Stenozę odźwiernika
Leczenie

Stenoza odźwiernika wymaga pilnej interwencji chirurgicznej, najczęściej w formie pyloromiotomii (procedura Ramstedta), polegającej na nacięciu pogrubiałego mięśnia odźwiernika w celu przywrócenia prawidłowego przepływu pokarmu. Przed zabiegiem kluczowa jest stabilizacja stanu niemowlęcia, obejmująca korektę odwodnienia, zaburzeń elektrolitowych (Na+, K+, Cl-) oraz równowagi kwasowo-zasadowej, szczególnie normalizację poziomu wodorowęglanów, aby uniknąć powikłań oddechowych pooperacyjnych. Pyloromiotomia może być wykonana laparoskopowo (preferowana metoda, 2-3 nacięcia 3-5 mm) lub klasycznie, z przewagą techniki laparoskopowej ze względu na mniejszą inwazyjność, krótszy czas hospitalizacji i szybszy powrót do karmienia (zwykle 4-8 godzin po zabiegu). Pooperacyjna opieka obejmuje monitorowanie, stopniowe wprowadzanie karmienia oraz kontrolę powikłań takich jak krwawienie, infekcja czy perforacja błony śluzowej.

Leczenie chirurgiczne stenozy odźwiernika

Stenoza odźwiernika (pyloric stenosis) to stan chorobowy wymagający interwencji medycznej, zazwyczaj chirurgicznej. Podstawową metodą leczenia jest zabieg nazywany pyloromiotomią (pyloromyotomy), znany również jako procedura Ramstedta12. Operacja polega na nacięciu pogrubionego mięśnia odźwiernika, co umożliwia rozszerzenie przejścia i swobodny przepływ pokarmu ze żołądka do jelita cienkiego34.

Przygotowanie do zabiegu

Przed operacją konieczne jest ustabilizowanie stanu niemowlęcia. W wyniku uporczywych wymiotów dzieci z stenozą odźwiernika często doświadczają odwodnienia i zaburzeń elektrolitowych, które muszą zostać skorygowane przed zabiegiem56. Proces ten obejmuje:

  • Podawanie płynów dożylnie (IV) w celu nawodnienia organizmu
  • Korektę zaburzeń elektrolitowych (szczególnie sodu, potasu i chlorków)
  • Normalizację równowagi kwasowo-zasadowej
  • Utrzymanie pacjenta na czczo przed zabiegiem

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Stabilizacja stanu pacjenta może trwać od 24 do 48 godzin i jest kluczowa dla bezpiecznego przeprowadzenia zabiegu9. Szczególnie istotne jest ustabilizowanie poziomu wodorowęglanów w surowicy przed operacją, ponieważ istnieje ryzyko hipoentylacji/bezdechu pooperacyjnego w przypadku zasadowicy metabolicznej10.

Techniki chirurgiczne

Pyloromiotomia może być wykonywana dwiema głównymi metodami1112:

  1. Laparoskopowa pyloromiotomia – obecnie preferowana technika, wykorzystująca 2-3 małe nacięcia (około 3-5 mm) na brzuchu dziecka. Jedno nacięcie służy do wprowadzenia kamery, a pozostałe do narzędzi chirurgicznych. Ta metoda zapewnia szybszy powrót do zdrowia, mniejszy ból pooperacyjny oraz mniejsze blizny1314.
  2. Otwarta pyloromiotomia – tradycyjna technika, w której wykonuje się jedno większe nacięcie w prawym górnym kwadrancie brzucha lub w okolicy pępka w celu uzyskania dostępu do odźwiernika15.

Podczas zabiegu chirurg nacina zewnętrzną warstwę mięśnia odźwiernika, aż do warstwy śluzowej, ale bez jej przecinania. Błona śluzowa uwypukla się przez powstałą szczelinę, a rozluźniony mięsień pozwala na swobodny przepływ pokarmu1617. Operacja trwa zazwyczaj około 30-60 minut1819.

Badania wykazały, że laparoskopowa pyloromiotomia ma mniej powikłań, skraca czas do rozpoczęcia pełnego karmienia oraz długość pobytu w szpitalu w porównaniu z otwartą operacją20. W niektórych ośrodkach wykonuje się również pyloromiotomię wspomaganą robotycznie, co stanowi kolejny postęp w technikach małoinwazyjnych2122.

Opieka pooperacyjna

Po zabiegu pyloromiotomii pacjent wymaga ścisłego monitorowania i odpowiedniej opieki pooperacyjnej23:

Pierwsze godziny po zabiegu

Bezpośrednio po operacji dziecko jest przewożone do sali pooperacyjnej, gdzie jego stan jest monitorowany przez kilka godzin24. Przez pierwsze godziny podawane są płyny dożylnie, aż do momentu gdy dziecko będzie mogło rozpocząć karmienie doustne25. Czas do rozpoczęcia karmienia wynosi zwykle od 4 do 8 godzin po wybudzeniu z narkozy26.

Schemat karmienia

Karmienie po zabiegu jest zwykle rozpoczynane stopniowo27:

  • Początkowo podawane są małe ilości płynów (np. elektrolity, rozcieńczone mleko)
  • Następnie ilość i stężenie pokarmu są stopniowo zwiększane w miarę tolerancji przez dziecko
  • W ciągu 24-48 godzin większość niemowląt powraca do normalnego schematu karmienia

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Należy zauważyć, że wymioty mogą utrzymywać się przez krótki okres po operacji, co nie oznacza niepowodzenia zabiegu. Mogą być spowodowane obrzękiem w miejscu operacji, niedostatecznym odbijaniem po karmieniach lub zbyt szybkim zwiększaniem ilości pokarmu3031.

Pobyt w szpitalu i wypis

Większość niemowląt pozostaje w szpitalu przez 1-3 dni po zabiegu3233. Wypis jest możliwy, gdy dziecko3435:

  • Nie ma gorączki
  • Dobrze toleruje karmienie i nie wymiotuje
  • Jest odpowiednio nawodnione
  • Rana pooperacyjna goi się prawidłowo (bez zaczerwienienia czy wycieku)
  • Otrzymuje leki przeciwbólowe doustnie

Przed wypisem rodzice otrzymują instrukcje dotyczące pielęgnacji rany, rozpoznawania objawów powikłań oraz stopniowego powrotu do normalnego karmienia36.

Alternatywne metody leczenia

Leczenie farmakologiczne

W rzadkich przypadkach, gdy zabieg chirurgiczny jest przeciwwskazany ze względu na wysokie ryzyko znieczulenia ogólnego, można rozważyć leczenie farmakologiczne37. Głównym lekiem stosowanym w tym przypadku jest siarczan atropiny3839.

Atropina działa poprzez rozluźnienie mięśni odźwiernika, co może umożliwić przepływ pokarmu. Początkowo lek podawany jest dożylnie, a następnie doustnie4041. Badania japońskie wykazały skuteczność tego leczenia u 91% niemowląt42, jednak metoda ta:

  • Wymaga dłuższego pobytu w szpitalu niż leczenie chirurgiczne
  • Jest mniej skuteczna niż pyloromiotomia
  • Wymaga kontynuacji leczenia doustnego po wypisie ze szpitala

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Warto zaznaczyć, że atropina może być również stosowana jako terapia ratunkowa w przypadku niepełnej pyloromiotomii4546.

Inne metody leczenia

W rzadkich przypadkach, szczególnie u dorosłych z stenozą odźwiernika, mogą być stosowane inne metody zabiegowe4748:

  • Endoskopowa dylatacja balonowa – technika polegająca na rozszerzeniu zwężonego odźwiernika za pomocą balonu wprowadzonego endoskopowo. Ma jednak wysoką częstość nawrotów i zapewnia tylko tymczasową ulgę4950.
  • Endoskopowa pyloromiotomia – nowatorska technika wykorzystująca endoskop i specjalne narzędzia do wykonania nacięcia w mięśniu odźwiernika bez klasycznej operacji51.
  • Iniekcje toksyny botulinowej – podawanie toksyny botulinowej do mięśnia odźwiernika w celu jego rozluźnienia5253.
  • Stentowanie – u dorosłych pacjentów można zastosować czasowe stenty metalowe do rozszerzenia zwężonego odźwiernika54.

W leczeniu stenozy odźwiernika u dorosłych stosuje się również inne zabiegi chirurgiczne, takie jak gastroenterostomia, pyloroplastyka czy częściowa gastrektomia, w zależności od przyczyny i charakteru zwężenia5556.

Powikłania i efekty długoterminowe

Możliwe powikłania leczenia

Pyloromiotomia jest zabiegiem bezpiecznym, jednak jak każda procedura chirurgiczna niesie za sobą ryzyko powikłań5758:

  • Krwawienie – może wystąpić podczas zabiegu lub w okresie pooperacyjnym
  • Infekcja – zakażenie rany pooperacyjnej
  • Perforacja błony śluzowej – przypadkowe przebicie śluzówki podczas nacinania mięśnia
  • Niepełna pyloromiotomia – niewystarczające przecięcie mięśnia, co może prowadzić do utrzymywania się objawów

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Powikłania te występują rzadko, szczególnie w przypadku zabiegów laparoskopowych61. W przypadku utrzymywania się wymiotów przez dłużej niż 48 godzin po zabiegu, należy rozważyć możliwość niepełnej pyloromiotomii lub współistniejącego refluksu żołądkowo-przełykowego62.

Długoterminowe rokowanie

Długoterminowe rokowanie po leczeniu stenozy odźwiernika jest doskonałe6364:

  • Większość dzieci po zabiegu rozwija się prawidłowo, dobrze je i przybiera na wadze
  • Nawroty stenozy odźwiernika po skutecznym zabiegu są niezwykle rzadkie
  • Nie obserwuje się długoterminowych konsekwencji ani ograniczeń dietetycznych
  • Blizny po zabiegach laparoskopowych są minimalne i z czasem stają się niemal niewidoczne

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Wynik leczenia może być gorszy w przypadku znacznego opóźnienia diagnozy i przedłużającego się odwodnienia67, dlatego tak ważna jest wczesna diagnostyka i interwencja.

Zalecenia pooperacyjne

Po wypisie ze szpitala rodzice powinni przestrzegać następujących zaleceń68:

  • Dbać o ranę pooperacyjną – utrzymywać ją czystą i suchą
  • Unikać pełnych kąpieli przez 2-3 dni po zabiegu, stosować mycie gąbką
  • Obserwować dziecko pod kątem oznak bólu i podawać zalecone przez lekarza leki przeciwbólowe (np. paracetamol)
  • Stosować normalny schemat karmienia, ale w razie potrzeby początkowo podawać mniejsze, częstsze posiłki
  • Monitorować dziecko pod kątem objawów mogących świadczyć o powikłaniach (gorączka, nasilające się wymioty, zaczerwienienie rany)

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Zalecana jest również wizyta kontrolna u lekarza prowadzącego 1-2 tygodnie po zabiegu w celu oceny gojenia się rany oraz przyrostu masy ciała dziecka7172.

Znaczenie wczesnej interwencji

Stenoza odźwiernika stanowi stan wymagający pilnej interwencji medycznej73. Wczesne rozpoznanie i leczenie ma kluczowe znaczenie dla zapobiegania dalszemu odwodnieniu i niedożywieniu74. Nieleczona stenoza odźwiernika może prowadzić do poważnych powikłań, w tym zagrażających życiu zaburzeń wodno-elektrolitowych75.

Dzięki nowoczesnym technikom chirurgicznym i odpowiedniemu postępowaniu około-operacyjnemu, leczenie stenozy odźwiernika jest wysoce skuteczne i pozwala na szybki powrót do zdrowia76. Ważna jest również edukacja rodziców dotycząca objawów wymagających pilnej konsultacji lekarskiej, co może przyspieszyć diagnozę i leczenie77.

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Pyloric stenosis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyloric_stenosis
    Treatment initially begins by correcting dehydration and electrolyte problems. […] This is then typically followed by surgery, although some treat the condition without surgery by using atropine. […] The definitive treatment of pyloric stenosis is with surgical pyloromyotomy known as Ramstedt’s procedure (dividing the muscle of the pylorus to open up the gastric outlet). […] Today, the laparoscopic technique has largely supplanted the traditional open repairs which involved either a tiny circular incision around the navel or the Ramstedt procedure. […] Intravenous and oral atropine may be used to treat pyloric stenosis. […] It might be an alternative to surgery in children who have contraindications for anesthesia or surgery, or in children whose parents do not want surgery. […] Following repair, the small 3mm incisions are difficult to see. […] Pyloric stenosis generally has no long term side-effects or impact on the child’s future.
  • #2 Gastrointestinal Emergencies: Pyloric Stenosis – Cancer Therapy Advisor
    https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/critical-care-medicine/gastrointestinal-emergencies-pyloric-stenosis/
    Treatment of choice remains surgical pyloromyotomy which is performed laparoscopically and has excellent results. […] Endoscopic balloon dilation has been performed, but is reserved for children in whom a surgical approach is not possible. […] Long-term outcome is excellent following surgical correction.
  • #3 Pyloric stenosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pyloric-stenosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351421
    Surgery to treat pyloric stenosis Pyloromyotomy […] In a pyloromyotomy, the surgeon cuts into the ring-shaped muscle of the pyloric valve and separates the muscle tissue as far as the stomach lining. The lining bulges through the gap in the muscle. The loosened muscle works, but it allows food to pass through. […] Surgery is needed to treat pyloric stenosis. Before surgery, fluids and electrolytes are given through a tube placed in a vein. Proper hydration and electrolyte balance are needed before the procedure. This may take 24 to 48 hours. […] The procedure is called pyloromyotomy. In pyloromyotomy, the surgeon cuts into the thickened muscle of the pyloric valve. Then a device is used to spread the muscle apart down to the stomach lining tissues. […] Most often the surgery is done through three small openings in the belly. One is used for a video camera, and two are for surgical tools. This is called laparoscopic surgery. In some cases, a doctor will do an open surgery through one larger opening. Laparoscopic surgery generally has a shorter recovery time.
  • #4 Pyloric Stenosis (HPS): Symptoms & Causes
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4524-pyloric-stenosis-hps
    Pyloric stenosis treatment involves a type of pyloroplasty surgery called pyloromyotomy. After diagnosing pyloric stenosis, your babys surgeon will discuss the surgery with you. […] Infants with pyloric stenosis often have dehydration because they vomit so much. Your babys provider will make sure your baby is properly hydrated before performing surgery. Your baby will probably need fluids through an IV, which theyll receive at the hospital. Your baby may need a blood test to check their hydration during this time to make sure its improving. […] During pyloric stenosis surgery, your babys healthcare team will: Give your baby general anesthesia. Your baby will be asleep during the surgery and wont feel any pain. Make a small cut (incision) on the left side of your babys abdomen, higher than their belly button. Perform a pyloromyotomy, making an incision in the thickened pylorus. This procedure allows food and liquid to travel from your babys stomach to their intestines.
  • #5 Pyloric stenosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pyloric-stenosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351421
    Surgery to treat pyloric stenosis Pyloromyotomy […] In a pyloromyotomy, the surgeon cuts into the ring-shaped muscle of the pyloric valve and separates the muscle tissue as far as the stomach lining. The lining bulges through the gap in the muscle. The loosened muscle works, but it allows food to pass through. […] Surgery is needed to treat pyloric stenosis. Before surgery, fluids and electrolytes are given through a tube placed in a vein. Proper hydration and electrolyte balance are needed before the procedure. This may take 24 to 48 hours. […] The procedure is called pyloromyotomy. In pyloromyotomy, the surgeon cuts into the thickened muscle of the pyloric valve. Then a device is used to spread the muscle apart down to the stomach lining tissues. […] Most often the surgery is done through three small openings in the belly. One is used for a video camera, and two are for surgical tools. This is called laparoscopic surgery. In some cases, a doctor will do an open surgery through one larger opening. Laparoscopic surgery generally has a shorter recovery time.
  • #6 Pediatric Pyloric Stenosis Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Consultations
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803489-treatment
    As with all pediatric resuscitations, prehospital care in patients with pyloric stenosis should be consistent with pediatric advanced life support (PALS) recommendations for infants who are dehydrated or in shock. […] Immediate treatment requires correction of fluid loss, electrolytes, and acid-base imbalance. Once intravenous access is obtained, the dehydrated infant should receive an initial bolus (20 mL/kg) of crystalloid fluid. The infant should remain on nothing by mouth (NPO) status. […] The definitive treatment for infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is corrective surgery, thus once the diagnosis has been confirmed, a pediatric surgeon should be consulted. […] Nonsurgical treatment for infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis with atropine sulfate, either intravenous or oral, is an alternative in the rare case that general anesthesia or surgery is contraindicated.
  • #7 Pyloric stenosis
    https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Pyloric_stenosis/
    Correction of dehydration, electrolyte disturbances and acid-base abnormalities is the priority of early management […] Surgical management can be delayed until the above are corrected […] Surgical correction of pyloric stenosis is usually delayed until after correction of dehydration, electrolyte disturbances and acid-base abnormalities […] It is particularly important to await normalisation of serum bicarbonate before surgery because of the risk of hypoventilation/apnoea post-operatively in the setting of a metabolic alkalosis […] Consider transfer when confirmed or high suspicion for pyloric stenosis. Transfer to a paediatric surgical centre early, once an initial management plan is in place.
  • #8 Pediatric Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis Surgery Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Therapy, Surgical Therapy
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/937263-treatment
    Although medical treatment has been used to manage pyloric stenosis, pyloromyotomy has been firmly established as the treatment of choice for this condition. […] Medical management of this condition remains important. Early assessment and treatment of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disturbances are paramount. Urgent resuscitation, rather than emergency surgical intervention, is the rule. Once the diagnosis is made, fluid resuscitation is begun. […] In a Japanese study from 1996, Nagita et al reported successfully treating 21 of 23 infants (91%) with pyloric stenosis by using IV atropine, administered at a dosage of 0.04-0.11 mg/kg/day until vomiting ceased, followed by oral atropine for 2 weeks. […] The preoperative medical management of patients with pyloric stenosis is paramount for safe general anesthesia.
  • #9 Pyloric Stenosis | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
    https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pyloric-stenosis
    The first step in treating pyloric stenosis is to stabilize your baby by correcting the dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, which can have a serious impact on developing babies. Your child will receive an intravenous (IV) line to replace the fluids and salts she’s lost through vomiting. This can usually be accomplished in about 24-48 hours. Blood tests will monitor how she’s doing. […] Once the blood tests come back normal, your baby’s surgery called a pyloromyotomy will be scheduled. Surgery is necessary to treat pyloric stenosis. […] Surgery to correct pyloric stenosis is called a pyloromyotomy. In this procedure, surgeons divide the muscle of the pylorus to open up the gastric outlet. […] At The Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia, the pyloromyotomy is done laparoscopically through small incisions and with tiny scopes. By doing laparoscopic surgery, we can minimize scarring, decrease potential infections and improve recovery time for children.
  • #10 Pyloric stenosis
    https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Pyloric_stenosis/
    Correction of dehydration, electrolyte disturbances and acid-base abnormalities is the priority of early management […] Surgical management can be delayed until the above are corrected […] Surgical correction of pyloric stenosis is usually delayed until after correction of dehydration, electrolyte disturbances and acid-base abnormalities […] It is particularly important to await normalisation of serum bicarbonate before surgery because of the risk of hypoventilation/apnoea post-operatively in the setting of a metabolic alkalosis […] Consider transfer when confirmed or high suspicion for pyloric stenosis. Transfer to a paediatric surgical centre early, once an initial management plan is in place.
  • #11 Pyloric stenosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pyloric-stenosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351421
    Surgery to treat pyloric stenosis Pyloromyotomy […] In a pyloromyotomy, the surgeon cuts into the ring-shaped muscle of the pyloric valve and separates the muscle tissue as far as the stomach lining. The lining bulges through the gap in the muscle. The loosened muscle works, but it allows food to pass through. […] Surgery is needed to treat pyloric stenosis. Before surgery, fluids and electrolytes are given through a tube placed in a vein. Proper hydration and electrolyte balance are needed before the procedure. This may take 24 to 48 hours. […] The procedure is called pyloromyotomy. In pyloromyotomy, the surgeon cuts into the thickened muscle of the pyloric valve. Then a device is used to spread the muscle apart down to the stomach lining tissues. […] Most often the surgery is done through three small openings in the belly. One is used for a video camera, and two are for surgical tools. This is called laparoscopic surgery. In some cases, a doctor will do an open surgery through one larger opening. Laparoscopic surgery generally has a shorter recovery time.
  • #12 Pyloric stenosis: Symptoms, causes, and treatment
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pyloric-stenosis
    The gold standard treatment for pyloric stenosis is a surgical procedure known as Ramstedts pyloromyotomy. This widens the space inside the pylorus, allowing food and fluids to pass through more easily. […] Before the surgery, a healthcare professional will test the babys blood to check they have healthy fluid and electrolyte levels. If they do not, the baby will receive IV fluids. […] Next, a medical professional will administer general anesthesia, so the baby feels no pain. Then a pediatric surgeon will begin the surgery. […] Surgeons can perform a pyloromyotomy in one of two ways: laparoscopically, which is minimally invasive, and through open surgery. […] In a laparoscopic pyloromyotomy, the surgeon will make three small incisions and use a camera to see inside the abdomen. They then use small tools to cut the muscle around the pylorus. In an open pyloromyotomy, the surgeon makes a bigger incision on the right side of the stomach and cuts the pylorus.
  • #13 Pyloric Stenosis – Seattle Children’s
    https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/pyloric-stenosis/
    Treatment for pyloric stenosis is surgery called pyloromyotomy (pie-lor-oh-my-OTT-uh-mee). It lets food pass more easily out of the stomach. […] Before the surgery, your baby will: […] Have blood tests to check that the electrolytes in their blood are in the right balance […] Get intravenous (IV) fluids to replace fluid lost from vomiting. […] Your babys surgeon will talk with you about the best type of surgery for your child. […] Most of the time, this surgery can be done through a few small cuts (incisions). This is called laparoscopic surgery. […] Sometimes surgeons use 1 larger incision. This is called open surgery. […] During the procedure the surgeon makes a small, length-wise cut in the pylorus muscle to spread out the thickened muscle. The surgeon does not cut the inner lining of the passage, only the muscle around it. No tissue is removed.
  • #14 Pyloric Stenosis | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
    https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pyloric-stenosis
    The first step in treating pyloric stenosis is to stabilize your baby by correcting the dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, which can have a serious impact on developing babies. Your child will receive an intravenous (IV) line to replace the fluids and salts she’s lost through vomiting. This can usually be accomplished in about 24-48 hours. Blood tests will monitor how she’s doing. […] Once the blood tests come back normal, your baby’s surgery called a pyloromyotomy will be scheduled. Surgery is necessary to treat pyloric stenosis. […] Surgery to correct pyloric stenosis is called a pyloromyotomy. In this procedure, surgeons divide the muscle of the pylorus to open up the gastric outlet. […] At The Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia, the pyloromyotomy is done laparoscopically through small incisions and with tiny scopes. By doing laparoscopic surgery, we can minimize scarring, decrease potential infections and improve recovery time for children.
  • #15 Pyloric stenosis: Symptoms, causes, and treatment
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pyloric-stenosis
    The gold standard treatment for pyloric stenosis is a surgical procedure known as Ramstedts pyloromyotomy. This widens the space inside the pylorus, allowing food and fluids to pass through more easily. […] Before the surgery, a healthcare professional will test the babys blood to check they have healthy fluid and electrolyte levels. If they do not, the baby will receive IV fluids. […] Next, a medical professional will administer general anesthesia, so the baby feels no pain. Then a pediatric surgeon will begin the surgery. […] Surgeons can perform a pyloromyotomy in one of two ways: laparoscopically, which is minimally invasive, and through open surgery. […] In a laparoscopic pyloromyotomy, the surgeon will make three small incisions and use a camera to see inside the abdomen. They then use small tools to cut the muscle around the pylorus. In an open pyloromyotomy, the surgeon makes a bigger incision on the right side of the stomach and cuts the pylorus.
  • #16 Pyloric stenosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pyloric-stenosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351421
    Surgery to treat pyloric stenosis Pyloromyotomy […] In a pyloromyotomy, the surgeon cuts into the ring-shaped muscle of the pyloric valve and separates the muscle tissue as far as the stomach lining. The lining bulges through the gap in the muscle. The loosened muscle works, but it allows food to pass through. […] Surgery is needed to treat pyloric stenosis. Before surgery, fluids and electrolytes are given through a tube placed in a vein. Proper hydration and electrolyte balance are needed before the procedure. This may take 24 to 48 hours. […] The procedure is called pyloromyotomy. In pyloromyotomy, the surgeon cuts into the thickened muscle of the pyloric valve. Then a device is used to spread the muscle apart down to the stomach lining tissues. […] Most often the surgery is done through three small openings in the belly. One is used for a video camera, and two are for surgical tools. This is called laparoscopic surgery. In some cases, a doctor will do an open surgery through one larger opening. Laparoscopic surgery generally has a shorter recovery time.
  • #17 Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/gastrointestinal-disorders-in-neonates-and-infants/hypertrophic-pyloric-stenosis
    Treatment of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is surgical. […] Definitive treatment is a longitudinal pyloromyotomy, which leaves the mucosa intact and separates the incised muscle fibers. Postoperatively, the infant usually tolerates feeding within a day. […] Nonsurgical therapy is not considered a good alternative because of the efficacy and safety of pyloromyotomy. […] Treatment is surgical incision of the hypertrophied pyloric muscle.
  • #18 Pyloric stenosis | Great Ormond Street Hospital
    https://www.gosh.nhs.uk/conditions-and-treatments/conditions-we-treat/pyloric-stenosis/
    Pyloric stenosis is usually treated in an operation under general anaesthetic, lasting about 30 minutes. The operation is called a pyloromyotomy. Most are carried out using keyhole surgery (laparoscopically) but occasionally open surgery is suggested. […] The effects of pyloric stenosis, like dehydration due to the vomiting, can become serious quite quickly in children, and so there are no alternatives to the operation. […] While the child is under general anaesthetic, the surgeon will cut through some of the thickened muscle, which widens the passage so that milk and food can pass into the bowel to be digested. […] Most pyloric stenosis operations are successful, with the immediate effect of reducing or stopping completely any vomiting after feeds.
  • #19 Pyloric stenosis: Symptoms, causes, and treatment
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pyloric-stenosis
    The surgery usually takes about 30 minutes. […] Around 6 hours after surgery, the infant can begin having small amounts of food. These amounts can gradually increase as the baby tolerates it. […] The baby will usually go home after 12 days in the hospital. Healthcare professionals will monitor the baby for any postoperative complications during this period. […] After going home, they will need some special care while they recover. This involves: feeding as usual in the case of breast- or chestfeeding, feeding the baby no more than 3 ounces of formula every 3 hours for the first 3 days after surgery, slowly increasing the amount after this period, caring for the incision wound, keeping it clean and dry, avoiding full baths for 2 days, giving sponge baths instead, giving the baby acetaminophen to reduce pain if the doctor says this is okay. […] If untreated, pyloric stenosis can cause severe complications. However, the outlook for infants who do receive the surgery is generally good. Most make an excellent recovery, and very few experience any long-term problems due to the condition.
  • #20 Pediatric Pyloric Stenosis Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Consultations
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803489-treatment
    The definitive treatment for infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is corrective surgery. […] The Ramstedt pyloromyotomy is the current procedure of choice, during which the underlying antro-pyloric mass is split leaving the mucosal layer intact. […] Studies have shown laparoscopic pyloromyotomy to have fewer complications, reduced time to full feeds and hospital length of stay compared to open pyloromyotomy. […] The infant with pyloric stenosis should continue to receive intravenous fluid until feeding is resumed. Feeding can be initiated 4-8 hours after recovery from anesthesia, although earlier feeding has been studied. […] Patients should be observed for surgical complications (eg, incomplete pyloromyotomy, mucosal perforation, bleeding) and may be discharged home when adequately hydrated and tolerating feedings well.
  • #21 Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis in Adults: A Rare Entity – Practical Gastro
    https://practicalgastro.com/2016/03/06/hypertrophic-pyloric-stenosis-in-adults-a-rare-entity/
    The treatment for IHPS is surgery. […] The current recommendation is pyloroplasty, either open or laparoscopic. […] The less invasive surgical approach of laparoscopic pyloroplasty has become the procedure of choice by most surgeons as it is highly effective and safe. […] A further advancement is robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyloroplasty which was performed in our patient. […] Other proposed therapeutic interventions include aggressive dilation of pyloric stenosis, an acceptable treatment which has a high recurrence rate only providing temporary relief. […] Intra-pyloric injection of botulin toxin into the muscle layer to relax the muscle is another approach. […] New improvements in flexible endoscopic instrumentation are allowing for a less invasive endoscopic pyloromyotomy approach.
  • #22 Pediatric Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis Surgery Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Therapy, Surgical Therapy
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/937263-treatment
    Once the diagnosis of pyloric stenosis has been confirmed, adequate ongoing preoperative fluid resuscitation must be maintained by establishing adequate urine output (1 mL/kg/hr) and correcting acid-base disorders and electrolyte abnormalities. […] Pyloromyotomy may be performed either as an open procedure, via a right-upper-quadrant horizontal incision or an umbilical incision, or as a laparoscopic procedure. […] A laparoscopic pyloromyotomy follows the same principles as an open procedure. […] The robotic approach has been demonstrated to be a safe and noninferior alternative to laparoscopic surgery in pediatric patients. […] Crystalloid resuscitation is continued postoperatively until the patient returns to full feeding. […] Although pyloromyotomy is safe and curative and can be performed virtually without operative mortality and morbidity, it is not without potential complications.
  • #23 Pediatric Pyloric Stenosis Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Consultations
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803489-treatment
    The definitive treatment for infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is corrective surgery. […] The Ramstedt pyloromyotomy is the current procedure of choice, during which the underlying antro-pyloric mass is split leaving the mucosal layer intact. […] Studies have shown laparoscopic pyloromyotomy to have fewer complications, reduced time to full feeds and hospital length of stay compared to open pyloromyotomy. […] The infant with pyloric stenosis should continue to receive intravenous fluid until feeding is resumed. Feeding can be initiated 4-8 hours after recovery from anesthesia, although earlier feeding has been studied. […] Patients should be observed for surgical complications (eg, incomplete pyloromyotomy, mucosal perforation, bleeding) and may be discharged home when adequately hydrated and tolerating feedings well.
  • #24 Pyloric Stenosis | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
    https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pyloric-stenosis
    After your baby wakes up, she’ll go to the recovery room for several hours, then to her own hospital room. […] A few hours after the surgery, your child will be able to start feeding again. She may start off with Pedialyte or go right to formula or breast milk. Either case will start with a small amount and increase slowly. […] Your baby will be discharged one or two days after surgery if she doesn’t have a fever, is eating and not vomiting, and her incision isn’t red or draining. […] Pyloric stenosis is unlikely to reoccur. Babies who have undergone surgery for pyloric stenosis should have no long-term effects from it.
  • #25 Pediatric Pyloric Stenosis Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Consultations
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803489-treatment
    The definitive treatment for infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is corrective surgery. […] The Ramstedt pyloromyotomy is the current procedure of choice, during which the underlying antro-pyloric mass is split leaving the mucosal layer intact. […] Studies have shown laparoscopic pyloromyotomy to have fewer complications, reduced time to full feeds and hospital length of stay compared to open pyloromyotomy. […] The infant with pyloric stenosis should continue to receive intravenous fluid until feeding is resumed. Feeding can be initiated 4-8 hours after recovery from anesthesia, although earlier feeding has been studied. […] Patients should be observed for surgical complications (eg, incomplete pyloromyotomy, mucosal perforation, bleeding) and may be discharged home when adequately hydrated and tolerating feedings well.
  • #26 Pyloric Stenosis Surgery | Nationwide Children’s Hospital
    https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/pyloric-stenosis/pyloric-stenosis
    Treatment of pyloric stenosis will depend on your babys symptoms and general health. […] Babies with pyloric stenosis must have surgery to fix the condition, but your babys dehydration may need to be treated first. […] Once your baby is no longer dehydrated, he or she will have surgery. During surgery, the muscle is divided, which lets the opening return to its normal size so food can move out of the stomach and into the small intestine. The surgery can be done by the open technique or the laparoscopic technique. Recovery from surgery and overall outcomes are the same for both methods. Your babys surgeon will discuss the method he or she feels is safest for your child. […] Fluids will be given through an IV until your baby is getting enough nutrition by mouth. […] A follow-up appointment should be made with your babys primary care physician in 1 to 2 weeks to make sure your baby is gaining weight.
  • #27 Pyloric Stenosis – Seattle Children’s
    https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/pyloric-stenosis/
    After surgery, your baby will stay in the hospital for 1 to 2 days. […] We will give your baby: […] Pain medicine for comfort […] IV fluids until they can take enough formula or breastmilk/chestmilk by mouth. […] Your babys feeding will start slowly. At first, we give them watered-down formula or breastmilk/chestmilk. Each time your baby eats, we increase the amount and strength of feedings a little. […] Babies with pyloric stenosis are usually fine once they recover from surgery and are eating well. They do not have a higher chance than other children of stomach, bowel or other problems later on.
  • #28 Pyloric stenosis | Children’s Wisconsin
    https://childrenswi.org/medical-care/surgery/conditions/pyloric-stenosis
    Surgery called pyloromyotomy is needed. The surgery takes about one hour. […] Most pediatric surgeons now do this surgery using small incisions (cuts less than 5mm) and a camera called a laparoscope. The thickened muscle is cut, but not taken out. This will let food move freely into the intestine. Your baby will have one or more incisions depending on how the surgery was done. The doctor will tell you what to expect. Using a laparoscope makes the scars mostly invisible once healed. […] After surgery your baby will go to the recovery room. The nurses and doctors will closely watch your baby. After waking up, your baby will go back to their room. […] Feedings are normally started 3 hours after surgery. Your baby will be fed breast milk from a bottle or formula if they are hungry. Your baby should not have more than 60mls for the 5 feedings. […] Most babies go home within 24 hours after the surgery. […] Babies who recover from pyloric stenosis do not require a special diet and rarely have long-term problems from the surgery or pyloric stenosis.
  • #29 Quick Links
    https://brochures.mater.org.au/brochures/mater-children-s-private-brisbane/plyoric-stenosis
    An operation called a pyloromyotomy performed under a general anaesthetic is needed to treat pyloric stenosis. […] A pyloromyotomy is where the surgeon cuts through the muscle fibres of the enlarged pyloric muscle in order to widen the opening allowing the milk to move through into the intestine. […] Before surgery can take place, intravenous fluids (IV) will usually be required to correct any dehydration and electrolyte imbalance that may be present as a result of continual vomiting. […] Once your baby is rehydrated and their electrolytes are at a normal level, surgery can then be performed. […] Most babies will not be allowed to drink at all once they come to hospital. […] Once your baby can resume feeding they will begin on small frequent feeds. The amount is gradually increased as they tolerate it until they are back to a normal feeding pattern.
  • #30 Pyloric Stenosis (HPS): Symptoms & Causes
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4524-pyloric-stenosis-hps
    Your baby will likely need to stay in the hospital for one to three days after surgery. Heres what you can expect: Your baby will start drinking formula or breast milk a few hours after surgery. Theyll have small amounts at first. Your babys surgeon will discuss their feeding plan with you. […] Babies can still vomit after pyloric stenosis surgery. It doesnt mean they have the condition again. Vomiting may be because of: Anesthesia from the surgery. A lack of adequate burping after feedings. Too much food, too quickly. […] Theres no way to prevent pyloric stenosis. If you know pyloric stenosis runs in your family, make sure to tell your babys healthcare provider. Their provider can be on the lookout for any signs or symptoms of the condition. […] The outlook for babies with HPS is very good. Most children dont have long-term problems after successful pyloric stenosis surgery. They eat well, grow and thrive.
  • #31 Pyloric Stenosis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/pyloric-stenosis
    Your baby will first get fluids and nutrients through an IV to treat dehydration theyll drip in through a needle that goes directly into a vein. Then surgery (called pyloromyotomy) will be done to open up the blockage. […] The surgeon cuts open the thickened pylorus muscle to create a wider passage for food to travel into the intestine. Sometimes, this can be done with tiny instruments through very small cuts in the baby’s belly. This is called laparoscopy. […] After pyloric stenosis surgery, you can expect a few things to happen after your baby’s procedure, including: Your baby may still vomit for a few days, and the doctor may prescribe an antacid to help with inflammation and Tylenol for pain. Your baby might be given intravenous (IV) fluid and can begin to feed again 12-24 hours after the procedure, starting with smaller amounts and slowly having more. They could want to have more feedings.
  • #32 Pyloric Stenosis (HPS): Symptoms & Causes
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4524-pyloric-stenosis-hps
    Your baby will likely need to stay in the hospital for one to three days after surgery. Heres what you can expect: Your baby will start drinking formula or breast milk a few hours after surgery. Theyll have small amounts at first. Your babys surgeon will discuss their feeding plan with you. […] Babies can still vomit after pyloric stenosis surgery. It doesnt mean they have the condition again. Vomiting may be because of: Anesthesia from the surgery. A lack of adequate burping after feedings. Too much food, too quickly. […] Theres no way to prevent pyloric stenosis. If you know pyloric stenosis runs in your family, make sure to tell your babys healthcare provider. Their provider can be on the lookout for any signs or symptoms of the condition. […] The outlook for babies with HPS is very good. Most children dont have long-term problems after successful pyloric stenosis surgery. They eat well, grow and thrive.
  • #33 Pyloric Stenosis: Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital
    https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/pyloric-stenosis
    Pyloric stenosis must be repaired with an operation. […] However, doctors may need to treat your baby’s dehydration and mineral imbalances first. Water and minerals can be replaced through intravenous (IV) fluid. […] Once your baby is no longer dehydrated, surgery can be performed. Under anesthesia, a small incision is made above the navel and the tight pyloric muscle is repaired. […] Most babies will be taking their normal feedings by the time they go home. Babies are usually able to go home within two to three days after the operation. […] This problem is unlikely to reoccur. Babies who have undergone the surgery should have no long-term effects from it.
  • #34 Pyloric Stenosis | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
    https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pyloric-stenosis
    After your baby wakes up, she’ll go to the recovery room for several hours, then to her own hospital room. […] A few hours after the surgery, your child will be able to start feeding again. She may start off with Pedialyte or go right to formula or breast milk. Either case will start with a small amount and increase slowly. […] Your baby will be discharged one or two days after surgery if she doesn’t have a fever, is eating and not vomiting, and her incision isn’t red or draining. […] Pyloric stenosis is unlikely to reoccur. Babies who have undergone surgery for pyloric stenosis should have no long-term effects from it.
  • #35
    https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/pyloric-stenosis
    Several factors determine the specific pyloric stenosis treatment procedure. These include: […] While pyloric stenosis is treated with an operation, the doctors may need to treat mineral imbalances and dehydration first. Once the baby is no longer dehydrated, surgery is performed. […] During the pyloromyotomy, the surgeon will make a small incision in the stomach and cut through the thickened muscle tissue of the pylorus. […] The decision to have surgery is sometimes based on the severity of the symptoms. However, it is recommended that any patient with pyloric stenosis receive surgical repair. […] The surgeon will make a small incision in the stomach and then enlarge the pylorus. This will allow food and liquids to pass easily into the small intestine. […] Your child can usually go home within 24-48 hours after surgery, if they have a normal temperature, can eat and drink normally, and can take pain medications by mouth. […] Recovery from surgery is typically quick; most children can return to normal activities within a week or two. Talk to your doctor about specific questions or concerns about pyloric stenosis surgery for your child.
  • #36 A Parent’s Guide to Pyloric Stenosis: Symptoms & More – Avisena Women’s & Children’s Specialist Hospital
    https://womenandchildren.avisena.com.my/health-articles/understanding-pyloric-stenosis-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment-options/
    In a laparoscopic pyloromyotomy, the surgeon makes several small incisions and uses a laparoscope (a thin, flexible tube with a camera) and specialised instruments to perform the surgery. The pyloric muscle is split in the same manner as in the open approach. […] After the surgical procedure, the infant requires careful monitoring and supportive care to ensure a smooth recovery. […] Parents are provided with instructions on how to care for the incision site, recognise signs of complications, and gradually reintroduce regular feeding.
  • #37 Pyloric stenosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pyloric-stenosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351421
    Possible complications from pyloric stenosis surgery include bleeding and infection. However, complications aren’t common, and the results of surgery are generally excellent. […] Rarely, if a baby has very high risks for surgery, a medicine may be used to treat pyloric stenosis. A medicine called atropine sulfate may help relax the pyloric muscle tissue. […] This treatment is not as effective and requires longer hospital stays than surgery.
  • #38 Medical treatment of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: should we always slice the „olive”? – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16338303/
    Laparoscopic pyloromyotomy has recently gained wide acceptance as the optimum treatment of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS). […] The efficacy of our regimen of intravenous atropine therapy for IHPS was assessed in comparison with surgical treatment. […] Medical treatment was initially chosen for 52 (61%) of 85 infants with IHPS at our institute between 1996 and 2004. […] The high success rate of intravenous atropine therapy for IHPS suggests that this therapy is an effective alternative to pyloromyotomy if the length of the hospital stay and the necessity of continuing oral atropine medication are accepted.
  • #39 Atropine sulphate: rescue therapy for pyloric stenosis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4544211/
    Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is a common condition which presents with non-bilious vomiting and failure to thrive secondary to gastric outlet obstruction. In the UK, management is by fluid resuscitation followed by pyloromyotomy. […] Medical management of IHPS with antimuscarinics to promote pyloric relaxation is a well-described treatment modality that is used as first-line therapy in some countries. […] Atropine was an effective rescue therapy in this circumstance, leading to a rapid resolution of symptoms without the risks of early surgical re-exploration. […] A naso-gastric tube was passed and fluid resuscitation started. […] In view of the ongoing symptoms, a decision was made to treat with adjunctive atropine sulphate in the first instance. […] Atropine was started on postoperative day 14, following a protocol devised from published studies, and approved by the Trust Medicines Management Council. […] After 6days of atropine therapy, Baby W was tolerating full enteral feeds (80ml 4h) with no further vomits. […] Atropine sulphate can be used to manage IHPS; this case illustrates application of this treatment modality in the context of failed surgical treatment.
  • #40 Atropine sulphate: rescue therapy for pyloric stenosis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4544211/
    Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is a common condition which presents with non-bilious vomiting and failure to thrive secondary to gastric outlet obstruction. In the UK, management is by fluid resuscitation followed by pyloromyotomy. […] Medical management of IHPS with antimuscarinics to promote pyloric relaxation is a well-described treatment modality that is used as first-line therapy in some countries. […] Atropine was an effective rescue therapy in this circumstance, leading to a rapid resolution of symptoms without the risks of early surgical re-exploration. […] A naso-gastric tube was passed and fluid resuscitation started. […] In view of the ongoing symptoms, a decision was made to treat with adjunctive atropine sulphate in the first instance. […] Atropine was started on postoperative day 14, following a protocol devised from published studies, and approved by the Trust Medicines Management Council. […] After 6days of atropine therapy, Baby W was tolerating full enteral feeds (80ml 4h) with no further vomits. […] Atropine sulphate can be used to manage IHPS; this case illustrates application of this treatment modality in the context of failed surgical treatment.
  • #41 Pyloric stenosis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyloric_stenosis
    Treatment initially begins by correcting dehydration and electrolyte problems. […] This is then typically followed by surgery, although some treat the condition without surgery by using atropine. […] The definitive treatment of pyloric stenosis is with surgical pyloromyotomy known as Ramstedt’s procedure (dividing the muscle of the pylorus to open up the gastric outlet). […] Today, the laparoscopic technique has largely supplanted the traditional open repairs which involved either a tiny circular incision around the navel or the Ramstedt procedure. […] Intravenous and oral atropine may be used to treat pyloric stenosis. […] It might be an alternative to surgery in children who have contraindications for anesthesia or surgery, or in children whose parents do not want surgery. […] Following repair, the small 3mm incisions are difficult to see. […] Pyloric stenosis generally has no long term side-effects or impact on the child’s future.
  • #42 Pediatric Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis Surgery Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Therapy, Surgical Therapy
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/937263-treatment
    Although medical treatment has been used to manage pyloric stenosis, pyloromyotomy has been firmly established as the treatment of choice for this condition. […] Medical management of this condition remains important. Early assessment and treatment of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disturbances are paramount. Urgent resuscitation, rather than emergency surgical intervention, is the rule. Once the diagnosis is made, fluid resuscitation is begun. […] In a Japanese study from 1996, Nagita et al reported successfully treating 21 of 23 infants (91%) with pyloric stenosis by using IV atropine, administered at a dosage of 0.04-0.11 mg/kg/day until vomiting ceased, followed by oral atropine for 2 weeks. […] The preoperative medical management of patients with pyloric stenosis is paramount for safe general anesthesia.
  • #43 Medical treatment of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: should we always slice the „olive”? – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16338303/
    Laparoscopic pyloromyotomy has recently gained wide acceptance as the optimum treatment of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS). […] The efficacy of our regimen of intravenous atropine therapy for IHPS was assessed in comparison with surgical treatment. […] Medical treatment was initially chosen for 52 (61%) of 85 infants with IHPS at our institute between 1996 and 2004. […] The high success rate of intravenous atropine therapy for IHPS suggests that this therapy is an effective alternative to pyloromyotomy if the length of the hospital stay and the necessity of continuing oral atropine medication are accepted.
  • #44
    https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/abdominal/Pages/Hypertrophic-Pyloric-Stenosis-HPS-Babies-Forceful-Vomiting.aspx
    Treatment for pyloric stenosis […] Observation. Without treatment, pyloric stenosis will not go away on its own. Once a baby has a hard time keeping anything down, observation alone can result in potentially life-threatening dehydration or malnourishment. […] Medicine. Atropine sulfate is the only currently available medication to treat pyloric stenosis. Using this medication requires staying in the hospital for several weeks and giving the baby special IV nutrition until the vomiting goes away. It does not work 10-25% of the time. For these reasons, it is not widely used and recommended only when surgery would be too dangerous for the baby. […] Surgery. The only dependable way to fix pyloric stenosis is to open the thickened pylorus muscle with surgery, a procedure called pyloromyotomy. Pyloric stenosis surgery is often done laparoscopically, using a video camera and a few tiny cuts or incisions. Alternatively, it can also be done open with a single longer cut.
  • #45 Atropine sulphate: rescue therapy for pyloric stenosis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4544211/
    Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is a common condition which presents with non-bilious vomiting and failure to thrive secondary to gastric outlet obstruction. In the UK, management is by fluid resuscitation followed by pyloromyotomy. […] Medical management of IHPS with antimuscarinics to promote pyloric relaxation is a well-described treatment modality that is used as first-line therapy in some countries. […] Atropine was an effective rescue therapy in this circumstance, leading to a rapid resolution of symptoms without the risks of early surgical re-exploration. […] A naso-gastric tube was passed and fluid resuscitation started. […] In view of the ongoing symptoms, a decision was made to treat with adjunctive atropine sulphate in the first instance. […] Atropine was started on postoperative day 14, following a protocol devised from published studies, and approved by the Trust Medicines Management Council. […] After 6days of atropine therapy, Baby W was tolerating full enteral feeds (80ml 4h) with no further vomits. […] Atropine sulphate can be used to manage IHPS; this case illustrates application of this treatment modality in the context of failed surgical treatment.
  • #46
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00383-017-4196-y
    Despite hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) being one of the most frequently treated pediatric surgical conditions, its etiology remains incompletely understood. […] We review the diagnosis and treatment of this condition with an emphasis on the evolution of surgical techniques that led to laparoscopic pyloromyotomy, the most frequently performed technique for HPS today. […] In addition, we review key developments in the understanding of HPS etiology and treatment, including the postulated etiology of work-induced hypertrophy of the pylorus, its association with prokinetic macrolide antibiotics, and the emerging role of atropine sulfate as a medical treatment for HPS or a rescue treatment for incomplete myotomy. […] Atropine sulphate: rescue therapy for pyloric stenosis. […] Pyloromyotomy versus i.v. atropine therapy for the treatment of infantile pyloric stenosis: nationwide hospital discharge database analysis.
  • #47 Pyloric stenosis in infants: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000970.htm
    Treatment for pyloric stenosis involves surgery to widen the pylorus. The surgery is called pyloromyotomy. […] If it is not safe to put the infant to sleep for surgery, an endoscope is used. This is a long, flexible tube with a camera and a tiny balloon at the end. The balloon is inflated to widen the pylorus. […] In infants who cannot have surgery, tube feeding or medicine to relax the pylorus is tried.
  • #48 Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis in Adults: A Rare Entity – Practical Gastro
    https://practicalgastro.com/2016/03/06/hypertrophic-pyloric-stenosis-in-adults-a-rare-entity/
    The treatment for IHPS is surgery. […] The current recommendation is pyloroplasty, either open or laparoscopic. […] The less invasive surgical approach of laparoscopic pyloroplasty has become the procedure of choice by most surgeons as it is highly effective and safe. […] A further advancement is robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyloroplasty which was performed in our patient. […] Other proposed therapeutic interventions include aggressive dilation of pyloric stenosis, an acceptable treatment which has a high recurrence rate only providing temporary relief. […] Intra-pyloric injection of botulin toxin into the muscle layer to relax the muscle is another approach. […] New improvements in flexible endoscopic instrumentation are allowing for a less invasive endoscopic pyloromyotomy approach.
  • #49 Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis in Adults: A Rare Entity – Practical Gastro
    https://practicalgastro.com/2016/03/06/hypertrophic-pyloric-stenosis-in-adults-a-rare-entity/
    The treatment for IHPS is surgery. […] The current recommendation is pyloroplasty, either open or laparoscopic. […] The less invasive surgical approach of laparoscopic pyloroplasty has become the procedure of choice by most surgeons as it is highly effective and safe. […] A further advancement is robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyloroplasty which was performed in our patient. […] Other proposed therapeutic interventions include aggressive dilation of pyloric stenosis, an acceptable treatment which has a high recurrence rate only providing temporary relief. […] Intra-pyloric injection of botulin toxin into the muscle layer to relax the muscle is another approach. […] New improvements in flexible endoscopic instrumentation are allowing for a less invasive endoscopic pyloromyotomy approach.
  • #50 Treatment of Pyloric Stenosis in Adults
    https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/treatment-of-pyloric-stenosis-in-adults.htm
    Surgery is most indicated treatment for pyloric stenosis in adults. Pyloromyotomy is commonly used surgical method which involves splitting of overdeveloped muscles and thereby widening of the gastric outlet. […] Pyloric stenosis is usually treated with surgery. Procedures used in its treatment include: […] Pyloromyotomy: This procedure involves splitting of overdeveloped muscles of the pylorus. […] Partial gastrectomy: In this procedure, a part of the stomach is also removed. This procedure may be preferred in some cases since stomach cancer may be a complication of longstanding pyloric stenosis. […] Endoscopic dilatation: Dilatation of the pyloric end of the stomach may be done via an endoscope, however it has high recurrent rate. […] Other procedures that may be used include gastroenterostomy and pyloroplasty.
  • #51 Endoscopic Pyloromyotomy for the Treatment of Benign Pyloric Stenosis – Practical Gastro
    https://practicalgastro.com/2016/09/02/endoscopic-pyloromyotomy-for-the-treatment-of-benign-pyloric-stenosis/
    The benefits to endoscopic pyloromyotomy, as compared to surgical pyloromyotomy, include lack of inpatient hospital stay, lower healthcare costs, no surgical scars or wound infections, no risk for the development of surgical adhesions and the ability to re-start per oral intake immediately. […] Our case report is the first documented use of needle knife papillotome pyloromyotomy in an adult patient with refractory, benign pyloric stenosis and demonstrates the minimally-invasive, effective and safe utility of this technique.
  • #52
    https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2004/10001/successful_management_of_adult_hypertrophic.447.aspx
    Whereas congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) is a common condition, adult HPS is much rarer and its etiology remains unclear. Treatment is largely surgical as well, with mixed results. A case is presented in which HPS in an adult is diagnosed with endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and successfully treated with submucosal botulinum toxin (Botox) injections into the pylorus. […] We suggest that EUS may provide a highly effective approach toward diagnosing this rare yet potentially debilitating condition. […] We propose that EUS and Botox injection may provide a successful nonsurgical approach toward managing this condition.
  • #53 Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis in Adults: A Rare Entity – Practical Gastro
    https://practicalgastro.com/2016/03/06/hypertrophic-pyloric-stenosis-in-adults-a-rare-entity/
    The treatment for IHPS is surgery. […] The current recommendation is pyloroplasty, either open or laparoscopic. […] The less invasive surgical approach of laparoscopic pyloroplasty has become the procedure of choice by most surgeons as it is highly effective and safe. […] A further advancement is robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyloroplasty which was performed in our patient. […] Other proposed therapeutic interventions include aggressive dilation of pyloric stenosis, an acceptable treatment which has a high recurrence rate only providing temporary relief. […] Intra-pyloric injection of botulin toxin into the muscle layer to relax the muscle is another approach. […] New improvements in flexible endoscopic instrumentation are allowing for a less invasive endoscopic pyloromyotomy approach.
  • #54 Severe Pyloric Stenosis in an Adult | Duke Health Referring Physicians
    https://physicians.dukehealth.org/articles/severe-pyloric-stenosis-adult
    Pyloric stenosis. […] Given the high-grade nature of the pyloric stenosis, the gastroenterologist referred the patient to Rebecca A. Burbridge, MD, gastroenterologist and director of Advanced Endoscopy at Duke University Hospital. […] Burbridge used an AXIOS stent (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA), a novel, endoscopic, fully covered, metal-apposition stent, to take an aggressive approach to dilating the patient’s pylorus. […] Although Burbridge initially considered performing standard balloon dilation, she decided to deploy the AXIOS stent because it has been shown to be more effective in aggressively dilating severe short stenoses of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract than standard balloon dilation alone. […] The stent is quite effective in stretching open these strictures to the point where patients hopefully experience many months and maybe even years of relief, Burbridge says.
  • #55 Treatment of Pyloric Stenosis in Adults
    https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/treatment-of-pyloric-stenosis-in-adults.htm
    Surgery is most indicated treatment for pyloric stenosis in adults. Pyloromyotomy is commonly used surgical method which involves splitting of overdeveloped muscles and thereby widening of the gastric outlet. […] Pyloric stenosis is usually treated with surgery. Procedures used in its treatment include: […] Pyloromyotomy: This procedure involves splitting of overdeveloped muscles of the pylorus. […] Partial gastrectomy: In this procedure, a part of the stomach is also removed. This procedure may be preferred in some cases since stomach cancer may be a complication of longstanding pyloric stenosis. […] Endoscopic dilatation: Dilatation of the pyloric end of the stomach may be done via an endoscope, however it has high recurrent rate. […] Other procedures that may be used include gastroenterostomy and pyloroplasty.
  • #56 Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis in Adults: A Rare Entity – Practical Gastro
    https://practicalgastro.com/2016/03/06/hypertrophic-pyloric-stenosis-in-adults-a-rare-entity/
    The treatment for IHPS is surgery. […] The current recommendation is pyloroplasty, either open or laparoscopic. […] The less invasive surgical approach of laparoscopic pyloroplasty has become the procedure of choice by most surgeons as it is highly effective and safe. […] A further advancement is robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyloroplasty which was performed in our patient. […] Other proposed therapeutic interventions include aggressive dilation of pyloric stenosis, an acceptable treatment which has a high recurrence rate only providing temporary relief. […] Intra-pyloric injection of botulin toxin into the muscle layer to relax the muscle is another approach. […] New improvements in flexible endoscopic instrumentation are allowing for a less invasive endoscopic pyloromyotomy approach.
  • #57 Pyloric stenosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pyloric-stenosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351421
    Possible complications from pyloric stenosis surgery include bleeding and infection. However, complications aren’t common, and the results of surgery are generally excellent. […] Rarely, if a baby has very high risks for surgery, a medicine may be used to treat pyloric stenosis. A medicine called atropine sulfate may help relax the pyloric muscle tissue. […] This treatment is not as effective and requires longer hospital stays than surgery.
  • #58 Pyloric stenosis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/680
    Pyloric stenosis is a benign condition associated with recurrent projectile non-bilious vomiting, typically in a 2- to-12-week-old male infant. […] Treatment is with intravenous fluid and electrolyte replacement, followed by pyloromyotomy (open or laparascopic). […] Complications of pyloromyotomy include wound infection, gastric or duodenal mucosal perforation, or incomplete myotomy.
  • #59 Pediatric Pyloric Stenosis Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Consultations
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803489-treatment
    The definitive treatment for infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is corrective surgery. […] The Ramstedt pyloromyotomy is the current procedure of choice, during which the underlying antro-pyloric mass is split leaving the mucosal layer intact. […] Studies have shown laparoscopic pyloromyotomy to have fewer complications, reduced time to full feeds and hospital length of stay compared to open pyloromyotomy. […] The infant with pyloric stenosis should continue to receive intravenous fluid until feeding is resumed. Feeding can be initiated 4-8 hours after recovery from anesthesia, although earlier feeding has been studied. […] Patients should be observed for surgical complications (eg, incomplete pyloromyotomy, mucosal perforation, bleeding) and may be discharged home when adequately hydrated and tolerating feedings well.
  • #60 Pyloric Stenosis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pyloric-stenosis
    Treatment includes surgery to split the pylorus muscle. […] Pediatric surgeons are able to offer minimally invasive techniques to cure pyloric stenosis. […] Surgery is profoundly effective. […] The procedure (called pyloromyotomy) can be performed two ways: a traditional, open surgery, or laparoscopically. […] Laparoscopic surgery for pyloric stenosis is the preferred method at Yale Medicine. […] We make two additional small incisions (3 millimeters) in the left and right upper quadrants of the abdomen and use small instruments to split the pylorus muscle, making sure the lining is left intact, Dr. Caty says. […] As soon as the baby awakens, he or she can eat again. […] There are few risks to surgery for pyloric stenosis, but one of them includes tearing of the mucosa—the thin, inner layer of the pyloric muscle. […] A distinguishing factor about Yale Medicines approach is that the surgery is almost universally done with laparoscopic repair, Dr. Caty says.
  • #61 Pyloric Stenosis | Apollo Hospitals
    https://www.apollohospitals.com/health-library/pyloric-stenosis
    It is important to note that some vomiting might continue even after the surgery, and it is completely normal. You might notice that the baby needs feeding more than usual. […] Rarely, complications might occur after the surgery, like bleeding and infection. It is very uncommon in laparoscopic surgical procedures, and usually, the prognosis is excellent.
  • #62 Pyloric Stenosis: Diagnosis and Treatment
    https://www.patientcareonline.com/view/pyloric-stenosis-diagnosis-and-treatment
    Fluid and electrolyte disturbances must be corrected with intravenous solutions before surgical intervention. The surgical procedure of choice-pyloromyotomy-can be performed through a short transverse or periumbilical incision or laparoscopically. […] The surgeon splits the underlying pyloric mass without cutting the mucosa and closes the incision. […] Postoperative complications are rare. Persistent vomiting more than 48 hours after surgery suggests incomplete myotomy or underlying gastroesophageal reflux.
  • #63 Gastrointestinal Emergencies: Pyloric Stenosis – Cancer Therapy Advisor
    https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/critical-care-medicine/gastrointestinal-emergencies-pyloric-stenosis/
    Treatment of choice remains surgical pyloromyotomy which is performed laparoscopically and has excellent results. […] Endoscopic balloon dilation has been performed, but is reserved for children in whom a surgical approach is not possible. […] Long-term outcome is excellent following surgical correction.
  • #64 Pyloric Stenosis (HPS): Symptoms & Causes
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4524-pyloric-stenosis-hps
    Your baby will likely need to stay in the hospital for one to three days after surgery. Heres what you can expect: Your baby will start drinking formula or breast milk a few hours after surgery. Theyll have small amounts at first. Your babys surgeon will discuss their feeding plan with you. […] Babies can still vomit after pyloric stenosis surgery. It doesnt mean they have the condition again. Vomiting may be because of: Anesthesia from the surgery. A lack of adequate burping after feedings. Too much food, too quickly. […] Theres no way to prevent pyloric stenosis. If you know pyloric stenosis runs in your family, make sure to tell your babys healthcare provider. Their provider can be on the lookout for any signs or symptoms of the condition. […] The outlook for babies with HPS is very good. Most children dont have long-term problems after successful pyloric stenosis surgery. They eat well, grow and thrive.
  • #65 Pyloric Stenosis: Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital
    https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/pyloric-stenosis
    Pyloric stenosis must be repaired with an operation. […] However, doctors may need to treat your baby’s dehydration and mineral imbalances first. Water and minerals can be replaced through intravenous (IV) fluid. […] Once your baby is no longer dehydrated, surgery can be performed. Under anesthesia, a small incision is made above the navel and the tight pyloric muscle is repaired. […] Most babies will be taking their normal feedings by the time they go home. Babies are usually able to go home within two to three days after the operation. […] This problem is unlikely to reoccur. Babies who have undergone the surgery should have no long-term effects from it.
  • #66 Pyloric stenosis | Children’s Wisconsin
    https://childrenswi.org/medical-care/surgery/conditions/pyloric-stenosis
    Surgery called pyloromyotomy is needed. The surgery takes about one hour. […] Most pediatric surgeons now do this surgery using small incisions (cuts less than 5mm) and a camera called a laparoscope. The thickened muscle is cut, but not taken out. This will let food move freely into the intestine. Your baby will have one or more incisions depending on how the surgery was done. The doctor will tell you what to expect. Using a laparoscope makes the scars mostly invisible once healed. […] After surgery your baby will go to the recovery room. The nurses and doctors will closely watch your baby. After waking up, your baby will go back to their room. […] Feedings are normally started 3 hours after surgery. Your baby will be fed breast milk from a bottle or formula if they are hungry. Your baby should not have more than 60mls for the 5 feedings. […] Most babies go home within 24 hours after the surgery. […] Babies who recover from pyloric stenosis do not require a special diet and rarely have long-term problems from the surgery or pyloric stenosis.
  • #67 Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (IHPS) | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/infantile-hypertrophic-pyloric-stenosis
    Pre-operative management is directed at correcting the fluid deficiency and electrolyte imbalance. […] Ramstedt’s pyloromyotomy is easily performed and is associated with minimal complications. […] Laparoscopic pyloromyotomy is also performed and is an effective alternative where suitable facilities are available. Time to achieve full enteral feeding has been found to be significantly shorter in those treated laparoscopically vs those having open pyloromyotomy. […] Prognosis is excellent unless diagnosis is delayed and prolonged severe dehydration occurs. […] Pyloromyotomy is curative and complications are rare.
  • #68 After Your Child’s Surgery for Pyloric Stenosis | Saint Luke’s Health System
    https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/after-your-childs-surgery-pyloric-stenosis
    The treatment for this condition is surgery called pyloromyotomy. During the surgery, the pylorus muscle that blocks the passage from the stomach into the intestine is cut. […] Talk with your child’s health care provider about what signs to watch for to know if your baby is in pain. […] Talk with your provider before giving acetaminophen for pain if needed. Ask how much medicine to give your child and how often. […] Make a follow-up appointment as directed by your child’s health care provider.
  • #69 Pyloric stenosis: Symptoms, causes, and treatment
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pyloric-stenosis
    The surgery usually takes about 30 minutes. […] Around 6 hours after surgery, the infant can begin having small amounts of food. These amounts can gradually increase as the baby tolerates it. […] The baby will usually go home after 12 days in the hospital. Healthcare professionals will monitor the baby for any postoperative complications during this period. […] After going home, they will need some special care while they recover. This involves: feeding as usual in the case of breast- or chestfeeding, feeding the baby no more than 3 ounces of formula every 3 hours for the first 3 days after surgery, slowly increasing the amount after this period, caring for the incision wound, keeping it clean and dry, avoiding full baths for 2 days, giving sponge baths instead, giving the baby acetaminophen to reduce pain if the doctor says this is okay. […] If untreated, pyloric stenosis can cause severe complications. However, the outlook for infants who do receive the surgery is generally good. Most make an excellent recovery, and very few experience any long-term problems due to the condition.
  • #70 Pyloric Stenosis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/pyloric-stenosis
    Your baby will first get fluids and nutrients through an IV to treat dehydration theyll drip in through a needle that goes directly into a vein. Then surgery (called pyloromyotomy) will be done to open up the blockage. […] The surgeon cuts open the thickened pylorus muscle to create a wider passage for food to travel into the intestine. Sometimes, this can be done with tiny instruments through very small cuts in the baby’s belly. This is called laparoscopy. […] After pyloric stenosis surgery, you can expect a few things to happen after your baby’s procedure, including: Your baby may still vomit for a few days, and the doctor may prescribe an antacid to help with inflammation and Tylenol for pain. Your baby might be given intravenous (IV) fluid and can begin to feed again 12-24 hours after the procedure, starting with smaller amounts and slowly having more. They could want to have more feedings.
  • #71 Pyloric Stenosis Surgery | Nationwide Children’s Hospital
    https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/pyloric-stenosis/pyloric-stenosis
    Treatment of pyloric stenosis will depend on your babys symptoms and general health. […] Babies with pyloric stenosis must have surgery to fix the condition, but your babys dehydration may need to be treated first. […] Once your baby is no longer dehydrated, he or she will have surgery. During surgery, the muscle is divided, which lets the opening return to its normal size so food can move out of the stomach and into the small intestine. The surgery can be done by the open technique or the laparoscopic technique. Recovery from surgery and overall outcomes are the same for both methods. Your babys surgeon will discuss the method he or she feels is safest for your child. […] Fluids will be given through an IV until your baby is getting enough nutrition by mouth. […] A follow-up appointment should be made with your babys primary care physician in 1 to 2 weeks to make sure your baby is gaining weight.
  • #72 Pyloric Stenosis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth
    https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/pyloric-stenosis.html
    After a successful pyloromyotomy, your baby won’t need to follow any special feeding schedules. Your doctor will probably want to examine your child at a follow-up appointment to make sure the surgical site is healing properly and that your baby is feeding well and maintaining or gaining weight. […] Pyloric stenosis should not happen again after a pyloromyotomy. If your baby still has symptoms weeks after the surgery, there might be another medical problem, such as gastritis or GER, so let your doctor know right away.
  • #73 Pyloric Stenosis
    https://www.anticoagulationeurope.org/conditions/pyloric-stenosis/
    Pyloric stenosis is a medical emergency. If your baby is experiencing symptoms of pyloric stenosis, call Emergency Assistance, 9-1-1, immediately. […] Once emergency measures have been taken, the baby will probably need surgery. Occasionally, drug therapy may be considered prior to or, rarely, instead of surgery. […] In some infants, treatment with atropine sulfate, given intravenously initially and then continued by mouth, has corrected this situation. […] A surgical procedure called a Ramstedt pyloromyotomy can cure the disease. […] Additional nutritional measures that may be helpful in the treatment of pyloric stenosis in infants include the use of probiotics. […] Although scientific studies have not yet established that probiotics are useful for the prevention or treatment of pyloric stenosis, taking a Lactobacillus supplement along with antibiotics may reduce irritation and inflammation in the infant’s stomach.
  • #74
    https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/abdominal/Pages/Hypertrophic-Pyloric-Stenosis-HPS-Babies-Forceful-Vomiting.aspx
    Remember […] Pyloric stenosis is the most frequent surgical condition in infants in the first few months of life. It is important to diagnose pyloric stenosis early, before a baby becomes dehydrated or malnourished. With prompt treatment, babies will soon be able to keep down what they eat so they can grow and thrive.
  • #75 Complementary and Alternative Medicine – Pyloric stenosis
    https://ssl.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=107&pid=33&gid=000138&site=riverviewssl.adam.com&login=RIDG9829
    Babies with pyloric stenosis need surgical treatment right away to avoid life-threatening dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. […] Pyloric stenosis is usually treated with surgery. […] Usually, laparoscopic surgery resolves pyloric stenosis. The surgeon makes a small incision near the baby’s navel and uses a camera and surgical instruments to cut the muscles around the pylorus. Symptoms usually get better around 24 hours after surgery. […] Pyloric stenosis is a serious condition and should be treated by a medical doctor. […] Surgery is generally needed to cure pyloric stenosis.
  • #76 Pyloroplasty: Surgery Definition, Procedure & Risks
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/23388-pyloroplasty
    Pyloric stenosis typically affects newborns, and rarely adults. It causes the walls of their pylorus to thicken, narrowing and blocking the outlet. Newborns with pyloric stenosis need pyloroplasty to be able to feed without vomiting. […] Pyloroplasty is usually a simple and minimally invasive procedure. It has a relatively fast recovery time and can relieve difficulties in your digestive system you’ve had for a long time as well as emergencies. […] As a solution for gastroparesis and gastric outlet obstruction, pyloroplasty surgery has excellent results, with reported success rates of close to 90%. When pyloroplasty is done as part of another procedure treating another problem, it effectively prevents pyloric obstruction. […] This surgery has been shown to be safe and effective.
  • #77 Reddit – The heart of the internet
    https://www.reddit.com/r/beyondthebump/comments/3xfg27/my_experience_with_pyloric_stenosis_2monthold/
    Pyloric Stenosis is a rare condition (about 3 in 1000 infants in the U.S.) in which the muscle controlling the bottom opening of a young baby’s stomach becomes too large and eventually tightens until the stomach is fully closed and can’t drain. […] The condition is easy to diagnose with an ultrasound, and is easy to fix with surgery, and once the baby has recovered from surgery they will be completely well and able to eat normally. […] The surgeon was wonderful, explaining to us after the procedure that our son’s pyloric muscle was twice as thick as most babies with this condition, and that he was one of a very small group who had the condition progress far more slowly than usual. […] It’s always okay to listen to your gut and get a second opinion. If you feel brushed off by your doctor (for you or your children!), that’s not okay, and you deserve better.