Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pyloric stenosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pyloric-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351416

  In pyloric stenosis, the muscle of the pyloric valve thickens, blocking food from entering the baby’s small intestine. […] Pyloric stenosis usually leads to forceful vomiting, dehydration, poor nutrition and weight loss. Babies with pyloric stenosis may seem to be hungry all the time. […] Symptoms of pyloric stenosis usually appear within 3 to 6 weeks after birth. Pyloric stenosis is rare in babies older than 3 months. […] Symptoms include: […] Vomiting after feeding. The baby may vomit forcefully, ejecting breast milk or formula up to several feet away. This is known as projectile vomiting. Vomiting usually happens right after feeding. Vomiting might be mild at first and worsen over time. […] Constant hunger. Babies who have pyloric stenosis often want to eat soon after vomiting.

• #2 Pyloric Stenosis (HPS): Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4524-pyloric-stenosis-hps

  Pyloric stenosis symptoms include forceful vomiting, which may cause dehydration and malnourishment. […] HPS causes projectile vomiting and can lead to dehydration in babies. […] Pyloric stenosis symptoms typically start when your baby is between 3 and 6 weeks old. Infants with pyloric stenosis may eat well but have these symptoms: Frequent projectile vomiting (forceful vomiting), usually within a half hour to one hour after eating. […] Most babies appear otherwise healthy. Parents may not notice somethings wrong until babies get very dehydrated or undernourished. […] Pyloric stenosis symptoms usually start when your baby is between 3 and 6 weeks old. But it can take up to five months for symptoms to become apparent. […] If you notice symptoms, talk to your babys healthcare provider. Its best to treat HPS before your baby becomes dehydrated and undernourished.

• #2 Pyloric Stenosis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/pyloric-stenosis.html

  Pyloric stenosis is a condition that can affect the gastrointestinal tract in babies. It can make a baby vomit forcefully and often, and can lead to other problems, such as dehydration. Pyloric stenosis needs medical care right away. […] Symptoms of pyloric stenosis typically begin when a baby is around 3 weeks old. They include: […] The first symptom is usually vomiting. At first it may seem that the baby is just spitting up often, but then it tends to become projectile vomiting, in which the breast milk or formula is ejected forcefully from the mouth, in an arc, sometimes over a distance of several feet. […] Most babies with pyloric stenosis will fail to gain weight or will lose weight. As the condition gets worse, they might become dehydrated. […] After feeds, increased stomach contractions may make noticeable ripples, which move from left to right over the baby’s belly as the stomach tries to empty itself against the thickened pylorus.

• #2 Pyloric stenosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pyloric-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351416

  Stomach contractions. Wavelike ripples across your baby’s belly may be visible after feeding but before vomiting. This is a sign of the stomach muscles trying to move food out of the stomach. […] Dehydration. A baby may show signs of low body fluids, also called dehydration. These signs may include few wet diapers, lack of energy, dry mouth and lips, and crying without tears. […] Changes in stool. Since pyloric stenosis prevents food from reaching the intestines, babies with this condition might be constipated. […] Weight loss. The lack of nutrition can cause a baby not to gain weight or to lose weight.

• #3 Pyloric Stenosis | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pyloric-stenosis

  Pyloric stenosis usually affects babies between 2 and 8 weeks of age, but can occur anytime from birth to 6 months. […] Babies with pyloric stenosis usually have progressively worsening vomiting during their first weeks or months of life. The vomiting is often described as non bilious and projectile vomiting, because it is more forceful than the usual spit ups commonly seen at this age. […] The severe vomiting can result in dehydration, which may cause your baby to sleep excessively, to cry without tears, or have fewer wet or dirty diapers during a 24-hour period. […] Constant hunger, belching, and colic are other possible signs of pyloric stenosis because your baby is not able to eat properly. Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance are common problems and can prolong a hospital stay. […] Some vomiting may be expected during the first days after surgery as the gastrointestinal tract settles.

• #3 Pyloric Stenosis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/pyloric-stenosis.html

  Pyloric stenosis is a condition that can affect the gastrointestinal tract in babies. It can make a baby vomit forcefully and often, and can lead to other problems, such as dehydration. Pyloric stenosis needs medical care right away. […] Symptoms of pyloric stenosis typically begin when a baby is around 3 weeks old. They include: […] The first symptom is usually vomiting. At first it may seem that the baby is just spitting up often, but then it tends to become projectile vomiting, in which the breast milk or formula is ejected forcefully from the mouth, in an arc, sometimes over a distance of several feet. […] Most babies with pyloric stenosis will fail to gain weight or will lose weight. As the condition gets worse, they might become dehydrated. […] After feeds, increased stomach contractions may make noticeable ripples, which move from left to right over the baby’s belly as the stomach tries to empty itself against the thickened pylorus.

• #3 Pyloric Stenosis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/pyloric-stenosis.html

  Pyloric stenosis is an urgent condition that needs immediate treatment. Call your doctor if your baby: has lasting or projectile vomiting after feeding, is losing weight or not gaining weight as expected, is less active than usual or is very sleepy, has few or no stools (poops) over a period of 1 or 2 days, show signs of dehydration, such as more than 4 to 6 hours between wet diapers, a sunken „soft spot” on the head, or sunken eyes.

• #4 Pyloric Stenosis: Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/pyloric-stenosis

  The most common symptoms noted in a baby with pyloric stenosis is forceful, projectile vomiting. This kind of vomiting is different from a „wet burp” that a baby may have at the end of a feeding. Large amounts of breast milk or formula are vomited, and may go several feet across a room. The baby is usually quite hungry and eats or nurses eagerly. The milk is sometimes curdled in appearance, because as the milk remains in the stomach and does not move forward to the small intestine, the stomach acid „curdles” it. […] Other symptoms may include: Weight loss […] Ravenously hungry despite vomiting […] Lack of energy […] Fewer bowel movements […] Constipation […] Frequent, mucous stools. […] The symptoms of pyloric stenosis may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Always consult your child’s doctor for a diagnosis.

• #5 Pediatric Pyloric Stenosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803489-overview

  Classically, the infant with pyloric stenosis has nonbilious vomiting or regurgitation, which may become projectile. As the obstruction becomes more severe, the infant begins to show signs of dehydration and malnutrition, such as poor weight gain, weight loss, marasmus, decreased urinary output, lethargy, and shock. […] In as many as 60-80% of the infants with IHPS, a firm, nontender, and mobile hard pylorus that is 1-2 cm in diameter, described as an „olive,” may be present in the right upper quadrant at the lateral edge of the rectus abdominis muscle. […] The prognosis is very good, with complete recovery and catch-up growth if detected in a timely fashion. […] In the patient who presents with vomiting and has a missed/delayed diagnosis of pyloric stenosis, there is risk of significant dehydration leading to hypovolemic shock.

• #6 Pyloric Stenosis: Symptoms, Treatment, Outlook, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pyloric-stenosis

  Gastrointestinal issues are the main symptoms of pyloric stenosis. Most babies with this condition appear fine at birth. Symptoms typically begin and become progressively worse during the first few months of life. Symptoms may include: […] Forceful vomiting after a feeding that differs from normal spit up. As the pylorus valve thickens over time, the vomiting becomes more frequent and explosive. It may be projectile vomit, meaning that it travels several feet from the baby’s mouth. […] Dehydration. The thickened pylorus not only blocks the passage of solid food, but also that of liquids. A baby who is dehydrated may cry without tears, have fewer wet diapers, and become listless. […] Hunger. A baby with pyloric stenosis may want to constantly feed or be fussy because of hunger. […] Constipation. Without adequate food and liquid reaching the intestines, the condition can cause constipation.

• #7 Pyloric stenosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyloric_stenosis

  Symptoms include projectile vomiting without the presence of bile. […] This most often occurs after the baby is fed. […] The typical age that symptoms become obvious is two to twelve weeks old. […] Babies with this condition usually present any time in the first weeks to 6 months of life with progressively worsening vomiting. […] The vomiting is often described as non-bile stained („non bilious”) and „projectile vomiting”, because it is more forceful than the usual spitting up (gastroesophageal reflux) seen at this age. […] Symptoms usually begin between 3 and 12 weeks of age. […] Dehydration may occur which causes a baby to cry without having tears and to produce less wet or dirty diapers due to not urinating for hours or for a few days. […] Findings include epigastric fullness with visible peristalsis in the upper abdomen from the infant’s left to right. […] Persistent vomiting results in loss of stomach acid (hydrochloric acid). […] The vomited material does not contain bile because the pyloric obstruction prevents entry of duodenal contents (containing bile) into the stomach.

• #8 Pyloric Stenosis | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pyloric-stenosis

  Pyloric stenosis is the narrowing of the lower portion of the stomach (pylorus) that leads into the small intestine. The most common symptom of pyloric stenosis is forceful, projectile vomiting, which is quite different from a „wet burp” that a baby may have at the end of a feeding. […] Large amounts of breast milk or formula are then vomited and may go several feet across a room. The milk is sometimes curdled in appearance due to the fact that it remains in the stomach where it is exposed to acid. Other symptoms include: Weight loss, Dehydration, Lethargy (lack of energy), Fewer bowel movements, Constipation, Mild jaundice (yellowish coloring in skin). […] A baby who vomits regularly will not get enough fluids to meet their nutritional needs. Additionally, minerals that the body needs to stay healthy, such as potassium and sodium, are lost through vomiting. Not having the right amount of both water and minerals can cause infants to lose weight and become extremely sick very quickly.

• #9 Pyloric stenosis and genetics | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/pyloric-stenosis-and-genetics

  Symptoms usually include forceful vomiting, persistent hunger, dehydration, and weight loss. […] Symptoms of pyloric stenosis usually begin when babies are three to five weeks old. They include forceful vomiting of formula or milk; acting hungry most of the time; weight loss; signs of dehydration, such as less urination, dry mouth, and crying without tears; tiredness; fewer bowel movements; and blood-tinged vomit (which happens when repeated vomiting irritates the stomach, causing mild stomach bleeding).

• #10 What is Pyloric Stenosis (HPS)? What Are the Symptoms of Pyloric Stenosis? | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/what-is-pyloric-stenosis-hps-what-are-the-symptoms-of-pyloric-stenosis

  Pain in the Abdomen. The babies usually feel pain in the stomach region in the area of stenosis. This is due to the constricted and tensed muscles. […] Feeling Hungry All the Time. Babies with pyloric stenosis usually feel hungry after feeding and throughout the day. These babies usually demand food right after getting fed. […] Dehydration. Vomiting after each feed makes the baby dehydrated. It is one of the most important signs, as this has been noted as one of the identifying factors of the conditions by the parents. […] Contractions in the Stomach. A wave type of muscular contraction is usually felt in the upper abdomen of the baby. It is felt right after feeding and before vomiting. This occurs because the stomach is trying to force food out of the sphincter and due to the constriction, it has to apply more force. […] Changes in Bowel Habits. As this condition does not allow food to reach the intestine in a normal manner, these babies are usually constipated. […] Irritability is caused due to constipation and other metabolic disturbances. […] Weight loss is commonly seen in these babies.

• #11 Pyloric Stenosis: Symptoms, Treatment, Outlook, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pyloric-stenosis

  Stomach cramps. Some parents notice wave-like contractions that move across their baby’s abdomen after a feeding. This occurs as the stomach muscles strain to try to move the food through the narrowed pylorus lumen and pyloric sphincter. […] Unlike with a stomach bug, babies with pyloric stenosis generally don’t seem as sick in between feedings.

• #12 Know All About Pyloric Stenosis: Immediate Treatment is Needed

  https://www.imumz.com/post/know-all-about-pyloric-stenosis-immediate-treatment-is-needed

  Failure to gain weight or weight loss. Most babies with pyloric stenosis will fail to gain weight or will lose weight. As the condition gets worse, they might become dehydrated. […] Dehydrated infants are less active than usual. They may develop a sunken „soft spot” on their heads and sunken eyes, and their skin may look wrinkled. Because the production of urine is lesser, they can go more than 4 to 6 hours between wet diapers. […] Waves of peristalsis. After feeding, increased stomach contractions may make noticeable ripples, which move from left to right over the baby’s belly as the stomach tries to empty itself against the thickened pylorus.

• #13 Pyloric stenosis | Children’s Health Queensland

  https://www.childrens.health.qld.gov.au/health-a-to-z/pyloric-stenosis

  Vomiting after feeding. The vomiting becomes worse over a few days and can often be forceful and projectile. […] Weight loss or poor weight gain. […] Possible decrease in the number of nappies with poo, as very little food is reaching the bowel. […] Dehydration can develop quickly as the vomiting worsens. The baby can become lethargic, less active and their soft spot (fontanelle) on the top of their head can become sunken. They can have fewer wet nappies and when they cry, may not be able to make any tears. […] Diarrhoea is NOT usually a symptom of pyloric stenosis. […] Some babies continue to have small vomits after the operation but as the stomach heals, the vomiting should reduce and they should start feeding normally again.

• #14

  https://www.saem.org/about-saem/academies-interest-groups-affiliates2/cdem/for-students/online-education/peds-em-curriculum/pyloric-stenosis

  Recognize the presenting symptoms of pyloric stenosis. […] HPS most commonly presents between three and six weeks of age, but can present up to 12 weeks. There may be a history of failure to thrive or poor weight gain. Infants often present with forceful, projectile vomiting. Vomiting may initially occur only after some feeds, but then progressively worsens over a period of days until the infant begins to vomit after every feed. The emesis frequently looks like breast milk or formula. Infants continue to attempt to feed, and parents will generally report that the infant feeds vigorously but vomits shortly after. […] The classic finding on physical examination in infants presenting with HPS is a palpable olive-like mass in the stomach (not commonly seen). This is often accompanied by dehydration and can have significant electrolyte abnormalities, classically a hypokalemic, hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis caused by frequent vomiting. However, as patients with HPS are identified and diagnosed earlier, fewer have a palpable olive-like mass at diagnosis and the majority do not have the classic electrolyte derangements at presentation. […] Pyloric stenosis should be considered in infants three-six weeks of age presenting with progressively worsening „projectile” nonbilious emesis after feeds. […] The classic metabolic derangement in HPS is a hypokalemic, hypochloremic, metabolic alkalosis.

• #15 Pyloric Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555931/

  Pyloric stenosis, also known as infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS), is an uncommon condition in infants characterized by abnormal thickening of the pylorus muscles in the stomach leading to gastric outlet obstruction. Clinically, infants are well at birth. Then, at 3 to 6 weeks of age, the infants present with „projectile” vomiting, potentially leading to dehydration and weight loss. […] Infants with pyloric stenosis classically present with projectile, non-bilious vomiting. Vomiting may be intermittent or occur after each feeding. Emesis should not be bilious. In about 60% to 80% of the infants with pyloric stenosis, a firm, non-tender, hard pylorus measuring 1 to 2 cm in diameter, classically described as an „olive,” may be present in the right upper quadrant. The clinician may also observe reverse peristaltic waves. Infants may show dehydration. Signs of dehydration in infants are depressed fontanelles, dry mucous membranes, decreased tearing, poor skin turgor, and lethargy. […] The prognosis is excellent when diagnosed early. Surgery is curative. There is minimal mortality. […] A delayed diagnosis can lead to dehydration and hypovolemic shock.

• #16 Pyloric Stenosis – A Woman’s View | Healthcare for Women | Hickory, NC

  https://www.awomansview.com/resources/pyloric-stenosis/

  This condition can cause dehydration. When babies vomit often, they don’t get enough fluids to meet their nutritional needs. Minerals that the body needs are also lost through vomit. These include potassium and sodium. Babies who are dehydrated and don’t have enough minerals can get sick very quickly. […] Pyloric stenosis can also cause weight loss. A baby who vomits most of or all their feedings won’t gain enough weight or absorb enough nutrients to stay healthy.

• #17 Pyloric Stenosis | KidsHealth New Zealand’s Trusted Voice On Children’s Health

  https://www.kidshealth.org.nz/pyloric-stenosis

  the first symptom is usually forceful or projectile vomiting soon after feeds […] vomiting tends to get worse until your baby is vomiting after every feed […] forceful vomiting that can be projected 1 metre out of the mouth (projectile vomiting) […] failure to gain weight or weight loss […] they remain hungry because they vomit up their feeds […] dry mouth and tongue […] fewer wet nappies or not doing as much wee as usual […] unusual sleepiness, difficult to wake (lethargic) if the vomiting has been going on for several days […] sunken eyes […] the soft spot on the top of the head (anterior fontanelle) is more sunken than normal […] sometimes, you can see ripples or waves move across the stomach (abdomen) after a feed […] less poo […] poos can be smaller from less food getting past the thickened pylorus.

• #18 The progressive development of pyloric stenosis: a role for repeat ultrasound – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18493891/

  Patients presenting in the first 3 months of life with nonbilious emesis are commonly studied by ultrasound. […] The development of pyloric stenosis is a progressive and dynamic process. […] A negative pyloric sonogram may be due to the fact that the patient is in the very initial stages of development of pyloric stenosis. […] Caregivers should counsel parents to return if symptoms persist and there should be a low threshold for repeat ultrasound in these patients.

• #19 Pyloric Stenosis in Infants: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.whattoexpect.com/first-year-pyloric-stenosis-in-babies.aspx

  Babies spit up all the time, but if your newborn is consistently vomiting forcefully, pyloric stenosis may have something to do with it. […] But if your baby throws up so frequently and so forcefully that the vomit projectiles clear across the room, it could be another, more serious cause: pyloric stenosis. Its important to diagnose pyloric stenosis early, as it can cause dehydration and malnourishment. But when its addressed promptly, pyloric stenosis is completely treatable, meaning your baby will eat normally, grow and thrive. […] If your newborn has pyloric stenosis, youll notice it usually within the first two months. Symptoms include: […] Projectile or forceful vomiting. This is nothing like ordinary spit-up. Babies with pyloric stenosis will vomit within a half hour of eating, spewing milk or formula a foot or more. Sometimes the vomit may have blood in it.

• #20 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/beyondthebump/comments/3xfg27/my_experience_with_pyloric_stenosis_2monthold/

  Pyloric Stenosis is a rare condition (about 3 in 1000 infants in the U.S.) in which the muscle controlling the bottom opening of a young baby’s stomach becomes too large and eventually tightens until the stomach is fully closed and can’t drain. Normally, this event happens rather quickly, over a week or two at the most, and is characterized by a sudden onset of projectile vomiting when the baby’s stomach becomes too full from slow drainage. […] Unfortunately for my little son, his condition came on very gradually. When he was 2 or 3 weeks old, he’d vomit up an entire feeding about once a day or so, sometimes every two days. Over time the frequency gradually increased, to where he would have a large (3-4 ounce) vomit every 12 hours or so. […] When my son turned 7 weeks, he suddenly – and obviously – couldn’t keep anything down for more than a few hours. He lost weight dramatically in the matter of 4-5 days, and we rushed him to the doctor.

• #21 Pyloric Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/childrens-health/pyloric-stenosis-leaflet

  Pyloric stenosis affects between 2 and 5 out of 1,000 newborn babies. The main symptom is projectile vomiting after every meal causing weight loss and dehydration. […] Symptoms typically begin in a baby aged between 2 and 6 weeks who is otherwise healthy. Vomiting after a feed is the main symptom. The vomiting may start like a 'normal’ vomit but often the vomiting is forceful and milk may be vomited quite a distance like a fountain. This is called projectile vomiting. […] The vomiting tends to become worse and worse over several days. Little food or drink passes through the narrowed pylorus which becomes narrower over time. This means that little or no food reaches the bowels, so babies often pass very little faeces (poo). Affected babies do not gain weight, and are in danger of quickly becoming dehydrated and seriously ill if the condition is not treated.

• #22 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/beyondthebump/comments/3xfg27/my_experience_with_pyloric_stenosis_2monthold/

  From there, things progressed very quickly. My little son was vomiting up stomach fluids and saliva which couldn’t pass through. He was severely dehydrated as well as extremely weak. IV fluids worked quickly overnight to return his electrolytes to normal so that he could cope with surgery. The surgeon was wonderful, explaining to us after the procedure that our son’s pyloric muscle was twice as thick as most babies with this condition, and that he was one of a very small group who had the condition progress far more slowly than usual. […] He would have needed the surgery either way, but he wouldn’t have had to vomit for weeks on end and lose so much weight.

• #23 Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (IHPS) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/infantile-hypertrophic-pyloric-stenosis

  Typical presentation is onset of vomiting at 2-8 weeks of age (late presentation up to 6 months can occur but is very rare): Vomiting: non-bilious, often (but not always) projectile, and usually 30-60 minutes after a feed, with the baby remaining hungry. Projectile vomiting has been described as „vomit which hits the wall across the room” as opposed to „vomit that hits the floor in front of the child”. […] Vomiting increases in frequency over several days. […] Vomiting also increases in intensity until it becomes projectile. […] Slight haematemesis may occur. […] Persistent hunger, weight loss, dehydration, lethargy, and infrequent or absent bowel movements may be seen. […] Stomach wall peristalsis may be visible. […] An enlarged pylorus, classically described as an 'olive’, may be palpated in the right upper quadrant or epigastrium of the abdomen. This is present in 60-80% of infants with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.

• #24 Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/gastrointestinal-disorders-in-children/hypertrophic-pyloric-stenosis

  Infants with pyloric stenosis are hungry and feed well but vomit forcefully (projectile vomiting) shortly after eating. […] Some infants vomit so much that they become dehydrated and undernourished. Until dehydration is severe, or infants become significantly undernourished, they otherwise appear well. […] After several days to weeks, infants become progressively dehydrated and lose weight. Some infants have a yellowish discoloration of the skin and the whites of the eyes (jaundice) at this point.

• #25 Pyloric Stenosis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/pyloric-stenosis

  Signs of pyloric stenosis usually show up when a baby is 3 to 5 weeks old. Babies who have it don’t look sick, but they throw up a lot. Sometimes they projectile vomit this means it can go several feet into the air. It also might smell sour because it comes from your baby’s stomach, where its been mixed with stomach acid. […] In time, your baby might vomit more and more often. Some babies with this condition can’t keep any food down. […] Other symptoms include: Signs of dehydration (your babys body doesnt have enough water): fewer wet diapers than usual, few to no tears, a sunken soft spot on the head, and sunken eyes, Fewer soiled diapers than usual, Weight loss or no weight gain, Ripples across the baby’s stomach a sign the stomach muscles are working hard to move food into the intestines, Lump in the belly, More fussiness. […] Call your pediatrician if your baby has symptoms like these pyloric stenosis needs to be treated right away.

• #26 Pyloric Stenosis – Kidshealth | Akron Children’s

  https://www.akronchildrens.org/kidshealth/en/parents/pyloric-stenosis.html

  Pyloric stenosis is an urgent condition that needs immediate treatment. Call your doctor if your baby: has lasting or projectile vomiting after feeding, is losing weight or not gaining weight as expected, is less active than usual or is very sleepy, has few or no stools (poops) over a period of 1 or 2 days, show signs of dehydration, such as more than 4 to 6 hours between wet diapers, a sunken „soft spot” on the head, or sunken eyes.

• #27 Pyloric Stenosis – Seattle Children’s

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/pyloric-stenosis/

  Call your doctor right away if your child has forceful vomiting or signs of dehydration, such as peeing or pooping less than normal. […] Babies with pyloric stenosis spit up more often and with more force. This is called projectile vomiting. Milk or formula spurts out with great force and may travel many feet. […] Most often, babies with pyloric stenosis do not seem uncomfortable or sick except when they are vomiting. Vomiting may make your baby’s stomach hurt. […] Over time, the problem gets worse. Your baby may: Be hungry all the time, Have trouble keeping down any milk or formula, Start to lose weight. […] Your baby may not have enough fluid in their body, a condition called dehydration. This can be deadly. Call your doctor right away if your baby has forceful vomiting or shows signs of being dehydrated: They may be sluggish and less active. The top of your baby’s head and their eyes may be sunken. Your baby may not pee or poop as often or as much as normal.

• #28 Pyloric Stenosis and Pyloric Atresia | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/pyloric-stenosis-and-pyloric-atresia

  Pyloric stenosis is a blockage caused by narrowing of the pylorus, the lower part of the stomach that connects to the small intestines. The narrowing occurs when the muscles in this area are abnormally enlarged and thickened, blocking food and other contents from leaving the stomach. […] Signs and symptoms of pyloric stenosis typically appear within a few weeks of birth and may include: […] Vomiting that is severe and increasingly forceful (projectile vomiting); the vomit will be nonbilious, meaning it will not contain bile (greenish fluid) as it is unable to leave the stomach. […] Weight loss or inability to gain weight (“failure to thrive”). […] Dehydration, including fewer wet diapers and less tears when crying. […] Waves of stomach contractions as the muscles try and push food through the narrowed pylorus into the small intestine. […] Because many of these symptoms are common to other conditions, accurate diagnosis is vital to proper treatment.

• #29 Pyloric Stenosis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pyloric-stenosis

  Symptoms include forceful vomiting and a continuing desire to eat. […] The signature symptom of pyloric stenosis is forceful vomiting, which may travel several feet across a room. The vomit may look curdled, because it stayed in the stomach, where there is acid, and never made it to the small intestine. […] We almost always see it between 4 to 6 weeks of age, Dr. Caty says. The vomiting becomes more forceful, and then it becomes everything that the baby eats. Plus, the baby is still hungry afterward. […] Another distinguishing factor, Dr. Caty notes, is that pyloric stenosis is not accompanied by diarrhea. […] If a baby with pyloric stenosis is no longer wetting his or her diaper, its a serious sign of dehydration that requires immediate medical attention.

• #30 Pyloric stenosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pyloric-stenosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351421

  Your baby’s healthcare professional will ask you questions about symptoms and do a physical exam. […] Sometimes, an olive-shaped lump can be felt on the baby’s belly. This lump is the enlarged pyloric muscle. This is more common in later stages of the condition. […] Wavelike contractions may sometimes be visible when examining the baby’s belly, particularly after feeding or before vomiting. […] Your healthcare professional may order blood tests. The results can show signs of electrolyte imbalances and dehydration. […] Most often the surgery is done through three small openings in the belly. One is used for a video camera, and two are for surgical tools. This is called laparoscopic surgery. In some cases, a doctor will do an open surgery through one larger opening. Laparoscopic surgery generally has a shorter recovery time. […] Some vomiting may occur after surgery. […] Possible complications from pyloric stenosis surgery include bleeding and infection. However, complications aren’t common, and the results of surgery are generally excellent.

• #31 Pyloric stenosis

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Pyloric_stenosis/

  Pyloric stenosis is caused by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the muscular layers of the pylorus leading to gastric outlet obstruction. It usually presents between 2 and 6 weeks of chronological age with progressive non-bilious vomiting. It is unlikely after 12 weeks of age. […] Vomiting may be recurrent and progressively more forceful. It may occur shortly after feeding. The infant may appear hungry post-vomiting. Vomiting is non-bilious and blood-stained in less than 10%. […] Visible gastric peristalsis and pyloric mass can be difficult to appreciate and are unlikely to be present in early presentations. They are not required to consider a diagnosis of pyloric stenosis. […] Surgical correction of pyloric stenosis is usually delayed until after correction of dehydration, electrolyte disturbances and acid-base abnormalities. It is particularly important to await normalisation of serum bicarbonate before surgery because of the risk of hypoventilation/apnoea post-operatively in the setting of a metabolic alkalosis.

• #32 Pyloric stenosis in infants: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000970.htm

  Pyloric stenosis is a narrowing of the opening from the stomach into the small intestine. This is called the pylorus. This article describes the condition in infants. […] Vomiting is the first symptom in most children: […] Vomiting usually starts around 3 weeks of age, but may start any time between 1 week and 5 months of age. […] Other symptoms appear several weeks after birth and may include: […] Dehydration (gets worse as vomiting gets worse) […] Failure to gain weight or weight loss […] Surgery usually relieves all symptoms. As soon as several hours after surgery, the infant can start small, frequent feedings. […] If pyloric stenosis isn’t treated, a baby won’t get enough nutrition and fluid. The child can become underweight and dehydrated.

• #33

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/abdominal/Pages/Hypertrophic-Pyloric-Stenosis-HPS-Babies-Forceful-Vomiting.aspx

  Pyloric stenosis is the most frequent surgical condition in infants in the first few months of life. It is important to diagnose pyloric stenosis early, before a baby becomes dehydrated or malnourished. With prompt treatment, babies will soon be able to keep down what they eat so they can grow and thrive.

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