknown; likely multifactorial with genetic component and potentially viral or bacterial instigator (Pathogens 2018;7:E73) […] Genetic predisposition plus environmental factors […] Virus or bacteria via molecular mimicry mechanism leads to autoimmune response (Pathogens 2018;7:E73) […] Associated with HLA-B genes, especially HLA-B*52 and HLA-B*67 in certain populations and TNFα genes (Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 2018;11:225)

• #18 Takayasu Arteritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332378-overview

  Takayasu arteritis is a rare, systemic, inflammatory large-vessel vasculitis of unknown etiology that most commonly affects women of childbearing age. […] The etiology of Takayasu arteritis is unknown. The underlying pathologic process is inflammatory, with several etiologic factors having been proposed, including infection with spirochetes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and streptococcal organisms; and circulating antibodies due to an autoimmune process. Genetic susceptibility factors have been identified. […] An antigen may stimulate aortic tissue, leading to the expression of heat shock protein65, which, in turn, induces major histocompatibility (MHC) class Irelated chain A (MICA). […] The genetic susceptibility factor that has been most consistently associated with Takayasu arteritis is the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele HLA-B*52, which has been confirmed in several ethnicities. […] Other HLA alleles have also been implicated; for example, HLA-B39, HLA-DRB11502, and HLA-DRB10405 have also been associated with the disease in Japanese patients. […] One study demonstrated an association between several cases of Takayasu arteritis and CD36 deficiency (CD36d).

• #19 Orphanet: Takayasu arteritis

  https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/3287

  The etiology of the inflammatory vasculitis in TAK is unknown. An underlying inflammatory mechanism and genetic factors are thought to play a role. Genetic studies have found HLA B-52 to be related to TAK. Recent GWAS studies revealed association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in IL12B and FCGR2A/3A genes to TAK.

• #20 Familial Takayasu arteritis – a pediatric case and a review of the literature | Pediatric Rheumatology | Full Text

  https://ped-rheum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1546-0096-9-6

  Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare chronic inflammatory disease of the aorta and its major branches. […] The aetiology of TA remains unknown. […] Although the aetiology of TA has been extensively investigated, it remains unknown. […] A review of the literature suggests that familial TA may not be as rare as once thought and this finding may have both aetiological and clinical implications for family screening. […] A recent report of a multiplex family with TA raised the question of whether there could be an autosomal recessive form of the disease. […] We concur with the authors who propose the use of homozygosity mapping in these cases. […] This case and review provides further support for the role of as yet undefined genetic factors in the development of TA, and emphasizes the need for studying such informative familial cases to look for candidate genes.

• #21 Takayasu’s Arteritis : Johns Hopkins Vasculitis Center

  https://www.hopkinsvasculitis.org/types-vasculitis/takayasus-arteritis/

  The cause of Takayasus arteritis is not known. Some evidence suggests that an infection of some kind viral, bacterial, or other occurring in a person with other predisposing factors (such as the correct genes), may lead to this disease. This is an attractive hypothesis, but definitive evidence for it is lacking. […] Takayasus arteritis is a granulomatous vasculitis chiefly of young women that involves the aorta and its major branches.

• #22 Takayasu Arteritis – Vasculitis Foundation

  https://vasculitisfoundation.org/education/vasculitis-types/takayasu-arteritis/

  Takayasu arteritis (TAK) is a form of vasculitis, a family of rare disorders characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels, which can restrict blood flow and damage vital organs and tissues. […] The cause of TAK is not fully understood. Vasculitis is classified as an autoimmune disorder, a disease that occurs when the body’s natural defense system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. Researchers believe an infection may set the inflammatory process in motion, but this is not yet proven. Environmental and some genetic factors may also play a role.

• #23 Takayasu Arteritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332378-overview

  Takayasu arteritis is a rare, systemic, inflammatory large-vessel vasculitis of unknown etiology that most commonly affects women of childbearing age. […] The etiology of Takayasu arteritis is unknown. The underlying pathologic process is inflammatory, with several etiologic factors having been proposed, including infection with spirochetes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and streptococcal organisms; and circulating antibodies due to an autoimmune process. Genetic susceptibility factors have been identified. […] An antigen may stimulate aortic tissue, leading to the expression of heat shock protein65, which, in turn, induces major histocompatibility (MHC) class Irelated chain A (MICA). […] The genetic susceptibility factor that has been most consistently associated with Takayasu arteritis is the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele HLA-B*52, which has been confirmed in several ethnicities. […] Other HLA alleles have also been implicated; for example, HLA-B39, HLA-DRB11502, and HLA-DRB10405 have also been associated with the disease in Japanese patients. […] One study demonstrated an association between several cases of Takayasu arteritis and CD36 deficiency (CD36d).

• #24 Takayasu Arteritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332378-overview

  Takayasu arteritis is a rare, systemic, inflammatory large-vessel vasculitis of unknown etiology that most commonly affects women of childbearing age. […] The etiology of Takayasu arteritis is unknown. The underlying pathologic process is inflammatory, with several etiologic factors having been proposed, including infection with spirochetes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and streptococcal organisms; and circulating antibodies due to an autoimmune process. Genetic susceptibility factors have been identified. […] An antigen may stimulate aortic tissue, leading to the expression of heat shock protein65, which, in turn, induces major histocompatibility (MHC) class Irelated chain A (MICA). […] The genetic susceptibility factor that has been most consistently associated with Takayasu arteritis is the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele HLA-B*52, which has been confirmed in several ethnicities. […] Other HLA alleles have also been implicated; for example, HLA-B39, HLA-DRB11502, and HLA-DRB10405 have also been associated with the disease in Japanese patients. […] One study demonstrated an association between several cases of Takayasu arteritis and CD36 deficiency (CD36d).

• #25 Takayasu arteritis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/takayasu-arteritis?lang=us

  Takayasu arteritis (TAK), also known as idiopathic medial aortopathy or pulseless disease, is a granulomatous large vessel vasculitis that predominantly affects the aorta and its major branches. It may also affect the pulmonary arteries. The exact cause is not well known but the pathology is thought to be similar to giant cell arteritis. […] Interestingly, it has been noted that there is a degree of geographic concurrence of cases of tuberculosis and Takayasu arteritis, suggesting a link between them. A possible hypothesis is that tuberculosis may trigger an immune-mediated reaction to the large vessels however this remains contentious. […] The initial systemic illness may include symptoms of malaise, fever, night sweats, weight loss and arthralgia. There is often anemia with raised inflammatory markers. This phase gradually resolves with the initiation of the chronic phase which is characterized by inflammatory and obliterative changes in the aorta and its branches.

• #26 Takayasu’s arteritis – aphasia as an initial presentation

  https://www.oaepublish.com/articles/2347-8659.2015.52

  Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology, characterized by granulomatous vasculitis of large and medium sized arteries, especially aorta and its branches. […] The etiology of Takayasus arteritis is unknown, but evidence suggests an autoimmune process, given the association with certain human leukocyte antigen (alleles and other autoimmune processes such as sarcoidosis and inflammatory bowel disease. […] It is also suggested that tuberculosis may have an association, given a high prevalence of active and past infection in patients with Takayasus arteritis.

• #27 Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Takayasu Arteritis: A Review of Current Advances

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10386905/

  Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare, chronic, inflammatory vasculitis that primarily affects large arteries, causing significant morbidity and mortality. […] The disease is believed to have an autoimmune etiology, with immune-mediated inflammation playing a central role. […] The pathogenesis of TA involves a combination of genetic and immune-mediated factors. Genetic studies have identified several genetic loci associated with TA, including genes encoding human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and class II specificities, immune response regulators, and proinflammatory cytokines. […] The immune system plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of TA, involving both adaptive and innate immune responses. […] Autoimmunity, particularly B cell-mediated autoimmunity, is implicated in TA. […] The activation of inflammatory M1 macrophages and reparative M2 macrophages is one potential mechanism underlying vascular fibrosis in TA.

• #28 Takayasu Arteritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332378-overview

  Takayasu arteritis is a rare, systemic, inflammatory large-vessel vasculitis of unknown etiology that most commonly affects women of childbearing age. […] The etiology of Takayasu arteritis is unknown. The underlying pathologic process is inflammatory, with several etiologic factors having been proposed, including infection with spirochetes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and streptococcal organisms; and circulating antibodies due to an autoimmune process. Genetic susceptibility factors have been identified. […] An antigen may stimulate aortic tissue, leading to the expression of heat shock protein65, which, in turn, induces major histocompatibility (MHC) class Irelated chain A (MICA). […] The genetic susceptibility factor that has been most consistently associated with Takayasu arteritis is the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele HLA-B*52, which has been confirmed in several ethnicities. […] Other HLA alleles have also been implicated; for example, HLA-B39, HLA-DRB11502, and HLA-DRB10405 have also been associated with the disease in Japanese patients. […] One study demonstrated an association between several cases of Takayasu arteritis and CD36 deficiency (CD36d).

• #29 Takayasu’s arteritis – a comprehensive review

  https://www.rarediseasesjournal.com/articles/takayasus-arteritis–a-comprehensive-review.html

  Takayasus arteritis (TA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology. […] The etiology of TA is still not known. […] Similarly, exact pathogenic sequence of the disease is yet to be established. […] However, a hypothesis has been developed where 65kDa heat-shock protein in the aortic tissue gets stimulated by unknown stimulus leading to the induction of major histocompatibility class I chain-related A (MICA) located on the vascular cells. […] TA is a chronic granuloumatous panarteritis of large sized arteries, classically involving the aortic arch, but one third of the cases also affect the remainder of the aorta and its branches, and pulmonary arteries. […] The gross morphologic examination, in most of the cases, irregular thickening of the aortic and its branch vessel wall with intimal wrinkling is seen.

• #30 Takayasu Disease and Stroke

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/stroke/takayasu-disease-and-stroke/31618/

  Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare inflammatory vasculopathy preferentially affecting the aorta and its major branches and is a potential cause of stroke in young adults. Although the precise etiology of TA is unknown, it may be triggered by an infectious process. […] A potential genetic relationship with the HLA-B*52 allele, which is more prevalent in Asian populations, has been reported. […] The inflammatory process, marked by clusters of macrophages with or without giant cells, starts in the medial and adventitial layers before becoming panarteritis. […] Stroke affects approximately 5% to 15% of people with TA. […] Although stroke occurs late in the course of TA, it is often the presenting symptom, such that a neurologist may be the first physician to confront a case. […] Most cases of stroke appear to be secondary to hypoperfusion.

• #31 Functional Medicine: Takayasu’s Arteritis Pathophysiology & Care | Maggie Yu MD, IFMCP

  https://drmaggieyu.com/blog/functional-medicine-takayasus-arteritis-pathophysiology-care/

  Functional medicine offers a fresh perspective on treating Takayasus arteritis, a rare inflammatory disease affecting the arteries with vascular inflammation and arterial lesions. Unlike conventional methods, functional medicine digs deep to find the root causes of this condition, focusing on pathogenesis, biological treatments, and therapeutic approaches. Its not just about managing symptoms but understanding pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prevention in the first place. […] Takayasu arteritis is driven by autoimmune-mediated inflammation. This results in vascular remodeling and endothelial dysfunction. The immune system mistakenly attacks the bodys own blood vessels, causing inflammatory syndrome and lesions. […] Genetic factors play a role in susceptibility to Takayasu arteritis, disease activity, and risk of inflammatory syndrome and high blood pressure. Specificities in HLA class I and II genes are linked to this inflammatory syndrome and disease diagnosis.

• #32 Functional Medicine: Takayasu’s Arteritis Pathophysiology & Care | Maggie Yu MD, IFMCP

  https://drmaggieyu.com/blog/functional-medicine-takayasus-arteritis-pathophysiology-care/

  The pathogenesis of Takayasu arteritis involves complex immune processes. Key cytokines like IL-6 and IL-17 drive vascular inflammation, high blood pressure, and fibrosis. […] Vascular damage is a hallmark of Takayasu arteritis. Chronic inflammation causes the arteries walls to thicken and become fibrotic, leading to stenosis and high blood pressure. […] Cell activation plays a crucial role in disease activity. T cells and macrophages are activated by autoantigens in tak patients, leading to further inflammation and signs requiring corticosteroid therapy for diagnosis. […] Therapeutic management of Takayasus arteritis in patients often involves corticosteroid therapy and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). These drugs are the cornerstone of medical therapy. They help reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to blood vessels in tak patients through corticosteroid therapy, reducing risk and pressure.

• #33 Functional Medicine: Takayasu’s Arteritis Pathophysiology & Care | Maggie Yu MD, IFMCP

  https://drmaggieyu.com/blog/functional-medicine-takayasus-arteritis-pathophysiology-care/

  Functional medicine offers a fresh perspective on treating Takayasus arteritis, a rare inflammatory disease affecting the arteries with vascular inflammation and arterial lesions. Unlike conventional methods, functional medicine digs deep to find the root causes of this condition, focusing on pathogenesis, biological treatments, and therapeutic approaches. Its not just about managing symptoms but understanding pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prevention in the first place. […] Takayasu arteritis is driven by autoimmune-mediated inflammation. This results in vascular remodeling and endothelial dysfunction. The immune system mistakenly attacks the bodys own blood vessels, causing inflammatory syndrome and lesions. […] Genetic factors play a role in susceptibility to Takayasu arteritis, disease activity, and risk of inflammatory syndrome and high blood pressure. Specificities in HLA class I and II genes are linked to this inflammatory syndrome and disease diagnosis.

• #34 Functional Medicine: Takayasu’s Arteritis Pathophysiology & Care | Maggie Yu MD, IFMCP

  https://drmaggieyu.com/blog/functional-medicine-takayasus-arteritis-pathophysiology-care/

  The pathogenesis of Takayasu arteritis involves complex immune processes. Key cytokines like IL-6 and IL-17 drive vascular inflammation, high blood pressure, and fibrosis. […] Vascular damage is a hallmark of Takayasu arteritis. Chronic inflammation causes the arteries walls to thicken and become fibrotic, leading to stenosis and high blood pressure. […] Cell activation plays a crucial role in disease activity. T cells and macrophages are activated by autoantigens in tak patients, leading to further inflammation and signs requiring corticosteroid therapy for diagnosis. […] Therapeutic management of Takayasus arteritis in patients often involves corticosteroid therapy and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). These drugs are the cornerstone of medical therapy. They help reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to blood vessels in tak patients through corticosteroid therapy, reducing risk and pressure.

• #35 Takayasu’s arteritis – a comprehensive review

  https://www.rarediseasesjournal.com/articles/takayasus-arteritis–a-comprehensive-review.html

  Takayasus arteritis (TA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology. […] The etiology of TA is still not known. […] Similarly, exact pathogenic sequence of the disease is yet to be established. […] However, a hypothesis has been developed where 65kDa heat-shock protein in the aortic tissue gets stimulated by unknown stimulus leading to the induction of major histocompatibility class I chain-related A (MICA) located on the vascular cells. […] TA is a chronic granuloumatous panarteritis of large sized arteries, classically involving the aortic arch, but one third of the cases also affect the remainder of the aorta and its branches, and pulmonary arteries. […] The gross morphologic examination, in most of the cases, irregular thickening of the aortic and its branch vessel wall with intimal wrinkling is seen.

• #36 Takayasu’s arteritis – a comprehensive review

  https://www.rarediseasesjournal.com/articles/takayasus-arteritis–a-comprehensive-review.html

  When aortic arch is involved, the orifices of aortic branch vessels to the upper portion of the body may be markedly narrowed or even obliterated. […] Histological findings may range from an adventitial mononuclear infiltrate with perivascular cuffing of the vasa vasorum (channels supplying blood vessels) to marked mononuclear inflammation the media. […] Aortic root involvement may lead to dilatation and aortic valve insufficiency. […] Myocardial infarction may result in narrowing of coronary ostia.

• #37 Takayasu’s arteritis – a comprehensive review

  https://www.rarediseasesjournal.com/articles/takayasus-arteritis–a-comprehensive-review.html

  Takayasus arteritis (TA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology. […] The etiology of TA is still not known. […] Similarly, exact pathogenic sequence of the disease is yet to be established. […] However, a hypothesis has been developed where 65kDa heat-shock protein in the aortic tissue gets stimulated by unknown stimulus leading to the induction of major histocompatibility class I chain-related A (MICA) located on the vascular cells. […] TA is a chronic granuloumatous panarteritis of large sized arteries, classically involving the aortic arch, but one third of the cases also affect the remainder of the aorta and its branches, and pulmonary arteries. […] The gross morphologic examination, in most of the cases, irregular thickening of the aortic and its branch vessel wall with intimal wrinkling is seen.

• #38 Takayasu’s arteritis – a comprehensive review

  https://www.rarediseasesjournal.com/articles/takayasus-arteritis–a-comprehensive-review.html

  When aortic arch is involved, the orifices of aortic branch vessels to the upper portion of the body may be markedly narrowed or even obliterated. […] Histological findings may range from an adventitial mononuclear infiltrate with perivascular cuffing of the vasa vasorum (channels supplying blood vessels) to marked mononuclear inflammation the media. […] Aortic root involvement may lead to dilatation and aortic valve insufficiency. […] Myocardial infarction may result in narrowing of coronary ostia.

• #39 Takayasu’s arteritis – a comprehensive review

  https://www.rarediseasesjournal.com/articles/takayasus-arteritis–a-comprehensive-review.html

  When aortic arch is involved, the orifices of aortic branch vessels to the upper portion of the body may be markedly narrowed or even obliterated. […] Histological findings may range from an adventitial mononuclear infiltrate with perivascular cuffing of the vasa vasorum (channels supplying blood vessels) to marked mononuclear inflammation the media. […] Aortic root involvement may lead to dilatation and aortic valve insufficiency. […] Myocardial infarction may result in narrowing of coronary ostia.

• #40 Takayasu Arteritis or Pulseless Disease – Vasculitis UK

  https://www.vasculitis.org.uk/about-vasculitis/takayasu-arteritis

  The cause of Takayasus arteritis, and why an individual develops the disease at any one time remains unknown. The disease is most likely to be the consequence of environmental factors and a susceptible genetic background. One common but unproven hypothesis is that it is precipitated by an infection. The rarity of the disease worldwide means that it is very difficult to identify an underlying cause. The inflammation involves white blood cells invading the wall of the artery predisposing to damage and scarring. […] However, the increased prevalence in certain parts of the world may indicate a genetic component to disease susceptibility and current studies are investigating this.

• #41 Takayasu’s Arteritis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/takayasus-arteritis?page=2

  Takayasu’s arteritis is a rare condition in which inflammation damages large and medium-sized arteries. The exact cause of Takayasu’s arteritis is unknown. Its believed that the condition is an autoimmune disease. Although it’s not known for sure, some researchers believe that Takayasu’s arteritis might be triggered by: […] Infections […] Environment […] Genetics.

• #42 Takayasu Arteritis or Pulseless Disease – Vasculitis UK

  https://www.vasculitis.org.uk/about-vasculitis/takayasu-arteritis

  The cause of Takayasus arteritis, and why an individual develops the disease at any one time remains unknown. The disease is most likely to be the consequence of environmental factors and a susceptible genetic background. One common but unproven hypothesis is that it is precipitated by an infection. The rarity of the disease worldwide means that it is very difficult to identify an underlying cause. The inflammation involves white blood cells invading the wall of the artery predisposing to damage and scarring. […] However, the increased prevalence in certain parts of the world may indicate a genetic component to disease susceptibility and current studies are investigating this.

• #43 Takayasu Arteritis or Pulseless Disease – Vasculitis UK

  https://www.vasculitis.org.uk/about-vasculitis/takayasu-arteritis

  The cause of Takayasus arteritis, and why an individual develops the disease at any one time remains unknown. The disease is most likely to be the consequence of environmental factors and a susceptible genetic background. One common but unproven hypothesis is that it is precipitated by an infection. The rarity of the disease worldwide means that it is very difficult to identify an underlying cause. The inflammation involves white blood cells invading the wall of the artery predisposing to damage and scarring. […] However, the increased prevalence in certain parts of the world may indicate a genetic component to disease susceptibility and current studies are investigating this.

• #44 Takayasu arteritis: Symptoms, treatment, and outlook

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/takayasu-arteritis

  Takayasu arteritis, or pulseless disease, causes inflammation and narrowing of the aorta and arteries. This can lead to blockages and restrict blood flow to vital organs. […] The exact cause of Takayasu arteritis remains unknown, but doctors believe it involves an autoimmune response, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own arteries. […] Genetic factors, environmental triggers, and infections may be possible contributors. […] Takayasu arteritis is more common among people of Asian descent.

• #45 Takayasu’s Arteritis – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/takayasus-arteritis-a-to-z

  Takayasu’s arteritis is a chronic (long-term) disease in which arteries become inflamed. […] Although the cause of Takayasu’s arteritis is unknown, it may be an autoimmune disorder, meaning that immune defenses attack the body’s own cells rather than protecting them from outside invaders. Researchers have identified a number of genes that appear to increase the risk of developing this disease. […] In Asia, Takayasu’s arteritis is a major cause of high blood pressure in teenagers and young adults. In North America and Europe, however, Takayasu’s arteritis is a very rare illness that affects only two or three of every one million people every year.

• #46 Takayasu arteritis: Symptoms, treatment, and outlook

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/takayasu-arteritis

  Takayasu arteritis, or pulseless disease, causes inflammation and narrowing of the aorta and arteries. This can lead to blockages and restrict blood flow to vital organs. […] The exact cause of Takayasu arteritis remains unknown, but doctors believe it involves an autoimmune response, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own arteries. […] Genetic factors, environmental triggers, and infections may be possible contributors. […] Takayasu arteritis is more common among people of Asian descent.

• #47 Takayasu’s Arteritis – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/takayasus-arteritis-a-to-z

  Takayasu’s arteritis is a chronic (long-term) disease in which arteries become inflamed. […] Although the cause of Takayasu’s arteritis is unknown, it may be an autoimmune disorder, meaning that immune defenses attack the body’s own cells rather than protecting them from outside invaders. Researchers have identified a number of genes that appear to increase the risk of developing this disease. […] In Asia, Takayasu’s arteritis is a major cause of high blood pressure in teenagers and young adults. In North America and Europe, however, Takayasu’s arteritis is a very rare illness that affects only two or three of every one million people every year.

• #48 Takayasu arteritis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001250.htm

  Takayasu arteritis is an inflammation of large arteries such as the aorta and its major branches. […] The cause of Takayasu arteritis is not known. The disease occurs mainly in children and women between the ages of 20 to 40. It is more common in people of East Asian, Indian or Mexican descent. However, it is now being seen more often in other parts of the world. Several genes that increase the chance of having this problem were recently found. […] Takayasu arteritis appears to be an autoimmune condition. This means the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in the blood vessel wall. The condition may also involve other organ systems.

• #49 Takayasu Arteritis or Pulseless Disease – Vasculitis UK

  https://www.vasculitis.org.uk/about-vasculitis/takayasu-arteritis

  The cause of Takayasus arteritis, and why an individual develops the disease at any one time remains unknown. The disease is most likely to be the consequence of environmental factors and a susceptible genetic background. One common but unproven hypothesis is that it is precipitated by an infection. The rarity of the disease worldwide means that it is very difficult to identify an underlying cause. The inflammation involves white blood cells invading the wall of the artery predisposing to damage and scarring. […] However, the increased prevalence in certain parts of the world may indicate a genetic component to disease susceptibility and current studies are investigating this.

• #50 Takayasu’s Arteritis : Johns Hopkins Vasculitis Center

  https://www.hopkinsvasculitis.org/types-vasculitis/takayasus-arteritis/

  The cause of Takayasus arteritis is not known. Some evidence suggests that an infection of some kind viral, bacterial, or other occurring in a person with other predisposing factors (such as the correct genes), may lead to this disease. This is an attractive hypothesis, but definitive evidence for it is lacking. […] Takayasus arteritis is a granulomatous vasculitis chiefly of young women that involves the aorta and its major branches.

• #51 Takayasu Arteritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332378-overview

  Takayasu arteritis is a rare, systemic, inflammatory large-vessel vasculitis of unknown etiology that most commonly affects women of childbearing age. […] The etiology of Takayasu arteritis is unknown. The underlying pathologic process is inflammatory, with several etiologic factors having been proposed, including infection with spirochetes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and streptococcal organisms; and circulating antibodies due to an autoimmune process. Genetic susceptibility factors have been identified. […] An antigen may stimulate aortic tissue, leading to the expression of heat shock protein65, which, in turn, induces major histocompatibility (MHC) class Irelated chain A (MICA). […] The genetic susceptibility factor that has been most consistently associated with Takayasu arteritis is the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele HLA-B*52, which has been confirmed in several ethnicities. […] Other HLA alleles have also been implicated; for example, HLA-B39, HLA-DRB11502, and HLA-DRB10405 have also been associated with the disease in Japanese patients. […] One study demonstrated an association between several cases of Takayasu arteritis and CD36 deficiency (CD36d).

• #52 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Takayasu’s arteritis | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20156915

  Takayasu’s arteritis primarily affects girls and women younger than 40. The disorder occurs worldwide, but it’s most common in Asia. Sometimes the condition runs in families. Researchers have identified certain genes associated with Takayasu’s arteritis. […] No one knows exactly what causes the initial inflammation in Takayasu’s arteritis. The condition is likely an autoimmune disease in which your immune system attacks your own arteries by mistake. The disease may be triggered by a virus or other infection.

• #53 Takayasu’s Arteritis : Johns Hopkins Vasculitis Center

  https://www.hopkinsvasculitis.org/types-vasculitis/takayasus-arteritis/

  The cause of Takayasus arteritis is not known. Some evidence suggests that an infection of some kind viral, bacterial, or other occurring in a person with other predisposing factors (such as the correct genes), may lead to this disease. This is an attractive hypothesis, but definitive evidence for it is lacking. […] Takayasus arteritis is a granulomatous vasculitis chiefly of young women that involves the aorta and its major branches.

• #54 Takayasu Arteritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332378-overview

  Takayasu arteritis is a rare, systemic, inflammatory large-vessel vasculitis of unknown etiology that most commonly affects women of childbearing age. […] The etiology of Takayasu arteritis is unknown. The underlying pathologic process is inflammatory, with several etiologic factors having been proposed, including infection with spirochetes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and streptococcal organisms; and circulating antibodies due to an autoimmune process. Genetic susceptibility factors have been identified. […] An antigen may stimulate aortic tissue, leading to the expression of heat shock protein65, which, in turn, induces major histocompatibility (MHC) class Irelated chain A (MICA). […] The genetic susceptibility factor that has been most consistently associated with Takayasu arteritis is the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele HLA-B*52, which has been confirmed in several ethnicities. […] Other HLA alleles have also been implicated; for example, HLA-B39, HLA-DRB11502, and HLA-DRB10405 have also been associated with the disease in Japanese patients. […] One study demonstrated an association between several cases of Takayasu arteritis and CD36 deficiency (CD36d).

• #55 Takayasu arteritis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001250.htm

  Takayasu arteritis is an inflammation of large arteries such as the aorta and its major branches. […] The cause of Takayasu arteritis is not known. The disease occurs mainly in children and women between the ages of 20 to 40. It is more common in people of East Asian, Indian or Mexican descent. However, it is now being seen more often in other parts of the world. Several genes that increase the chance of having this problem were recently found. […] Takayasu arteritis appears to be an autoimmune condition. This means the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in the blood vessel wall. The condition may also involve other organ systems.

• #56 Takayasu’s Arteritis Cypress | Takayasu Disease Houston TX

  https://www.desaivascular.com/takayasus-arteritis-vascular-surgeon-cypress-tx/

  Takayasu’s arteritis, often known as Takayasu disease is an uncommon type of vasculitis characterized by inflammation that damages medium and large arteries. The exact causes of Takayasu’s arteritis are unknown. It may be an autoimmune condition triggered by a virus or other infection. […] Women younger than 40 years are at a higher risk for developing the condition.

• #57 Takayasu Disease and Stroke

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/stroke/takayasu-disease-and-stroke/31618/

  Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare inflammatory vasculopathy preferentially affecting the aorta and its major branches and is a potential cause of stroke in young adults. Although the precise etiology of TA is unknown, it may be triggered by an infectious process. […] A potential genetic relationship with the HLA-B*52 allele, which is more prevalent in Asian populations, has been reported. […] The inflammatory process, marked by clusters of macrophages with or without giant cells, starts in the medial and adventitial layers before becoming panarteritis. […] Stroke affects approximately 5% to 15% of people with TA. […] Although stroke occurs late in the course of TA, it is often the presenting symptom, such that a neurologist may be the first physician to confront a case. […] Most cases of stroke appear to be secondary to hypoperfusion.

• #58 Takayasu Disease and Stroke

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/stroke/takayasu-disease-and-stroke/31618/

  The absence of elevated inflammatory markers does not exclude the diagnosis of TA and changes in their levels cannot be used to monitor responses to therapy. […] The risk of ischemic complications appears higher in men compared with women. […] Prognosis is influenced by the type and extent of arterial complications, including stroke, myocardial ischemia, limb ischemia, hypertension, aortic aneurysm, and aortic dissection.

• #59 Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Takayasu Arteritis: A Review of Current Advances

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10386905/

  Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare, chronic, inflammatory vasculitis that primarily affects large arteries, causing significant morbidity and mortality. […] The disease is believed to have an autoimmune etiology, with immune-mediated inflammation playing a central role. […] The pathogenesis of TA involves a combination of genetic and immune-mediated factors. Genetic studies have identified several genetic loci associated with TA, including genes encoding human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and class II specificities, immune response regulators, and proinflammatory cytokines. […] The immune system plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of TA, involving both adaptive and innate immune responses. […] Autoimmunity, particularly B cell-mediated autoimmunity, is implicated in TA. […] The activation of inflammatory M1 macrophages and reparative M2 macrophages is one potential mechanism underlying vascular fibrosis in TA.

• #60 Arteritis Mimicking Aortic Coarctation and Review of the Literature | Bao | Journal of Medical Cases

  https://www.journalmc.org/index.php/JMC/article/view/1356/685

  Arteritis is a chronic nonspecific inflammation involving the aorta and its main branches, coronary and pulmonary arteries which lead to vascular stenosis or occlusion. […] Arteritis is a chronic nonspecific vasculitis affecting aorta and its main branches, coronary and pulmonary arteries which lead to vascular stenosis or occlusion. It is also called as Takayasus arteritis which was first described by Takayasu in 1908. The systemic inflammatory response and organ ischemia are the main clinical manifestations. […] Etiology and pathogensis is not clear yet. […] Although the pathogenesis of Takayasus arteritis remains unclear, the interaction of many factors, such as autoimmunity, inflammation, genetic and environmental factors and so on, is involved in the occurrence and development of Takayasus arteritis.

• #61 Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Takayasu Arteritis: A Review of Current Advances

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10386905/

  Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare, chronic, inflammatory vasculitis that primarily affects large arteries, causing significant morbidity and mortality. […] The disease is believed to have an autoimmune etiology, with immune-mediated inflammation playing a central role. […] The pathogenesis of TA involves a combination of genetic and immune-mediated factors. Genetic studies have identified several genetic loci associated with TA, including genes encoding human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and class II specificities, immune response regulators, and proinflammatory cytokines. […] The immune system plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of TA, involving both adaptive and innate immune responses. […] Autoimmunity, particularly B cell-mediated autoimmunity, is implicated in TA. […] The activation of inflammatory M1 macrophages and reparative M2 macrophages is one potential mechanism underlying vascular fibrosis in TA.

• #62 Arteritis Mimicking Aortic Coarctation and Review of the Literature | Bao | Journal of Medical Cases

  https://www.journalmc.org/index.php/JMC/article/view/1356/685

  Arteritis is a chronic nonspecific inflammation involving the aorta and its main branches, coronary and pulmonary arteries which lead to vascular stenosis or occlusion. […] Arteritis is a chronic nonspecific vasculitis affecting aorta and its main branches, coronary and pulmonary arteries which lead to vascular stenosis or occlusion. It is also called as Takayasus arteritis which was first described by Takayasu in 1908. The systemic inflammatory response and organ ischemia are the main clinical manifestations. […] Etiology and pathogensis is not clear yet. […] Although the pathogenesis of Takayasus arteritis remains unclear, the interaction of many factors, such as autoimmunity, inflammation, genetic and environmental factors and so on, is involved in the occurrence and development of Takayasus arteritis.

• #63 Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Takayasu Arteritis: A Review of Current Advances

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10386905/

  The mammalian target organ of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation and Notch-1 signaling are the key mechanisms driving the activation of Th1 and Th17 lymphocytes in the inflamed arterial wall of TA. […] The potential for precision medicine in Takayasu arteritis extends to tailoring therapies based on individual patient characteristics. […] The understanding of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of Takayasu arteritis is of utmost importance in providing appropriate care to affected individuals.

• #64 Familial Takayasu arteritis – a pediatric case and a review of the literature | Pediatric Rheumatology | Full Text

  https://ped-rheum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1546-0096-9-6

  Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare chronic inflammatory disease of the aorta and its major branches. […] The aetiology of TA remains unknown. […] Although the aetiology of TA has been extensively investigated, it remains unknown. […] A review of the literature suggests that familial TA may not be as rare as once thought and this finding may have both aetiological and clinical implications for family screening. […] A recent report of a multiplex family with TA raised the question of whether there could be an autosomal recessive form of the disease. […] We concur with the authors who propose the use of homozygosity mapping in these cases. […] This case and review provides further support for the role of as yet undefined genetic factors in the development of TA, and emphasizes the need for studying such informative familial cases to look for candidate genes.

• #65 Familial Takayasu arteritis – a pediatric case and a review of the literature | Pediatric Rheumatology | Full Text

  https://ped-rheum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1546-0096-9-6

  Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare chronic inflammatory disease of the aorta and its major branches. […] The aetiology of TA remains unknown. […] Although the aetiology of TA has been extensively investigated, it remains unknown. […] A review of the literature suggests that familial TA may not be as rare as once thought and this finding may have both aetiological and clinical implications for family screening. […] A recent report of a multiplex family with TA raised the question of whether there could be an autosomal recessive form of the disease. […] We concur with the authors who propose the use of homozygosity mapping in these cases. […] This case and review provides further support for the role of as yet undefined genetic factors in the development of TA, and emphasizes the need for studying such informative familial cases to look for candidate genes.

• #66 Functional Medicine: Takayasu’s Arteritis Pathophysiology & Care | Maggie Yu MD, IFMCP

  https://drmaggieyu.com/blog/functional-medicine-takayasus-arteritis-pathophysiology-care/

  The pathogenesis of Takayasu arteritis involves complex immune processes. Key cytokines like IL-6 and IL-17 drive vascular inflammation, high blood pressure, and fibrosis. […] Vascular damage is a hallmark of Takayasu arteritis. Chronic inflammation causes the arteries walls to thicken and become fibrotic, leading to stenosis and high blood pressure. […] Cell activation plays a crucial role in disease activity. T cells and macrophages are activated by autoantigens in tak patients, leading to further inflammation and signs requiring corticosteroid therapy for diagnosis. […] Therapeutic management of Takayasus arteritis in patients often involves corticosteroid therapy and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). These drugs are the cornerstone of medical therapy. They help reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to blood vessels in tak patients through corticosteroid therapy, reducing risk and pressure.

• #67 Functional Medicine: Takayasu’s Arteritis Pathophysiology & Care | Maggie Yu MD, IFMCP

  https://drmaggieyu.com/blog/functional-medicine-takayasus-arteritis-pathophysiology-care/

  Inducing remission is a primary goal in managing Takayasus arteritis in patients with corticosteroid therapy and monitoring blood pressure. […] Managing Takayasus arteritis requires a multidisciplinary approach. Patients often need care from rheumatologists, cardiologists, and vascular surgeons for corticosteroid therapy and blood pressure management. […] Functional medicine focuses on root causes. It looks beyond symptoms. For Takayasus arteritis, it examines the immune system and inflammation in patients. […] Stress impacts health significantly. High stress levels can worsen Takayasus arteritis. Techniques like meditation and yoga help manage stress. […] Immunosuppressant treatment remains a cornerstone for managing Takayasus arteritis. Drugs like methotrexate and azathioprine are commonly used. These medications help control the immune response and reduce inflammation in patients.

• #68 Takayasu Arteritis or Pulseless Disease – Vasculitis UK

  https://www.vasculitis.org.uk/about-vasculitis/takayasu-arteritis

  The cause of Takayasus arteritis, and why an individual develops the disease at any one time remains unknown. The disease is most likely to be the consequence of environmental factors and a susceptible genetic background. One common but unproven hypothesis is that it is precipitated by an infection. The rarity of the disease worldwide means that it is very difficult to identify an underlying cause. The inflammation involves white blood cells invading the wall of the artery predisposing to damage and scarring. […] However, the increased prevalence in certain parts of the world may indicate a genetic component to disease susceptibility and current studies are investigating this.

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