Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology of esophageal cancer in 2020 and projections to 2030 and 2040

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9807450/

  Esophageal cancer is a familiar malignancy with high incidence and mortality, and the overall prognosis is poor. The numbers of cases of and deaths from esophageal cancer have risen rapidly in recent decades. It is one of the most malignant cancers, with more than 0.6 million new cases and 0.54 million deaths worldwide in 2020. […] Esophageal cancer is the eighth most commonly diagnosed cancer and is the sixth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The burden of this malignant tumor is significantly high in less developed regions, where almost 80% of all cases occur. Approximately 70% of cases occur in men, and there is a 2 to 5-fold difference in incidence and mortality rates between the sexes. […] The cancer burden of esophagus incidence and mortality is increasing rapidly worldwide, accompanied by global aging and population growth as well as the prevalence of associated risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol consumption, poor diet, lack of exercise, and obesity.

• #2 Epidemiology of esophageal cancer in 2020 and projections to 2030 and 2040

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9807450/

  Esophageal cancer is a familiar malignancy with high incidence and mortality, and the overall prognosis is poor. The numbers of cases of and deaths from esophageal cancer have risen rapidly in recent decades. It is one of the most malignant cancers, with more than 0.6 million new cases and 0.54 million deaths worldwide in 2020. […] Esophageal cancer is the eighth most commonly diagnosed cancer and is the sixth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The burden of this malignant tumor is significantly high in less developed regions, where almost 80% of all cases occur. Approximately 70% of cases occur in men, and there is a 2 to 5-fold difference in incidence and mortality rates between the sexes. […] The cancer burden of esophagus incidence and mortality is increasing rapidly worldwide, accompanied by global aging and population growth as well as the prevalence of associated risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol consumption, poor diet, lack of exercise, and obesity.

• #3 Geographical Variation in Esophageal Cancer | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/publications/e-wgn/e-wgn-expert-point-of-view-articles-collection/geographical-variation-in-esophageal-cancer

  Esophageal cancer (EC) is the 6th leading cause of cancer death worldwide. It is estimated that there were 462,000 new EC cases and 386,000 EC deaths in 2002, only 25,000 fewer deaths than were caused by breast cancer. About 80% of EC cases occur in developing countries. In the US, EC is the 9th leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 16,470 new cases and 14,530 deaths due to EC in 2009. […] One striking characteristic of EC throughout the world is its great geographic variation in incidence, with 10-fold differences reported over distances of a few hundred kilometers. Worldwide, the highest risk populations are found in two geographic belts, one in central Asia from the Caspian Sea to north central China, and the other from eastern to southern Africa. Age-adjusted incidence rates over 100 cases/100,000 inhabitants/year have been reported from some areas in these regions.

• #4 Overview of esophageal cancer – Abbas- Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery

  https://www.annalscts.com/article/view/14238/html

  Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer worldwide, and the sixth most common cause of cancer related deaths. The highest incidence of esophageal cancer is seen along two geographical belts, one from north central China through the central Asian republics to northern Iran, and one from eastern to southern Africa. More than half of all esophageal cancer-related deaths occur in the Republic of China. […] The epidemiology of esophageal cancer in Western world has significantly changed. Adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus has become more prevalent than squamous cell cancer of the upper and middle thirds of the esophagus. The incidence of EAC remains low in China, ranging from 1.5%4.5%. In USA, the incidence of EAC among white men was 0.4 per 100,000 in 1973 to 2.8 per 100,000 in 2012. A similar increase has been noticed in the United Kingdom, Australia, and Northern Europe. In these countries, the ratio of ESCC to EAC amongst white men was 4.7:1 in 1975, reduced to 0.43:1 in 19961998. During this period, there was an 810% annual increase in incidence of EAC, though it has recently declined. This significant increase in the incidence of EAC in the Western world and some developing countries coincides with an increase in the prevalence of gastro-esophageal reflux and obesity, known risk factors for EAC.

• #5 Geographical Variation in Esophageal Cancer | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/publications/e-wgn/e-wgn-expert-point-of-view-articles-collection/geographical-variation-in-esophageal-cancer

  Esophageal cancer (EC) is the 6th leading cause of cancer death worldwide. It is estimated that there were 462,000 new EC cases and 386,000 EC deaths in 2002, only 25,000 fewer deaths than were caused by breast cancer. About 80% of EC cases occur in developing countries. In the US, EC is the 9th leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 16,470 new cases and 14,530 deaths due to EC in 2009. […] One striking characteristic of EC throughout the world is its great geographic variation in incidence, with 10-fold differences reported over distances of a few hundred kilometers. Worldwide, the highest risk populations are found in two geographic belts, one in central Asia from the Caspian Sea to north central China, and the other from eastern to southern Africa. Age-adjusted incidence rates over 100 cases/100,000 inhabitants/year have been reported from some areas in these regions.

• #6 Epidemiology of esophageal cancer in 2020 and projections to 2030 and 2040

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9807450/

  In 2020, the age-standardized rate of esophageal cancer was 6.3 per 100,000 population. Between 1990 and 2020, the age-standardized rate of incidence declined by 16.8%, but the global total incidence rose by 94.7%, from 310,236 to 604,100. […] For both sexes combined, in 2020, nearly 79.7% of new cases of esophageal cancer were detected in Asia (481,552 cases), which represents 59.5% of the global population. […] The HDI, one of the most common measures of development, is a composite index of life expectancy, education, and gross national income. It has been reported that the overall incidence of cancer is positively correlated with HDI. […] In 2020, esophageal cancer was the sixth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with an estimated 0.54 million deaths. […] The prevalence of esophageal cancer has grown dramatically worldwide in recent years. If current trends continue, it is projected that 739,666 new cases of and 723,466 deaths from esophageal cancer will occur in 2030, and there will be 987,723 new cases and 914,304 deaths in 2040 around the world.

• #7 Epidemiology of esophageal cancer in 2020 and projections to 2030 and 2040

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9807450/

  In 2020, the age-standardized rate of esophageal cancer was 6.3 per 100,000 population. Between 1990 and 2020, the age-standardized rate of incidence declined by 16.8%, but the global total incidence rose by 94.7%, from 310,236 to 604,100. […] For both sexes combined, in 2020, nearly 79.7% of new cases of esophageal cancer were detected in Asia (481,552 cases), which represents 59.5% of the global population. […] The HDI, one of the most common measures of development, is a composite index of life expectancy, education, and gross national income. It has been reported that the overall incidence of cancer is positively correlated with HDI. […] In 2020, esophageal cancer was the sixth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with an estimated 0.54 million deaths. […] The prevalence of esophageal cancer has grown dramatically worldwide in recent years. If current trends continue, it is projected that 739,666 new cases of and 723,466 deaths from esophageal cancer will occur in 2030, and there will be 987,723 new cases and 914,304 deaths in 2040 around the world.

• #8 Esophageal Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/277930-overview

  Esophageal cancer is a disease in epidemiologic transition. Until the 1970s, the most common type of esophageal cancer in the United States was squamous cell carcinoma, which has smoking and alcohol consumption as risk factors. Since then, there has been a steep increase in the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma, for which the most common predisposing factor is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] The American Cancer Society estimates that 22,070 new cases of esophageal cancer (17,430 in men and 4640 in women) will be diagnosed in the United States in 2025, and that 16,1250 persons (12,940 men and 3310 women) will die of the disease. Esophageal cancer is the 17th most common cancer in the US, but the seventh most common cause of cancer death in males. […] The epidemiology of esophageal carcinoma has changed markedly over the past several decades in the United States. Until the 1970s, squamous cell carcinoma was the most common type of esophageal cancer (90-95%). It was typically located in the thoracic esophagus and most frequently affected African-American men with a long history of smoking and alcohol consumption. Subsequently, rates of esophageal adenocarcinoma rose markedly, particularly in Whites.

• #9 Esophageal Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500007-overview

  Esophageal cancer is a disease in epidemiologic transition. Until the 1970s, the most common type of esophageal cancer in the United States was squamous cell carcinoma, which has smoking and alcohol consumption as risk factors. Since then, there has been a steep increase in the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma, for which the most common predisposing factor is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] The American Cancer Society estimates that 22,070 new cases of esophageal cancer (17,430 in men and 4640 in women) will be diagnosed in the United States in 2025, and that 16,1250 persons (12,940 men and 3310 women) will die of the disease. Esophageal cancer is the 17th most common cancer in the US, but the seventh most common cause of cancer death in males. […] The epidemiology of esophageal carcinoma has changed markedly over the past several decades in the United States. Until the 1970s, squamous cell carcinoma was the most common type of esophageal cancer (90-95%). It was typically located in the thoracic esophagus and most frequently affected African-American men with a long history of smoking and alcohol consumption. Subsequently, rates of esophageal adenocarcinoma rose markedly, particularly in Whites.

• #10 Esophageal Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500007-overview

  Esophageal cancer is a disease in epidemiologic transition. Until the 1970s, the most common type of esophageal cancer in the United States was squamous cell carcinoma, which has smoking and alcohol consumption as risk factors. Since then, there has been a steep increase in the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma, for which the most common predisposing factor is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] The American Cancer Society estimates that 22,070 new cases of esophageal cancer (17,430 in men and 4640 in women) will be diagnosed in the United States in 2025, and that 16,1250 persons (12,940 men and 3310 women) will die of the disease. Esophageal cancer is the 17th most common cancer in the US, but the seventh most common cause of cancer death in males. […] The epidemiology of esophageal carcinoma has changed markedly over the past several decades in the United States. Until the 1970s, squamous cell carcinoma was the most common type of esophageal cancer (90-95%). It was typically located in the thoracic esophagus and most frequently affected African-American men with a long history of smoking and alcohol consumption. Subsequently, rates of esophageal adenocarcinoma rose markedly, particularly in Whites.

• #11 Esophageal Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/277930-overview

  Esophageal cancer is a disease in epidemiologic transition. Until the 1970s, the most common type of esophageal cancer in the United States was squamous cell carcinoma, which has smoking and alcohol consumption as risk factors. Since then, there has been a steep increase in the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma, for which the most common predisposing factor is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] The American Cancer Society estimates that 22,070 new cases of esophageal cancer (17,430 in men and 4640 in women) will be diagnosed in the United States in 2025, and that 16,1250 persons (12,940 men and 3310 women) will die of the disease. Esophageal cancer is the 17th most common cancer in the US, but the seventh most common cause of cancer death in males. […] The epidemiology of esophageal carcinoma has changed markedly over the past several decades in the United States. Until the 1970s, squamous cell carcinoma was the most common type of esophageal cancer (90-95%). It was typically located in the thoracic esophagus and most frequently affected African-American men with a long history of smoking and alcohol consumption. Subsequently, rates of esophageal adenocarcinoma rose markedly, particularly in Whites.

• #12 Esophageal Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/esoph.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 22,070. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 16,250. […] Esophageal cancer represents 1.1% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 22,070 new cases of esophageal cancer and an estimated 16,250 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of esophageal cancer was 4.2 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Esophageal cancer is more common in men than women, and it is associated with older age, heavy alcohol use and tobacco use. […] Esophageal cancer is the eleventh leading cause of cancer death in the United States. […] The death rate was 3.7 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new esophageal cancer cases have been falling on average 0.6% each year over 20132022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 1.1% each year over 20142023.

• #13 Esophageal Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/esoph.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 22,070. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 16,250. […] Esophageal cancer represents 1.1% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 22,070 new cases of esophageal cancer and an estimated 16,250 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of esophageal cancer was 4.2 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Esophageal cancer is more common in men than women, and it is associated with older age, heavy alcohol use and tobacco use. […] Esophageal cancer is the eleventh leading cause of cancer death in the United States. […] The death rate was 3.7 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new esophageal cancer cases have been falling on average 0.6% each year over 20132022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 1.1% each year over 20142023.

• #14 Esophageal cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_cancer

  Esophageal cancer is the eighth-most frequently-diagnosed cancer worldwide, and because of its poor prognosis, it is the sixth most-common cause of cancer-related deaths. It caused about 400,000 deaths in 2012, accounting for about 5% of all cancer deaths (about 456,000 new cases were diagnosed, representing about 3% of all cancers). […] ESCC (esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma) comprises 60-70% of all cases of esophageal cancer worldwide, while EAC (esophageal adenocarcinoma) accounts for a further 20-30%. The incidence of the two main types of esophageal cancer varies greatly between different geographical areas. In general, ESCC is more common in the developing world, and EAC is more common in the developed world. […] The worldwide incidence rate of ESCC in 2012 was 5.2 new cases per 100,000 person-years, with a male predominance (7.7 per 100,000 in men vs. 2.8 in women). It was the common type in 90% of the countries studied.

• #15 Esophageal cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_cancer

  Esophageal cancer is the eighth-most frequently-diagnosed cancer worldwide, and because of its poor prognosis, it is the sixth most-common cause of cancer-related deaths. It caused about 400,000 deaths in 2012, accounting for about 5% of all cancer deaths (about 456,000 new cases were diagnosed, representing about 3% of all cancers). […] ESCC (esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma) comprises 60-70% of all cases of esophageal cancer worldwide, while EAC (esophageal adenocarcinoma) accounts for a further 20-30%. The incidence of the two main types of esophageal cancer varies greatly between different geographical areas. In general, ESCC is more common in the developing world, and EAC is more common in the developed world. […] The worldwide incidence rate of ESCC in 2012 was 5.2 new cases per 100,000 person-years, with a male predominance (7.7 per 100,000 in men vs. 2.8 in women). It was the common type in 90% of the countries studied.

• #16 Esophageal cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_cancer

  Esophageal cancer is the eighth-most frequently-diagnosed cancer worldwide, and because of its poor prognosis, it is the sixth most-common cause of cancer-related deaths. It caused about 400,000 deaths in 2012, accounting for about 5% of all cancer deaths (about 456,000 new cases were diagnosed, representing about 3% of all cancers). […] ESCC (esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma) comprises 60-70% of all cases of esophageal cancer worldwide, while EAC (esophageal adenocarcinoma) accounts for a further 20-30%. The incidence of the two main types of esophageal cancer varies greatly between different geographical areas. In general, ESCC is more common in the developing world, and EAC is more common in the developed world. […] The worldwide incidence rate of ESCC in 2012 was 5.2 new cases per 100,000 person-years, with a male predominance (7.7 per 100,000 in men vs. 2.8 in women). It was the common type in 90% of the countries studied.

• #17 Esophageal cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_cancer

  In Western countries, EAC has become the dominant form of the disease, following an increase in incidence over recent decades (in contrast to the incidence of ESCC, which has remained largely stable). In 2012, the global incidence rate for EAC was 0.7 per 100,000 with a strong male predominance (1.1 per 100,000 in men vs. 0.3 in women). […] In the United States, esophageal cancer is the seventh-leading cause of cancer-related deaths among males (making up 4% of the total). The National Cancer Institute estimated that there were about 18,000 new cases and more than 15,000 deaths from esophageal cancer in 2013; the American Cancer Society estimated that during 2014, about 18,170 new esophageal cancer cases would be diagnosed, resulting in 15,450 deaths. […] The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (which is associated with Barrett’s esophagus) steadily rose in the United States to the point that it has now surpassed squamous-cell carcinoma.

• #18 Esophageal Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/277930-overview

  Esophageal cancer is more common in men than in women. Worldwide, esophageal cancer is 2 to 3 times more common in men; in the US, it is more than 4 times more common in men. Esophageal cancer occurs most commonly during the sixth and seventh decades of life. The disease becomes more common with advancing age; it is about 20 times more common in persons older than 65 years than it is in individuals below that age. Median age at diagnosis is 68 years.

• #19 Esophageal Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500007-overview

  Esophageal cancer is more common in men than in women. Worldwide, esophageal cancer is 2 to 3 times more common in men; in the US, it is more than 4 times more common in men. […] Esophageal cancer occurs most commonly during the sixth and seventh decades of life. The disease becomes more common with advancing age; it is about 20 times more common in persons older than 65 years than it is in individuals below that age. Median age at diagnosis is 68 years.

• #20 Overview of esophageal cancer – Abbas- Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery

  https://www.annalscts.com/article/view/14238/html

  Esophageal cancer continues to be a male dominant disease. Worldwide, ESCC is two to three times more common in males than females. Generally speaking, this male predominance is even more marked in the EAC histological subtype. A global assessment indicated an overall male-to-female ratio of 4.4, which ranged from 1.7 in sub-Saharan Africa to 8.5 in North America. In the United States of America (USA), 76% of cases of adenocarcinoma from 1973 to 2012 have occurred in white males. […] The rapid increase in the incidence of EAC has paralleled the rise of obesity in the western world. A variety of observational studies, systemic reviews and meta-analyses have shown and confirmed association between obesity and EAC. The association between increasing body mass index (BMI) and EAC has been shown to be dose dependent. The risk of EAC in patients with a BMI of 30 or more is approximately 16 times greater compared to those with a BMI of 22 or less.

• #21 Esophageal Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500007-overview

  Esophageal cancer is more common in men than in women. Worldwide, esophageal cancer is 2 to 3 times more common in men; in the US, it is more than 4 times more common in men. […] Esophageal cancer occurs most commonly during the sixth and seventh decades of life. The disease becomes more common with advancing age; it is about 20 times more common in persons older than 65 years than it is in individuals below that age. Median age at diagnosis is 68 years.

• #22 Geographical Variation in Esophageal Cancer | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/publications/e-wgn/e-wgn-expert-point-of-view-articles-collection/geographical-variation-in-esophageal-cancer

  In the SEER cancer registries in the US, the age-adjusted incidence of EC/100,000/year in 2002-2006 was 7.9 in white males, 1.9 in white females, 9.3 in black males, and 3.0 in black females. In low-risk countries like the US, the male:female ratio of cases is usually about 3-4:1, but in the highest risk populations, this ratio approaches or even falls below 1:1. […] Throughout most of the world, and in all high-risk populations, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is by far the most common histologic type of esophageal cancer. Over the last few decades, however, esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) has become more common in the low-risk populations of the United States and Europe, likely due to increases in obesity, gastroesophageal reflux and Barrett’s esophagus. […] The major risk factors for esophageal cancer differ in low-risk and high-risk populations. In most low-risk countries, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption are the dominant risk factors for ESCC. In the US, over 90% of ESCC cases can be attributed to these two exposures alone.

• #23 Geographical Variation in Esophageal Cancer | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/publications/e-wgn/e-wgn-expert-point-of-view-articles-collection/geographical-variation-in-esophageal-cancer

  In the SEER cancer registries in the US, the age-adjusted incidence of EC/100,000/year in 2002-2006 was 7.9 in white males, 1.9 in white females, 9.3 in black males, and 3.0 in black females. In low-risk countries like the US, the male:female ratio of cases is usually about 3-4:1, but in the highest risk populations, this ratio approaches or even falls below 1:1. […] Throughout most of the world, and in all high-risk populations, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is by far the most common histologic type of esophageal cancer. Over the last few decades, however, esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) has become more common in the low-risk populations of the United States and Europe, likely due to increases in obesity, gastroesophageal reflux and Barrett’s esophagus. […] The major risk factors for esophageal cancer differ in low-risk and high-risk populations. In most low-risk countries, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption are the dominant risk factors for ESCC. In the US, over 90% of ESCC cases can be attributed to these two exposures alone.

• #24 Geographical Variation in Esophageal Cancer | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/publications/e-wgn/e-wgn-expert-point-of-view-articles-collection/geographical-variation-in-esophageal-cancer

  In the SEER cancer registries in the US, the age-adjusted incidence of EC/100,000/year in 2002-2006 was 7.9 in white males, 1.9 in white females, 9.3 in black males, and 3.0 in black females. In low-risk countries like the US, the male:female ratio of cases is usually about 3-4:1, but in the highest risk populations, this ratio approaches or even falls below 1:1. […] Throughout most of the world, and in all high-risk populations, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is by far the most common histologic type of esophageal cancer. Over the last few decades, however, esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) has become more common in the low-risk populations of the United States and Europe, likely due to increases in obesity, gastroesophageal reflux and Barrett’s esophagus. […] The major risk factors for esophageal cancer differ in low-risk and high-risk populations. In most low-risk countries, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption are the dominant risk factors for ESCC. In the US, over 90% of ESCC cases can be attributed to these two exposures alone.

• #25 Epidemiology of esophageal cancer

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v19/i34/5598.htm

  Epidemiology of esophageal cancer (EsC) is one of the least studied and deadliest cancers worldwide because of its extremely aggressive nature and poor survival rate. It ranks sixth among all cancers in mortality. In retrospective studies of EsC, smoking, hot tea drinking, red meat consumption, poor oral health, low intake of fresh fruit and vegetables, and low socioeconomic status have been associated with a higher risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Barretts esophagus is clearly recognized as a risk factor for EsC, and dysplasia remains the only factor useful for identifying patients at increased risk, for the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma in clinical practice. […] Here, we investigated the epidemiologic patterns and causes of EsC. Using population based cancer data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program of the United States; we generated the most up-to-date stage distribution and 5-year relative survival by stage at diagnosis for 1998-2009. Special note should be given to the fact that esophageal cancer, mainly adenocarcinoma, is one of the very few cancers that is contributing to increasing death rates (20%) among males in the United States.

• #26 Epidemiology of esophageal cancer

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v19/i34/5598.htm

  Epidemiology of esophageal cancer (EsC) is one of the least studied and deadliest cancers worldwide because of its extremely aggressive nature and poor survival rate. It ranks sixth among all cancers in mortality. In retrospective studies of EsC, smoking, hot tea drinking, red meat consumption, poor oral health, low intake of fresh fruit and vegetables, and low socioeconomic status have been associated with a higher risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Barretts esophagus is clearly recognized as a risk factor for EsC, and dysplasia remains the only factor useful for identifying patients at increased risk, for the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma in clinical practice. […] Here, we investigated the epidemiologic patterns and causes of EsC. Using population based cancer data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program of the United States; we generated the most up-to-date stage distribution and 5-year relative survival by stage at diagnosis for 1998-2009. Special note should be given to the fact that esophageal cancer, mainly adenocarcinoma, is one of the very few cancers that is contributing to increasing death rates (20%) among males in the United States.

• #27 Epidemiology of esophageal cancer

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v19/i34/5598.htm

  Epidemiology of esophageal cancer (EsC) is one of the least studied and deadliest cancers worldwide because of its extremely aggressive nature and poor survival rate. It ranks sixth among all cancers in mortality. In retrospective studies of EsC, smoking, hot tea drinking, red meat consumption, poor oral health, low intake of fresh fruit and vegetables, and low socioeconomic status have been associated with a higher risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Barretts esophagus is clearly recognized as a risk factor for EsC, and dysplasia remains the only factor useful for identifying patients at increased risk, for the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma in clinical practice. […] Here, we investigated the epidemiologic patterns and causes of EsC. Using population based cancer data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program of the United States; we generated the most up-to-date stage distribution and 5-year relative survival by stage at diagnosis for 1998-2009. Special note should be given to the fact that esophageal cancer, mainly adenocarcinoma, is one of the very few cancers that is contributing to increasing death rates (20%) among males in the United States.

• #28 Esophageal Cancer: Epidemiology, Screening, and Prevention | Abdominal Key

  https://abdominalkey.com/esophageal-cancer-epidemiology-screening-and-prevention/

  The risk factors for ACE are distinct from those for esophageal SCC. […] In general, ACE is approximately five times more common in Caucasians than in African Americans, and the association with socioeconomic status seen in SCC is not found in ACE. […] Numerous studies have found that increasing obesity, as measured by body mass index, is a risk factor not only for acid reflux and Barrett esophagus but also for development of ACE. […] Chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been shown to increase the risk of ACE both in case-control studies and in a recent meta-analysis. […] Barrett esophagus (BE) remains the most significant and widely studied risk factor for ACE. […] The presence of BE independently increases the risk of developing ACE between 30 and 400 times, although a more accurate estimate is believed to be in the 30 to 60 range. […] The rate of progression from BE to ACE has been estimated in many investigations, and recent meta-analyses suggest that the rate of progression to cancer is approximately 0.5% per year. […] However, the risk is significantly higher in dysplastic BE.

• #29 Overview of esophageal cancer – Abbas- Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery

  https://www.annalscts.com/article/view/14238/html

  GERD is a known risk factor for BE and EAC. A meta-analysis demonstrated that weekly symptoms of GERD increased the odds of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma by five-fold, while daily symptoms increased the risk by seven-fold. […] Patients with BE have been shown to have a 30- to 60-fold increase in the incidence of EAC, although the annual absolute risk of developing EAC is 0.12%, rather than previously expected rates of 0.5%. The incidence of BE is two to three times higher in men than women, and male sex is an independent risk factor for malignant transformation. […] The current risk stratification of BE for EAC relies on histological classification and grade of dysplasia. However, histology alone cannot assess the risk of patients with inconsistent or non-dysplastic BE histology. Recently there has been much enthusiasm for using genetic abnormalities to differentiate between patients with dysplastic BE who will progress to EAC, and those who will not.

• #30 Overview of esophageal cancer – Abbas- Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery

  https://www.annalscts.com/article/view/14238/html

  Esophageal cancer continues to be a male dominant disease. Worldwide, ESCC is two to three times more common in males than females. Generally speaking, this male predominance is even more marked in the EAC histological subtype. A global assessment indicated an overall male-to-female ratio of 4.4, which ranged from 1.7 in sub-Saharan Africa to 8.5 in North America. In the United States of America (USA), 76% of cases of adenocarcinoma from 1973 to 2012 have occurred in white males. […] The rapid increase in the incidence of EAC has paralleled the rise of obesity in the western world. A variety of observational studies, systemic reviews and meta-analyses have shown and confirmed association between obesity and EAC. The association between increasing body mass index (BMI) and EAC has been shown to be dose dependent. The risk of EAC in patients with a BMI of 30 or more is approximately 16 times greater compared to those with a BMI of 22 or less.

• #31

  http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcb/article/view/1152

  Esophageal cancer is the seventh most common cancer worldwide. It is the sixth most common cause of cancer-related deaths. Esophageal cancer is known as the fourth most common cause of death in India. It is more prevalent in males than females, with a ratio of 4:1. Approximately, 47,000 new cases are reported each year, and the reported deaths reach up to 42,000 each year in India. […] Risk factors involved in carcinoma esophagus are tobacco consumption, unhealthy diet like spicy food, alcohol, and diet deficient in trace elements mostly selenium, alkalinity of soil, genetic variation, and low socio-economic status. […] Tobacco smoking is a strong risk factor for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, but a weak risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Alcohol consumption is a strong risk factor for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma but is not a risk factor for adenocarcinoma.

• #32 Overview of esophageal cancer – Abbas- Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery

  https://www.annalscts.com/article/view/14238/html

  GERD is a known risk factor for BE and EAC. A meta-analysis demonstrated that weekly symptoms of GERD increased the odds of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma by five-fold, while daily symptoms increased the risk by seven-fold. […] Patients with BE have been shown to have a 30- to 60-fold increase in the incidence of EAC, although the annual absolute risk of developing EAC is 0.12%, rather than previously expected rates of 0.5%. The incidence of BE is two to three times higher in men than women, and male sex is an independent risk factor for malignant transformation. […] The current risk stratification of BE for EAC relies on histological classification and grade of dysplasia. However, histology alone cannot assess the risk of patients with inconsistent or non-dysplastic BE histology. Recently there has been much enthusiasm for using genetic abnormalities to differentiate between patients with dysplastic BE who will progress to EAC, and those who will not.

• #33 Overview of esophageal cancer – Abbas- Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery

  https://www.annalscts.com/article/view/14238/html

  GERD is a known risk factor for BE and EAC. A meta-analysis demonstrated that weekly symptoms of GERD increased the odds of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma by five-fold, while daily symptoms increased the risk by seven-fold. […] Patients with BE have been shown to have a 30- to 60-fold increase in the incidence of EAC, although the annual absolute risk of developing EAC is 0.12%, rather than previously expected rates of 0.5%. The incidence of BE is two to three times higher in men than women, and male sex is an independent risk factor for malignant transformation. […] The current risk stratification of BE for EAC relies on histological classification and grade of dysplasia. However, histology alone cannot assess the risk of patients with inconsistent or non-dysplastic BE histology. Recently there has been much enthusiasm for using genetic abnormalities to differentiate between patients with dysplastic BE who will progress to EAC, and those who will not.

• #34 Epidemiology of esophageal cancer in 2020 and projections to 2030 and 2040

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9807450/

  In 2020, the age-standardized rate of esophageal cancer was 6.3 per 100,000 population. Between 1990 and 2020, the age-standardized rate of incidence declined by 16.8%, but the global total incidence rose by 94.7%, from 310,236 to 604,100. […] For both sexes combined, in 2020, nearly 79.7% of new cases of esophageal cancer were detected in Asia (481,552 cases), which represents 59.5% of the global population. […] The HDI, one of the most common measures of development, is a composite index of life expectancy, education, and gross national income. It has been reported that the overall incidence of cancer is positively correlated with HDI. […] In 2020, esophageal cancer was the sixth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with an estimated 0.54 million deaths. […] The prevalence of esophageal cancer has grown dramatically worldwide in recent years. If current trends continue, it is projected that 739,666 new cases of and 723,466 deaths from esophageal cancer will occur in 2030, and there will be 987,723 new cases and 914,304 deaths in 2040 around the world.

• #35 The global landscape of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence and mortality in 2020 and projections to 2040: new estimates from GLOBOCAN 2020 – IARC

  https://www.iarc.who.int/news-events/the-global-landscape-of-esophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma-and-esophageal-adenocarcinoma-incidence-and-mortality-in-2020-and-projections-to-2040-new-estimates-from-globocan-2020/

  Scientists from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and partners estimate that the global burden of oesophageal cancer will increase by more than 50% from 2020 to 2040, to almost 1 million new cases per year. […] In 2020 there were estimated to be about 604 000 new cases of oesophageal cancer and about 544 000 deaths from oesophageal cancer globally, with large variations in incidence and mortality across world regions. […] The highest incidence rates were observed in Eastern Asia and Southern and Eastern Africa. […] Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, one of the main subtypes of this disease, dominated the burden of oesophageal cancer in these regions. […] In regions with historically low incidence, such as North America and Europe, high rates of oesophageal adenocarcinoma, another subtype, have been documented. […] This subtype of oesophageal cancer has been previously linked to obesity. […] The results highlight the future impact of oesophageal cancer if no further cancer control actions are taken.

• #36 A glimpse into the future of esophageal carcinoma in the United States: predicting the future incidence until 2040 based on the current epidemiological data – Tella – Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology

  https://jgo.amegroups.org/article/view/72629/html

  Our prediction model noticed interesting findings of estimated dramatic change in the epidemiology of esophageal carcinoma over the next two decades. […] In summary, over the next two decades, we forecast an increased incidence of adenocarcinoma histology subtype of esophageal cancer while squamous subtype will have a decreased trend.

• #37 Esophageal Cancer: An Updated Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Database Analysis | Then | World Journal of Oncology

  https://www.wjon.org/index.php/wjon/article/view/1254/979

  Esophageal cancer is the sixth leading cause of cancer-related deaths and the eighth most common cancer worldwide with a 5-year survival rate of less than 25%. […] We retrospectively analyzed the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database made available by the National Cancer Institute in the USA. […] The primary aim of this study was to analyze incidence rate, mortality rate and yearly incidence trend using data extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registry for the time period of 2004 – 2015. […] Overall, the 5-year survival rate of esophageal cancer, of all types, remains poor at approximately 20%. […] Present day screening for esophageal cancer is a point of contention for multiple reasons. […] Despite its poor prognosis, significant strides in cancer treatment have resulted in a decreased mortality over the past four decades.

• #38 Esophageal Cancer: Epidemiology, Screening, and Prevention | Abdominal Key

  https://abdominalkey.com/esophageal-cancer-epidemiology-screening-and-prevention/

  Despite these impressive changes in histologic subtype, the overall number of esophageal malignancies has only increased slightly in the United States because as the incidence of ACE has increased, the incidence of SCC has decreased. […] Overall, there were estimated to be 14,520 new cases of esophageal cancers in 2005, and esophageal cancer was responsible for 13,570 deaths. […] The 5-year survival rate of 14% is worse than most other malignancies, with the exception of pancreatic and hepatobiliary cancers, and has improved only trivially since the 1970s and 1980s. […] Of new diagnoses of esophageal cancer in the United States in 2005, more than half were ACE; the majority of the remainder of cancers were SCC. […] Risk factors and other issues pertaining to these cancers are discussed in separate sections of this chapter.

• #39 Geographical Variation in Esophageal Cancer | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/publications/e-wgn/e-wgn-expert-point-of-view-articles-collection/geographical-variation-in-esophageal-cancer

  The main reason for poor survival in esophageal cancer is that most tumors are asymptomatic and go undetected until they have spread beyond the esophageal wall. Significant reduction in esophageal cancer mortality, both in low-risk and in high-risk populations, will probably require the development of successful new strategies for screening asymptomatic high-risk individuals which can diagnose and treat more cases at earlier, more curable stages of the disease. […] Early detection is the key to less invasive management and improvement in survival for esophageal cancer. A national early detection program for ESCC is now being implemented in high-risk areas of China, and similar early detection programs are being considered in parts of Iran and Kenya.

• #40 Geographical Variation in Esophageal Cancer | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/publications/e-wgn/e-wgn-expert-point-of-view-articles-collection/geographical-variation-in-esophageal-cancer

  The main reason for poor survival in esophageal cancer is that most tumors are asymptomatic and go undetected until they have spread beyond the esophageal wall. Significant reduction in esophageal cancer mortality, both in low-risk and in high-risk populations, will probably require the development of successful new strategies for screening asymptomatic high-risk individuals which can diagnose and treat more cases at earlier, more curable stages of the disease. […] Early detection is the key to less invasive management and improvement in survival for esophageal cancer. A national early detection program for ESCC is now being implemented in high-risk areas of China, and similar early detection programs are being considered in parts of Iran and Kenya.

• #41

  https://www.healio.com/news/gastroenterology/20230110/endoscopic-surveillance-reduces-incidence-of-esophageal-cancer-in-atrisk-patients

  Although individuals in China with low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia are at higher risk for developing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, that risk can be reduced by more than 30% with surveillance endoscopy, according to research. […] The primary aim of endoscopic surveillance in patients with LGIN is to reduce new esophageal cancer (EC)-related cases and deaths by detecting and treating premalignant lesions and early-stage asymptomatic EC. […] During a median follow-up of 7.96 years, 170 patients were diagnosed with ESCC (cumulative incidence = 6.28/1,000 person-years), and the incidence was higher among patients in the non-surveillance group compared with the surveillance group (113 cases; 7.07/1,000 person-years vs. 57 cases; 5.14/1,000 person-years). […] Further, surveillance endoscopy correlated with a 31% decreased risk for developing ESCC (HR = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.5-0.95). […] In addition, surveillance endoscopy in patients with LGIN is associated with a reduction in ESCC incidence, Li and colleagues concluded.

• #42

  https://www.healio.com/news/gastroenterology/20230110/endoscopic-surveillance-reduces-incidence-of-esophageal-cancer-in-atrisk-patients

  Although individuals in China with low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia are at higher risk for developing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, that risk can be reduced by more than 30% with surveillance endoscopy, according to research. […] The primary aim of endoscopic surveillance in patients with LGIN is to reduce new esophageal cancer (EC)-related cases and deaths by detecting and treating premalignant lesions and early-stage asymptomatic EC. […] During a median follow-up of 7.96 years, 170 patients were diagnosed with ESCC (cumulative incidence = 6.28/1,000 person-years), and the incidence was higher among patients in the non-surveillance group compared with the surveillance group (113 cases; 7.07/1,000 person-years vs. 57 cases; 5.14/1,000 person-years). […] Further, surveillance endoscopy correlated with a 31% decreased risk for developing ESCC (HR = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.5-0.95). […] In addition, surveillance endoscopy in patients with LGIN is associated with a reduction in ESCC incidence, Li and colleagues concluded.

• #43 Follow Up and Surveillance of Esophageal Cancer Treated With Curative Intent – Canadian Association of Thoracic Surgeons

  https://www.canadianthoracicsurgeons.ca/2020/09/21/follow-up-and-surveillance-of-esophageal-cancer-treated-with-curative-intent/

  The majority of recurrences (44%) occur in the first two years following cancer treatment, but some have been described up to more than 5 years after. (NCCN) […] In 2019, Canadian Cancer Society estimate: 2,300 Canadians will receive a diagnosis of esophageal cancer […] 2,200 Canadians will die of esophageal cancer […] Lifelong follow up is recommended.

• #44 Follow Up and Surveillance of Esophageal Cancer Treated With Curative Intent – Canadian Association of Thoracic Surgeons

  https://www.canadianthoracicsurgeons.ca/2020/09/21/follow-up-and-surveillance-of-esophageal-cancer-treated-with-curative-intent/

  The majority of recurrences (44%) occur in the first two years following cancer treatment, but some have been described up to more than 5 years after. (NCCN) […] In 2019, Canadian Cancer Society estimate: 2,300 Canadians will receive a diagnosis of esophageal cancer […] 2,200 Canadians will die of esophageal cancer […] Lifelong follow up is recommended.

• #45 Discoveries in GI Cancer

  https://www.healio.com/news/hematology-oncology/20210625/intensive-surveillance-following-esophageal-cancer-may-improve-outcomes

  Intensive surveillance following esophageal cancer surgery improved oncologic outcomes, according to data presented at ASCO 2021. […] This was especially true for patients who presented with the disease at an early stage, or who had a favorable pathological stage following induction therapy, according to the researchers. […] „Although established and emerging therapies for recurrent esophageal cancer may impact on survival and quality of life, surveillance protocols after primary curative treatment are very inconsistent, likely reflecting limited evidence,” Elliot said. […] „Intensive surveillance is associated with increased probability of receiving tumor-directed therapy following recurrence. And this highlights that an aggressive treatment approach, and to the management of recurrent disease, may be associated with improved outcomes in some patients,” she said.

• #46

  https://journals.lww.com/annalsofsurgery/fulltext/2023/05000/an_international_multicenter_study_exploring.30.aspx

  This international multicenter study of 4682 patients provides a contemporary picture of surveillance policies after curative therapies in high-volume European and North American Centers, and highlights significant variation in practice. […] For the first time we characterize the impact of postoperative surveillance approaches on oncologic outcomes and HRQL. […] These data suggest that although an intensive surveillance policy did not impact oncologic outcome across all patients, this approach may positively impact cancer survival in patients with earlier stage disease ab initio or following neoadjuvant therapy, suggesting that cancer recurrence within these defined populations with more favorable biology may be treatable within the modern expanded armamentarium. […] Intensive surveillance was also associated with increased probability of tumor-directed therapy following recurrence, highlighting that an aggressive treatment approach in the management of recurrent disease may be associated with improved outcomes in selected patients.

• #47

  https://journals.lww.com/annalsofsurgery/fulltext/2023/05000/an_international_multicenter_study_exploring.30.aspx

  This international multicenter study of 4682 patients provides a contemporary picture of surveillance policies after curative therapies in high-volume European and North American Centers, and highlights significant variation in practice. […] For the first time we characterize the impact of postoperative surveillance approaches on oncologic outcomes and HRQL. […] These data suggest that although an intensive surveillance policy did not impact oncologic outcome across all patients, this approach may positively impact cancer survival in patients with earlier stage disease ab initio or following neoadjuvant therapy, suggesting that cancer recurrence within these defined populations with more favorable biology may be treatable within the modern expanded armamentarium. […] Intensive surveillance was also associated with increased probability of tumor-directed therapy following recurrence, highlighting that an aggressive treatment approach in the management of recurrent disease may be associated with improved outcomes in selected patients.

• #48 Surveillance versus esophagectomy in esophageal cancer patients with a clinical complete response after induction chemoradiation

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/18301/html

  There currently exists an area of controversy in treatment of esophageal cancer for patients who have an apparent clinical complete response (cCR) after induction chemoradiation. […] A standard treatment is to offer these patients an esophagectomy, but increasingly there is interest from both the patient and provider for active surveillance with so-called salvage esophagectomies for local recurrence as an alternative treatment paradigm. […] High-level evidence supports restaging following neoadjuvant therapy to rule out interval development of distant metastases prior to committing to the more risky and morbid surgical resection. […] In recent years, however, the role of universal surgery following chemoradiation for locally advanced esophageal cancer has been called into question, especially for patients who are loosely defined as marginal operative candidates at diagnosis or those in whom residual cancer cannot be demonstrated on restaging.

• #49 Active Surveillance vs Standard Surgery After Complete Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Esophageal Cancer – The ASCO Post

  https://ascopost.com/news/april-2025/active-surveillance-vs-standard-surgery-after-complete-response-to-neoadjuvant-chemoradiotherapy-in-esophageal-cancer

  In a Dutch noninferiority phase III trial (SANO) reported in The Lancet Oncology, van der Wilk et al found that active surveillance was noninferior to standard surgery in terms of 2-year overall survival among patients with esophageal cancer who had a clinical complete response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. […] Overall survival after active surveillance for esophageal cancer was noninferior compared with standard surgery after 2 years. For the long-term efficacy of active surveillance, extended follow-up is required. The results of the present trial could be used for patient counseling and shared decision-making.

• #50 Active Surveillance vs Standard Surgery After Complete Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Esophageal Cancer – The ASCO Post

  https://ascopost.com/news/april-2025/active-surveillance-vs-standard-surgery-after-complete-response-to-neoadjuvant-chemoradiotherapy-in-esophageal-cancer

  In a Dutch noninferiority phase III trial (SANO) reported in The Lancet Oncology, van der Wilk et al found that active surveillance was noninferior to standard surgery in terms of 2-year overall survival among patients with esophageal cancer who had a clinical complete response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. […] Overall survival after active surveillance for esophageal cancer was noninferior compared with standard surgery after 2 years. For the long-term efficacy of active surveillance, extended follow-up is required. The results of the present trial could be used for patient counseling and shared decision-making.

• #51 Active Surveillance May Have a Role in Esophageal Cancer | MedPage Today

  https://www.medpagetoday.com/hematologyoncology/othercancers/114741

  The trial included 309 patients who achieved a complete response with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, with 156 assigned to AS and 153 to surgery (the ITT population). […] Of the patients undergoing AS after clinical complete response, „almost half (91 of 198) were spared unbeneficial esophagectomy, resulting in improved short-term health-related quality of life,” they wrote. […] Patients who underwent AS (including the participants with postponed esophagectomy in case of locoregional regrowth) had statistically significantly better global health-related quality of life compared with those who underwent standard surgery at 6 months and 9 months after completion of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, as measured by the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) quality-of-life questionnaire.

• #52 Discoveries in GI Cancer

  https://www.healio.com/news/hematology-oncology/20210625/intensive-surveillance-following-esophageal-cancer-may-improve-outcomes

  Intensive surveillance following esophageal cancer surgery improved oncologic outcomes, according to data presented at ASCO 2021. […] This was especially true for patients who presented with the disease at an early stage, or who had a favorable pathological stage following induction therapy, according to the researchers. […] „Although established and emerging therapies for recurrent esophageal cancer may impact on survival and quality of life, surveillance protocols after primary curative treatment are very inconsistent, likely reflecting limited evidence,” Elliot said. […] „Intensive surveillance is associated with increased probability of receiving tumor-directed therapy following recurrence. And this highlights that an aggressive treatment approach, and to the management of recurrent disease, may be associated with improved outcomes in some patients,” she said.

• #53

  https://journals.lww.com/annalsofsurgery/fulltext/2023/05000/an_international_multicenter_study_exploring.30.aspx

  To determine the impact of surveillance on recurrence pattern, treatment, survival and health-related quality-of-life (HRQL) following curative-intent resection for esophageal cancer. […] Although therapies for recurrent esophageal cancer may impact survival and HRQL, surveillance protocols after primary curative treatment are varied and inconsistent, reflecting a lack of evidence. […] The debate for esophageal cancer is limited by a paucity of evidence. This may reflect both a lack of attention to this topic in research, with no randomized controlled trials, and relatively poor quality cohort and observational studies with considerable heterogeneity. The approach to surveillance varies considerably internationally. […] Guidelines also vary, for instance the National Comprehensive Cancer Network recommend regular cross-sectional imaging for patients with locally advanced disease, while the European Society for Medical Oncology guidelines suggest follow-up based on symptoms, nutrition and psychological support, and do not recommend routine imaging nor endoscopic surveillance.

• #54 Post-Neoadjuvant Surveillance and Surgery as Needed Compared with Post-Neoadjuvant Surgery on Principle in Multimodal Treatment for Esophageal Cancer: A Scoping Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/3/429

  It is important to emphasize the lack of high-quality data from RCTs with modern diagnostic methods for detection of cCR and with modern neoadjuvant treatment strategies (nCRT and especially nCT). […] Therefore, there is an urgent need to perform further RCTs regarding surveillance and surgery as needed with modern diagnostic and multimodal treatment strategies.

• #55 A prospective cohort study on active surveillance after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer: protocol of Surgery As Needed for Oesophageal cancer-2 | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-023-10747-z

  The primary endpoint of the SANO-2 study is safety of active surveillance (including delayed surgery), defined by the number of patients with an adverse event. Adverse events are defined as complications from upper endoscopy with biopsies, EUS-FNA and FDG-PET/CT during active surveillance. Adverse events also include unresectable or incurable tumor (cT4b or M1), microscopically non-radical (R1) resection, postoperative mortality (90-day or in-hospital mortality), postoperative hospital stay of 60 days, postoperative complications as defined by the Esophagectomy Complications Consensus Group (ECCG) and the development of distant metastases. These data are compared with data from the DUCA. […] The Dutch patient federation for cancer of the digestive tract states that active surveillance for esophageal cancer should be discussed with patients while awaiting SANO results, as there was equipoise for active surveillance in a randomized study design. Secondly, there have been no safety issues reported so far and patients should be given the opportunity to make a well-informed shared decision for active surveillance based on the currently available data. The potential risks associated with active surveillance are regrowth of tumor that may be detected beyond the resectability limit, development of distant metastases from residual disease and a possible increase in postoperative morbidity of delayed surgery.

• #56 Epidemiology of esophageal cancer in 2020 and projections to 2030 and 2040

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9807450/

  The burden of esophageal cancer increases substantially at all HDI levels. The striking magnitude of the increase can be seen in low HDI countries. High HDI countries would experience the greatest new cases and deaths in 2030 and 2040. […] As one of the most common malignancies, esophageal cancer has become an urgent global health challenge and the growing trend of esophageal cancer cases is expected to continue for the next two decades and beyond.

• #57 Epidemiology, etiology, and prevention of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in China | Cancer Biology & Medicine

  https://www.cancerbiomed.org/content/14/1/33

  The incidence of esophageal cancer has been steady in recent decades and in most countries. The incidence among males in Asia has generally declined, whereas the incidence slightly increased in Europe. […] The greatest burden of ESCC occurs in the Asian Esophageal Cancer Belt, which extends from northern Iran, east to China, and north to Russia, presents an estimated ESCC of more than 100 cases/100,000 person-years. […] The incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer are also affected by geography. […] The treatment and prevention of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma are among the most important public health issues in China. […] Effective preventive actions, such as health education, nutritional intervention, and screening, should be enhanced, especially in high-risk areas.

• #58 Young-onset esophageal adenocarcinoma: Results from a population-based study – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/medical-professionals/digestive-diseases/news/young-onset-esophageal-adenocarcinoma-results-from-a-population-based-study/mac-20511018

  Additional research is required to determine the biologic, genetic and environmental factors that account for the higher proportion of advanced disease identified in younger patients. […] The Mayo Clinic researchers note that until future research clarifies some of the questions raised here, their findings suggest that current diagnostic and management strategies for patients under age 50 may need to be reevaluated. […] „We need to gain a better understanding of both patient and physician perceptions of symptoms that could indicate esophageal cancer. Further, younger people who are diagnosed with Barrett’s esophagus, a premalignant condition, may require more-intensive cancer surveillance than current guidelines suggest.”

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