Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/929829-overview

  Pyloric stenosis is the most common cause of gastric outlet obstruction in infants. It is also the most common surgical cause of vomiting in infants. The incidence of pyloric stenosis appears to be decreasing from previous decades. […] The reported prevalence of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis ranges from 1.5-4 cases 1000 live births among Whites with lower prevalence among Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics. Pyloric stenosis has a well-known predilection for occurring more often in males than in females, with reported ratios ranging from 2:1 to 5:1. First-born male children are believed to have the highest risk of developing hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. […] Newborns typically develop signs of gastric outlet obstruction at 3-4 weeks. Approximately 95% of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis cases are diagnosed in infants aged 3-12 weeks. Premature infants generally develop symptoms later than full-term infants, which may lead to a delay in diagnosis. Late-onset hypertrophic pyloric stenosis can rarely occur and has been reported in patients as old as teenagers.

• #2

  https://omim.org/entry/179010

  Infantile pyloric stenosis is the most common condition requiring surgical intervention in the first year of life. It typically presents in infants 2 to 6 weeks after birth. […] The incidence of infantile pyloric stenosis was estimated to be between 1 and 5 per 1,000 live births in Britain. […] There is a striking variation in incidence between population groups, with the cumulative incidence in American infants being 1.9 per 1,000 live births in whites, 1.8 in Hispanics, 0.7 in blacks, and 0.6 in Asians. […] Krogh et al. (2010) performed a population-based study of pyloric stenosis among 1,999,738 children born in Denmark between 1977 and 2008 and followed up for the first year of life. Surgery for pyloric stenosis occurred in 3,362 children, of which 2,741 (81.5%) were boys, resulting in a male-to-female ratio of 4.4:1. The incidence rate per 1,000 person-years was 1.8 for singletons and 3.1 for twins. The rate ratios of pyloric stenosis were 182 for monozygotic twins, 29.4 for dizygotic twins, 18.5 for sibs, 4.99 for half sibs, 3.06 for cousins, and 1.60 for half cousins. There were no differences in rate ratios for maternal and paternal relatives of children with pyloric stenosis, and no difference according to sex of cohort member or sex of relative. Overall, the findings indicated that pyloric stenosis in Danish children shows strong familial aggregation with a heritability of about 87%. However, the condition does not follow classic mendelian inheritance.

• #3 Pyloric Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555931/

  Pyloric stenosis is 2 to 5 in 1000 live births annually. It is more common in males; the male-to-female ratio is 4 to 1. There is a familial link, but the hereditary pattern is polygenic. Pyloric stenosis is more common in the white population. It is less commonly seen in Indian, Asian, and Black populations. The incidence is 2.4 per 1000 in whites, 1.8 in Hispanics, 0.7 in blacks, and 0.6 in Asians. […] Healthcare professionals should educate parents about the strong risk of pyloric stenosis in the family. There is a nearly 200-fold increased risk among identical twins and a 20-fold increase among siblings. So, parents should be vigilant in identifying symptoms in their future offspring as early as possible.

• #4 Pediatric Pyloric Stenosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803489-overview

  The incidence of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is 2-4 per 1000 live births. […] Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is more common in Whites than in Hispanics, Blacks, or Asians. The incidence is 2.4 per 1000 live births in Whites, 1.8 in Hispanics, 0.7 in Blacks, and 0.6 in Asians. It is also less common among children of mixed race parents. […] Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis has a male-to-female predominance of 4-5:1, with 30% of patients with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis being first-born males. […] The usual age of presentation is approximately 2-6 weeks of life. Approximately 95% of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis cases are diagnosed in those aged 3-12 weeks. Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is rare in premature infants. In addition, premature infants have a delayed diagnosis secondary to low birth weight and atypical presentation.

• #5 Pyloric stenosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pyloric-stenosis-1?lang=us

  Pyloric stenosis is relatively common, with an incidence of approximately 2-5 per 1000 births, and a male predilection (M:F ~4:1). It is more commonly seen in the White population and is less common in India and among Black and other Asian populations. […] Risk factors include being firstborn, maternal history of pyloric stenosis, cesarean section delivery, bottle feeding, and exposure to macrolide antibiotics. […] Pyloric stenosis is the result of both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the pyloric circular muscle fibers. The pathogenesis of this is not understood.

• #6 Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (IHPS) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/infantile-hypertrophic-pyloric-stenosis

  The incidence of pyloric stenosis is 2 to 5 in 1,000 live births per year. […] It is more common in males, with a male:female ratio of 4:1. […] There is a familial link, with a polygenic hereditary pattern. […] Pyloric stenosis is more common in the white population. It is less commonly seen in Asian and Black populations.

• #7 Prevalence and descriptive epidemiology of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in the United States: A multistate, population-based retrospective study, 1999–2010

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7087451/

  Overall, IHPS prevalence from 1999-2010 was 20.09 (95% CI = 19.87, 20.32) per 10,000 live births, with statistically significant increases from 2003-2006 and decreases from 2007-2010. […] This study covers one of the largest samples and longest temporal period examined for IHPS in the US. Similar to findings reported in Europe, estimates suggest that IHPS prevalence has decreased recently in the US. […] Our multistate, population-based retrospective study pooled data from 11 US birth defect surveillance programs to estimate the prevalence of IHPS from 1999-2010. Prevalence for all cases during this birth period was 20.09 per 10,000 live births and ranged from 5.52 in HI to 33.28 in OK. […] The difference in prevalence observed across surveillance programs may reflect the population demographics in these programs. […] In comparing estimates by birth year, we observed that prevalence was relatively stable through 2002, followed by statistically significant increases from 2003-2006 and then significant decreases from 2007-2010.

• #8 Prevalence and descriptive epidemiology of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in the United States: A multistate, population-based retrospective study, 1999-2010 – University of Iowa

  https://iro.uiowa.edu/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/Prevalence-and-descriptive-epidemiology-of-infantile/9983995126602771

  Antecedents for infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) vary across studies; therefore, we conducted a multistate, population-based retrospective study of the prevalence and descriptive epidemiology of IHPS in the United States (US). Data for IHPS cases (n=29,554) delivered from 1999-2010 and enumerated from 11 US population-based birth defect surveillance programs, along with data for live births (n=14,707,418) delivered within the same birth period and jurisdictions, were analyzed using Poisson regression to estimate IHPS prevalence per 10,000 live births. Overall, IHPS prevalence from 1999-2010 was 20.09 (95% CI=19.87, 20.32) per 10,000 live births, with statistically significant increases from 2003-2006 and decreases from 2007-2010. This study covers one of the largest samples and longest temporal period examined for IHPS in the US. Similar to findings reported in Europe, estimates suggest that IHPS prevalence has decreased recently in the US. […] Additional analyses supported associations with several infant and parental characteristics.

• #9 Prevalence and descriptive epidemiology of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in the United States: A multistate, population-based retrospective study, 1999–2010

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7087451/

  Overall, IHPS prevalence from 1999-2010 was 20.09 (95% CI = 19.87, 20.32) per 10,000 live births, with statistically significant increases from 2003-2006 and decreases from 2007-2010. […] This study covers one of the largest samples and longest temporal period examined for IHPS in the US. Similar to findings reported in Europe, estimates suggest that IHPS prevalence has decreased recently in the US. […] Our multistate, population-based retrospective study pooled data from 11 US birth defect surveillance programs to estimate the prevalence of IHPS from 1999-2010. Prevalence for all cases during this birth period was 20.09 per 10,000 live births and ranged from 5.52 in HI to 33.28 in OK. […] The difference in prevalence observed across surveillance programs may reflect the population demographics in these programs. […] In comparing estimates by birth year, we observed that prevalence was relatively stable through 2002, followed by statistically significant increases from 2003-2006 and then significant decreases from 2007-2010.

• #10 Pediatric Pyloric Stenosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803489-overview

  The incidence of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is 2-4 per 1000 live births. […] Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is more common in Whites than in Hispanics, Blacks, or Asians. The incidence is 2.4 per 1000 live births in Whites, 1.8 in Hispanics, 0.7 in Blacks, and 0.6 in Asians. It is also less common among children of mixed race parents. […] Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis has a male-to-female predominance of 4-5:1, with 30% of patients with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis being first-born males. […] The usual age of presentation is approximately 2-6 weeks of life. Approximately 95% of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis cases are diagnosed in those aged 3-12 weeks. Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is rare in premature infants. In addition, premature infants have a delayed diagnosis secondary to low birth weight and atypical presentation.

• #11 Pyloric Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555931/

  Pyloric stenosis is 2 to 5 in 1000 live births annually. It is more common in males; the male-to-female ratio is 4 to 1. There is a familial link, but the hereditary pattern is polygenic. Pyloric stenosis is more common in the white population. It is less commonly seen in Indian, Asian, and Black populations. The incidence is 2.4 per 1000 in whites, 1.8 in Hispanics, 0.7 in blacks, and 0.6 in Asians. […] Healthcare professionals should educate parents about the strong risk of pyloric stenosis in the family. There is a nearly 200-fold increased risk among identical twins and a 20-fold increase among siblings. So, parents should be vigilant in identifying symptoms in their future offspring as early as possible.

• #12 Pyloric stenosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pyloric-stenosis-1?lang=us

  Pyloric stenosis is relatively common, with an incidence of approximately 2-5 per 1000 births, and a male predilection (M:F ~4:1). It is more commonly seen in the White population and is less common in India and among Black and other Asian populations. […] Risk factors include being firstborn, maternal history of pyloric stenosis, cesarean section delivery, bottle feeding, and exposure to macrolide antibiotics. […] Pyloric stenosis is the result of both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the pyloric circular muscle fibers. The pathogenesis of this is not understood.

• #13 Pediatric Pyloric Stenosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803489-overview

  The incidence of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is 2-4 per 1000 live births. […] Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is more common in Whites than in Hispanics, Blacks, or Asians. The incidence is 2.4 per 1000 live births in Whites, 1.8 in Hispanics, 0.7 in Blacks, and 0.6 in Asians. It is also less common among children of mixed race parents. […] Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis has a male-to-female predominance of 4-5:1, with 30% of patients with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis being first-born males. […] The usual age of presentation is approximately 2-6 weeks of life. Approximately 95% of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis cases are diagnosed in those aged 3-12 weeks. Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is rare in premature infants. In addition, premature infants have a delayed diagnosis secondary to low birth weight and atypical presentation.

• #14 Pyloric stenosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyloric_stenosis

  Males are more commonly affected than females, with firstborn males affected about four times as often, and there is a genetic predisposition for the disease. […] Pyloric stenosis is more common in Caucasians than Hispanics, Blacks, or Asians. The incidence is 2.4 per 1000 live births in Caucasians, 1.8 in Hispanics, 0.7 in Blacks, and 0.6 in Asians. […] Infants exposed to erythromycin are at increased risk for developing hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, especially when the drug is taken around two weeks of life and possibly in late pregnancy and through breastmilk in the first two weeks of life.

• #15 Pyloric stenosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pyloric_stenosis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of infantile pyloric stenosis is approximately 400 per 100,000 individuals worldwide and it is four times more common in males. It usually affects individuals of the Caucasian race. Asians individuals are less likely to develop infantile pyloric stenosis. The prevalence of infantile pyloric stenosis in the course of 11 years (1989-1999) was approximately 7.3 per 100,000 individuals in one study. […] It is observed that the mortality rate of pyloric stenosis is very low and usually results from delays in diagnosis that causes severe dehydration and shock. […] Males are more commonly affected by infantile pyloric stenosis than females. […] The male to female ratio is approximately 4 to 1. […] Infantile pyloric stenosis usually affects individuals of the Caucasian race. […] Asians individuals are less likely to develop Infantile pyloric stenosis. […] Incidence of infantile pyloric stenosis according to race include: White – 240 per 100,000 individuals, Hispanic – 180 per 100,000 individuals, Black – 70 per 100,000 individuals, Asian – 60 per 100,000 individuals. […] Infantile pyloric stenosis commonly affects infants.

• #16 Epidemiological Features of Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis in Taiwanese Children: A Nation-Wide Analysis of Cases during 1997–2007 | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0019404

  A total of 1,077 infants met inclusion criteria, including 889 boys and 188 girls. The annual incidence of IHPS ranged from 0.30 to 0.47 per 1,000 live births with a mean incidence of 0.39 per 1,000 live births. […] The incidence of IHPS in Taiwan, a country with a majority ethnic Chinese population, was lower than observed incidences in Caucasian populations living in Western countries. […] The annual incidence of IHPS ranged from 0.30 to 0.47 per 1000 live births, with a mean incidence of 0.39 per 1000 live births. […] The IHPS incidence of admission month by season was 0.433 per 1,000 live births in spring, 0.406 per 1,000 live births in summer, 0.347 per 1,000 live births in autumn and 0.394 per 1,000 live births in winter (P=0.206). […] The incidence of IHPS was much lower in Taiwan, a country whose majority population is ethnic Chinese, compared to the rates observed in Caucasian populations in Western countries. Environmental factors such as breastfeeding and lower maternal smoking rates may contribute to the lower incidence of IHPS in Taiwan.

• #17 Epidemiology – Primary Care Notebook

  https://primarycarenotebook.com/pages/gastroenterology/pyloric-stenosis-infantile/epidemiology

  One in every four hundred children are affected by infantile pyloric stenosis. Males are affected four times more often than females and there is a familial component to the incidence of this condition. […] There is also a racial component: pyloric stenosis is virtually non-existent in Chinese. […] There is an unexplained seasonal prevalence in autumn and spring.

• #18 Pediatric Pyloric Stenosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803489-overview

  The incidence of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is 2-4 per 1000 live births. […] Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is more common in Whites than in Hispanics, Blacks, or Asians. The incidence is 2.4 per 1000 live births in Whites, 1.8 in Hispanics, 0.7 in Blacks, and 0.6 in Asians. It is also less common among children of mixed race parents. […] Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis has a male-to-female predominance of 4-5:1, with 30% of patients with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis being first-born males. […] The usual age of presentation is approximately 2-6 weeks of life. Approximately 95% of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis cases are diagnosed in those aged 3-12 weeks. Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is rare in premature infants. In addition, premature infants have a delayed diagnosis secondary to low birth weight and atypical presentation.

• #19 Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/929829-overview

  Pyloric stenosis is the most common cause of gastric outlet obstruction in infants. It is also the most common surgical cause of vomiting in infants. The incidence of pyloric stenosis appears to be decreasing from previous decades. […] The reported prevalence of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis ranges from 1.5-4 cases 1000 live births among Whites with lower prevalence among Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics. Pyloric stenosis has a well-known predilection for occurring more often in males than in females, with reported ratios ranging from 2:1 to 5:1. First-born male children are believed to have the highest risk of developing hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. […] Newborns typically develop signs of gastric outlet obstruction at 3-4 weeks. Approximately 95% of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis cases are diagnosed in infants aged 3-12 weeks. Premature infants generally develop symptoms later than full-term infants, which may lead to a delay in diagnosis. Late-onset hypertrophic pyloric stenosis can rarely occur and has been reported in patients as old as teenagers.

• #20 Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (IHPS) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/infantile-hypertrophic-pyloric-stenosis

  The incidence of pyloric stenosis is 2 to 5 in 1,000 live births per year. […] It is more common in males, with a male:female ratio of 4:1. […] There is a familial link, with a polygenic hereditary pattern. […] Pyloric stenosis is more common in the white population. It is less commonly seen in Asian and Black populations.

• #21 Pulsenotes | Pyloric stenosis

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/specialities/paediatrics/notes/pyloric-stenosis

  The incidence of IHPS is estimated to be 1 in 500 live births. […] Figures vary from study to study and there appears to be a gradual decrease in the incidence of IHPS. A review by Pederson et al of seven European regions found an overall incidence of 2 in 1000 live births. […] Most cases present in infants between the ages of 2-8 weeks old. A series of 362 patients reported by Taylor et al found a mean age at admission of 5.4 weeks. There were three presentations prior to 2 weeks (earliest 3 days old) and four after 12 weeks (latest 29 weeks old). In the same series, 84.8% of infants were male, a ratio of 5.6:1.

• #22

  https://omim.org/entry/179010

  Infantile pyloric stenosis is the most common condition requiring surgical intervention in the first year of life. It typically presents in infants 2 to 6 weeks after birth. […] The incidence of infantile pyloric stenosis was estimated to be between 1 and 5 per 1,000 live births in Britain. […] There is a striking variation in incidence between population groups, with the cumulative incidence in American infants being 1.9 per 1,000 live births in whites, 1.8 in Hispanics, 0.7 in blacks, and 0.6 in Asians. […] Krogh et al. (2010) performed a population-based study of pyloric stenosis among 1,999,738 children born in Denmark between 1977 and 2008 and followed up for the first year of life. Surgery for pyloric stenosis occurred in 3,362 children, of which 2,741 (81.5%) were boys, resulting in a male-to-female ratio of 4.4:1. The incidence rate per 1,000 person-years was 1.8 for singletons and 3.1 for twins. The rate ratios of pyloric stenosis were 182 for monozygotic twins, 29.4 for dizygotic twins, 18.5 for sibs, 4.99 for half sibs, 3.06 for cousins, and 1.60 for half cousins. There were no differences in rate ratios for maternal and paternal relatives of children with pyloric stenosis, and no difference according to sex of cohort member or sex of relative. Overall, the findings indicated that pyloric stenosis in Danish children shows strong familial aggregation with a heritability of about 87%. However, the condition does not follow classic mendelian inheritance.

• #23 Pyloric Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555931/

  Pyloric stenosis is 2 to 5 in 1000 live births annually. It is more common in males; the male-to-female ratio is 4 to 1. There is a familial link, but the hereditary pattern is polygenic. Pyloric stenosis is more common in the white population. It is less commonly seen in Indian, Asian, and Black populations. The incidence is 2.4 per 1000 in whites, 1.8 in Hispanics, 0.7 in blacks, and 0.6 in Asians. […] Healthcare professionals should educate parents about the strong risk of pyloric stenosis in the family. There is a nearly 200-fold increased risk among identical twins and a 20-fold increase among siblings. So, parents should be vigilant in identifying symptoms in their future offspring as early as possible.

• #24 Pyloric stenosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyloric_stenosis

  Males are more commonly affected than females, with firstborn males affected about four times as often, and there is a genetic predisposition for the disease. […] Pyloric stenosis is more common in Caucasians than Hispanics, Blacks, or Asians. The incidence is 2.4 per 1000 live births in Caucasians, 1.8 in Hispanics, 0.7 in Blacks, and 0.6 in Asians. […] Infants exposed to erythromycin are at increased risk for developing hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, especially when the drug is taken around two weeks of life and possibly in late pregnancy and through breastmilk in the first two weeks of life.

• #25 Pyloric Stenosis: Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/pyloric-stenosis

  Caucasian babies seem to develop pyloric stenosis more frequently than babies of other races. […] Boys develop pyloric stenosis more often than girls. […] Pyloric stenosis may be inherited; several members of a family may have had this problem in infancy. […] Pyloric stenosis is four times more common in males than females.

• #26 Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/929829-overview

  Pyloric stenosis is the most common cause of gastric outlet obstruction in infants. It is also the most common surgical cause of vomiting in infants. The incidence of pyloric stenosis appears to be decreasing from previous decades. […] The reported prevalence of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis ranges from 1.5-4 cases 1000 live births among Whites with lower prevalence among Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics. Pyloric stenosis has a well-known predilection for occurring more often in males than in females, with reported ratios ranging from 2:1 to 5:1. First-born male children are believed to have the highest risk of developing hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. […] Newborns typically develop signs of gastric outlet obstruction at 3-4 weeks. Approximately 95% of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis cases are diagnosed in infants aged 3-12 weeks. Premature infants generally develop symptoms later than full-term infants, which may lead to a delay in diagnosis. Late-onset hypertrophic pyloric stenosis can rarely occur and has been reported in patients as old as teenagers.

• #27 Pyloric Stenosis | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pyloric-stenosis

  Pyloric stenosis is the narrowing of the lower portion of the stomach (pylorus) that leads into the small intestine. This problem typically occurs in infants between 2 and 8 weeks of age and affects one out of every 500 to 1,000 live births. […] Pyloric stenosis is considered a multifactorial trait, which means that many factors are involved. In many defects with multifactorial traits, one gender is affected more often than the other. For example, pyloric stenosis is four times more common in males than in females. […] In families where one child has pyloric stenosis, there is an increased risk that a future brother or sister could also have this condition. Adults who have had pyloric stenosis when they were infants may pass the trait on to their children. […] Caucasians seem to develop pyloric stenosis more often than babies of other races. […] There are no long-term effects of surgery, and there is less than a 1 percent chance that pyloric stenosis will recur.

• #28 Gastrointestinal Emergencies: Pyloric Stenosis – Cancer Therapy Advisor

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/critical-care-medicine/gastrointestinal-emergencies-pyloric-stenosis/

  Pyloric stenosis is often found in a familial pattern with as much as a 20-fold increase in siblings. […] It is more common in males by an approximate 5:1 ratio and more common in first-born children. […] Children of parents with pyloric stenosis are at increased risk of developing pyloric stenosis than children without a family history.

• #29 Pyloric stenosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyloric_stenosis

  Males are more commonly affected than females, with firstborn males affected about four times as often, and there is a genetic predisposition for the disease. […] Pyloric stenosis is more common in Caucasians than Hispanics, Blacks, or Asians. The incidence is 2.4 per 1000 live births in Caucasians, 1.8 in Hispanics, 0.7 in Blacks, and 0.6 in Asians. […] Infants exposed to erythromycin are at increased risk for developing hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, especially when the drug is taken around two weeks of life and possibly in late pregnancy and through breastmilk in the first two weeks of life.

• #30

  https://www.saem.org/about-saem/academies-interest-groups-affiliates2/cdem/for-students/online-education/peds-em-curriculum/pyloric-stenosis

  Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) occurs when thickening of the pylorus muscle leads to gastric outlet obstruction in young infants, resulting in forceful vomiting after feeds. HPS has an estimated prevalence of 17-50 per 10,000 infants, and is more common among males than females. […] The risk factors for HPS include: Prematurity, First-born children, Young maternal age, Maternal smoking. […] Infants less than two weeks of age who have taken either azithromycin or erythromycin are also at increased risk for developing HPS. […] The classic metabolic derangement in HPS is a hypokalemic, hypochloremic, metabolic alkalosis. […] Diagnosis of HPS is most commonly made by ultrasound. An ultrasound is considered positive for HPS when the pylorus is visualized to have a thickness of greater than 3 mm and a length of greater than 14 mm.

• #31 Association of prematurity with the development of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/pr201592

  Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) has several known risk factors. The association between prematurity and IHPS and the timeline of presentation are poorly defined. Our aim was to evaluate the associations between IHPS and prematurity. […] The incidence of IHPS was 2.99 per 1,000 in preterm infants and 2.25 per 1,000 in full term (relative risk (RR) = 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.161.54). The adjusted odds ratio for prematurity was 1.26 (95% CI 1.081.46). […] Prematurity is associated with IHPS. Premature infants develop IHPS at a later chronological age, but earlier postmenstrual age, than term infants. Providers should have an increased concern for IHPS development in premature infants. […] The understanding of a relationship between IHPS and prematurity has evolved. Previous literature suggested that preterm infants rarely present with IHPS. Several recent epidemiological studies have found variable evidence that prematurity might be associated with increased risk of developing IHPS, although this association remains unclear.

• #32 Pyloric stenosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pyloric-stenosis-1?lang=us

  Pyloric stenosis is relatively common, with an incidence of approximately 2-5 per 1000 births, and a male predilection (M:F ~4:1). It is more commonly seen in the White population and is less common in India and among Black and other Asian populations. […] Risk factors include being firstborn, maternal history of pyloric stenosis, cesarean section delivery, bottle feeding, and exposure to macrolide antibiotics. […] Pyloric stenosis is the result of both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the pyloric circular muscle fibers. The pathogenesis of this is not understood.

• #33 Pyloric stenosis in an infant

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2021/october/pyloric-stenosis-in-an-infant

  HPS is a disorder affecting infants, most commonly between the ages of two and 12 weeks, in which thickening of the pylorus leads to gastric outlet obstruction. It occurs in approximately three in 1000 live births and is thought to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Risk factors for HPS include male sex, preterm birth, firstborn child, formula feeding and use of macrolide antibiotics as infants (erythromycin and azithromycin). […] HPS is usually diagnosed with a combination of clinical assessment and imaging. Abdominal ultrasonography is the first-line imaging modality, with a pyloric muscle thickness 3 mm seen as the best discriminating factor. […] The definitive management for HPS is a pyloromyotomy a curative surgical procedure during which the pylorus is incised to relieve the obstruction.

• #34 Pyloric stenosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pyloric-stenosis-1?lang=us

  Pyloric stenosis is relatively common, with an incidence of approximately 2-5 per 1000 births, and a male predilection (M:F ~4:1). It is more commonly seen in the White population and is less common in India and among Black and other Asian populations. […] Risk factors include being firstborn, maternal history of pyloric stenosis, cesarean section delivery, bottle feeding, and exposure to macrolide antibiotics. […] Pyloric stenosis is the result of both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the pyloric circular muscle fibers. The pathogenesis of this is not understood.

• #35 Pyloric stenosis in an infant

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2021/october/pyloric-stenosis-in-an-infant

  HPS is a disorder affecting infants, most commonly between the ages of two and 12 weeks, in which thickening of the pylorus leads to gastric outlet obstruction. It occurs in approximately three in 1000 live births and is thought to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Risk factors for HPS include male sex, preterm birth, firstborn child, formula feeding and use of macrolide antibiotics as infants (erythromycin and azithromycin). […] HPS is usually diagnosed with a combination of clinical assessment and imaging. Abdominal ultrasonography is the first-line imaging modality, with a pyloric muscle thickness 3 mm seen as the best discriminating factor. […] The definitive management for HPS is a pyloromyotomy a curative surgical procedure during which the pylorus is incised to relieve the obstruction.

• #36 Pyloric Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555931/

  Pyloric stenosis is 2 to 5 in 1000 live births annually. It is more common in males; the male-to-female ratio is 4 to 1. There is a familial link, but the hereditary pattern is polygenic. Pyloric stenosis is more common in the white population. It is less commonly seen in Indian, Asian, and Black populations. The incidence is 2.4 per 1000 in whites, 1.8 in Hispanics, 0.7 in blacks, and 0.6 in Asians. […] Healthcare professionals should educate parents about the strong risk of pyloric stenosis in the family. There is a nearly 200-fold increased risk among identical twins and a 20-fold increase among siblings. So, parents should be vigilant in identifying symptoms in their future offspring as early as possible.

• #37 Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (IHPS) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/infantile-hypertrophic-pyloric-stenosis

  The incidence of pyloric stenosis is 2 to 5 in 1,000 live births per year. […] It is more common in males, with a male:female ratio of 4:1. […] There is a familial link, with a polygenic hereditary pattern. […] Pyloric stenosis is more common in the white population. It is less commonly seen in Asian and Black populations.

• #38

  https://omim.org/entry/179010

  Infantile pyloric stenosis is the most common condition requiring surgical intervention in the first year of life. It typically presents in infants 2 to 6 weeks after birth. […] The incidence of infantile pyloric stenosis was estimated to be between 1 and 5 per 1,000 live births in Britain. […] There is a striking variation in incidence between population groups, with the cumulative incidence in American infants being 1.9 per 1,000 live births in whites, 1.8 in Hispanics, 0.7 in blacks, and 0.6 in Asians. […] Krogh et al. (2010) performed a population-based study of pyloric stenosis among 1,999,738 children born in Denmark between 1977 and 2008 and followed up for the first year of life. Surgery for pyloric stenosis occurred in 3,362 children, of which 2,741 (81.5%) were boys, resulting in a male-to-female ratio of 4.4:1. The incidence rate per 1,000 person-years was 1.8 for singletons and 3.1 for twins. The rate ratios of pyloric stenosis were 182 for monozygotic twins, 29.4 for dizygotic twins, 18.5 for sibs, 4.99 for half sibs, 3.06 for cousins, and 1.60 for half cousins. There were no differences in rate ratios for maternal and paternal relatives of children with pyloric stenosis, and no difference according to sex of cohort member or sex of relative. Overall, the findings indicated that pyloric stenosis in Danish children shows strong familial aggregation with a heritability of about 87%. However, the condition does not follow classic mendelian inheritance.

• #39 Pyloric Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555931/

  Pyloric stenosis is 2 to 5 in 1000 live births annually. It is more common in males; the male-to-female ratio is 4 to 1. There is a familial link, but the hereditary pattern is polygenic. Pyloric stenosis is more common in the white population. It is less commonly seen in Indian, Asian, and Black populations. The incidence is 2.4 per 1000 in whites, 1.8 in Hispanics, 0.7 in blacks, and 0.6 in Asians. […] Healthcare professionals should educate parents about the strong risk of pyloric stenosis in the family. There is a nearly 200-fold increased risk among identical twins and a 20-fold increase among siblings. So, parents should be vigilant in identifying symptoms in their future offspring as early as possible.

• #40 Pyloric Stenosis | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pyloric-stenosis

  Pyloric stenosis is the narrowing of the lower portion of the stomach (pylorus) that leads into the small intestine. This problem typically occurs in infants between 2 and 8 weeks of age and affects one out of every 500 to 1,000 live births. […] Pyloric stenosis is considered a multifactorial trait, which means that many factors are involved. In many defects with multifactorial traits, one gender is affected more often than the other. For example, pyloric stenosis is four times more common in males than in females. […] In families where one child has pyloric stenosis, there is an increased risk that a future brother or sister could also have this condition. Adults who have had pyloric stenosis when they were infants may pass the trait on to their children. […] Caucasians seem to develop pyloric stenosis more often than babies of other races. […] There are no long-term effects of surgery, and there is less than a 1 percent chance that pyloric stenosis will recur.

• #41 Pediatric Pyloric Stenosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803489-overview

  The incidence of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is 2-4 per 1000 live births. […] Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is more common in Whites than in Hispanics, Blacks, or Asians. The incidence is 2.4 per 1000 live births in Whites, 1.8 in Hispanics, 0.7 in Blacks, and 0.6 in Asians. It is also less common among children of mixed race parents. […] Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis has a male-to-female predominance of 4-5:1, with 30% of patients with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis being first-born males. […] The usual age of presentation is approximately 2-6 weeks of life. Approximately 95% of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis cases are diagnosed in those aged 3-12 weeks. Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is rare in premature infants. In addition, premature infants have a delayed diagnosis secondary to low birth weight and atypical presentation.

• #42 Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/929829-overview

  Pyloric stenosis is the most common cause of gastric outlet obstruction in infants. It is also the most common surgical cause of vomiting in infants. The incidence of pyloric stenosis appears to be decreasing from previous decades. […] The reported prevalence of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis ranges from 1.5-4 cases 1000 live births among Whites with lower prevalence among Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics. Pyloric stenosis has a well-known predilection for occurring more often in males than in females, with reported ratios ranging from 2:1 to 5:1. First-born male children are believed to have the highest risk of developing hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. […] Newborns typically develop signs of gastric outlet obstruction at 3-4 weeks. Approximately 95% of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis cases are diagnosed in infants aged 3-12 weeks. Premature infants generally develop symptoms later than full-term infants, which may lead to a delay in diagnosis. Late-onset hypertrophic pyloric stenosis can rarely occur and has been reported in patients as old as teenagers.

• #43 Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/infantile-hypertrophic-pyloric-stenosis/print

  IHPS usually develops between three and five weeks of age and very rarely occurs after 12 weeks of age. […] A trend toward earlier diagnosis was illustrated in a study comparing the presentation of a total of 283 infants diagnosed in the decades prior to 1975, 1985, and 1995. […] The mean age at presentation was significantly younger in the more recent decades (mean age 5.4 weeks in 1975 versus 3.4 weeks in 1995). […] The earlier diagnosis of IHPS might be explained by advances in diagnostic imaging or by increased awareness of the disorder among clinicians. […] The condition occurs in approximately 1 to 3.5 per 1000 live births, although rates and trends vary markedly from region to region. […] Several reports from resource-abundant countries suggest a declining incidence, with variable rates.

• #44 Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/infantile-hypertrophic-pyloric-stenosis/print

  IHPS usually develops between three and five weeks of age and very rarely occurs after 12 weeks of age. […] A trend toward earlier diagnosis was illustrated in a study comparing the presentation of a total of 283 infants diagnosed in the decades prior to 1975, 1985, and 1995. […] The mean age at presentation was significantly younger in the more recent decades (mean age 5.4 weeks in 1975 versus 3.4 weeks in 1995). […] The earlier diagnosis of IHPS might be explained by advances in diagnostic imaging or by increased awareness of the disorder among clinicians. […] The condition occurs in approximately 1 to 3.5 per 1000 live births, although rates and trends vary markedly from region to region. […] Several reports from resource-abundant countries suggest a declining incidence, with variable rates.

• #45 Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/infantile-hypertrophic-pyloric-stenosis

  Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is a disorder of young infants caused by hypertrophy of the pylorus, which can progress to near-complete obstruction of the gastric outlet, leading to forceful vomiting. […] IHPS usually develops between three and five weeks of age and very rarely occurs after 12 weeks of age. A trend toward earlier diagnosis was illustrated in a study comparing the presentation of a total of 283 infants diagnosed in the decades prior to 1975, 1985, and 1995. The mean age at presentation was significantly younger in the more recent decades (mean age 5.4 weeks in 1975 versus 3.4 weeks in 1995). The earlier diagnosis of IHPS might be explained by advances in diagnostic imaging or by increased awareness of the disorder among clinicians. […] The condition occurs in approximately 1 to 3.5 per 1000 live births, although rates and trends vary markedly from region to region. Several reports from resource-abundant countries suggest a declining incidence, with variable rates.

• #46 Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/infantile-hypertrophic-pyloric-stenosis/print

  IHPS usually develops between three and five weeks of age and very rarely occurs after 12 weeks of age. […] A trend toward earlier diagnosis was illustrated in a study comparing the presentation of a total of 283 infants diagnosed in the decades prior to 1975, 1985, and 1995. […] The mean age at presentation was significantly younger in the more recent decades (mean age 5.4 weeks in 1975 versus 3.4 weeks in 1995). […] The earlier diagnosis of IHPS might be explained by advances in diagnostic imaging or by increased awareness of the disorder among clinicians. […] The condition occurs in approximately 1 to 3.5 per 1000 live births, although rates and trends vary markedly from region to region. […] Several reports from resource-abundant countries suggest a declining incidence, with variable rates.

• #47 Pyloric Stenosis

  https://pedemmorsels.com/pyloric-stenosis/

  Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis is the most common condition that requires surgery in infants. […] Incidence = 2-5 per 1,000 births per year! […] Male:Female = ~5:1. […] The mean age at diagnosis was once 5.9 weeks. Now mean age is 4 5.5 weeks. […] The diagnosis, historically, is one made clinically; however, today, Ultrasound allows us to diagnosis pyloric stenosis earlier; often before the classic findings are apparent. […] Currently, the two valid methods for diagnosing Pyloric Stenosis are Upper GI and Ultrasound. […] Bottom Line: Currently, patients present earlier and are diagnosed more readily with simple techniques and this has lead to reductions in the frequency of metabolic disturbances, dehydration, and starvation. So the classic findings of Pyloric Stenosis are becoming less commonly found.

• #48 Pediatric Pyloric Stenosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803489-overview

  The incidence of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is 2-4 per 1000 live births. […] Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is more common in Whites than in Hispanics, Blacks, or Asians. The incidence is 2.4 per 1000 live births in Whites, 1.8 in Hispanics, 0.7 in Blacks, and 0.6 in Asians. It is also less common among children of mixed race parents. […] Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis has a male-to-female predominance of 4-5:1, with 30% of patients with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis being first-born males. […] The usual age of presentation is approximately 2-6 weeks of life. Approximately 95% of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis cases are diagnosed in those aged 3-12 weeks. Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is rare in premature infants. In addition, premature infants have a delayed diagnosis secondary to low birth weight and atypical presentation.

• #49 Association of prematurity with the development of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/pr201592

  Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) has several known risk factors. The association between prematurity and IHPS and the timeline of presentation are poorly defined. Our aim was to evaluate the associations between IHPS and prematurity. […] The incidence of IHPS was 2.99 per 1,000 in preterm infants and 2.25 per 1,000 in full term (relative risk (RR) = 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.161.54). The adjusted odds ratio for prematurity was 1.26 (95% CI 1.081.46). […] Prematurity is associated with IHPS. Premature infants develop IHPS at a later chronological age, but earlier postmenstrual age, than term infants. Providers should have an increased concern for IHPS development in premature infants. […] The understanding of a relationship between IHPS and prematurity has evolved. Previous literature suggested that preterm infants rarely present with IHPS. Several recent epidemiological studies have found variable evidence that prematurity might be associated with increased risk of developing IHPS, although this association remains unclear.

• #50 Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/infantile-hypertrophic-pyloric-stenosis/print

  IHPS usually develops between three and five weeks of age and very rarely occurs after 12 weeks of age. […] A trend toward earlier diagnosis was illustrated in a study comparing the presentation of a total of 283 infants diagnosed in the decades prior to 1975, 1985, and 1995. […] The mean age at presentation was significantly younger in the more recent decades (mean age 5.4 weeks in 1975 versus 3.4 weeks in 1995). […] The earlier diagnosis of IHPS might be explained by advances in diagnostic imaging or by increased awareness of the disorder among clinicians. […] The condition occurs in approximately 1 to 3.5 per 1000 live births, although rates and trends vary markedly from region to region. […] Several reports from resource-abundant countries suggest a declining incidence, with variable rates.

• #51 Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/infantile-hypertrophic-pyloric-stenosis

  Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is a disorder of young infants caused by hypertrophy of the pylorus, which can progress to near-complete obstruction of the gastric outlet, leading to forceful vomiting. […] IHPS usually develops between three and five weeks of age and very rarely occurs after 12 weeks of age. A trend toward earlier diagnosis was illustrated in a study comparing the presentation of a total of 283 infants diagnosed in the decades prior to 1975, 1985, and 1995. The mean age at presentation was significantly younger in the more recent decades (mean age 5.4 weeks in 1975 versus 3.4 weeks in 1995). The earlier diagnosis of IHPS might be explained by advances in diagnostic imaging or by increased awareness of the disorder among clinicians. […] The condition occurs in approximately 1 to 3.5 per 1000 live births, although rates and trends vary markedly from region to region. Several reports from resource-abundant countries suggest a declining incidence, with variable rates.

• #52 The epidemiology of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in Sweden 1987–96 | Archives of Disease in Childhood

  https://adc.bmj.com/content/85/5/379

  AIMS To find out whether the incidence of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) has changed over the past decade, and if so, to investigate possible contributory factors. […] There was a substantial decline from 2.7/1000 to 0.85/1000 over the time period. The incidence in the south was almost three times greater than in the north. […] The declining incidence and geographical difference suggest that environmental factors are of importance in this disorder.

• #53 The changing epidemiology of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in Scotland | Archives of Disease in Childhood

  https://adc.bmj.com/content/93/12/1007

  The changing epidemiology of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in Scotland […] To describe the changing epidemiology of IHPS in Scotland, to examine the relationship between IHPS and SIDS rates and to examine trends in other factors that may explain the observed reduction in IHPS incidence. […] IHPS incidence fell from 4.4 to 1.4 per 1000 live births in Scotland between 1981 and 2004. Rates were consistently higher in males, although the overall incidence patterns in males and females were similar. Rates showed a positive relationship with deprivation. The fall in the incidence of IHPS preceded the fall in SIDS by 2 years and the incidence of SIDS displayed less variability than that of IHPS. […] There has been a marked reduction in Scotlands IHPS incidence, but this is unlikely to be a consequence of a change in infant sleeping position.

• #54 Prevalence and descriptive epidemiology of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in the United States: A multistate, population-based retrospective study, 1999–2010

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7087451/

  Overall, IHPS prevalence from 1999-2010 was 20.09 (95% CI = 19.87, 20.32) per 10,000 live births, with statistically significant increases from 2003-2006 and decreases from 2007-2010. […] This study covers one of the largest samples and longest temporal period examined for IHPS in the US. Similar to findings reported in Europe, estimates suggest that IHPS prevalence has decreased recently in the US. […] Our multistate, population-based retrospective study pooled data from 11 US birth defect surveillance programs to estimate the prevalence of IHPS from 1999-2010. Prevalence for all cases during this birth period was 20.09 per 10,000 live births and ranged from 5.52 in HI to 33.28 in OK. […] The difference in prevalence observed across surveillance programs may reflect the population demographics in these programs. […] In comparing estimates by birth year, we observed that prevalence was relatively stable through 2002, followed by statistically significant increases from 2003-2006 and then significant decreases from 2007-2010.

• #55 The epidemiology of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in Sweden 1987–96 | Archives of Disease in Childhood

  https://adc.bmj.com/content/85/5/379

  AIMS To find out whether the incidence of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) has changed over the past decade, and if so, to investigate possible contributory factors. […] There was a substantial decline from 2.7/1000 to 0.85/1000 over the time period. The incidence in the south was almost three times greater than in the north. […] The declining incidence and geographical difference suggest that environmental factors are of importance in this disorder.

• #56 Epidemiology – Primary Care Notebook

  https://primarycarenotebook.com/pages/gastroenterology/pyloric-stenosis-infantile/epidemiology

  One in every four hundred children are affected by infantile pyloric stenosis. Males are affected four times more often than females and there is a familial component to the incidence of this condition. […] There is also a racial component: pyloric stenosis is virtually non-existent in Chinese. […] There is an unexplained seasonal prevalence in autumn and spring.

• #57 Epidemiological Features of Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis in Taiwanese Children: A Nation-Wide Analysis of Cases during 1997–2007 | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0019404

  A total of 1,077 infants met inclusion criteria, including 889 boys and 188 girls. The annual incidence of IHPS ranged from 0.30 to 0.47 per 1,000 live births with a mean incidence of 0.39 per 1,000 live births. […] The incidence of IHPS in Taiwan, a country with a majority ethnic Chinese population, was lower than observed incidences in Caucasian populations living in Western countries. […] The annual incidence of IHPS ranged from 0.30 to 0.47 per 1000 live births, with a mean incidence of 0.39 per 1000 live births. […] The IHPS incidence of admission month by season was 0.433 per 1,000 live births in spring, 0.406 per 1,000 live births in summer, 0.347 per 1,000 live births in autumn and 0.394 per 1,000 live births in winter (P=0.206). […] The incidence of IHPS was much lower in Taiwan, a country whose majority population is ethnic Chinese, compared to the rates observed in Caucasian populations in Western countries. Environmental factors such as breastfeeding and lower maternal smoking rates may contribute to the lower incidence of IHPS in Taiwan.

• #58

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10995-013-1417-4

  Similar temporal declines in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and other common features have led to hypotheses about a shared etiology. […] Although both IHPS and SIDS rates declined significantly between 1987 and 2008, the patterns and magnitude of the declines (40 and 74 %, respectively) were different. […] IHPS and SIDS share some epidemiologic features and risk factors but other risk factors have qualitatively or quantitatively different effects and recent temporal trends in the two diseases are dissimilar.

• #59

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10995-013-1417-4

  Similar temporal declines in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and other common features have led to hypotheses about a shared etiology. […] Although both IHPS and SIDS rates declined significantly between 1987 and 2008, the patterns and magnitude of the declines (40 and 74 %, respectively) were different. […] IHPS and SIDS share some epidemiologic features and risk factors but other risk factors have qualitatively or quantitatively different effects and recent temporal trends in the two diseases are dissimilar.

• #60 The changing epidemiology of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in Scotland | Archives of Disease in Childhood

  https://adc.bmj.com/content/93/12/1007

  The changing epidemiology of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in Scotland […] To describe the changing epidemiology of IHPS in Scotland, to examine the relationship between IHPS and SIDS rates and to examine trends in other factors that may explain the observed reduction in IHPS incidence. […] IHPS incidence fell from 4.4 to 1.4 per 1000 live births in Scotland between 1981 and 2004. Rates were consistently higher in males, although the overall incidence patterns in males and females were similar. Rates showed a positive relationship with deprivation. The fall in the incidence of IHPS preceded the fall in SIDS by 2 years and the incidence of SIDS displayed less variability than that of IHPS. […] There has been a marked reduction in Scotlands IHPS incidence, but this is unlikely to be a consequence of a change in infant sleeping position.

• #61 Pyloric stenosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyloric_stenosis

  Males are more commonly affected than females, with firstborn males affected about four times as often, and there is a genetic predisposition for the disease. […] Pyloric stenosis is more common in Caucasians than Hispanics, Blacks, or Asians. The incidence is 2.4 per 1000 live births in Caucasians, 1.8 in Hispanics, 0.7 in Blacks, and 0.6 in Asians. […] Infants exposed to erythromycin are at increased risk for developing hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, especially when the drug is taken around two weeks of life and possibly in late pregnancy and through breastmilk in the first two weeks of life.

• #62 Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis in Infants Following Pertussis Prophylaxis with Erythromycin — Knoxville, Tennessee, 1999

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4849a1.htm

  IHPS affects approximately one to three infants per 1000 live-born infants and affects about four to five times as many male as female infants. […] The peak in IHPS incidence in this region corresponded temporally with the use of erythromycin following the county health department recommendation. […] Previous epidemiologic studies of IHPS have not identified erythromycin as a risk factor, possibly because few neonates included in such studies were exposed to erythromycin. […] The findings in this report provide further evidence that erythromycin has a causal role in the etiology of IHPS and raise concerns about the use of erythromycin in neonates. […] Cases of pyloric stenosis following use of oral erythromycin should be reported to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) MedWatch.

• #63 The association of prenatal and postnatal macrolide exposure with subsequent development of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13052-019-0613-2

  The association between macrolides use and subsequent occurrence of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is still debatable. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between perinatal exposure to macrolides, mainly erythromycin, and the development of pyloric stenosis. […] For postnatal exposure, the overall estimate of seven cohort studies indicated a statistically significant association (RR=3.17, 95% CI: 2.384.23; I2 =10.0%) with no evidence of publication bias (Egger P=0.81). For prenatal exposure, six cohort studies and two case-control studies were included. Meta-analysis demonstrated a statistically significant association in the cohort studies (OR=1.47, 95% CI: 1.032.09; I2 =29.3%), but not in the case-control studies (OR=1.02, 95% CI: 0.661.58; I2 =51.2%). The overall pooled result was not statistically significant.

• #64 The association of prenatal and postnatal macrolide exposure with subsequent development of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13052-019-0613-2

  The study demonstrated good evidence of association between development of IHPS and direct postnatal exposure to macrolides. However, the evidence on the effects of prenatal exposure or postnatal maternal exposure (breastfeeding) is not conclusive. […] The main finding in this meta-analysis was the strong association between direct postnatal infant exposure to erythromycin and IHPS (RR=3.17, 95% CI: 2.384.23). […] For prenatal exposure, our meta-analysis of cohort studies showed a modest increase in risk with marginal statistical significance for prenatal exposure to macrolides; however, the pooled results of the cohort and case-control studies could not achieve statistical significance. Prenatal erythromycin exposure was not associated with IHPS based on the pooled results of either the cohort studies or the case-control studies. […] For postnatal maternal exposure (breastfeeding), our pooled results did not show a statistically significant association with IHPS.

• #65 The association of prenatal and postnatal macrolide exposure with subsequent development of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13052-019-0613-2

  The study demonstrated good evidence of association between development of IHPS and direct postnatal exposure to macrolides. However, the evidence on the effects of prenatal exposure or postnatal maternal exposure (breastfeeding) is not conclusive. […] The main finding in this meta-analysis was the strong association between direct postnatal infant exposure to erythromycin and IHPS (RR=3.17, 95% CI: 2.384.23). […] For prenatal exposure, our meta-analysis of cohort studies showed a modest increase in risk with marginal statistical significance for prenatal exposure to macrolides; however, the pooled results of the cohort and case-control studies could not achieve statistical significance. Prenatal erythromycin exposure was not associated with IHPS based on the pooled results of either the cohort studies or the case-control studies. […] For postnatal maternal exposure (breastfeeding), our pooled results did not show a statistically significant association with IHPS.

• #66 The association of prenatal and postnatal macrolide exposure with subsequent development of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13052-019-0613-2

  The study demonstrated good evidence of association between development of IHPS and direct postnatal exposure to macrolides. However, the evidence on the effects of prenatal exposure or postnatal maternal exposure (breastfeeding) is not conclusive. […] The main finding in this meta-analysis was the strong association between direct postnatal infant exposure to erythromycin and IHPS (RR=3.17, 95% CI: 2.384.23). […] For prenatal exposure, our meta-analysis of cohort studies showed a modest increase in risk with marginal statistical significance for prenatal exposure to macrolides; however, the pooled results of the cohort and case-control studies could not achieve statistical significance. Prenatal erythromycin exposure was not associated with IHPS based on the pooled results of either the cohort studies or the case-control studies. […] For postnatal maternal exposure (breastfeeding), our pooled results did not show a statistically significant association with IHPS.

• #67 Pyloric stenosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pyloric_stenosis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of infantile pyloric stenosis is approximately 400 per 100,000 individuals worldwide and it is four times more common in males. It usually affects individuals of the Caucasian race. Asians individuals are less likely to develop infantile pyloric stenosis. The prevalence of infantile pyloric stenosis in the course of 11 years (1989-1999) was approximately 7.3 per 100,000 individuals in one study. […] It is observed that the mortality rate of pyloric stenosis is very low and usually results from delays in diagnosis that causes severe dehydration and shock. […] Males are more commonly affected by infantile pyloric stenosis than females. […] The male to female ratio is approximately 4 to 1. […] Infantile pyloric stenosis usually affects individuals of the Caucasian race. […] Asians individuals are less likely to develop Infantile pyloric stenosis. […] Incidence of infantile pyloric stenosis according to race include: White – 240 per 100,000 individuals, Hispanic – 180 per 100,000 individuals, Black – 70 per 100,000 individuals, Asian – 60 per 100,000 individuals. […] Infantile pyloric stenosis commonly affects infants.

• #68 Pyloric stenosis at a tertiary hospital in Uganda | Annals of Pediatric Surgery | Full Text

  https://aops.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43159-020-00043-x

  Worldwide, infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis has an incidence of 3 in 1000 livebirths, with an unknown etiology. […] Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) occurs in about 3 of every 1000 live births, affecting males 4 times as often as females. […] There have been some reports about pyloric stenosis in sub-Saharan Africa; however, there is no research on IHPS in Uganda since a single review in 1970, and hence, this study aims to assess the management and outcomes of IHPS in our setting. […] In our setting with an ever improving referral system, the patient care is getting much better. […] Many of our patients had good outcomes, and this can be attributed to the early referral and resuscitation of these babies, which is due to the increased use of ultrasound scans for diagnosis and availability of pediatric surgeons and pediatric anesthesiologists.

• #69 Pyloric stenosis at a tertiary hospital in Uganda | Annals of Pediatric Surgery | Full Text

  https://aops.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43159-020-00043-x

  Outcomes of pyloric stenosis management are usually good and this is consistent with outcomes seen elsewhere. In our setting, management of IHPS has very good outcomes, as seen in this study. […] With the improving referral system, increasing availability of health workers, and increasing awareness about pediatric surgical conditions, outcomes can only get better.

• #70 Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis in Infants Following Pertussis Prophylaxis with Erythromycin — Knoxville, Tennessee, 1999

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4849a1.htm

  IHPS affects approximately one to three infants per 1000 live-born infants and affects about four to five times as many male as female infants. […] The peak in IHPS incidence in this region corresponded temporally with the use of erythromycin following the county health department recommendation. […] Previous epidemiologic studies of IHPS have not identified erythromycin as a risk factor, possibly because few neonates included in such studies were exposed to erythromycin. […] The findings in this report provide further evidence that erythromycin has a causal role in the etiology of IHPS and raise concerns about the use of erythromycin in neonates. […] Cases of pyloric stenosis following use of oral erythromycin should be reported to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) MedWatch.

• #71 Pyloric Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555931/

  Pyloric stenosis is 2 to 5 in 1000 live births annually. It is more common in males; the male-to-female ratio is 4 to 1. There is a familial link, but the hereditary pattern is polygenic. Pyloric stenosis is more common in the white population. It is less commonly seen in Indian, Asian, and Black populations. The incidence is 2.4 per 1000 in whites, 1.8 in Hispanics, 0.7 in blacks, and 0.6 in Asians. […] Healthcare professionals should educate parents about the strong risk of pyloric stenosis in the family. There is a nearly 200-fold increased risk among identical twins and a 20-fold increase among siblings. So, parents should be vigilant in identifying symptoms in their future offspring as early as possible.

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