Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Prevention Strategies for Esophageal Cancer—An Expert Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8125297/

  In the last decades, there has been a rapid increase in the incidence and prevalence of esophageal cancer in many countries around the world. […] Although several important risk factors have been identified, strong evidence-based preventive strategies are still lacking, and the prognosis of patients diagnosed with esophageal cancer remains poor, with an average survival rate of 5 years for only 20%. […] This review provides a summary of the epidemiological features and risk factors associated with these tumors. Moreover, a major focus is posed on reporting and highlighting the various preventing strategies proposed by the most important international scientific societies, particularly in high-risk populations, with the final aim of detecting these lesions as early as possible and therefore favoring their definite cure.

• #1 Esophageal Cancer Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/esophageal/patient/esophageal-prevention-pdq

  Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer. […] The following risk factors increase the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: Smoking and alcohol use. […] The following protective factors may decrease the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: Avoiding tobacco and alcohol use, Chemoprevention with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. […] The following risk factors increase the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus: Gastric reflux. […] The following protective factors may decrease the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus: Chemoprevention with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Radiofrequency ablation of the esophagus. […] Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer. […] New ways to prevent esophageal cancer are being studied in clinical trials.

• #2 Prevention Strategies for Esophageal Cancer—An Expert Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/9/2183

  In the last decades, there has been a rapid increase in the incidence and prevalence of esophageal cancer in many countries around the world. […] Although several important risk factors have been identified, strong evidence-based preventive strategies are still lacking, and the prognosis of patients diagnosed with esophageal cancer remains poor, with an average survival rate of 5 years for only 20%. […] This review is an attempt to summarize the epidemiology and risk factors of EC and to highlight the unresolved aspects of current prevention strategies in order to plan more fruitful future initiatives aimed at ameliorating the disappointing prognosis of this kind of digestive tumor. […] This review provides a summary of the epidemiological features and risk factors associated with these tumors. Moreover, a major focus is posed on reporting and highlighting the various preventing strategies proposed by the most important international scientific societies, particularly in high-risk populations, with the final aim of detecting these lesions as early as possible and therefore favoring their definite cure.

• #2 Esophageal Cancer Prevention | Reducing Esophageal Cancer Risk in Cleveland, OH | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/services/cancer-services/thoracic-and-esophageal-cancer/esophageal-cancer/prevention

  Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer. […] The following risk factors increase the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: Smoking and alcohol use. […] The following protective factors may decrease the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: Avoiding tobacco and alcohol use. […] Chemoprevention with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. […] The following risk factors increase the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus: Gastric reflux. […] The following protective factors may decrease the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus: Chemoprevention with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. […] Radiofrequency ablation of the esophagus. […] Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer. […] New ways to prevent esophageal cancer are being studied in clinical trials.

• #3 Esophageal Cancer Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/esophageal/patient/esophageal-prevention-pdq

  Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer. […] The following risk factors increase the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: Smoking and alcohol use. […] The following protective factors may decrease the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: Avoiding tobacco and alcohol use, Chemoprevention with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. […] The following risk factors increase the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus: Gastric reflux. […] The following protective factors may decrease the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus: Chemoprevention with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Radiofrequency ablation of the esophagus. […] Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer. […] New ways to prevent esophageal cancer are being studied in clinical trials.

• #3 Preventing Esophageal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/esophageal-cancer/prevention

  Cancer of the esophagus, the muscular tube that carries food to the stomach, is largely preventable. There are two types of the condition: squamous cell carcinoma, which develops in the flat cells that line the esophagus, and adenocarcinoma, which arises in gland cells. In the United States, esophageal adenocarcinoma is more common than squamous cell carcinoma. […] NYU Langone doctors recommend several actions you can take to reduce the likelihood of getting esophageal cancer. […] Smoking increases the risk of esophageal cancer, especially squamous cell carcinoma. If you smoke, doctors strongly urge you to quit. You can get help quitting through the comprehensive Tobacco Cessation Programs at NYU Langone. […] Heavy alcohol consumption increases the risk of squamous cell esophageal cancer. Alcohol is recognized as a human carcinogen, and can damage the lining of the esophagus over time. Moderate alcohol intake is defined as no more than two drinks per day in men and one drink in women.

• #4 Reducing your risk for esophageal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/esophageal/risks/reducing-your-risk

  You may lower your risk of developing esophageal cancer by doing the following. […] The best way to lower your risk for esophageal cancer is to avoid all forms of tobacco, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes and smokeless tobacco. […] Quitting reduces your risk of esophageal cancer. […] Drinking alcohol increases your risk of developing esophageal cancer. […] To reduce your cancer risk, it’s best not to drink alcohol. […] If you choose to drink alcohol, keep your cancer risk as low as possible by having no more than 2 standard drinks a week. […] Not chewing betel quid or areca nut lowers your risk of developing esophageal cancer. […] GERD is a disorder in which the contents of the stomach (including stomach acid) back up, or reflux, into the esophagus. […] Research shows that being overweight or obese increases your risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus.

• #5 Can Esophageal Cancer Be Prevented? | Preventing Esophagus Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/esophagus-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/prevention.html

  Avoid tobacco and alcohol […] Watch your diet, body weight, and physical activity […] Get treated for reflux or Barretts esophagus […] Not all esophageal cancers can be prevented, but the risk of developing this disease can be greatly reduced by avoiding certain risk factors. […] In the United States, the most important lifestyle risk factors for cancer of the esophagus are the use of tobacco and alcohol. Each of these factors alone increases the risk of esophageal cancer many times, and the risk is even greater if they are combined. Avoiding tobacco and alcohol is one of the best ways of limiting your risk of esophageal cancer. […] Following a healthy eating pattern and staying at a healthy weight are also important. A diet rich in fruits and vegetables may help lower esophageal cancer risk. Obesity has been linked with esophageal cancer, particularly the adenocarcinoma type, so staying at a healthy weight may also help limit the risk of this disease. Being physically active may also reduce your risk of esophageal cancer.

• #6 Reducing your risk for esophageal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/esophageal/risks/reducing-your-risk

  You can lower your risk by having a healthy body weight. […] Drinking very hot beverages, such as hot coffee, tea and mat, increases your risk of esophageal cancer. […] Diets that are high in processed meats may increase the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the esophagus. […] There is some evidence that eating a healthy diet that includes lots of vegetables and fruit may lower your risk of developing esophageal cancer. […] Studies have shown that physical activity may lower the risk of esophageal cancer. […] If you are at higher than average risk, you may need to visit your doctor more often to check for esophageal cancer.

• #7 Preventing Esophageal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/esophageal-cancer/prevention

  If you have gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, in which acidic stomach contents rise into the esophagus two or more times a week, you have a slightly increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma. […] If you are overweight or obese, talk with your doctor or a dietitian about the best way to slim down. Experts in our Weight Management Program can also help. […] Eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables may help you lose weight. Such a diet can also help reduce your risk of developing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Some studies show that cruciferous vegetables, such as cauliflower and cabbage, contain substances that may help prevent esophageal cancer. […] Infection with certain types of human papillomavirus, or HPV, a common sexually transmitted disease, can increase your chance of developing squamous cell cancer. […] People with achalasia have an increased long-term risk of developing esophageal cancer. There are several treatments for achalasia, including medication, injections, and surgery.

• #8 Prevention Strategies for Esophageal Cancer—An Expert Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8125297/

  In order to achieve a major improvement in the prognosis of EC, preventive measures have been investigated, developed, and are highly warranted. […] The identification of risk factors is an important first step for primary prevention. […] The major risk factors for EAC include symptomatic gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barretts esophagus, visceral abdominal obesity, tobacco use, assumption of drugs that relax the lower esophageal sphincter, as well as diet with a low intake of vegetables and fruit and rich in processed meat. […] It is of fundamental importance to identify high-risk groups for ESCC and EAC in order to detect premalignant lesions early and offer them adequate monitoring. […] The cytosponge is coupled with TFF3, an immunohistochemical biomarker for Barretts epithelium within a capsule attached to a string that must be swallowed and, when gelatin dissolves inside the stomach, the sponge is pulled up along the esophagus for cell collection.

• #9 Esophageal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Prevention – Patient Information [NCI] | Cigna

  https://www.cigna.com/knowledge-center/hw/medical-topics/esophageal-cancer-prevention-ncicdr0000062888

  Chemoprevention with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Chemoprevention is the use of drugs, vitamins, or other substances to help lower a person’s risk of developing cancer. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) include aspirin and other drugs that reduce swelling and pain. Some studies have shown that the use of NSAIDs may lower the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. However, the use of NSAIDs increases the risk of heart attack, heart failure, stroke, bleeding in the stomach and intestines, and kidney damage. […] The following risk factors increase the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus: Gastric reflux. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is strongly linked to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), especially when the GERD lasts a long time and severe symptoms occur daily.

• #10 Esophageal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Prevention – Health Professional Information [NCI] | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.esophageal-cancer-prevention-pdq%C2%AE-prevention-health-professional-information-nci.ncicdr0000062880

  Smoking and drinking alcohol may account for roughly 90% of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cases in Western countries like the United States. […] Based on solid evidence, avoidance of tobacco and alcohol would decrease the risk of squamous cell carcinoma. […] Based on fair evidence, epidemiological studies have found that aspirin or NSAID use is associated with decreased risk of developing or dying from esophageal cancer (odds ratio [OR], 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.470.71). […] Based on fair evidence, an association exists between GERD and adenocarcinoma, particularly if the GERD is long-standing and symptoms are severe. […] Based on fair evidence, epidemiological studies have found that aspirin or NSAID use is associated with decreased risk of developing or dying from esophageal cancer (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.470.71). […] A randomized controlled trial has found that radiofrequency ablation of Barrett esophagus with severe dysplasia may lead to eradication of both dysplasia and intestinal metaplasia and a reduced risk of disease progression.

• #11 Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Risk Factors

  https://www.johnmuirhealth.com/services/cancer-services/what-we-treat/esophageal-cancer-services/esophageal-cancer-prevention.html

  While there is not a standard screening test for esophageal cancer and the exact cause may not be fully understood, there are certain modifiable and non-modifiable risks factors and esophageal conditions that are associated with a higher incidence of diagnosis of esophageal cancer. […] The most common risks factors include: […] Tobacco and alcohol use: Use of tobacco in any form can increase your risk of developing esophageal cancer, particularly squamous cell carcinoma. The same is true of heavy use of alcohol over a long period of time. […] Barretts esophagus: This condition happens when long-term reflux of acid from the stomach into the esophagus causes precancerous changes in the cells of the esophagus. A diagnosis of Barretts esophagus increases the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma.

• #12

  https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/esophageal-cancer/prevention.php

  There are two main types of esophageal cancer, both of which can be prevented. […] This is why its so important to prevent esophageal cancer. The first step is understanding what causes esophageal cancer. […] Because many esophageal cancers are preventable, it is possible to reduce your risk through lifestyle changes. […] NCI recommends the following esophageal cancer prevention guidelines: Not using any tobacco products, Not consuming alcohol, Maintaining a body mass index below 25, Being physically active every day, Eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables and low in processed meats, Seeking treatment for reflux disease and Barrett esophagus. […] While many esophageal cancers can be avoided by abstaining from tobacco or alcohol, some cannot.

• #13 Esophageal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/esophageal/hp/esophageal-prevention-pdq

  Smoking and drinking alcohol may account for roughly 90% of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cases in Western countries like the United States. […] Based on solid evidence, avoidance of tobacco and alcohol would decrease the risk of squamous cell carcinoma. […] Based on fair evidence, epidemiological studies have found that aspirin or NSAID use is associated with decreased risk of developing or dying of esophageal cancer (odds ratio [OR], 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.470.71). […] Based on fair evidence, epidemiological studies have found that aspirin or NSAID use is associated with decreased risk of developing or dying from esophageal cancer (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.470.71). […] A randomized controlled trial has found that radiofrequency ablation of Barrett esophagus with severe dysplasia may lead to eradication of both dysplasia and intestinal metaplasia and a reduced risk of disease progression. […] This study suggests that the treatment of patients with Barrett esophagus and dysplasia may ablate Barrett esophagus and prevent disease progression.

• #14 Physical activity is associated with reduced risk of esophageal cancer, particularly esophageal adenocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-230X-14-101

  Physical activity has been inversely associated with risk of several cancers. […] Meta-analysis of published observational studies indicates that physical activity may be associated with reduced risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Lifestyle interventions focusing on increasing physical activity may decrease the global burden of EAC. […] For non-tobacco users, diet and physical activity are the most important modifiable determinants of cancer risk. […] The protective effect of physical activity against cancer is possibly mediated by counteracting the adverse carcinogenic effects of obesity, improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing systemic inflammation leading to favorable immunomodulation. […] There have been several studies reporting an inverse association between physical activity and risk of esophageal cancer, but results have been inconsistent.

• #15 Physical activity is associated with reduced risk of esophageal cancer, particularly esophageal adenocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-230X-14-101

  To better understand the relationship between physical activity and esophageal cancer risk, in particular, the risk of EAC, we performed a systematic review with meta-analysis of all studies that investigated the association between physical activity and risk of esophageal cancer in adults. […] The primary analysis focused on assessing the association between physical activity and the risk of overall esophageal cancer, as well as by histological subtypes EAC and ESCC. […] On sub-group analysis, the association between physical activity and risk of esophageal cancer was stable across case-control and cohort studies, and across Western and Asian population. […] Recreational physical activity, the potentially modifiable component of physical activity, was associated with a decreased risk of esophageal cancer.

• #16 Can Esophageal Cancer Be Prevented? | Preventing Esophagus Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/esophagus-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/prevention.html

  Treating people with reflux may help prevent Barretts esophagus and esophageal cancer. […] People at a higher risk for esophageal cancer, such as those with Barretts esophagus, are often watched closely by their doctors with endoscopies to look for signs that the cells lining the esophagus have become more abnormal. […] If dysplasia (a pre-cancerous condition) is found, the doctor may recommend treatments to keep it from developing into esophageal cancer. […] For those who have Barretts esophagus, daily treatment with a PPI might lower the risk of developing cell changes (dysplasia) that can turn into cancer. […] Treatment can often improve symptoms and might prevent future problems. […] Some studies have found that the risk of cancer of the esophagus is lower in people with Barretts esophagus who take aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen. […] For this reason, most doctors dont advise that people take NSAIDs to try to prevent esophageal cancer.

• #17 Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Improved Treatment Options – OHC

  https://ohcare.com/esophageal-cancer-prevention/

  Taking steps to prevent cancer and understanding cancer risk factors are critical to well-being, particularly with cancers like esophageal cancer that are difficult to detect. […] While some risk factors are out of our control, there are steps you can take to decrease your risk of getting esophageal cancer. […] Not all esophageal cancers can be prevented, but there are ways to reduce your risk. According to the American Cancer Society, one of the best ways to protect yourself is to avoid tobacco and alcohol. Maintain a healthy lifestyle by having a healthy weight. Stay physically active and eat a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables. […] If you have frequent heartburn, speak to your doctor about acid reflux or GERD and ways to control the condition. Suffering with reflux for a long time can lead to Barrett’s esophagus, damage to the inner lining of the esophagus that increases your cancer risk.

• #18 Prevention Strategies for Esophageal Cancer—An Expert Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/9/2183

  The proposed and recommended endoscopy surveillance protocols usually start after curative treatment for head and neck cancer and continue every 6 months for 3–10 years to annual examinations. […] The main lifestyle and clinical factors known to influence the development of esophageal cancer and the related international recommendations are reported in Table 2. […] The clinical guidelines reported above recommend that patients with BE should receive once-daily PPI therapy. […] A multicenter prospective cohort study demonstrated that PPI use was associated with a 75% reduction in the risk of neoplastic progression in patients with BE. […] The use of these chemo-preventive agents, due to their well-known adverse effects such as cerebral and GI hemorrhage, is not justified also considering that the estimated risk of progression in patients with non-dysplastic BE is low (0.1–0.5%/year).

• #19

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11864-004-0030-6

  Early esophageal cancer is defined by its limitation to the esophageal mucosa and submucosa. Understanding the risk factors, establishing surveillance programs for patients at risk, and developing preventative interventions such as dietary and lifestyle changes or pharmacologic interventions hold the potential of reducing the incidence of the disease and of shifting the stage distribution toward early cancer. […] New, less invasive surgical techniques are being tested that are associated with less morbidity and mortality than standard radical esophagectomies. […] For patients who are not candidates for surgery, definitive chemoradiation is a viable alternative. […] New endoscopic ablation techniques, such as endoscopic mucosa resection and photodynamic therapy, are potential alternatives to surgery in patients with cancers limited to the mucosa. […] For patients with adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction with submucosal involvement, adjuvant chemoradiation should be considered because of its potential to increase survival.

• #20 Esophageal Cancer Prevention – Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.gastroenterologyandhepatology.net/archives/december-2016/esophageal-cancer-prevention/

  The most recent guidelines published by the American College of Gastroenterology, the American Gastroenterological Association, and the British Society of Gastroenterology advocate selective screening, which had not previously been recommended. […] The guidelines usually recommend surveillance endoscopy every 3 to 5 years, with 3 years being the most common interval for patients with nondysplastic Barrett esophagus. […] Mucosal resection techniques, in which the tissue is cut or shaved off, are very effective for early-stage cancer when performed in experienced centers. […] Recurrence is a major concern if the cancer was deep. […] One of the top priorities is to develop an effective screening program. […] We also need better research to help define the patient populations that require therapy.

• #21 Esophageal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Prevention – Health Professional Information [NCI] Arlington, VA

  https://nvpwomen.com/womens-health/healthwise?DOCHWID=ncicdr0000062880

  This information is produced and provided by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The information in this topic may have changed since it was written. For the most current information, contact the National Cancer Institute via the Internet web site at http://cancer.gov or call 1-800-4-CANCER. […] Smoking and drinking alcohol may account for roughly 90% of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cases in Western countries like the United States. […] Based on solid evidence, avoidance of tobacco and alcohol would decrease the risk of squamous cell carcinoma. […] Based on fair evidence, epidemiological studies have found that aspirin or NSAID use is associated with decreased risk of developing or dying from esophageal cancer (odds ratio [OR], 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.47–0.71). […] Based on solid evidence, harms of NSAID use include upper gastrointestinal bleeding and serious cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction, heart failure, hemorrhagic stroke, and renal impairment.

• #22 Screening and prevention strategies and endoscopic management of early esophageal cancer – Kim – Chinese Clinical Oncology

  https://cco.amegroups.org/article/view/17141/html

  Esophageal cancer is the 8th most common cancer worldwide and the 6th most common cause of cancer-related death. […] Preventive strategies involving reduction in tobacco and alcohol consumption as well as regular use of proton pump inhibitors and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are aimed at reducing the incidence of dysplasia and esophageal cancer, but require further study before being recommended for widespread use. […] In addition to lifestyle interventions such as smoking cessation and alcohol abstinence, chemopreventive strategies involving PPIs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and statins have been examined. […] As a result, it is currently recommended that patients with BE adhere to daily PPI therapy. […] Aspirin and NSAID use has been examined in the chemoprevention of ESCC as well, but the role of COX-2 expression in the pathogenesis of ESCC is less clear.

• #23 Prevention Strategies for Esophageal Cancer—An Expert Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8125297/

  The proposed and recommended endoscopy surveillance protocols usually start after curative treatment for head and neck cancer and continue every 6 months for 3-10 years to annual examinations. […] The clinical guidelines reported above recommend that patients with BE should receive once-daily PPI therapy. […] The use of PPIs is associated with a decreased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma and/or BE with high dysplasia in BE patients. […] In conclusion, the primary means of prevention for EAC and ESCC is to identify the risk factors and, if present, eliminate them. […] The secondary prevention consists of the detection of precancerous and early cancerous lesions when curative endoscopic treatment is still possible. […] The tertiary means of prevention is to allocate endoscopic resources to subjects in whom precancerous or early cancer conditions have already been identified or treated.

• #24 Chemoprevention Reduces Risk for Esophageal Cancer

  https://www.onclive.com/view/chemoprevention-reduces-risk-for-esophageal-cancer

  A combination of 2 over-the-counter medicines can moderately reduce the risk for high-grade dysplasia or esophageal cancer in patients with Barretts esophagus if taken for at least 7 years. […] The use of esomeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) that suppresses gastric acid, at a high dose (40 mg twice daily) in combination with low-dose aspirin was the most effective of 4 chemoprevention strategies involving the PPI and aspirin that researchers from the United Kingdom evaluated in a study that was launched nearly 20 years ago. […] The hazard ratio in favor of PPI use is 0.80 (P = .037), lead study author Janusz Jankowski, MD, MBBS, said while discussing the results during a press conference. […] Patients with Barretts, specifically, should speak with their physician about taking these drugs together in order to delay the events studied in this trial. […] Richard L. Schilsky, MD, ASCO senior vice president and chief medical officer, noted that Barretts can only be diagnosed with an endoscopy. Even if this type of treatment is appropriate, he said that patients require prospective monitoring to determine whether the lesion is shrinking.

• #25 High dose of the acid-reducing medicine esomeprazole… – Oncology Central

  https://www.oncology-central.com/acid-reducing-medicine-esomeprazole/

  A Phase III randomized trial has demonstrated that taking a high dose of the acid-reducing medicine esomeprazole (Nexium) with low dose aspirin for a minimum of 7 years can reduce the risk of developing esophageal cancer, a pre-cancerous lesion termed high-grade dysplasia or delay death from any cause in people with Barretts esophagus. […] From their analysis, the researchers discovered that esomeprazole had the strongest effect on prevention of esophageal cancer. […] Collectively, the team have estimated that interventions prevented 2025% of esophageal cancers and for those individuals who did ultimately develop esophageal cancer; the treatments delayed the onset of esophageal cancer by 12 years. […] We hope that the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence in the UK and national bodies in other countries will consider our findings when developing guidelines for esophageal cancer prevention.

• #26 Can Esophageal Cancer Be Prevented? | Blog | AACR

  https://www.aacr.org/blog/2020/04/02/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-for-esophageal-cancer/

  One way to potentially prevent esophageal cancer is to avoid risky behaviors, such as smoking, and heavy drinking. […] A recent study found that physical activity plays a role in preventing many types of cancer, including esophageal cancer. There is some evidence that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can provide protection against squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. […] In the study from Scientific Reports discussed above, the researchers found selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drugs (SSRI) provided protection against neoplastic progression of Barretts esophagus. […] The study also found that statins reduced the progression of precursors to high-grade dysplasia or esophageal adenocarcinoma by 48 percent. […] The authors note that the utility of proton pump inhibitors would require further study.

• #27 Screening and prevention strategies and endoscopic management of early esophageal cancer – Kim – Chinese Clinical Oncology

  https://cco.amegroups.org/article/view/17141/html

  Data regarding the benefits of aspirin and NSAIDs in the chemoprevention of esophageal cancer is mixed. […] There is a large, multicenter randomized controlled trial (AspECT) examining the use of aspirin and esomeprazole for chemoprevention in BE that has reached its target recruitment of 2,500 patients and is expected to publish its results in 2018. […] Additional studies are needed to determine the benefit of statins in the prevention of esophageal cancer.

• #28 Esophageal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Prevention – Patient Information [NCI] | Cigna

  https://www.cigna.com/knowledge-center/hw/medical-topics/esophageal-cancer-prevention-ncicdr0000062888

  The following protective factors may decrease the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus: Chemoprevention with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. […] Radiofrequency ablation of the esophagus. Patients with Barrett esophagus who have abnormal cells in the lower esophagus may be treated with radiofrequency ablation. This procedure uses radio waves to heat and destroy abnormal cells, which may become cancer. […] Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer. […] New ways to prevent esophageal cancer are being studied in clinical trials.

• #29 Prevention Strategies for Esophageal Cancer—An Expert Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/9/2183

  Indeed, we have conducted analysis with attention to the current primary, secondary and tertiary prevention guidelines in both ESCC and EAC, attempting to emphasize unresolved research and clinical problems related to these topics in order to improve our diagnostic strategies and management. […] The identification of risk factors is an important first step for primary prevention. […] In order to achieve a major improvement in the prognosis of EC, preventive measures have been investigated, developed, and are highly warranted. […] It is of fundamental importance to identify high-risk groups for ESCC and EAC in order to detect premalignant lesions early and offer them adequate monitoring. […] The cytosponge is coupled with TFF3, an immunohistochemical biomarker for Barrett’s epithelium within a capsule attached to a string that must be swallowed and, when gelatin dissolves inside the stomach, the sponge is pulled up along the esophagus for cell collection.

• #30 Esophageal cancer prevention – WATS3D technology makes it possible

  https://www.prevea.com/resources/esophageal-cancer-prevention-wats3d-technology-makes-it-possible

  Most people dont associate chronic heartburn with esophageal cancer, and yet, if it goes unchecked, chronic heartburn can lead to Barrett’s esophagus, a precancerous condition of the esophagus. […] The good news is that due to recent medical advances in detection, theres a procedure that can help more accurately identify pre-cancer cells. Its called WATS3D, a breakthrough endoscopic procedure that helps your doctor detect pre-cancerous cells so they can be removed before they can turn into esophageal cancer. […] Benefits of the WATS3D method over traditional tissue sampling is sampling of a much greater amount of tissue that is at-risk for turning into cancer as well as samples from deeper layers of the esophageal lining. […] This WATS3D specimen is sent to the laboratory for advanced computer analysis that uses artificial intelligence and proprietary 3-D imaging to help pathologists identify pre-cancer cells with greater accuracy and consistency.

• #31 Esophageal Cancer – Prevention

  https://ruesch.georgetown.edu/esophagealcancerprevention/

  Cancer prevention is action taken to lower the chance of getting cancer. By preventing cancer, the number of new cases of cancer in a group or population is lowered. Hopefully, this will lower the number of deaths caused by cancer. […] Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer. […] The following risk factors increase the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: Smoking and alcohol use. […] The following protective factors may decrease the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: Avoiding tobacco and alcohol use. […] Chemoprevention with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. […] The following risk factors increase the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus: Gastric reflux. […] The following protective factors may decrease the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus: Chemoprevention with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. […] Radiofrequency ablation of the esophagus. […] Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer. […] New ways to prevent esophageal cancer are being studied in clinical trials.

• #32 Esophageal Cancer Prevention | Reducing Esophageal Cancer Risk in Cleveland, OH | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/services/cancer-services/thoracic-and-esophageal-cancer/esophageal-cancer/prevention

  Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer. […] The following risk factors increase the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: Smoking and alcohol use. […] The following protective factors may decrease the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: Avoiding tobacco and alcohol use. […] Chemoprevention with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. […] The following risk factors increase the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus: Gastric reflux. […] The following protective factors may decrease the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus: Chemoprevention with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. […] Radiofrequency ablation of the esophagus. […] Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer. […] New ways to prevent esophageal cancer are being studied in clinical trials.

• #33 Esophageal cancer: epidemiology, pathogenesis and prevention | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/ncpgasthep1223

  Esophageal cancer is highly aggressive and is a common cancer both worldwide and in the US. […] Intensive research into risk factors combined with the ability to identify precursor lesions (e.g. squamous dysplasia in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and Barrett’s esophagus in esophageal adenocarcinoma) has paved the way for studies of chemoprevention for esophageal cancer, some of which have shown promising results. […] Chemoprevention studies in esophageal cancer, both dietary and pharmacologic show promise but need further study.

• #34 Physical activity is associated with reduced risk of esophageal cancer, particularly esophageal adenocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-230X-14-101

  With the high incidence and poor prognosis associated with esophageal cancer, cost-effective strategies aimed at preventing esophageal cancer are highly desirable. […] This EAC risk modification observed with physical activity is comparable to the 30-40% risk reduction seen with aspirin/NSAID and statin use. […] Importantly, recreational physical activity, the potentially modifiable component of energy expenditure, was independently associated with reduced risk of esophageal cancer, with a trend towards a dose-response relationship.

• #35 Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Screening Program

  https://eisenhowerhealth.org/services/oncology/services/cancer-prevention-and-screenings/esophageal-cancer-prevention-and-screening-program

  Eisenhower Lucy Curci Cancer Center now offers prevention and screening services for those who may have an increased risk of developing esophageal cancer. Screening used for both prevention and detection may result in early diagnosis, at a stage when the cancer is more treatable […] Your recommendations may include: Ongoing surveillance Evaluation and diagnosis using our advanced imaging techniques Nutrition and lifestyle changes Genetic testing to determine whether you have a genetic mutation associated with esophageal cancer […] A personalized plan will be developed focusing on prevention, early detection and, if necessary, treatment.

• #36 Prevention Strategies for Esophageal Cancer—An Expert Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/9/2183

  In conclusion, the primary means of prevention for EAC and ESCC is to identify the risk factors and, if present, eliminate them. […] The secondary prevention consists of the detection of precancerous and early cancerous lesions when curative endoscopic treatment is still possible. […] In particular, we believe that in the future, screening programs for ESCC in high-risk patients and surveillance programs in patients with ESCC that has already been treated need to be defined.

• #37

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40471-014-0015-3

  Making a sizeable contribution to worldwide cancer mortality, adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus appear to be caused largely by environmental factors. […] Prevention strategies targeting these exposures offer a logical foundation for action, although the outcomes of prevention trials have been frustratingly ineffective to date. […] For EAC, it seems prudent to recommend smoking abstinence for everyone and weight loss for overweight or obese people. Control of acid reflux through medical or surgical means, for which observational studies suggest benefits in reducing the risk of EAC, has clinical appeal and brings symptomatic relief. […] In Western countries, population-wide abstinence from smoking and alcohol would reduce ESCC incidence substantiallyperhaps by as much as 7590 %.

• #38 Esophageal Cancer Risk Factors & Prevention | Banner MD Anderson

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/cancer/cancer-type/esophageal-cancer/risk-factors-and-prevention

  The Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center esophageal cancer team is dedicated to helping patients lower their risk for the disease. If you have an increased risk of cancer, talk to your doctor or make an appointment with a Banner MD Anderson specialist to discuss your concerns and options. […] Esophageal cancer prevention isnt always possible, but you can reduce your risk. Banner MD Andersons caring team of experts is here to help. The following lifestyle habits lower your risk of getting esophageal cancer. […] Avoid tobacco and alcohol: Alone, each of these increases your risk of esophageal cancer many times over, and the risk is even greater if used together. Banner MD Anderson has resources to help you quit. […] Maintain a healthy weight: Eating a healthy diet full of fruits and vegetables and having a healthy body weight can limit your risk for this disease. Check out our healthy living resources. […] Treat acid reflux or Barretts esophagus: Medications and sometimes surgery are needed to treat reflux to stop damage to the esophagus. […] Get periodic upper endoscopies: If you have Barretts Esophagus, you should receive more frequent screenings to detect esophageal cancer early.

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