Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Esophageal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6137-esophageal-cancer

  Esophageal cancer or oesophageal cancer, depending on where you live is the 10th most common cancer in the world. […] Healthcare providers dont know the exact cause, but theyve identified risk factors that increase the chance of developing esophageal cancer, including: […] Tobacco use: This includes smoking and using smokeless tobacco. […] Alcohol use: Chronic and/or heavy use of alcohol increases the risk of esophageal cancer. […] Obesity: Being overweight or having obesity may cause inflammation in your esophagus that could become cancer. […] Barretts esophagus and chronic acid reflux: Barretts esophagus is a change in the cells at the lower end of your esophagus that occurs from chronic untreated acid reflux. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV): HPV is a common virus that can cause tissue changes in your vocal cords and mouth and on your hands, feet and genitals.

• #2 Esophageal cancer Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/esophageal-cancer

  Esophageal cancer is not common in the United States. It occurs most often in men over age 50 years. […] Squamous cell esophageal cancer is linked to smoking and drinking too much alcohol. […] Adenocarcinoma is the more common type of esophageal cancer. Having Barrett esophagus increases the risk for this type of cancer. Acid reflux disease (gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD) can develop into Barrett esophagus. Other risk factors include smoking, being male, or being obese.

• #3 Esophageal cancer: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000283.htm

  Esophageal cancer is not common in the United States. It occurs most often in men over age 50 years. […] Squamous cell esophageal cancer is linked to smoking and drinking too much alcohol. […] Adenocarcinoma is the more common type of esophageal cancer. Having Barrett esophagus increases the risk for this type of cancer. Acid reflux disease (gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD) can develop into Barrett esophagus. Other risk factors include smoking, being male, or being obese. […] To reduce your risk of cancer of the esophagus: Do not smoke. Limit or do not drink alcoholic beverages. Get checked by your doctor if you have severe GERD. Get regular checkups if you have Barrett esophagus.

• #4 Esophageal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459267/

  Esophageal cancer is classified into 2 main types based on histologic features: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. In recent decades, the incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma has decreased. In contrast, esophageal adenocarcinoma has risen significantly in the United States, particularly in the distal esophagus and gastroesophageal junction, mainly due to the prevalence of Barrett’s esophagus. […] Risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma include smoking, alcohol consumption, and a diet low in fruits and vegetables. In contrast, esophageal adenocarcinoma high-risk factors include Barrett esophagus, smoking, high body mass index, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. […] In the US, smoking, alcohol consumption, and a diet low in fruits and vegetables are the main risk factors for esophageal SCC. Poor nutrition, low fruit and vegetable intake, and drinking hot beverages may increase the risk in developing countries. Other factors associated with esophageal SCC include human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, preexisting anatomical diseases, previous SCC of the aerodigestive tract, and genetic syndromes (eg, tylosis, Bloom syndrome, and Fanconi anemia). Some studies have also linked oral bisphosphonates to esophageal SCC and adenocarcinoma.

• #5 Esophageal Cancer Symptoms, Causes, Survival Rate, Surgery, Treatments, Types

  https://www.medicinenet.com/esophageal_cancer/article.htm

  Achalasia, a motility disease of the esophagus where it does not contract appropriately, increases the risk of esophageal cancer. […] There are some chromosome and gene abnormalities associated with an increased risk of esophageal cancer. […] There has been a shift in the type of esophageal cancer that is now prevalent in the United States and Western Europe. In the past, squamous cell cancer was the most common worldwide, but that has changed. Adenocarcinoma is more common than squamous cell cancer in western countries, including the U.S. The reason for this change has yet to be determined. […] Esophageal adenocarcinoma of the GEJ junction is becoming more frequent as well.

• #6 Esophageal cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esophageal-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20356084

  Esophageal cancer happens when cells lining the esophagus develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] Risk factors for esophageal cancer include conditions and habits that cause irritation in the esophagus. Risk factors may include: A steady habit of drinking very hot liquids. Bile reflux. Difficulty swallowing because a muscle in the esophagus won’t relax, a condition called achalasia. Drinking alcohol. Gastroesophageal reflux disease, also called GERD. Not eating enough fruits and vegetables. Obesity. Precancerous changes in the cells of the esophagus, called Barrett esophagus. Radiation treatment to the chest or upper abdomen. Smoking.

• #7 Causes of Esophagus Cancer | What Causes Esophageal Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/esophagus-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  We do not yet know exactly what causes most esophageal cancers. However, there are certain risk factors that make getting esophageal cancer more likely. […] Scientists believe that some risk factors, such as the use of tobacco or alcohol, may cause esophageal cancer by damaging the DNA in cells that line the inside of the esophagus. Long-term irritation of the lining of the esophagus, as happens with reflux, Barretts esophagus, achalasia, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, or scarring from swallowing lye, may also lead to DNA damage. […] Cancers can be caused by DNA mutations (changes) that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. This leads to cells growing out of control. Changes in many different genes are usually needed to cause esophageal cancer. […] The DNA of esophageal cancer cells often shows changes in many different genes. However, its not clear if there are specific gene changes that can be found in all (or most) esophageal cancers. […] A very small number of esophageal cancers are caused by inherited gene mutations. […] Certain risk factors, such as tobacco and alcohol use, probably play a role in causing these acquired mutations, but so far its not known what causes most of them.

• #8 Esophageal Cancer: Overview, Causes, and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/esophageal-cancer

  The cause of esophageal cancer isnt yet known, but it involves changes in the DNA of cells related to the esophagus. […] These changes signal the cells to multiply more rapidly than normal cells and disrupt the signal for these cells to die when they should. […] This causes cells to accumulate and become tumors. […] Some factors that may increase the risk of esophageal cancer include: alcohol consumption, smoking, having a reflux disorder, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), having Barretts esophagus, which features a damaged esophageal lining due to GERD, obesity combined with GERD, being male, as males are three times more likely than females to develop esophageal cancer. […] If you experience chronic acid reflux or acid reflux that occurs two or more times per week you may be at risk of developing esophageal cancer. […] Only a small number of esophageal cancers are linked to family history and genes passed through families. Learn more about causes and risk factors.

• #9 Esophageal Cancer Risk Factors | Esophagus Cancer Risk | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/esophagus-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  A risk factor is anything that increases your chance of getting a disease such as cancer. Different cancers have different risk factors. Some risk factors, like smoking, can be changed. Others, like a persons age or family history, cant be changed. […] Scientists have found several factors that can affect your risk of esophageal cancer. Some are more likely to increase the risk for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and others for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. […] The use of tobacco products, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and chewing tobacco, is a major risk factor for esophageal cancer. The more a person uses tobacco and the longer it is used, the higher the cancer risk. […] Drinking alcohol also increases the risk of esophageal cancer. The more alcohol someone drinks, the higher their chance of getting esophageal cancer. Alcohol increases the risk of squamous cell carcinoma more than the risk of adenocarcinoma.

• #10 Etiology and Prevention of Esophageal Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5040887/

  Esophageal cancer (EC) occurs commonly, especially in Asia, and is the sixth leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. […] The major risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking, which act synergistically. […] A common etiological factor for both EC and some other cancers are low levels of intake of fruits and vegetables. […] The major etiological factor for EAC is gastroesophageal reflux, which is also an etiological factor for gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA). […] The etiology of EC includes tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, low levels of intake of fruits and vegetables as well as gastroesophageal reflux and susceptibility genes. […] A healthy lifestyle including smoking cessation, increasing physical activity, consumption of vegetables as well as reduction of alcohol intake and caloric consumption are major approaches to the prevention of EC.

• #11 Risks and causes of oesophageal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/oesophageal-cancer/causes-risks

  Your risk of developing oesophageal cancer depends on many things including your age, lifestyle and other medical conditions. […] Anything that can increase your risk of cancer is called a risk factor. Those that lower the risk are called protective factors. […] Cancer of the oesophagus is more common in older people. Around 40 out of 100 oesophageal cancers (around 40%) develop in people aged 75 and over. […] Men are more likely to have oesophageal cancer than women. […] Smoking increases your risk of the 2 main types of oesophageal cancer squamous cell cancer and adenocarcinoma. Around 35 out of 100 oesophageal cancer cases (around 35%) in the UK are caused by smoking. […] Being overweight or obese increases your risk of getting oesophageal adenocarcinoma. More than 25 out of 100 oesophageal cancers (more than 25%) in the UK are caused by being overweight or obese.

• #12 Esophageal cancer: What are the risk factors?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/risk-factors-for-esophageal-cancer

  Factors such as obesity, tobacco consumption, and older age can increase the risk of developing esophageal cancer. […] Cancers develop when the DNA in cells changes. Doctors are unsure what causes gene mutations in people with esophageal cancer, but people can inherit some gene mutations. Other factors can also increase a persons risk of esophageal cancer. […] The risk of developing esophageal cancer increases with age. The condition is more common in people aged 65 years and above. […] Males are more likely to develop esophageal cancer than females. […] Tobacco and alcohol consumption can increase the risk of esophageal cancer. The risk is higher for people who use both alcohol and tobacco. […] GERD occurs when the acid-containing contents of the stomach repeatedly flow back into the esophagus, a symptom called acid reflux. Chronic GERD can increase the risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma, a common form of esophageal cancer.

• #13 What Causes Esophageal Cancer, Is It Hereditary & Risk Factors

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/esophageal-cancer/risk-factors

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a strong risk factor for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. […] Extra weight or obesity appears to be a factor for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, most likely because it increases the risk of esophageal reflux. […] A diet high in processed meats may increase the risk of esophageal cancers. […] Some unavoidable risk factors for developing esophageal cancer include: Age. The risk increases with age (esophageal cancer is rare in patients younger than 55). […] Gender. Men are three to four times more likely to be diagnosed with this cancer than women. […] Race. White men are at higher risk for adenocarcinoma. Black men are at higher risk for squamous cell cancer. […] Barrett’s esophagus is caused by long-term esophageal reflux. As stomach acid seeps up into the esophagus, the irritation changes the types of cells lining that area. These cells become much more likely to turn into cancer cells.

• #14 Facts about Esophageal Cancer | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

  https://www.fredhutch.org/en/diseases/esophageal-cancer/facts-resources.html

  Esophageal cancer occurs when cells in the esophagus begin to grow abnormally. […] Physicians don’t know the precise causes of esophageal cancer, but studies have identified several risk factors. […] These factors may affect your risk for esophageal cancer: Men are nearly three times more likely than women to develop esophageal cancer. […] The disease is three times more common among African-Americans than European Americans. […] The rate of esophageal cancer rises after age 50. […] Tobacco and alcohol increase the risk of developing cancer, especially squamous cell carcinoma. […] Obesity is linked with adenocarcinoma because it is linked with GERD, which can damage the esophagus. […] Head or neck cancers increase esophageal cancer risk. […] People who are infected with HPV are at greater risk.

• #15 Risk factors and molecular mechanisms of esophageal cancer: differences between the histologic subtypes

  https://www.oaepublish.com/articles/2394-4722.153534

  The relative risk of esophageal and gastric cardia AC was 2.32 for current smokers and 1.62 for ex-smokers, as compared with never-smokers. […] A systematic review and meta-analysis revealed a high body mass index (BMI) to be associated with a summary odds ratio for gastroesophageal AC of 1.5. […] Obesity may predispose to reflux through mechanical means, while adipokines and cytokines secreted from adipocytes and inflammatory cells are known to influence tumor development. […] Radiotherapy for thoracic diseases, such as breast cancer and Hodgkins lymphoma, increases the risk of both ESCC and EAC. […] The incidence of both ESCC and EAC increases with age. […] There is a strong male predominance with up to eight men/one woman for EAC and three men/one woman for ESCC. […] Although an inhibitory effect of estrogen in the growth of esophageal cancer cells has been reported, there is no firm conclusion on the role of estrogen in human esophageal cancer etiology.

• #16 Risks and causes of oesophageal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/oesophageal-cancer/causes-risks

  Your risk of developing oesophageal cancer depends on many things including your age, lifestyle and other medical conditions. […] Anything that can increase your risk of cancer is called a risk factor. Those that lower the risk are called protective factors. […] Cancer of the oesophagus is more common in older people. Around 40 out of 100 oesophageal cancers (around 40%) develop in people aged 75 and over. […] Men are more likely to have oesophageal cancer than women. […] Smoking increases your risk of the 2 main types of oesophageal cancer squamous cell cancer and adenocarcinoma. Around 35 out of 100 oesophageal cancer cases (around 35%) in the UK are caused by smoking. […] Being overweight or obese increases your risk of getting oesophageal adenocarcinoma. More than 25 out of 100 oesophageal cancers (more than 25%) in the UK are caused by being overweight or obese.

• #17 Oesophageal cancer risk | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/oesophageal-cancer/risk-factors

  Oesophageal cancer cases are preventable, UK, 2015 […] Oesophageal cancer cases caused by smoking, UK, 2015 […] Oesophageal cancer cases caused by alcohol drinking, UK, 2015 […] Oesophageal cancer cases caused by overweight and obesity, UK, 2015 […] 59% of oesophageal cancer cases in the UK are preventable.[1] […] Oesophageal cancer is associated with a number of risk factors.[2-4] […] Tobacco smoking is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a cause of oesophageal cancer.[1] 34% of oesophageal cancer cases in the UK are caused by smoking.[2] […] 27% of oesophageal cancer cases in the UK are caused by overweight and obesity.[3] […] 13% of oesophageal cancer cases in the UK are caused by alcohol drinking.[3] […] Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (AC) risk is more than 11 times higher in people with Barretts oesophagus (BO) versus the general population, a cohort study showed.[1]

• #18 Risk factors for esophageal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/esophageal/risks

  There is convincing evidence that the following factors increase your risk for esophageal cancer. […] Using any kind of tobacco has been linked to the development of esophageal cancer. Tobacco use combined with drinking alcohol increases the risk of developing esophageal cancer more than either risk factor alone. […] Smoking cigarettes causes both squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, but people who smoke are more likely to develop SCC. […] Drinking alcohol increases your risk for SCC of the esophagus. Drinking alcohol combined with using tobacco increases the risk of esophageal cancer more than either risk alone. […] Betel quid contains cancer-causing substances that increase the risk of developing SCC of the esophagus. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) increases the risk of Barretts esophagus, which increases the risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the esophagus.

• #19 Etiology and Prevention of Esophageal Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5040887/

  Esophageal cancer (EC) occurs commonly, especially in Asia, and is the sixth leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. […] The major risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking, which act synergistically. […] A common etiological factor for both EC and some other cancers are low levels of intake of fruits and vegetables. […] The major etiological factor for EAC is gastroesophageal reflux, which is also an etiological factor for gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA). […] The etiology of EC includes tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, low levels of intake of fruits and vegetables as well as gastroesophageal reflux and susceptibility genes. […] A healthy lifestyle including smoking cessation, increasing physical activity, consumption of vegetables as well as reduction of alcohol intake and caloric consumption are major approaches to the prevention of EC.

• #20

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00115636

  Epidemiologic evidence on the relation between nutrition and esophageal cancer is reviewed. […] The protective effect of fruit and vegetable consumption is supported by a large body of evidence, especially from case-control studies. […] Hot drinks are likely to increase the risk of esophageal cancer. […] The role of tea drinking, especially the use of green tea, remains to be defined better.

• #21 Attributable Causes of Esophageal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in China | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0042281

  To estimate the contribution of tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, low vegetable intake and low fruit intake to esophageal cancer mortality and incidence in China. […] We estimated that 87,065 esophageal cancer deaths (men 67,686; women: 19,379) and 108,206 cases (men: 83,968, women: 24,238) were attributable to tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, low vegetable intake and low fruit intake in China in 2005. About 17.9% of esophageal cancer deaths among men and 1.9% among women were attributable to tobacco smoking. About 15.2% of esophageal cancer deaths in men and 1.3% in women were caused by alcohol drinking. Low vegetable intake was responsible for 4.3% esophageal cancer deaths in men and 4.1% in women. The fraction of esophageal cancer deaths attributable to low fruit intake was 27.1% in men and 28.0% in women. Overall, 46% of esophageal cancers (51% in men and 33% in women) were attributable to these four modifiable risk factors. […] Tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, low vegetable intake and low fruit intake were responsible for 46% of esophageal cancer mortality and incidence in China in 2005. These findings provide useful data for developing guidelines for esophageal cancer prevention and control in China.

• #22 Esophageal cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esophageal-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20356084

  Esophageal cancer happens when cells lining the esophagus develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] Risk factors for esophageal cancer include conditions and habits that cause irritation in the esophagus. Risk factors may include: A steady habit of drinking very hot liquids. Bile reflux. Difficulty swallowing because a muscle in the esophagus won’t relax, a condition called achalasia. Drinking alcohol. Gastroesophageal reflux disease, also called GERD. Not eating enough fruits and vegetables. Obesity. Precancerous changes in the cells of the esophagus, called Barrett esophagus. Radiation treatment to the chest or upper abdomen. Smoking.

• #23 Oesophageal cancer risk | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/oesophageal-cancer/risk-factors

  Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (AC) risk is 4.9 times higher in people who have gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD, or GERD in American English spelling) symptoms at least weekly, versus people who have GORD symptoms less frequently or never, a meta-analysis showed.[1] […] Oesophageal cancer risk is 46% higher in women who have received radiotherapy for breast cancer, compared to the general female population, a meta-analysis showed.[3] […] Less than 1% of oesophageal cancer cases in the UK are caused by ionising radiation.[2]

• #24 Risk factors for esophageal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/esophageal/risks

  Having overweight or obesity increases the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. […] People who drink very hot coffee, tea, mat and other beverages (hotter than 65C) have a higher risk of developing esophageal cancer, particularly squamous cell carcinoma. […] Tylosis is a rare inherited disease that increases the risk of developing esophageal cancer. […] Researchers think that achalasia increases the risk for SCC of the esophagus because the food trapped in the esophagus can cause chronic irritation. […] About 10% of people with Plummer-Vinson syndrome will develop SCC of the esophagus. […] The esophagus can be damaged by exposure to chemicals. […] People who had cancer that started in the upper airway, such as oral, pharyngeal or laryngeal (voice box) cancer, are at risk for SCC of the esophagus. […] People who were exposed to ionizing radiation have a higher risk of developing esophageal cancer, mainly SCC of the esophagus.

• #25 Esophageal Cancer Risk Factors | Esophagus Cancer Risk | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/esophagus-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  About 1 in 10 people with this syndrome eventually develop squamous cell cancer of the esophagus or cancer in the lower part of the throat (hypopharynx). […] People with these strictures have an increased risk of squamous cell esophageal cancer, which often occurs many years (even decades) later. […] People who have had certain other cancers, such as lung cancer, mouth cancer, and throat cancer have a high risk of getting squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus as well. […] Signs of HPV infection have been found in up to one-third of esophagus cancers from people in parts of Asia and South Africa. But signs of HPV infection have not been found in esophagus cancers from people in the other areas, including the US. HPV is a rare cause of esophageal cancer.

• #26 What Causes Esophageal Cancer, Is It Hereditary & Risk Factors

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/esophageal-cancer/risk-factors

  Achalasia causes irritation that leads to cancer. […] Plummer-Vinson syndrome causes obstructive webs to grow in the upper esophagus, leading to trapping of food. […] People living with this condition have an increased risk, about 10 percent, of developing squamous cell esophageal cancer. […] Other cancers, such as lung, mouth and throat cancers, may increase the risk of esophageal squamous cell cancer. […] With esophageal cancer, several gene mutations have been identified that occur in all cells and may be passed down through families. […] These mutations cause only a small number of esophageal cancers, but the risk isn’t avoidable.

• #27 Facts about Esophageal Cancer | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

  https://www.fredhutch.org/en/diseases/esophageal-cancer/facts-resources.html

  Esophageal cancer occurs when cells in the esophagus begin to grow abnormally. […] Physicians don’t know the precise causes of esophageal cancer, but studies have identified several risk factors. […] These factors may affect your risk for esophageal cancer: Men are nearly three times more likely than women to develop esophageal cancer. […] The disease is three times more common among African-Americans than European Americans. […] The rate of esophageal cancer rises after age 50. […] Tobacco and alcohol increase the risk of developing cancer, especially squamous cell carcinoma. […] Obesity is linked with adenocarcinoma because it is linked with GERD, which can damage the esophagus. […] Head or neck cancers increase esophageal cancer risk. […] People who are infected with HPV are at greater risk.

• #28 Esophageal cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_cancer

  Causes of the squamous-cell type include tobacco, alcohol, very hot drinks, poor diet, and chewing betel nut. […] The most common causes of the adenocarcinoma type are smoking tobacco, obesity, and acid reflux. […] In addition, for patients with achalasia, candidiasis (overgrowth of the esophagus with the fungus candida) is the most important risk factor. […] The two major risk factors for esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma are tobacco (smoking or chewing) and alcohol. […] The combination of tobacco and alcohol has a strong synergistic effect. […] Other relevant risk factors include regular consumption of very hot drinks (over 65 C or 149 F) and ingestion of caustic substances. […] High levels of dietary exposure to nitrosamines (chemical compounds found both in tobacco smoke and certain foodstuffs) also appear to be a relevant risk factor.

• #29 Etiology and Prevention of Esophageal Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5040887/

  Esophageal cancer (EC) occurs commonly, especially in Asia, and is the sixth leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. […] The major risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking, which act synergistically. […] A common etiological factor for both EC and some other cancers are low levels of intake of fruits and vegetables. […] The major etiological factor for EAC is gastroesophageal reflux, which is also an etiological factor for gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA). […] The etiology of EC includes tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, low levels of intake of fruits and vegetables as well as gastroesophageal reflux and susceptibility genes. […] A healthy lifestyle including smoking cessation, increasing physical activity, consumption of vegetables as well as reduction of alcohol intake and caloric consumption are major approaches to the prevention of EC.

• #30 Risks and causes of oesophageal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/oesophageal-cancer/causes-risks

  Drinking alcohol increases your risk of squamous cell oesophageal cancer. The more you drink, the higher your risk of developing cancer. […] Barrett’s oesophagus increases your risk of oesophageal cancer, although the risk is still small. […] Gastro oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) increases your risk of developing oesophageal adenocarcinoma. The longer or more often you have symptoms, the higher your risk. […] Having achalasia can increase your risk of oesophageal cancer.

• #31 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-esophageal-cancer.aspx

  The exact causes of esophageal cancer are unknown. However, some risk factors raise the likelihood of acquiring esophageal cancer. […] Studies have shown that cigarette smoking and chronic alcohol consumption are the best known risk factors for esophageal cancer. […] There are many risk factors for esophageal cancer, these include tobacco, excessive alcohol consumption, age, gastroesophageal reflux disorder and so forth. […] Any form of tobacco may raise the risk of esophageal cancer. […] People who have more than 3 alcoholic drinks each day are more likely to get esophageal cancer. […] Long term heavy drinking leads to irritation and inflammation in the lining of the esophagus. This inflammation may eventually lead to cancer. […] Acid reflux disorder called Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD) may be the commonest predisposing factor for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus.

• #32 Etiology and Prevention of Esophageal Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5040887/

  It has been well established that the major risk factors for ESCC are tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking. […] In many economically less-developed areas, such as Linxian in Northern China and Golestan in Northeastern Iran, dietary factors, including dietary carcinogens and insufficiencies of micronutrients, were found to be even more important risk factors than smoking and drinking. […] Consumption of beverages and food at high temperatures, which causes thermal damage to the esophageal epithelium, has been documented to increase the risk of ESCC. […] The major etiological factor in EAC is gastroesophageal reflux manifested as gastroesophageal reflux disease. […] Abdominal obesity is a related prominent risk factor. […] Although cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption have been established as the leading causative factors in ESCC in Western societies, the involvement of these two factors in EAC has not been conclusive.

• #33 Risk factors for esophageal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/esophageal/risks

  Having overweight or obesity increases the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. […] People who drink very hot coffee, tea, mat and other beverages (hotter than 65C) have a higher risk of developing esophageal cancer, particularly squamous cell carcinoma. […] Tylosis is a rare inherited disease that increases the risk of developing esophageal cancer. […] Researchers think that achalasia increases the risk for SCC of the esophagus because the food trapped in the esophagus can cause chronic irritation. […] About 10% of people with Plummer-Vinson syndrome will develop SCC of the esophagus. […] The esophagus can be damaged by exposure to chemicals. […] People who had cancer that started in the upper airway, such as oral, pharyngeal or laryngeal (voice box) cancer, are at risk for SCC of the esophagus. […] People who were exposed to ionizing radiation have a higher risk of developing esophageal cancer, mainly SCC of the esophagus.

• #34 Current Status and Future Prospects for Esophageal Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/3/765

  The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) monograph program has classified tobacco smoking and the use of smokeless tobacco as a cause of EC. […] The IARC Monograph program has classified alcohol consumption as a cause of EC. […] While the IARC Monograph program has classified opium consumption as carcinogenic to humans, the evaluation in 2020 indicated that there was limited evidence on whether opium use can cause EC. […] In 2016, the IARC monograph program classified drinking very hot beverages, defined as ≥65 °C, as “probably carcinogenic to humans” (known as Group 2A). […] Studies on drinking water sources and EC risk are limited to the ESCC subtype. Drinking un-piped (untreated) water from different sources, including wells, cisterns, and rivers, has been linked to around a two-fold increase in ESCC risk in different regions.

• #35 Esophageal cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_cancer

  Chewing betel nut (areca) is an important risk factor in Asia. […] The long-term erosive effects of acid reflux (an extremely common condition, also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD) have been strongly linked to this type of cancer. […] Longstanding GERD can induce a change of cell type in the lower portion of the esophagus in response to erosion of its squamous lining. […] Being obese or overweight is strongly associated with risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma, and may in fact be the strongest of any type of obesity-related cancer, though the reasons for this remain unclear. […] Tobacco smoking increases risk, but the effect in esophageal adenocarcinoma is slight compared to that in squamous cell carcinoma, and alcohol has not been demonstrated to be a cause.

• #36 Risk factors for esophageal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/esophageal/risks

  There is convincing evidence that the following factors increase your risk for esophageal cancer. […] Using any kind of tobacco has been linked to the development of esophageal cancer. Tobacco use combined with drinking alcohol increases the risk of developing esophageal cancer more than either risk factor alone. […] Smoking cigarettes causes both squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, but people who smoke are more likely to develop SCC. […] Drinking alcohol increases your risk for SCC of the esophagus. Drinking alcohol combined with using tobacco increases the risk of esophageal cancer more than either risk alone. […] Betel quid contains cancer-causing substances that increase the risk of developing SCC of the esophagus. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) increases the risk of Barretts esophagus, which increases the risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the esophagus.

• #37 Esophageal Cancer Risk Factors | Esophagus Cancer Risk | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/esophagus-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  People with GERD have a slightly higher risk of getting adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. This risk seems to be higher in people who have more frequent symptoms. […] People with Barretts esophagus are at a much higher risk than people without this condition to develop adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. […] People with excess weight or obesity have a higher chance of getting adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. […] Certain substances in the diet may increase esophageal cancer risk. […] People who engage in regular physical activity may have a lower risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. […] People with achalasia have a risk of esophageal cancer that is many times normal. […] People with this condition also develop small growths (papillomas) in the esophagus and have a very high risk of getting squamous cell cancer of the esophagus.

• #38 Risk factors for esophageal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/esophageal/risks

  Having overweight or obesity increases the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. […] People who drink very hot coffee, tea, mat and other beverages (hotter than 65C) have a higher risk of developing esophageal cancer, particularly squamous cell carcinoma. […] Tylosis is a rare inherited disease that increases the risk of developing esophageal cancer. […] Researchers think that achalasia increases the risk for SCC of the esophagus because the food trapped in the esophagus can cause chronic irritation. […] About 10% of people with Plummer-Vinson syndrome will develop SCC of the esophagus. […] The esophagus can be damaged by exposure to chemicals. […] People who had cancer that started in the upper airway, such as oral, pharyngeal or laryngeal (voice box) cancer, are at risk for SCC of the esophagus. […] People who were exposed to ionizing radiation have a higher risk of developing esophageal cancer, mainly SCC of the esophagus.

• #39 Esophageal Cancer: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/esophageal-cancer-causes-and-risk-factors-514027

  Barrett’s esophagus is a condition in which the normal cells of the lower esophagus (squamous cells) are replaced with glandular cells like those present in the stomach and intestines. […] Achalasia is associated with a high risk of esophageal cancer, with cancer often occurring 15 to 20 years after the diagnosis. […] Smoking is linked to the development of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, but less so than squamous cell cancers. […] Some medications are associated with either an increased or decreased risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus.

• #40 Risk factors for esophageal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/esophageal/risks

  Having overweight or obesity increases the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. […] People who drink very hot coffee, tea, mat and other beverages (hotter than 65C) have a higher risk of developing esophageal cancer, particularly squamous cell carcinoma. […] Tylosis is a rare inherited disease that increases the risk of developing esophageal cancer. […] Researchers think that achalasia increases the risk for SCC of the esophagus because the food trapped in the esophagus can cause chronic irritation. […] About 10% of people with Plummer-Vinson syndrome will develop SCC of the esophagus. […] The esophagus can be damaged by exposure to chemicals. […] People who had cancer that started in the upper airway, such as oral, pharyngeal or laryngeal (voice box) cancer, are at risk for SCC of the esophagus. […] People who were exposed to ionizing radiation have a higher risk of developing esophageal cancer, mainly SCC of the esophagus.

• #41 What Causes Esophageal Cancer, Is It Hereditary & Risk Factors

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/esophageal-cancer/risk-factors

  Achalasia causes irritation that leads to cancer. […] Plummer-Vinson syndrome causes obstructive webs to grow in the upper esophagus, leading to trapping of food. […] People living with this condition have an increased risk, about 10 percent, of developing squamous cell esophageal cancer. […] Other cancers, such as lung, mouth and throat cancers, may increase the risk of esophageal squamous cell cancer. […] With esophageal cancer, several gene mutations have been identified that occur in all cells and may be passed down through families. […] These mutations cause only a small number of esophageal cancers, but the risk isn’t avoidable.

• #42 Esophageal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6137-esophageal-cancer

  History of cancer: People whove had cancer of the neck or head have a greater risk for esophageal cancer. […] Other disorders: Esophageal cancer is linked to some rare and/or inherited conditions. […] Occupational exposure to certain chemicals: People exposed to dry cleaning solvents over a long time are at higher risk of developing esophageal cancer.

• #43 Risk factors for esophageal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/esophageal/risks

  Having overweight or obesity increases the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. […] People who drink very hot coffee, tea, mat and other beverages (hotter than 65C) have a higher risk of developing esophageal cancer, particularly squamous cell carcinoma. […] Tylosis is a rare inherited disease that increases the risk of developing esophageal cancer. […] Researchers think that achalasia increases the risk for SCC of the esophagus because the food trapped in the esophagus can cause chronic irritation. […] About 10% of people with Plummer-Vinson syndrome will develop SCC of the esophagus. […] The esophagus can be damaged by exposure to chemicals. […] People who had cancer that started in the upper airway, such as oral, pharyngeal or laryngeal (voice box) cancer, are at risk for SCC of the esophagus. […] People who were exposed to ionizing radiation have a higher risk of developing esophageal cancer, mainly SCC of the esophagus.

• #44 Esophageal Cancer

  https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/cancer/registry/abouts/esophageal.htm

  Being obese increases the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. […] Chemical exposures in certain workplaces have been shown to increase risk of esophageal cancer. Studies show that workers in the rubber, automobile, cement, plastics, dye and dry cleaning industries have a higher risk of getting cancer of the esophagus. […] Scientists are also studying many other possible risk factors for cancer of the esophagus. These include the use of smokeless tobacco, socioeconomic status, infection with certain viruses (HPV [human papilloma virus, the virus that causes cervical cancer] and Helicobacter pylori [the virus that causes stomach ulcers]), intake of salt and nitrosamines, and celiac disease. […] Studies suggest that diets low in fruits and vegetables may increase the risk of esophageal cancer. It is also possible, although it has not yet been proven, that a diet high in processed meat (e.g. deli meats, hot dogs, and bacon) may increase the risk of esophageal cancer. Drinking a lot of very hot liquids may also increase the risk of esophageal cancer.

• #45 Risk factors for esophageal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/esophageal/risks

  A risk factor is something that increases the risk of developing cancer. It could be a behaviour, substance or condition. Most cancers are the result of many risk factors. But sometimes esophageal cancer develops in people who dont have any of the risk factors described below. […] The most common types of esophageal cancer are adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Some risk factors are common to both types of esophageal cancer, but other risk factors are linked with only adenocarcinoma or SCC. […] Low socioeconomic status increases the risk of esophageal cancer, especially SCC. […] Barretts esophagus is the most common precancerous condition of the esophagus. It isnt cancer, but it can sometimes become esophageal cancer if it isnt treated. Some of the risk factors for esophageal cancer may also cause Barretts esophagus.

• #46 Esophageal Cancer – Symptoms, Causes, Complications & Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact

  https://www.pacehospital.com/esophageal-cancer-symptoms-causes-complications-and-prevention

  Low intake of fresh fruit and vegetables has long been considered as a possible risk factor for esophageal cancer. […] Epidemiologists from the early 1980s, had gathered compelling evidence of vitamin and micronutrient deficiencies in the in the genesis of oesophageal cancer. […] Although not considered an occupational cancer, the risk of oesophageal cancer is 2-16 times higher with occupational exposure to asbestos. […] Oesophageal cancer has long been known as a disease of the poor and the socially disadvantaged.

• #47 Etiology and Prevention of Esophageal Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5040887/

  It has been well established that the major risk factors for ESCC are tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking. […] In many economically less-developed areas, such as Linxian in Northern China and Golestan in Northeastern Iran, dietary factors, including dietary carcinogens and insufficiencies of micronutrients, were found to be even more important risk factors than smoking and drinking. […] Consumption of beverages and food at high temperatures, which causes thermal damage to the esophageal epithelium, has been documented to increase the risk of ESCC. […] The major etiological factor in EAC is gastroesophageal reflux manifested as gastroesophageal reflux disease. […] Abdominal obesity is a related prominent risk factor. […] Although cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption have been established as the leading causative factors in ESCC in Western societies, the involvement of these two factors in EAC has not been conclusive.

• #48 Risks and causes of oesophageal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/oesophageal-cancer/causes-risks

  Drinking alcohol increases your risk of squamous cell oesophageal cancer. The more you drink, the higher your risk of developing cancer. […] Barrett’s oesophagus increases your risk of oesophageal cancer, although the risk is still small. […] Gastro oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) increases your risk of developing oesophageal adenocarcinoma. The longer or more often you have symptoms, the higher your risk. […] Having achalasia can increase your risk of oesophageal cancer.

• #49 Oesophageal cancer risk | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/oesophageal-cancer/risk-factors

  Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (AC) risk is 4.9 times higher in people who have gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD, or GERD in American English spelling) symptoms at least weekly, versus people who have GORD symptoms less frequently or never, a meta-analysis showed.[1] […] Oesophageal cancer risk is 46% higher in women who have received radiotherapy for breast cancer, compared to the general female population, a meta-analysis showed.[3] […] Less than 1% of oesophageal cancer cases in the UK are caused by ionising radiation.[2]

• #50 When Is Heartburn a Sign of Esophageal Cancer? | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/news/when-heartburn-signals-cancer-risk

  When patients come to me after they find out they have esophageal cancer, most of them have had GERD for a long time, sometimes decades, says Daniela Molena, Director of MSK’s Esophageal Surgery Program. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a potentially serious condition that, untreated, can lead to esophageal cancer. […] heartburn can be a symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a severe form of acid reflux that if left untreated can ultimately lead to esophageal cancer. […] adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, the most common form of esophageal cancer, is one of the fastest-growing cancers in terms of incidence. […] GERD is a risk factor for esophageal cancer […] After someone has had GERD for many years, it can advance to a condition called Barretts esophagus.

• #51 Oesophageal cancer risk | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/oesophageal-cancer/risk-factors

  Oesophageal cancer cases are preventable, UK, 2015 […] Oesophageal cancer cases caused by smoking, UK, 2015 […] Oesophageal cancer cases caused by alcohol drinking, UK, 2015 […] Oesophageal cancer cases caused by overweight and obesity, UK, 2015 […] 59% of oesophageal cancer cases in the UK are preventable.[1] […] Oesophageal cancer is associated with a number of risk factors.[2-4] […] Tobacco smoking is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a cause of oesophageal cancer.[1] 34% of oesophageal cancer cases in the UK are caused by smoking.[2] […] 27% of oesophageal cancer cases in the UK are caused by overweight and obesity.[3] […] 13% of oesophageal cancer cases in the UK are caused by alcohol drinking.[3] […] Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (AC) risk is more than 11 times higher in people with Barretts oesophagus (BO) versus the general population, a cohort study showed.[1]

• #52 Esophageal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/esophageal-cancer

  When stomach acid rises out of your stomach and into your esophagus, you can get immediate symptoms such as heartburn and indigestion. […] Frequent acid exposure over a long time can damage the esophagus, causing pain and ulcers. In some cases, it can trigger cell changes that may be diagnosed as Barrett’s esophagus, which happens in about 10%-15% of people with GERD. […] If you do develop Barrett’s esophagus, your risk of developing esophageal cancer is about 0.5% each year and can be lowered by frequent monitoring and treatment of precancerous changes. […] According to the American Cancer Society, the percentages of people who live for at least 5 years after diagnosis with esophageal cancer (taking into account that some people with the cancer will have other causes of death) are: 49% for cancer that hasn’t spread past the esophagus, 28% for cancer that has spread to nearby lymph nodes or other tissues, 6% for cancer that has spread farther in the body.

• #53 Risk factors and molecular mechanisms of esophageal cancer: differences between the histologic subtypes

  https://www.oaepublish.com/articles/2394-4722.153534

  The two major histologic subtypes of esophageal cancer have different risk factors as well as different molecular mechanisms. […] Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption are risk factors for ESCC, while gastroesophageal reflux, cigarette smoking, and obesity are the main EAC risk factors. […] Both cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption are well-established risk factors for ESCC, with the risk in heavy smokers/drinkers being 50 times greater than those who neither drank nor smoked. […] Recently, deficiency in the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), which causes so-called alcohol flushing response, has been revealed to increase the risk of alcohol-related ESCC. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), cigarette smoking, and obesity are the main EAC risk factors. […] At least weekly symptoms of GERD increases the odds of EAC five-fold, while daily symptoms increased the odds seven-fold, when compared with those with less frequent episodes.

• #54 Oesophageal cancer risk | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/oesophageal-cancer/risk-factors

  Oesophageal cancer cases are preventable, UK, 2015 […] Oesophageal cancer cases caused by smoking, UK, 2015 […] Oesophageal cancer cases caused by alcohol drinking, UK, 2015 […] Oesophageal cancer cases caused by overweight and obesity, UK, 2015 […] 59% of oesophageal cancer cases in the UK are preventable.[1] […] Oesophageal cancer is associated with a number of risk factors.[2-4] […] Tobacco smoking is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a cause of oesophageal cancer.[1] 34% of oesophageal cancer cases in the UK are caused by smoking.[2] […] 27% of oesophageal cancer cases in the UK are caused by overweight and obesity.[3] […] 13% of oesophageal cancer cases in the UK are caused by alcohol drinking.[3] […] Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (AC) risk is more than 11 times higher in people with Barretts oesophagus (BO) versus the general population, a cohort study showed.[1]

• #55 Risks and causes of oesophageal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/oesophageal-cancer/causes-risks

  Your risk of developing oesophageal cancer depends on many things including your age, lifestyle and other medical conditions. […] Anything that can increase your risk of cancer is called a risk factor. Those that lower the risk are called protective factors. […] Cancer of the oesophagus is more common in older people. Around 40 out of 100 oesophageal cancers (around 40%) develop in people aged 75 and over. […] Men are more likely to have oesophageal cancer than women. […] Smoking increases your risk of the 2 main types of oesophageal cancer squamous cell cancer and adenocarcinoma. Around 35 out of 100 oesophageal cancer cases (around 35%) in the UK are caused by smoking. […] Being overweight or obese increases your risk of getting oesophageal adenocarcinoma. More than 25 out of 100 oesophageal cancers (more than 25%) in the UK are caused by being overweight or obese.

• #56 Risk factors and molecular mechanisms of esophageal cancer: differences between the histologic subtypes

  https://www.oaepublish.com/articles/2394-4722.153534

  The relative risk of esophageal and gastric cardia AC was 2.32 for current smokers and 1.62 for ex-smokers, as compared with never-smokers. […] A systematic review and meta-analysis revealed a high body mass index (BMI) to be associated with a summary odds ratio for gastroesophageal AC of 1.5. […] Obesity may predispose to reflux through mechanical means, while adipokines and cytokines secreted from adipocytes and inflammatory cells are known to influence tumor development. […] Radiotherapy for thoracic diseases, such as breast cancer and Hodgkins lymphoma, increases the risk of both ESCC and EAC. […] The incidence of both ESCC and EAC increases with age. […] There is a strong male predominance with up to eight men/one woman for EAC and three men/one woman for ESCC. […] Although an inhibitory effect of estrogen in the growth of esophageal cancer cells has been reported, there is no firm conclusion on the role of estrogen in human esophageal cancer etiology.

• #57 Esophageal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Stages, Diagnosis and Treatment – OncoDaily

  https://oncodaily.com/oncolibrary/cancer-types/esophageal-cancer

  According to a study by Minyi Lee et al., published in Gastroenterology in 2023, pathogenic germline mutations in cancer-predisposing genes were identified in 9% of individuals with Barretts esophagus who progressed to adenocarcinoma, compared to 2.7% in non-progressors. […] Visceral obesity is linked to an increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma, potentially due to factors like insulin resistance and changes in the esophageal microenvironment. […] Diets low in fruits and vegetables may elevate esophageal cancer risk, while certain dietary patterns can act as protective measures.

• #58 Esophageal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6137-esophageal-cancer

  Esophageal cancer or oesophageal cancer, depending on where you live is the 10th most common cancer in the world. […] Healthcare providers dont know the exact cause, but theyve identified risk factors that increase the chance of developing esophageal cancer, including: […] Tobacco use: This includes smoking and using smokeless tobacco. […] Alcohol use: Chronic and/or heavy use of alcohol increases the risk of esophageal cancer. […] Obesity: Being overweight or having obesity may cause inflammation in your esophagus that could become cancer. […] Barretts esophagus and chronic acid reflux: Barretts esophagus is a change in the cells at the lower end of your esophagus that occurs from chronic untreated acid reflux. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV): HPV is a common virus that can cause tissue changes in your vocal cords and mouth and on your hands, feet and genitals.

• #59 Esophageal Cancer Risk Factors | Esophagus Cancer Risk | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/esophagus-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  About 1 in 10 people with this syndrome eventually develop squamous cell cancer of the esophagus or cancer in the lower part of the throat (hypopharynx). […] People with these strictures have an increased risk of squamous cell esophageal cancer, which often occurs many years (even decades) later. […] People who have had certain other cancers, such as lung cancer, mouth cancer, and throat cancer have a high risk of getting squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus as well. […] Signs of HPV infection have been found in up to one-third of esophagus cancers from people in parts of Asia and South Africa. But signs of HPV infection have not been found in esophagus cancers from people in the other areas, including the US. HPV is a rare cause of esophageal cancer.

• #60 Esophageal Cancer

  https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/cancer/registry/abouts/esophageal.htm

  Being obese increases the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. […] Chemical exposures in certain workplaces have been shown to increase risk of esophageal cancer. Studies show that workers in the rubber, automobile, cement, plastics, dye and dry cleaning industries have a higher risk of getting cancer of the esophagus. […] Scientists are also studying many other possible risk factors for cancer of the esophagus. These include the use of smokeless tobacco, socioeconomic status, infection with certain viruses (HPV [human papilloma virus, the virus that causes cervical cancer] and Helicobacter pylori [the virus that causes stomach ulcers]), intake of salt and nitrosamines, and celiac disease. […] Studies suggest that diets low in fruits and vegetables may increase the risk of esophageal cancer. It is also possible, although it has not yet been proven, that a diet high in processed meat (e.g. deli meats, hot dogs, and bacon) may increase the risk of esophageal cancer. Drinking a lot of very hot liquids may also increase the risk of esophageal cancer.

• #61 Risk factors for esophageal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/esophageal/risks

  Having overweight or obesity increases the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. […] People who drink very hot coffee, tea, mat and other beverages (hotter than 65C) have a higher risk of developing esophageal cancer, particularly squamous cell carcinoma. […] Tylosis is a rare inherited disease that increases the risk of developing esophageal cancer. […] Researchers think that achalasia increases the risk for SCC of the esophagus because the food trapped in the esophagus can cause chronic irritation. […] About 10% of people with Plummer-Vinson syndrome will develop SCC of the esophagus. […] The esophagus can be damaged by exposure to chemicals. […] People who had cancer that started in the upper airway, such as oral, pharyngeal or laryngeal (voice box) cancer, are at risk for SCC of the esophagus. […] People who were exposed to ionizing radiation have a higher risk of developing esophageal cancer, mainly SCC of the esophagus.

• #62 Causes of oesophageal cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/oesophageal-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors-of-oesophageal-cancer

  Smoking increases the risk of oesophageal cancer. […] Research has also shown that chewing smokeless tobacco, such as betel quid, paan or gutkha, increases the risk of developing oesophageal cancer. […] Drinking a lot of alcohol over a long period of time increases your risk of developing oesophageal cancer. […] A diet that is high in pickled vegetables may increase your risk of developing oesophageal cancer. […] Previous radiotherapy to the chest, such as to treat lung or breast cancer, may increase your risk of developing oesophageal cancer. […] The following rare conditions can increase the risk of oesophageal cancer: Achalasia in this condition, the valve between the oesophagus and stomach does not relax properly, so food builds up in the lower oesophagus. […] Tylosis patients with this inherited skin condition are also at high risk of developing oesophageal cancer.

• #63 Esophageal Cancer – Digestive Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/tumors-of-the-digestive-system/esophageal-cancer

  Esophageal cancers develop in the cells that line the wall of the esophagus (the tube that connects the throat to the stomach). […] Tobacco and alcohol use, gastroesophageal reflux, and obesity are risk factors for esophageal cancer. […] The main risk factors for esophageal cancer are Alcohol, Tobacco use (in any form), Gastroesophageal reflux disease (especially for adenocarcinoma), Obesity (especially for adenocarcinoma), Older age, Male sex, Barrett esophagus, Genetic syndromes (for example, Bloom syndrome and Fanconi anemia). […] Most adenocarcinomas develop in people who have a precancerous condition called Barrett esophagus. Barrett esophagus develops from prolonged irritation of the esophagus caused by the repeated backflow of stomach acid (gastroesophageal reflux). People who have obesity have an increased risk of adenocarcinoma because of their higher risk of gastroesophageal reflux.

• #64 Esophageal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459267/

  Esophageal adenocarcinoma in the US often arises from Barrett metaplasia, with risk factors including smoking, high body mass index, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and a diet low in fruits and vegetables. Alcohol intake is not associated with adenocarcinoma. Some studies have linked Barrett esophagus to epidermal growth factor polymorphisms as well as conditions that increase esophageal acid exposure, including Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, scleroderma, lower esophageal sphincter relaxing drugs, and bariatric procedures. Familial Barrett esophagus may be associated with rare autosomal inherited dominant susceptible alleles. Protective factors against Barrett esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma include a high-fiber diet, antioxidants, fruits and vegetables, folate, vitamin C, proton-pump inhibitors, and NSAIDs. However, none have been confirmed as preventative interventions.

• #65 Risk factors and molecular mechanisms of esophageal cancer: differences between the histologic subtypes

  https://www.oaepublish.com/articles/2394-4722.153534

  The familial form of ESCC is rare, although familial aggregation has been reported in a high incidence area in China. […] In contrast, familial clustering of Barretts esophagus and EAC has been observed. […] The efficacy of endoscopic surveillance for high-risk individuals is controversial. […] Both lugol chromoendoscopy and an innovative optical image-enhanced technology such as the narrow band imaging have been reported to be useful in detecting early ESCC. […] In this review, the risk factors and molecular mechanisms of esophageal cancer, with special reference to the differences between two histologic subtypes, have been discussed.

• #66 Esophageal cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_cancer

  Causes of the squamous-cell type include tobacco, alcohol, very hot drinks, poor diet, and chewing betel nut. […] The most common causes of the adenocarcinoma type are smoking tobacco, obesity, and acid reflux. […] In addition, for patients with achalasia, candidiasis (overgrowth of the esophagus with the fungus candida) is the most important risk factor. […] The two major risk factors for esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma are tobacco (smoking or chewing) and alcohol. […] The combination of tobacco and alcohol has a strong synergistic effect. […] Other relevant risk factors include regular consumption of very hot drinks (over 65 C or 149 F) and ingestion of caustic substances. […] High levels of dietary exposure to nitrosamines (chemical compounds found both in tobacco smoke and certain foodstuffs) also appear to be a relevant risk factor.

• #67 Esophageal Cancer

  https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/cancer/registry/abouts/esophageal.htm

  Being obese increases the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. […] Chemical exposures in certain workplaces have been shown to increase risk of esophageal cancer. Studies show that workers in the rubber, automobile, cement, plastics, dye and dry cleaning industries have a higher risk of getting cancer of the esophagus. […] Scientists are also studying many other possible risk factors for cancer of the esophagus. These include the use of smokeless tobacco, socioeconomic status, infection with certain viruses (HPV [human papilloma virus, the virus that causes cervical cancer] and Helicobacter pylori [the virus that causes stomach ulcers]), intake of salt and nitrosamines, and celiac disease. […] Studies suggest that diets low in fruits and vegetables may increase the risk of esophageal cancer. It is also possible, although it has not yet been proven, that a diet high in processed meat (e.g. deli meats, hot dogs, and bacon) may increase the risk of esophageal cancer. Drinking a lot of very hot liquids may also increase the risk of esophageal cancer.

• #68 Esophageal cancer: Symptoms, causes and treatment. Cancer Center Clínica Universidad de Navarra

  https://cancercenter.cun.es/en/all-about-cancer/cancer-types/esophageal-cancer

  „Oesophageal cancer is caused by the uncontrolled growth of cells in the innermost layer of this organ, giving rise to a mass or ulcer that progressively invades the different layers of the oesophagus.” […] „The main risk factors include high alcohol and tobacco consumption, the combination of which increases the risk multiplicatively.” […] „There are also precancerous lesions, such as caustic oesophagitis, Barrett’s oesophagus, achalasia or Plummer-Vinson syndrome.” […] „Barrett’s oesophagus, associated with gastro-oesophageal reflux and chronic hiatus hernia, is the most important predisposing factor.” […] „Other risk factors include a diet poor in fruit and vegetables, consumption of very hot foods, and foods containing nitrosamines (present in products such as beer, fish and processed meats).”

• #69 Esophageal cancer: What are the risk factors?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/risk-factors-for-esophageal-cancer

  Accidentally drinking lye, a chemical ingredient in many household cleaners, can burn the esophagus. As the injury heals, the scar tissue may cause a narrowing of the esophagus, increasing the risk of developing ESCC years after the injury. […] Plummer-Vinson syndrome is a rare condition that causes iron deficiency anemia, webs in the upper part of the esophagus, and difficulty swallowing. […] Evidence indicates an association between HPV and cancers such as anal, throat, and cervical cancers. It may also play a role in esophageal cancer, but more research is necessary to confirm this. […] People with a history of other cancers, such as mouth, throat, or lung cancer, have a higher risk of developing ESCC. This may be because these cancers share common risk factors, such as smoking. […] Esophageal cancer is more common in older adults and males. Physical inactivity, a family history of cancer, and underlying medical conditions such as GERD are also risk factors for esophageal cancer.

• #70 Esophageal Cancer Risk Factors | Esophagus Cancer Risk | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/esophagus-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  About 1 in 10 people with this syndrome eventually develop squamous cell cancer of the esophagus or cancer in the lower part of the throat (hypopharynx). […] People with these strictures have an increased risk of squamous cell esophageal cancer, which often occurs many years (even decades) later. […] People who have had certain other cancers, such as lung cancer, mouth cancer, and throat cancer have a high risk of getting squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus as well. […] Signs of HPV infection have been found in up to one-third of esophagus cancers from people in parts of Asia and South Africa. But signs of HPV infection have not been found in esophagus cancers from people in the other areas, including the US. HPV is a rare cause of esophageal cancer.

• #71 Causes of Esophagus Cancer | What Causes Esophageal Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/esophagus-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  We do not yet know exactly what causes most esophageal cancers. However, there are certain risk factors that make getting esophageal cancer more likely. […] Scientists believe that some risk factors, such as the use of tobacco or alcohol, may cause esophageal cancer by damaging the DNA in cells that line the inside of the esophagus. Long-term irritation of the lining of the esophagus, as happens with reflux, Barretts esophagus, achalasia, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, or scarring from swallowing lye, may also lead to DNA damage. […] Cancers can be caused by DNA mutations (changes) that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. This leads to cells growing out of control. Changes in many different genes are usually needed to cause esophageal cancer. […] The DNA of esophageal cancer cells often shows changes in many different genes. However, its not clear if there are specific gene changes that can be found in all (or most) esophageal cancers. […] A very small number of esophageal cancers are caused by inherited gene mutations. […] Certain risk factors, such as tobacco and alcohol use, probably play a role in causing these acquired mutations, but so far its not known what causes most of them.

• #72 Esophageal Cancer: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/cancer/gastrointestinal-cancer/esophageal-cancer

  The biology and genetics of esophageal cancers are being increasingly understood, and researchers at Columbia University are world leaders in this area. Mutations in tumor-promoting genes (oncogenes), tumor suppressor genes, and microenvironmental cues cause esophageal cancers. […] Certain habits and conditions can cause chronic irritation and changes in the esophageal cells and can increase cancer risk. Different risk factors are linked to squamous esophageal cancer and adenocarcinoma esophageal cancer. Esophageal squamous cancer risk factors can include: […] Esophageal adenocarcinoma cancer risk factors can include: […] Some esophageal cancers start with damage caused by chronic acid reflux.

• #73 Causes of Esophagus Cancer | What Causes Esophageal Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/esophagus-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  We do not yet know exactly what causes most esophageal cancers. However, there are certain risk factors that make getting esophageal cancer more likely. […] Scientists believe that some risk factors, such as the use of tobacco or alcohol, may cause esophageal cancer by damaging the DNA in cells that line the inside of the esophagus. Long-term irritation of the lining of the esophagus, as happens with reflux, Barretts esophagus, achalasia, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, or scarring from swallowing lye, may also lead to DNA damage. […] Cancers can be caused by DNA mutations (changes) that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. This leads to cells growing out of control. Changes in many different genes are usually needed to cause esophageal cancer. […] The DNA of esophageal cancer cells often shows changes in many different genes. However, its not clear if there are specific gene changes that can be found in all (or most) esophageal cancers. […] A very small number of esophageal cancers are caused by inherited gene mutations. […] Certain risk factors, such as tobacco and alcohol use, probably play a role in causing these acquired mutations, but so far its not known what causes most of them.

• #74 Esophageal Cancer: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/esophageal-cancer

  Esophageal cancer is a complex disease that develops when cancer forms in the esophagus, which is the hollow, muscular tube connecting the throat to the stomach. […] But several factors increase the risk of developing this type of cancer, including alcohol and tobacco use, obesity and persistent acid reflux. […] The risk for developing esophageal cancer increases with age, and men are three to four times more likely than women to be diagnosed with the disease. People who are obese or who drink or smoke excessively, especially in combination, are also more likely to develop esophageal cancer. […] Researchers believe esophageal cancer may develop from damaged DNA in the cells that line the esophagus. The DNA damage is frequently caused by long-term irritants, such as chronic tobacco or alcohol use. […] Other factors that may lead to esophageal cancer include: Obesity, Conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett’s esophagus and achalasia, A diet low in fruits, vegetables and certain vitamins and minerals.

• #75 Esophageal Cancer: Silent Killer – Symptoms, Causes Treatment

  https://www.gastroclinix.com/blog/esophagus/esophagus-cancer/esophageal-cancer/

  Esophageal cancer is a type of cancer that affects the esophagus, the long, thin tube that carries food and liquids from the throat to the stomach. Cancer can develop in any part of the esophagus, but most commonly occurs in the lower part of the tube. […] There are many different causes of esophageal cancer, but the most common cause is chronic inflammation of the esophagus. This can be caused by a variety of things, including: GERD, Acid reflux, Barrett’s esophagus, Smoking, Alcohol, Certain medical conditions. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a condition in which stomach acid and other contents of the stomach back up into the esophagus. This can cause irritation and inflammation of the oesophagus over time. […] Long-term acid reflux can cause changes in the cells of the esophagus that may lead to esophageal cancer.

• #76 Esophageal cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_cancer

  Chewing betel nut (areca) is an important risk factor in Asia. […] The long-term erosive effects of acid reflux (an extremely common condition, also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD) have been strongly linked to this type of cancer. […] Longstanding GERD can induce a change of cell type in the lower portion of the esophagus in response to erosion of its squamous lining. […] Being obese or overweight is strongly associated with risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma, and may in fact be the strongest of any type of obesity-related cancer, though the reasons for this remain unclear. […] Tobacco smoking increases risk, but the effect in esophageal adenocarcinoma is slight compared to that in squamous cell carcinoma, and alcohol has not been demonstrated to be a cause.

• #77 Esophageal Cancer Symptoms, Causes, Survival Rate, Surgery, Treatments, Types

  https://www.medicinenet.com/esophageal_cancer/article.htm

  Esophageal cancer occurs when changes happen in the DNA of cells that line the esophagus. The exact reason for these changes or mutations is uncertain, but there are known risk factors for developing these cancers. […] Squamous cell cancer of the esophagus is related to the use of alcohol and tobacco products, both smoke and smokeless. When the two are used together, the risk of this type of cancer increases. […] Adenocarcinoma involves the lower third of the esophagus and is thought to be related to gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD). When acid backwashes from the stomach into the lower esophagus, inflammation and cell damage may occur. Over a period of time, abnormal cells begin to form (metaplasia) and if the GERD is not treated and inflammation continues, the lining of the esophagus begins to change the way it looks and functions (dysplasia).

• #78 Esophageal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Stages, Diagnosis and Treatment – OncoDaily

  https://oncodaily.com/oncolibrary/cancer-types/esophageal-cancer

  According to a study by Minyi Lee et al., published in Gastroenterology in 2023, pathogenic germline mutations in cancer-predisposing genes were identified in 9% of individuals with Barretts esophagus who progressed to adenocarcinoma, compared to 2.7% in non-progressors. […] Visceral obesity is linked to an increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma, potentially due to factors like insulin resistance and changes in the esophageal microenvironment. […] Diets low in fruits and vegetables may elevate esophageal cancer risk, while certain dietary patterns can act as protective measures.

• #79 Oesophageal cancer risk | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/oesophageal-cancer/risk-factors

  Oesophageal cancer cases are preventable, UK, 2015 […] Oesophageal cancer cases caused by smoking, UK, 2015 […] Oesophageal cancer cases caused by alcohol drinking, UK, 2015 […] Oesophageal cancer cases caused by overweight and obesity, UK, 2015 […] 59% of oesophageal cancer cases in the UK are preventable.[1] […] Oesophageal cancer is associated with a number of risk factors.[2-4] […] Tobacco smoking is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a cause of oesophageal cancer.[1] 34% of oesophageal cancer cases in the UK are caused by smoking.[2] […] 27% of oesophageal cancer cases in the UK are caused by overweight and obesity.[3] […] 13% of oesophageal cancer cases in the UK are caused by alcohol drinking.[3] […] Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (AC) risk is more than 11 times higher in people with Barretts oesophagus (BO) versus the general population, a cohort study showed.[1]

• #80 Attributable Causes of Esophageal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in China | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0042281

  To estimate the contribution of tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, low vegetable intake and low fruit intake to esophageal cancer mortality and incidence in China. […] We estimated that 87,065 esophageal cancer deaths (men 67,686; women: 19,379) and 108,206 cases (men: 83,968, women: 24,238) were attributable to tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, low vegetable intake and low fruit intake in China in 2005. About 17.9% of esophageal cancer deaths among men and 1.9% among women were attributable to tobacco smoking. About 15.2% of esophageal cancer deaths in men and 1.3% in women were caused by alcohol drinking. Low vegetable intake was responsible for 4.3% esophageal cancer deaths in men and 4.1% in women. The fraction of esophageal cancer deaths attributable to low fruit intake was 27.1% in men and 28.0% in women. Overall, 46% of esophageal cancers (51% in men and 33% in women) were attributable to these four modifiable risk factors. […] Tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, low vegetable intake and low fruit intake were responsible for 46% of esophageal cancer mortality and incidence in China in 2005. These findings provide useful data for developing guidelines for esophageal cancer prevention and control in China.

• #81 Risk factors and molecular mechanisms of esophageal cancer: differences between the histologic subtypes

  https://www.oaepublish.com/articles/2394-4722.153534

  The two major histologic subtypes of esophageal cancer have different risk factors as well as different molecular mechanisms. […] Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption are risk factors for ESCC, while gastroesophageal reflux, cigarette smoking, and obesity are the main EAC risk factors. […] Both cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption are well-established risk factors for ESCC, with the risk in heavy smokers/drinkers being 50 times greater than those who neither drank nor smoked. […] Recently, deficiency in the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), which causes so-called alcohol flushing response, has been revealed to increase the risk of alcohol-related ESCC. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), cigarette smoking, and obesity are the main EAC risk factors. […] At least weekly symptoms of GERD increases the odds of EAC five-fold, while daily symptoms increased the odds seven-fold, when compared with those with less frequent episodes.

• #82 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-esophageal-cancer.aspx

  The exact causes of esophageal cancer are unknown. However, some risk factors raise the likelihood of acquiring esophageal cancer. […] Studies have shown that cigarette smoking and chronic alcohol consumption are the best known risk factors for esophageal cancer. […] There are many risk factors for esophageal cancer, these include tobacco, excessive alcohol consumption, age, gastroesophageal reflux disorder and so forth. […] Any form of tobacco may raise the risk of esophageal cancer. […] People who have more than 3 alcoholic drinks each day are more likely to get esophageal cancer. […] Long term heavy drinking leads to irritation and inflammation in the lining of the esophagus. This inflammation may eventually lead to cancer. […] Acid reflux disorder called Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD) may be the commonest predisposing factor for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus.

• #83 Preventing Esophageal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/esophageal-cancer/prevention

  In Barretts esophagus, a condition seen usually in people who have had GERD for a long time, squamous cells in the lower esophagus become damaged. Over time, these cells are replaced by glandular cells, which are better able to stand up to the acid. This complication of GERD increases your risk of developing a form of adenocarcinoma. […] Being obese can contribute to GERD, because excess abdominal weight may push acid into the esophagus, which increases your risk of developing esophageal cancer. […] Eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables may help you lose weight. Such a diet can also help reduce your risk of developing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Some studies show that cruciferous vegetables, such as cauliflower and cabbage, contain substances that may help prevent esophageal cancer. […] Infection with certain types of human papillomavirus, or HPV, a common sexually transmitted disease, can increase your chance of developing squamous cell cancer. […] People with achalasia have an increased long-term risk of developing esophageal cancer.

• #84 Attributable Causes of Esophageal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in China | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0042281

  To estimate the contribution of tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, low vegetable intake and low fruit intake to esophageal cancer mortality and incidence in China. […] We estimated that 87,065 esophageal cancer deaths (men 67,686; women: 19,379) and 108,206 cases (men: 83,968, women: 24,238) were attributable to tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, low vegetable intake and low fruit intake in China in 2005. About 17.9% of esophageal cancer deaths among men and 1.9% among women were attributable to tobacco smoking. About 15.2% of esophageal cancer deaths in men and 1.3% in women were caused by alcohol drinking. Low vegetable intake was responsible for 4.3% esophageal cancer deaths in men and 4.1% in women. The fraction of esophageal cancer deaths attributable to low fruit intake was 27.1% in men and 28.0% in women. Overall, 46% of esophageal cancers (51% in men and 33% in women) were attributable to these four modifiable risk factors. […] Tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, low vegetable intake and low fruit intake were responsible for 46% of esophageal cancer mortality and incidence in China in 2005. These findings provide useful data for developing guidelines for esophageal cancer prevention and control in China.

• #85 Risk factors and molecular mechanisms of esophageal cancer: differences between the histologic subtypes

  https://www.oaepublish.com/articles/2394-4722.153534

  The relative risk of esophageal and gastric cardia AC was 2.32 for current smokers and 1.62 for ex-smokers, as compared with never-smokers. […] A systematic review and meta-analysis revealed a high body mass index (BMI) to be associated with a summary odds ratio for gastroesophageal AC of 1.5. […] Obesity may predispose to reflux through mechanical means, while adipokines and cytokines secreted from adipocytes and inflammatory cells are known to influence tumor development. […] Radiotherapy for thoracic diseases, such as breast cancer and Hodgkins lymphoma, increases the risk of both ESCC and EAC. […] The incidence of both ESCC and EAC increases with age. […] There is a strong male predominance with up to eight men/one woman for EAC and three men/one woman for ESCC. […] Although an inhibitory effect of estrogen in the growth of esophageal cancer cells has been reported, there is no firm conclusion on the role of estrogen in human esophageal cancer etiology.

• #86 Esophageal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Stages, Diagnosis and Treatment – OncoDaily

  https://oncodaily.com/oncolibrary/cancer-types/esophageal-cancer

  According to a study by Minyi Lee et al., published in Gastroenterology in 2023, pathogenic germline mutations in cancer-predisposing genes were identified in 9% of individuals with Barretts esophagus who progressed to adenocarcinoma, compared to 2.7% in non-progressors. […] Visceral obesity is linked to an increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma, potentially due to factors like insulin resistance and changes in the esophageal microenvironment. […] Diets low in fruits and vegetables may elevate esophageal cancer risk, while certain dietary patterns can act as protective measures.

• #87 Esophageal Cancer – Symptoms, Causes, Complications & Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact

  https://www.pacehospital.com/esophageal-cancer-symptoms-causes-complications-and-prevention

  Low intake of fresh fruit and vegetables has long been considered as a possible risk factor for esophageal cancer. […] Epidemiologists from the early 1980s, had gathered compelling evidence of vitamin and micronutrient deficiencies in the in the genesis of oesophageal cancer. […] Although not considered an occupational cancer, the risk of oesophageal cancer is 2-16 times higher with occupational exposure to asbestos. […] Oesophageal cancer has long been known as a disease of the poor and the socially disadvantaged.

• #88 Esophageal Cancer

  https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/cancer/registry/abouts/esophageal.htm

  Being obese increases the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. […] Chemical exposures in certain workplaces have been shown to increase risk of esophageal cancer. Studies show that workers in the rubber, automobile, cement, plastics, dye and dry cleaning industries have a higher risk of getting cancer of the esophagus. […] Scientists are also studying many other possible risk factors for cancer of the esophagus. These include the use of smokeless tobacco, socioeconomic status, infection with certain viruses (HPV [human papilloma virus, the virus that causes cervical cancer] and Helicobacter pylori [the virus that causes stomach ulcers]), intake of salt and nitrosamines, and celiac disease. […] Studies suggest that diets low in fruits and vegetables may increase the risk of esophageal cancer. It is also possible, although it has not yet been proven, that a diet high in processed meat (e.g. deli meats, hot dogs, and bacon) may increase the risk of esophageal cancer. Drinking a lot of very hot liquids may also increase the risk of esophageal cancer.

• #89 Causes of Esophagus Cancer | What Causes Esophageal Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/esophagus-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  We do not yet know exactly what causes most esophageal cancers. However, there are certain risk factors that make getting esophageal cancer more likely. […] Scientists believe that some risk factors, such as the use of tobacco or alcohol, may cause esophageal cancer by damaging the DNA in cells that line the inside of the esophagus. Long-term irritation of the lining of the esophagus, as happens with reflux, Barretts esophagus, achalasia, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, or scarring from swallowing lye, may also lead to DNA damage. […] Cancers can be caused by DNA mutations (changes) that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. This leads to cells growing out of control. Changes in many different genes are usually needed to cause esophageal cancer. […] The DNA of esophageal cancer cells often shows changes in many different genes. However, its not clear if there are specific gene changes that can be found in all (or most) esophageal cancers. […] A very small number of esophageal cancers are caused by inherited gene mutations. […] Certain risk factors, such as tobacco and alcohol use, probably play a role in causing these acquired mutations, but so far its not known what causes most of them.

• #90 What Causes Esophageal Cancer, Is It Hereditary & Risk Factors

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/esophageal-cancer/risk-factors

  Achalasia causes irritation that leads to cancer. […] Plummer-Vinson syndrome causes obstructive webs to grow in the upper esophagus, leading to trapping of food. […] People living with this condition have an increased risk, about 10 percent, of developing squamous cell esophageal cancer. […] Other cancers, such as lung, mouth and throat cancers, may increase the risk of esophageal squamous cell cancer. […] With esophageal cancer, several gene mutations have been identified that occur in all cells and may be passed down through families. […] These mutations cause only a small number of esophageal cancers, but the risk isn’t avoidable.

• #91 Risk factors and molecular mechanisms of esophageal cancer: differences between the histologic subtypes

  https://www.oaepublish.com/articles/2394-4722.153534

  The familial form of ESCC is rare, although familial aggregation has been reported in a high incidence area in China. […] In contrast, familial clustering of Barretts esophagus and EAC has been observed. […] The efficacy of endoscopic surveillance for high-risk individuals is controversial. […] Both lugol chromoendoscopy and an innovative optical image-enhanced technology such as the narrow band imaging have been reported to be useful in detecting early ESCC. […] In this review, the risk factors and molecular mechanisms of esophageal cancer, with special reference to the differences between two histologic subtypes, have been discussed.

• #92 Esophageal Cancer – Digestive Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/tumors-of-the-digestive-system/esophageal-cancer

  Esophageal cancers develop in the cells that line the wall of the esophagus (the tube that connects the throat to the stomach). […] Tobacco and alcohol use, gastroesophageal reflux, and obesity are risk factors for esophageal cancer. […] The main risk factors for esophageal cancer are Alcohol, Tobacco use (in any form), Gastroesophageal reflux disease (especially for adenocarcinoma), Obesity (especially for adenocarcinoma), Older age, Male sex, Barrett esophagus, Genetic syndromes (for example, Bloom syndrome and Fanconi anemia). […] Most adenocarcinomas develop in people who have a precancerous condition called Barrett esophagus. Barrett esophagus develops from prolonged irritation of the esophagus caused by the repeated backflow of stomach acid (gastroesophageal reflux). People who have obesity have an increased risk of adenocarcinoma because of their higher risk of gastroesophageal reflux.

• #93 Esophageal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Stages, Diagnosis and Treatment – OncoDaily

  https://oncodaily.com/oncolibrary/cancer-types/esophageal-cancer

  According to a study by Minyi Lee et al., published in Gastroenterology in 2023, pathogenic germline mutations in cancer-predisposing genes were identified in 9% of individuals with Barretts esophagus who progressed to adenocarcinoma, compared to 2.7% in non-progressors. […] Visceral obesity is linked to an increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma, potentially due to factors like insulin resistance and changes in the esophageal microenvironment. […] Diets low in fruits and vegetables may elevate esophageal cancer risk, while certain dietary patterns can act as protective measures.

• #94 Oesophageal cancer risk | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/oesophageal-cancer/risk-factors

  Oesophageal cancer cases are preventable, UK, 2015 […] Oesophageal cancer cases caused by smoking, UK, 2015 […] Oesophageal cancer cases caused by alcohol drinking, UK, 2015 […] Oesophageal cancer cases caused by overweight and obesity, UK, 2015 […] 59% of oesophageal cancer cases in the UK are preventable.[1] […] Oesophageal cancer is associated with a number of risk factors.[2-4] […] Tobacco smoking is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a cause of oesophageal cancer.[1] 34% of oesophageal cancer cases in the UK are caused by smoking.[2] […] 27% of oesophageal cancer cases in the UK are caused by overweight and obesity.[3] […] 13% of oesophageal cancer cases in the UK are caused by alcohol drinking.[3] […] Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (AC) risk is more than 11 times higher in people with Barretts oesophagus (BO) versus the general population, a cohort study showed.[1]

• #95 Esophageal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/esophageal-cancer

  You may be able to lower your risk of esophageal cancer by: Avoiding tobacco, Not drinking alcohol, or drinking less, Eating more fruits and vegetables, Maintaining a weight that’s healthy for you, Seeking treatment for reflux and heartburn, Avoiding solvents in the workplace, Avoiding HPV infection, by getting vaccinated if your doctor recommends it, Following your doctor’s advice for screening if you have Barrett’s esophagus.

• #96 Esophageal cancer: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000283.htm

  Esophageal cancer is not common in the United States. It occurs most often in men over age 50 years. […] Squamous cell esophageal cancer is linked to smoking and drinking too much alcohol. […] Adenocarcinoma is the more common type of esophageal cancer. Having Barrett esophagus increases the risk for this type of cancer. Acid reflux disease (gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD) can develop into Barrett esophagus. Other risk factors include smoking, being male, or being obese. […] To reduce your risk of cancer of the esophagus: Do not smoke. Limit or do not drink alcoholic beverages. Get checked by your doctor if you have severe GERD. Get regular checkups if you have Barrett esophagus.

• #97 Etiology and Prevention of Esophageal Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5040887/

  Esophageal cancer (EC) occurs commonly, especially in Asia, and is the sixth leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. […] The major risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking, which act synergistically. […] A common etiological factor for both EC and some other cancers are low levels of intake of fruits and vegetables. […] The major etiological factor for EAC is gastroesophageal reflux, which is also an etiological factor for gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA). […] The etiology of EC includes tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, low levels of intake of fruits and vegetables as well as gastroesophageal reflux and susceptibility genes. […] A healthy lifestyle including smoking cessation, increasing physical activity, consumption of vegetables as well as reduction of alcohol intake and caloric consumption are major approaches to the prevention of EC.

• #98 Etiology and Prevention of Esophageal Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5040887/

  It has been well established that the major risk factors for ESCC are tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking. […] In many economically less-developed areas, such as Linxian in Northern China and Golestan in Northeastern Iran, dietary factors, including dietary carcinogens and insufficiencies of micronutrients, were found to be even more important risk factors than smoking and drinking. […] Consumption of beverages and food at high temperatures, which causes thermal damage to the esophageal epithelium, has been documented to increase the risk of ESCC. […] The major etiological factor in EAC is gastroesophageal reflux manifested as gastroesophageal reflux disease. […] Abdominal obesity is a related prominent risk factor. […] Although cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption have been established as the leading causative factors in ESCC in Western societies, the involvement of these two factors in EAC has not been conclusive.

• #99 Esophageal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459267/

  Esophageal cancer is classified into 2 main types based on histologic features: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. In recent decades, the incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma has decreased. In contrast, esophageal adenocarcinoma has risen significantly in the United States, particularly in the distal esophagus and gastroesophageal junction, mainly due to the prevalence of Barrett’s esophagus. […] Risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma include smoking, alcohol consumption, and a diet low in fruits and vegetables. In contrast, esophageal adenocarcinoma high-risk factors include Barrett esophagus, smoking, high body mass index, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. […] In the US, smoking, alcohol consumption, and a diet low in fruits and vegetables are the main risk factors for esophageal SCC. Poor nutrition, low fruit and vegetable intake, and drinking hot beverages may increase the risk in developing countries. Other factors associated with esophageal SCC include human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, preexisting anatomical diseases, previous SCC of the aerodigestive tract, and genetic syndromes (eg, tylosis, Bloom syndrome, and Fanconi anemia). Some studies have also linked oral bisphosphonates to esophageal SCC and adenocarcinoma.

• #100 Etiology and Prevention of Esophageal Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5040887/

  Esophageal cancer (EC) occurs commonly, especially in Asia, and is the sixth leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. […] The major risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking, which act synergistically. […] A common etiological factor for both EC and some other cancers are low levels of intake of fruits and vegetables. […] The major etiological factor for EAC is gastroesophageal reflux, which is also an etiological factor for gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA). […] The etiology of EC includes tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, low levels of intake of fruits and vegetables as well as gastroesophageal reflux and susceptibility genes. […] A healthy lifestyle including smoking cessation, increasing physical activity, consumption of vegetables as well as reduction of alcohol intake and caloric consumption are major approaches to the prevention of EC.

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