Rak prostaty
Etiologia i przyczyny

Rak prostaty jest jednym z najczęściej diagnozowanych nowotworów złośliwych u mężczyzn, szczególnie po 50. roku życia, z istotnym wzrostem ryzyka u mężczyzn powyżej 65 lat (13,7%). Etiologia jest wieloczynnikowa, obejmująca mutacje genetyczne (dziedziczne w 5-10% przypadków, m.in. BRCA1/2, HPC1, HOXB13), czynniki niemodyfikowalne takie jak wiek, rasa (większe ryzyko u mężczyzn rasy czarnej, HR 1,67) oraz historia rodzinna (2-5-krotnie wyższe ryzyko przy krewnych pierwszego stopnia). Mutacje nabyte powstają w trakcie życia, a czynniki przyspieszające proliferację komórek prostaty, w tym przewlekły stan zapalny, mogą sprzyjać akumulacji mutacji i transformacji nowotworowej. Wpływ czynników hormonalnych (testosteron, IGF-1) oraz ekspozycji na substancje chemiczne (pestycydy, kadm, Agent Orange) pozostaje niejednoznaczny.

  1. Rak prostaty – etiologia i przyczyny
    1. Mechanizm powstawania raka prostaty
    2. Czynniki ryzyka raka prostaty
    3. Czynniki o niejasnym wpływie na ryzyko raka prostaty
    4. Geograficzne zróżnicowanie występowania raka prostaty
  2. Podsumowanie czynników ryzyka raka prostaty
    1. Kolejne rozdziały

Rak prostaty – etiologia i przyczyny

Rak prostaty (rak gruczołu krokowego) to jeden z najczęstszych nowotworów złośliwych występujących u mężczyzn, szczególnie w krajach rozwiniętych. Jest to drugi najczęściej diagnozowany nowotwór u mężczyzn na świecie, po raku skóry, oraz piąta główna przyczyna zgonów związanych z chorobą nowotworową wśród mężczyzn12. Dokładna etiologia raka prostaty pozostaje w dużej mierze nieznana, jednak badacze zidentyfikowali szereg czynników, które mogą zwiększać ryzyko jego wystąpienia.

Mechanizm powstawania raka prostaty

Rak prostaty rozwija się, gdy komórki gruczołu krokowego ulegają zmianom w swoim DNA, które zmieniają sposób ich funkcjonowania3. DNA zawiera instrukcje mówiące komórkom, jak mają się zachowywać. W zdrowych komórkach, DNA nakazuje komórkom rosnąć i mnożyć się w ustalonym tempie oraz obumierać w określonym czasie. Natomiast w komórkach nowotworowych, zmiany w DNA dają inne instrukcje – nakazują komórkom nowotworowym rosnąć i mnożyć się szybko, a także pozwalają im przetrwać, gdy zdrowe komórki powinny obumrzeć4.

Mutacje genetyczne, które odpowiadają za powstawanie raka prostaty, mogą być dziedziczne lub nabyte. Mutacje dziedziczne są przekazywane z pokolenia na pokolenie i znajdują się we wszystkich komórkach ciała. Szacuje się, że dziedziczne mutacje genów są głównym czynnikiem w przypadku do 10% raków prostaty56. Nowotwór spowodowany dziedziczonymi genami nazywany jest rakiem dziedzicznym. Jednak większość mutacji genowych związanych z rakiem prostaty rozwija się w ciągu życia mężczyzny i nie jest dziedziczona. Są to tzw. mutacje nabyte, które występują tylko w komórkach pochodzących z pierwotnie zmutowanej komórki7.

Im szybciej rosną i dzielą się komórki prostaty, tym większe są szanse na wystąpienie mutacji. Dlatego wszystko, co przyspiesza ten proces, może zwiększać prawdopodobieństwo wystąpienia raka prostaty8. Naukowcy badają wpływ różnych czynników na ten proces, w tym stanu zapalnego prostaty. Jedna z teorii mówi, że stan zapalny może prowadzić do uszkodzenia DNA komórek, co może przyczynić się do przekształcenia normalnej komórki w komórkę nowotworową9.

Czynniki ryzyka raka prostaty

Chociaż dokładna przyczyna raka prostaty pozostaje niejasna, badacze zidentyfikowali kilka czynników ryzyka, które mogą zwiększać prawdopodobieństwo jego wystąpienia. Czynniki te można podzielić na niemodyfikowalne (takie, na które nie mamy wpływu) oraz modyfikowalne (związane ze stylem życia).

Niemodyfikowalne czynniki ryzyka

Wiek jest najsilniejszym czynnikiem ryzyka raka prostaty. Ryzyko zachorowania znacząco wzrasta po 50. roku życia1011. Około 60% wszystkich przypadków raka prostaty diagnozuje się u mężczyzn powyżej 65. roku życia1213. Prawdopodobieństwo zachorowania wzrasta z 0,005% u mężczyzn poniżej 39. roku życia do 2,2% u mężczyzn między 40. a 59. rokiem życia, a następnie do 13,7% u mężczyzn między 60. a 79. rokiem życia14.

Rasa i pochodzenie etniczne mają istotny wpływ na ryzyko zachorowania na raka prostaty. W Stanach Zjednoczonych mężczyźni rasy czarnej mają 1,67 razy większe prawdopodobieństwo zdiagnozowania raka prostaty w porównaniu do mężczyzn rasy białej15. Mężczyźni pochodzenia afroamerykańskiego i afrokaraibskiego są bardziej narażeni na rozwój raka prostaty, który często przyjmuje bardziej agresywną formę i pojawia się w młodszym wieku1617. Rak prostaty jest mniej powszechny wśród mężczyzn pochodzenia azjatyckiego18.

Historia rodzinna jest kolejnym istotnym czynnikiem ryzyka. Mężczyźni, którzy mają ojca lub brata z rakiem prostaty, mają dwa do czterech razy większe ryzyko zachorowania na tę chorobę19. Ryzyko jest jeszcze wyższe, jeśli krewny pierwszy stopnia (ojciec, brat) zachorował na raka prostaty przed 60. rokiem życia20. Mężczyźni z dwoma krewnymi pierwszego stopnia dotkniętymi rakiem prostaty mają 5-krotnie większe ryzyko21. Dodatkowo, historia rodzinna raka piersi u kobiet również może zwiększać ryzyko raka prostaty22.

Czynniki genetyczne odgrywają kluczową rolę w rozwoju raka prostaty, chociaż za dziedziczną formę tej choroby odpowiada tylko 5-10% przypadków23. Badacze zidentyfikowali ponad 100 wariantów genów związanych z rakiem prostaty24. Szczególnie istotne są mutacje genów BRCA1 i BRCA2, które zwiększają również ryzyko raka piersi i jajnika u kobiet25. Mężczyźni z mutacją genu BRCA2 mają 5-krotnie wyższe ryzyko zachorowania na raka prostaty26. Inne geny powiązane z podwyższonym ryzykiem raka prostaty to m.in. HPC1, HPC2, HPCX, CAPB, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, HOXB13, CHEK2, NBN, BRIP1, ATM oraz rodzina genów TMPRSS2-ETS27.

Zespół Lyncha (dziedziczny rak jelita grubego niezwiązany z polipowatością, HNPCC) również może zwiększać ryzyko raka prostaty2829.

Wzrost. Badania wykazały, że ryzyko zachorowania na raka prostaty jest wyższe u wyższych mężczyzn3031.

Modyfikowalne czynniki ryzyka

Otyłość jest drugim najważniejszym czynnikiem ryzyka nowotworów, po paleniu tytoniu32. Nadwaga lub otyłość zwiększa ryzyko rozwoju przerzutowego lub zaawansowanego raka prostaty33. Mężczyźni z otyłością częściej mają bardziej agresywną formę raka prostaty, a także mają większe ryzyko nawrotu choroby po leczeniu34. Według Amerykańskiego Towarzystwa Onkologicznego, otyłość (wskaźnik masy ciała BMI 30 lub wyższy) zwiększa ryzyko agresywnego raka prostaty o około 20%35.

Dieta może odgrywać rolę w rozwoju raka prostaty, choć dowody nie są jednoznaczne. Dieta bogata w nasycone tłuszcze zwierzęce, czerwone mięso i produkty mleczne może zwiększać ryzyko zachorowania3637. Z kolei dieta bogata w warzywa i owoce może to ryzyko obniżać38. Wysokie spożycie wapnia jest związane z zaawansowanym rakiem prostaty39. Niższe poziomy witaminy D we krwi mogą zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju raka prostaty40.

Palenie tytoniu może zwiększać ryzyko zachorowania na raka prostaty, choć nie wszystkie badania to potwierdzają41. U osób z rakiem prostaty, które palą, istnieje wyższe ryzyko nawrotu choroby i jej rozprzestrzenienia się poza prostatę42.

Aktywność fizyczna. Liczne badania wykazały, że istnieje odwrotna zależność między aktywnością fizyczną a ryzykiem progresji i śmiertelności z powodu raka prostaty43. Brak aktywności fizycznej sprzyja otyłości i może zwiększać ryzyko raka prostaty44.

Czynniki o niejasnym wpływie na ryzyko raka prostaty

Istnieje kilka czynników, których wpływ na ryzyko raka prostaty jest badany, ale dowody są niewystarczające, by jednoznacznie określić ich znaczenie:

  • Stan zapalny prostaty (prostatitis) – niektóre badania, ale nie wszystkie, wykazały związek między długotrwałym stanem zapalnym prostaty a zwiększonym ryzykiem raka prostaty45. Stan zapalny może przyspieszyć wzrost i rozprzestrzenianie się raka prostaty46.
  • Infekcje przenoszone drogą płciową – infekcje chlamydią, rzeżączką lub kiłą wydają się zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju raka prostaty47. Badacze sprawdzali, czy infekcje przenoszone drogą płciową mogą zwiększać ryzyko raka prostaty, ponieważ mogą one prowadzić do stanu zapalnego prostaty48.
  • Wazektomia – niektóre badania sugerowały, że mężczyźni po wazektomii (drobny zabieg chirurgiczny powodujący bezpłodność) mają nieznacznie zwiększone ryzyko raka prostaty, ale inne badania nie wykazały takiego związku49.
  • Ekspozycja na pestycydy – badania wykazały, że ryzyko rozwoju raka prostaty jest wyższe u osób narażonych na wysokie poziomy pestycydów50.
  • Ekspozycja na kadm – metal znajdujący się w tytoniu i niektórych rodzajach żywności51.
  • Ekspozycja na Agent Orange – weterani wojskowi narażeni na działanie herbicydu Agent Orange podczas wojny w Wietnamie mogą mieć zwiększone ryzyko raka prostaty52.
  • Poziomy hormonów – wyższe poziomy testosteronu i innych męskich hormonów, które stymulują wzrost komórek, zostały powiązane z rakiem prostaty53. Również wyższe poziomy czynnika wzrostu insulinopodobnego (IGF-1) są powiązane ze zwiększonym ryzykiem rozwoju raka prostaty54.

Geograficzne zróżnicowanie występowania raka prostaty

Istnieją znaczące różnice w częstości występowania raka prostaty w różnych regionach świata. Choroba ta jest bardziej powszechna w Ameryce Północnej, Australii, Europie Północno-Zachodniej i na wyspach Karaibskich niż w innych częściach świata55. Różnice te mogą wynikać z czynników genetycznych, środowiskowych i związanych ze stylem życia, a także z różnic w dostępie do badań przesiewowych i opieki zdrowotnej56.

Podsumowanie czynników ryzyka raka prostaty

Etiologia raka prostaty jest wieloczynnikowa i w dużej mierze wciąż nie w pełni poznana. Do najlepiej udokumentowanych czynników ryzyka należą wiek, rasa/pochodzenie etniczne i historia rodzinna. Jednak w rozwój choroby zaangażowane są również czynniki modyfikowalne, takie jak dieta, otyłość, aktywność fizyczna i narażenie na określone substancje chemiczne57.

Lepsze zrozumienie środowiskowych, genetycznych, żywieniowych, hormonalnych i molekularnych czynników, które kształtują etiologię i patofizjologię raka prostaty, doprowadzi do lepszych strategii prewencyjnych, ulepszonych ścieżek diagnostycznych i poprawy leczenia tej choroby58.

Kategoria czynników ryzyka Czynniki ryzyka Siła dowodów
Niemodyfikowalne Wiek (powyżej 50 lat) Bardzo silne
Rasa (afrykańska/afrokaraibska) Silne
Historia rodzinna raka prostaty Silne
Mutacje genetyczne (BRCA1/2, inne) Umiarkowane do silnych
Modyfikowalne Otyłość Umiarkowane do silnych
Dieta bogata w tłuszcze zwierzęce i czerwone mięso Umiarkowane
Palenie tytoniu Umiarkowane
Brak aktywności fizycznej Umiarkowane
O niejasnym wpływie Stan zapalny prostaty Niejednoznaczne
Infekcje przenoszone drogą płciową Niejednoznaczne
Wazektomia Słabe
Ekspozycja na substancje chemiczne (pestycydy, kadm, Agent Orange) Niejednoznaczne
Poziomy hormonów (testosteron, IGF-1) Niejednoznaczne

123

Zrozumienie czynników ryzyka raka prostaty jest kluczowe dla opracowania skutecznych strategii profilaktycznych i wczesnego wykrywania choroby. Chociaż niektórych czynników ryzyka, takich jak wiek czy genetyka, nie można zmodyfikować, to zrozumienie ich pomaga w identyfikacji osób o podwyższonym ryzyku, które mogą wymagać bardziej intensywnego monitorowania. Z kolei modyfikowalne czynniki ryzyka, takie jak dieta czy aktywność fizyczna, stanowią potencjalne cele interwencji mających na celu zmniejszenie ryzyka rozwoju raka prostaty59.

Kolejne rozdziały

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  1. 12.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Prostate Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1967731-overview
    Prostate cancer represents the second most common cancer in men worldwide and the fifth most common cause of cancer death in men; in the United States, it is the most common cancer in men and the second most common cause of cancer deaths in men. […] Marked variation in rates of prostate cancer among populations in different parts of the world suggests the involvement of genetic factors. Familial predisposition also occurs. Environmental factors, notably diet, are also important (see Etiology). […] Well-established risk factors for prostate include ethnicity, age, and country of residence. Additional risk factors include family history and genetic predisposition. […] Discovery of these mutations has led to recommendations for the consideration of genetic testing for men with family histories that strongly suggest the presence of these mutations and men with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer.
  • #1 Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer | Rawla | World Journal of Oncology
    https://www.wjon.org/index.php/wjon/article/view/1191/915
    Prostate cancer is the second most frequent cancer diagnosis made in men and the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. […] Prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates are strongly related to the age with the highest incidence being seen in elderly men (65 years of age). […] African-American men have the highest incidence rates and more aggressive type of prostate cancer compared to White men. […] The etiology of prostate cancer is the subject of numerous studies and remains largely unknown compared to other common cancers. The well-established prostate cancer risk factors are advanced age, ethnicity, genetic factors and family history. […] Other factors positively associated with prostate cancer include diet (increased consumption of saturated animal fat and red meat, lower intake of fruits, vegetables, vitamins, and coffee), obesity and physical inactivity, inflammation, hyperglycemia, infections, and environmental exposure to chemicals or ionizing radiation.
  • #2 Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer | Rawla | World Journal of Oncology
    https://www.wjon.org/index.php/wjon/article/view/1191/915
    Prostate cancer is the second most frequent cancer diagnosis made in men and the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. […] Prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates are strongly related to the age with the highest incidence being seen in elderly men (65 years of age). […] African-American men have the highest incidence rates and more aggressive type of prostate cancer compared to White men. […] The etiology of prostate cancer is the subject of numerous studies and remains largely unknown compared to other common cancers. The well-established prostate cancer risk factors are advanced age, ethnicity, genetic factors and family history. […] Other factors positively associated with prostate cancer include diet (increased consumption of saturated animal fat and red meat, lower intake of fruits, vegetables, vitamins, and coffee), obesity and physical inactivity, inflammation, hyperglycemia, infections, and environmental exposure to chemicals or ionizing radiation.
  • #2 Prostate Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470550/
    Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy worldwide and the sixth leading cause of cancer-related death in men. […] Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in men globally and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men. […] The major known risk factors for prostate cancer include age, ethnicity, obesity, and family history. […] Additional risk factors for prostate cancer include male gender, older age, positive family history, increased height, obesity, hypertension, lack of exercise, persistently elevated testosterone levels, exposure to Agent Orange, and ethnicity. […] Although the exact cause of prostate cancer remains unclear, genetics play a significant role. […] Genetic background, ethnicity, and family history are all known to contribute to prostate cancer risk.
  • #3 Prostate cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prostate-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353087
    Prostate cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the prostate. The prostate is a small gland that helps make semen. It’s part of the male reproductive system. […] It’s often not clear what causes prostate cancer. Healthcare professionals have found some things that raise the risk of this cancer. These include older age, obesity and a family history of prostate cancer. The exact cause of prostate cancer often isn’t known. […] Prostate cancer starts when cells in the prostate develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA tells the cells to grow and multiply at a set rate. The DNA also tells the cells to die at a set time. […] In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
  • #3 The Etiology of Prostate Cancer – Prostate Cancer – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK571322/
    While the exact etiology of prostate cancer remains elusive, various modifiable and unmodifiable risk factors have been suggested as contributing factors. These include age, ethnicity, family history, genetics, obesity, diet, hormones, smoking, alcohol, and certain medications; however, none of these, perhaps with the exception of ethnicity and age, has been conclusively proven to be a definite etiological factor for prostate cancer. […] The etiology of prostate cancer is multifactorial and remain quite baffling, with numerous modifiable and unmodifiable risk factors associated with its development. Some well-established risk factors include advanced age, positive family history, and African ancestry. […] Prostate cancer has an increased heritability. Men with a brother or father diagnosed with prostate cancer have a two to four-fold risk of developing prostate cancer; the risk is higher if a brother is diagnosed.
  • #4 Prostate cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prostate-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353087
    Prostate cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the prostate. The prostate is a small gland that helps make semen. It’s part of the male reproductive system. […] It’s often not clear what causes prostate cancer. Healthcare professionals have found some things that raise the risk of this cancer. These include older age, obesity and a family history of prostate cancer. The exact cause of prostate cancer often isn’t known. […] Prostate cancer starts when cells in the prostate develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA tells the cells to grow and multiply at a set rate. The DNA also tells the cells to die at a set time. […] In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
  • #5 What Causes Prostate Cancer?| Causes of Prostate Cancer | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/prostate-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html
    Researchers have found some risk factors for prostate cancer, although its not yet clear exactly how these factors might increase prostate cancer risk. On a basic level, prostate cancer is caused by changes in the DNA of a normal prostate cell. […] Any of these types of DNA changes might lead to cells growing out of control and forming a tumor. […] Some gene mutations can be passed on in families and are found in all of a persons cells. Such inherited gene changes are thought to be a major factor in up to 10% of prostate cancers. Cancer caused by inherited genes is called hereditary cancer. […] Some genes can change during a persons lifetime. This type of mutation is not passed on to children, and its found only in cells that come from the original mutated cell. These are called acquired mutations. Most gene mutations linked to prostate cancer develop during a mans life, rather than having been inherited.
  • #6 Prostate Cancer Causes
    https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/cancer/types-of-cancer/prostate-cancer/prostate-cancer-causes/
    Researchers continue to study what causes prostate cancer. […] Genetic mutations that keep oncogenes active or inactivate tumor suppressor genes can be prostate cancer causes. […] Inherited gene mutations are passed from generation to generation. They play a role in about 10 percent of prostate cancers. Prostate cancer caused by inherited gene mutations is called hereditary prostate cancer. […] Acquired gene mutations occur during a persons lifetime and are not passed from generation to generation. Most prostate cancer gene mutations are acquired rather than inherited. […] Prostate cancer risk factors include: Age. Men 50 and older are at a higher risk. […] Family history of prostate cancer. Having a father or brother with prostate cancer greatly raises a mans risk. […] Genes. Men with certain inherited gene changes are at a higher risk for prostate cancer. Only a small number of prostate cancers, however, are strongly linked to gene changes.
  • #7 What Causes Prostate Cancer?| Causes of Prostate Cancer | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/prostate-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html
    Researchers have found some risk factors for prostate cancer, although its not yet clear exactly how these factors might increase prostate cancer risk. On a basic level, prostate cancer is caused by changes in the DNA of a normal prostate cell. […] Any of these types of DNA changes might lead to cells growing out of control and forming a tumor. […] Some gene mutations can be passed on in families and are found in all of a persons cells. Such inherited gene changes are thought to be a major factor in up to 10% of prostate cancers. Cancer caused by inherited genes is called hereditary cancer. […] Some genes can change during a persons lifetime. This type of mutation is not passed on to children, and its found only in cells that come from the original mutated cell. These are called acquired mutations. Most gene mutations linked to prostate cancer develop during a mans life, rather than having been inherited.
  • #8 What Causes Prostate Cancer?| Causes of Prostate Cancer | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/prostate-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html
    In general, the more quickly prostate cells grow and divide, the more chances there are for mutations to occur. Therefore, anything that speeds up this process might make prostate cancer more likely. […] As mentioned in Prostate Cancer Risk Factors, some studies have found that inflammation in the prostate might be linked to prostate cancer. One theory is that inflammation might lead to cell DNA damage, which could contribute to a normal cell becoming a cancer cell. More research is needed in this area.
  • #9 What Causes Prostate Cancer?| Causes of Prostate Cancer | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/prostate-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html
    In general, the more quickly prostate cells grow and divide, the more chances there are for mutations to occur. Therefore, anything that speeds up this process might make prostate cancer more likely. […] As mentioned in Prostate Cancer Risk Factors, some studies have found that inflammation in the prostate might be linked to prostate cancer. One theory is that inflammation might lead to cell DNA damage, which could contribute to a normal cell becoming a cancer cell. More research is needed in this area.
  • #10 Risk and causes of prostate cancer | Cancer Research UK
    https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/prostate-cancer/risks-causes
    Prostate cancer is not clearly linked to any preventable causes. Your risk of developing it depends on many things. These include age and ethnicity. […] Prostate cancer is more common in Black men than in White men. It is least common in Asian men. […] Your risk of prostate cancer is higher if you have a close relative who has had prostate cancer. […] Most cancers are not linked to inherited faulty genes. But some inherited faulty genes can increase your risk of prostate cancer. […] People who inherit faulty versions of BRCA 2 genes have an increased risk of developing different types of cancer. This includes prostate cancer. […] Obesity and overweight is the second biggest preventable cause of cancer after smoking. […] Being overweight or obese increases your risk of metastatic or advanced prostate cancer.
  • #11
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/prostate-cancer/causes/
    It’s not known exactly what causes prostate cancer, although a number of things can increase your risk of developing the condition. […] These include: […] age the risk rises as you get older, and most cases are diagnosed in men over 50 years of age […] ethnic group prostate cancer is more common in black men than in Asian men […] family history having a brother or father who developed prostate cancer before age 60 seems to increase your risk of developing it; research also shows that having a close female relative who developed breast cancer may also increase your risk of developing prostate cancer […] obesity recent research suggests there may be a link between obesity and prostate cancer, and a balanced diet and regular exercise may lower your risk of developing prostate cancer […] diet research is ongoing into the links between diet and prostate cancer, and there is some evidence that a diet high in calcium is linked to an increased risk of developing prostate cancer.
  • #12 Prostate Cancer Risk Factors | Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/prostate-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
    Any man, or person born with a prostate, is at risk for developing prostate cancer, but there are factors that can increase your risk. […] Researchers have found some factors that can affect prostate cancer risk. […] Prostate cancer seems to run in some families, which suggests that in some cases there may be an inherited or genetic factor. […] Certain gene changes (known as variants or mutations) that are inherited from a parent can raise prostate cancer risk, although these probably account for only a small percentage of prostate cancers overall. […] Some studies have suggested that exposure to some chemicals might increase prostate cancer risk. […] Some studies have suggested a link between exposure to arsenic and a higher risk of prostate cancer. […] Some studies have suggested that prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate gland) may be linked to an increased risk of prostate cancer, but other studies have not found such a link.
  • #13 Prostate Cancer: Causes and Risk Factors – University Health News
    https://universityhealthnews.com/daily/prostate/prostate-cancer-causes-and-risk-factors/
    The exact cause of prostate cancer is unknown. However, there are several risk factors that have been identified that increase the odds of an individual getting the disease. […] The cause of prostate cancer is complex and not fully understood. We do know that the glandular tissue of the prostate is prone to genetic mutations that may be triggered by a variety of factors. In many men, the disease seems to be random, and the cause remains unknown. […] The term risk factors refers to attributes or exposures in an individual that increase the odds of getting the disease. For prostate cancer, there are many risk factors. Lets consider the common ones. […] Age. The most significant risk factor for developing prostate cancer is one that cant be helped: aging. Sixty percent of all prostate cancers are diagnosed in men over age 65.
  • #14
    https://exonpublications.com/index.php/exon/article/view/359
    While the exact etiology of prostate cancer remains elusive, various modifiable and unmodifiable risk factors have been suggested as contributing factors. These include age, ethnicity, family history, genetics, obesity, diet, hormones, smoking, alcohol, and certain medications; however, none of these, perhaps with the exception of ethnicity and age, has been conclusively proven to be a definite etiological factor for prostate cancer. […] Men of black African ancestry are more prone to the disease. […] The probability of developing prostate cancer increases with age, from 0.005% in men younger than 39 years of age to 2.2% in men between 40 and 59 years, and 13.7% in men between 60 and 79 years. […] A better understanding of the environmental, genetic, nutritional, hormonal, and molecular landscape that shape the etiology and pathophysiology of prostate cancer will lead to better preventative strategies, enhanced diagnostic pathways, and improved management of the disease.
  • #15 Prostate Cancer: Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.webmd.com/prostate-cancer/what-causes-prostate-cancer
    There’s some evidence obesity makes it more likely you’ll die of prostate cancer. But obesity doesn’t cause prostate cancer or make you more likely to have it. […] Prostate cancer affects mainly older men. […] Men with a family history of prostate cancer are more likely to develop prostate cancer than the general population. […] In the U.S., there are racial disparities for many cancers. This is especially true for prostate cancer. Black men are 1.67 times more likely to get a diagnosis of prostate cancer compared to white people. […] There’s no clear cause to explain why some people get prostate cancer and others don’t. But many factors can influence your risk, including genes you carry, your exposures, your lifestyle, and other factors. […] Prostate cancer is common. Many men will have it if they live long enough. It’s hard to pinpoint the precise cause, but age is a major factor.
  • #16 Prostate cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prostate-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353087
    Factors that can increase the risk of prostate cancer include: Older age. The risk of prostate cancer goes up with age. It’s most common after age 50. […] Race and ethnicity. In the United States, Black people have a greater risk of prostate cancer than do people of other races and ethnicities. Healthcare professionals aren’t exactly sure why. In Black people, prostate cancer also is more likely to grow quickly or be advanced when detected. […] Family history of prostate cancer. If a blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, has been diagnosed with prostate cancer, your risk may be increased. The risk also may be increased if other close relatives have had prostate cancer. This includes your grandparents and your parents’ siblings. […] Obesity. People who have obesity may have a higher risk of prostate cancer compared with people considered to have a healthy weight. Studies of this issue have had mixed results. In people with obesity, prostate cancer is more likely to grow quickly and more likely to come back after treatment. […] Smoking tobacco. Some research shows a link between smoking and prostate cancer. But not all studies agree. People with prostate cancer who smoke may have a higher risk of the cancer coming back. People who smoke also have a higher risk of the cancer spreading beyond the prostate.
  • #17 Risk and causes of prostate cancer | Cancer Research UK
    https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/prostate-cancer/risks-causes
    Prostate cancer is not clearly linked to any preventable causes. Your risk of developing it depends on many things. These include age and ethnicity. […] Prostate cancer is more common in Black men than in White men. It is least common in Asian men. […] Your risk of prostate cancer is higher if you have a close relative who has had prostate cancer. […] Most cancers are not linked to inherited faulty genes. But some inherited faulty genes can increase your risk of prostate cancer. […] People who inherit faulty versions of BRCA 2 genes have an increased risk of developing different types of cancer. This includes prostate cancer. […] Obesity and overweight is the second biggest preventable cause of cancer after smoking. […] Being overweight or obese increases your risk of metastatic or advanced prostate cancer.
  • #18 Risk and causes of prostate cancer | Cancer Research UK
    https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/prostate-cancer/risks-causes
    Prostate cancer is not clearly linked to any preventable causes. Your risk of developing it depends on many things. These include age and ethnicity. […] Prostate cancer is more common in Black men than in White men. It is least common in Asian men. […] Your risk of prostate cancer is higher if you have a close relative who has had prostate cancer. […] Most cancers are not linked to inherited faulty genes. But some inherited faulty genes can increase your risk of prostate cancer. […] People who inherit faulty versions of BRCA 2 genes have an increased risk of developing different types of cancer. This includes prostate cancer. […] Obesity and overweight is the second biggest preventable cause of cancer after smoking. […] Being overweight or obese increases your risk of metastatic or advanced prostate cancer.
  • #19 The Etiology of Prostate Cancer – Prostate Cancer – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK571322/
    While the exact etiology of prostate cancer remains elusive, various modifiable and unmodifiable risk factors have been suggested as contributing factors. These include age, ethnicity, family history, genetics, obesity, diet, hormones, smoking, alcohol, and certain medications; however, none of these, perhaps with the exception of ethnicity and age, has been conclusively proven to be a definite etiological factor for prostate cancer. […] The etiology of prostate cancer is multifactorial and remain quite baffling, with numerous modifiable and unmodifiable risk factors associated with its development. Some well-established risk factors include advanced age, positive family history, and African ancestry. […] Prostate cancer has an increased heritability. Men with a brother or father diagnosed with prostate cancer have a two to four-fold risk of developing prostate cancer; the risk is higher if a brother is diagnosed.
  • #20 Prostate Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470550/
    Men in the top 1% high-risk profile category have an almost 6-fold increase in developing prostate cancer compared to controls. […] Men with a first-degree relative (father or brother) with prostate cancer have twice the risk of the general population. […] The risk increases further if the first-degree relative had early-onset (55 years) disease. […] Men with 2 first-degree relatives affected have a 5-fold greater risk. […] Patients with a strong family history of prostate cancer tend to present with cancer at a younger age (2.9 years) and with more locally advanced disease. […] In the United States, Black men are more commonly affected compared to White or Hispanic men, and it is more deadly in Blacks. […] No single gene is responsible for prostate cancer, although many genes have now been implicated.
  • #21 Prostate Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470550/
    Men in the top 1% high-risk profile category have an almost 6-fold increase in developing prostate cancer compared to controls. […] Men with a first-degree relative (father or brother) with prostate cancer have twice the risk of the general population. […] The risk increases further if the first-degree relative had early-onset (55 years) disease. […] Men with 2 first-degree relatives affected have a 5-fold greater risk. […] Patients with a strong family history of prostate cancer tend to present with cancer at a younger age (2.9 years) and with more locally advanced disease. […] In the United States, Black men are more commonly affected compared to White or Hispanic men, and it is more deadly in Blacks. […] No single gene is responsible for prostate cancer, although many genes have now been implicated.
  • #22 Prostate Cancer Causes | Macmillan Cancer Support
    https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/prostate-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors-of-prostate-cancer
    Sometimes there may be a possible family link (inherited). The risk of prostate cancer is higher if you have: either a father or brother who had prostate cancer the risk is greater if they were diagnosed under the age of 60; 2 or more close relatives (father, brother, grandfather, half-brother, uncle) on the same side of the family who had prostate cancer; a mother who had breast cancer; inherited certain cancer gene changes (mutations). […] Doctors think 5 to 10 out of 100 prostate cancers (5% to 10%) are linked to inherited gene changes. […] Rarely, prostate cancer may be linked to changes in certain genes. They are called BRCA1 and BRCA2. These altered genes increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer in some families. If you have inherited the BRCA2 gene change, your risk of prostate cancer is 5 times higher.
  • #23 Prostate Cancer Risk Factors | Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/prostate-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
    Any man, or person born with a prostate, is at risk for developing prostate cancer, but there are factors that can increase your risk. […] Researchers have found some factors that can affect prostate cancer risk. […] Prostate cancer seems to run in some families, which suggests that in some cases there may be an inherited or genetic factor. […] Certain gene changes (known as variants or mutations) that are inherited from a parent can raise prostate cancer risk, although these probably account for only a small percentage of prostate cancers overall. […] Some studies have suggested that exposure to some chemicals might increase prostate cancer risk. […] Some studies have suggested a link between exposure to arsenic and a higher risk of prostate cancer. […] Some studies have suggested that prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate gland) may be linked to an increased risk of prostate cancer, but other studies have not found such a link.
  • #24 Prostate Cancer: Causes and Risk Factors – University Health News
    https://universityhealthnews.com/daily/prostate/prostate-cancer-causes-and-risk-factors/
    Genetic Factors. Genetics are at play in the 5 to 10 percent of prostate cancer patients who have a strong family history. A man with a first-degree relative (brother or father) with prostate cancer has double the risk of developing the disease and presents six to seven years earlier than other men. […] Researchers have so far discovered more than 100 gene variations or mutations associated with prostate cancer. Certain clusters of gene variations are helpful for predicting risk and outcome, and some mutations are linked to more aggressive cancers. […] Notable culprits are the BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, also linked to breast cancer risk in women. […] Epigenetics. Fortunately, men with prostate cancer risk genes are not destined to develop cancer. The field of epigenetics is showing that lifestyle and environmental factors can alter the inheritance and expression of genes. This suggests that improving lifestyles and environment may reduce the risk of prostate cancer, along with the risk of many other chronic illnesses.
  • #25 Prostate cancer: Symptoms, treatment, and causes
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/150086
    Prostate cancer is a common type of cancer in males, but it is highly treatable in the early stages. It begins in the prostate gland, which sits between the penis and the bladder. Experts do not know what causes it, but the risk increases with age. […] Researchers are unsure of the exact cause of prostate cancer. It develops when specific changes occur, usually in glandular cells. When prostate gland cells appear abnormal, a doctor may refer to these changes as prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). Nearly 50% of all males over the age of 50 years have PIN. […] While doctors do not know exactly why prostate cancer occurs, the following risk factors may make it more likely: Age: The risk of prostate cancer increases after the age of 50, but it is rare before 45. Race or ethnicity: The condition is more common in Black people than in white people. Asian and Hispanic people have a lower risk than Black or white people. Family history: A person with a close relative with a history of prostate cancer has a higher chance of developing it. Genetic factors: Inherited features, including changes to the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, may increase the risk. Mutations in these genes also increase the chance of breast cancer. Men born with Lynch syndrome also have a higher risk of prostate and other cancers. Diet: Some evidence suggests that high fat diets may increase the risk of prostate cancer. […] While more research is necessary to confirm their involvement, other factors that may influence prostate cancer risk include: obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, exposure to chemicals, such as the herbicide Agent Orange, inflammation of the prostate, sexually transmitted infections.
  • #26 Prostate Cancer Causes | Macmillan Cancer Support
    https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/prostate-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors-of-prostate-cancer
    Sometimes there may be a possible family link (inherited). The risk of prostate cancer is higher if you have: either a father or brother who had prostate cancer the risk is greater if they were diagnosed under the age of 60; 2 or more close relatives (father, brother, grandfather, half-brother, uncle) on the same side of the family who had prostate cancer; a mother who had breast cancer; inherited certain cancer gene changes (mutations). […] Doctors think 5 to 10 out of 100 prostate cancers (5% to 10%) are linked to inherited gene changes. […] Rarely, prostate cancer may be linked to changes in certain genes. They are called BRCA1 and BRCA2. These altered genes increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer in some families. If you have inherited the BRCA2 gene change, your risk of prostate cancer is 5 times higher.
  • #27 Prostate Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470550/
    Mutations in breast cancer 1 (BRCA1), and particularly BRCA2, are associated with breast and prostate cancer. […] Over 100 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and other genes have been linked to an increased risk of prostate cancer, including hereditary prostate cancer gene 1, various androgen and Vitamin D receptor genes, HPC1, HPC2, HPCX, CAPB, mutL homolog 1 (MLH1), mutS homologs 2 and 6 (MSH2 and MSH6), postmeiotic segregation increased 2 (PMS2), homeobox B13 (HOXB13), checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2), nibrin (NBN), BRCA1-interacting protein C-terminal helicase 1 (BRIP1), ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), and the TMPRSS2-ETS gene family, such as TMPRSS2-ERG and TMPRSS2-ETV1/4, all of which tend to promote cancer cell growth. […] Prostate cancer is generally linked to the typical Western diet.
  • #28 Prostate Cancer Causes | Macmillan Cancer Support
    https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/prostate-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors-of-prostate-cancer
    Prostate cancer risk is also higher if you have Lynch syndrome. Lynch syndrome is also called hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Lynch syndrome is rare but can increase the risk of a number of cancers. […] Being very overweight (obese) may increase the risk of having a more advanced prostate cancer. It may also increase the risk of having a faster-growing type of prostate cancer.
  • #29 Prostate Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, & Care – BuzzRx
    https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/prostate-cancer
    Other possible risk factors for developing prostate cancer that are still being studied include eating a dairy and calcium-rich diet, prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate gland), sexually transmitted infections like gonorrhea and chlamydia, and vasectomy surgery. […] In addition to the different risk factors listed above, there are certain non-modifiable risks for prostate cancer: Older age: The risk of prostate cancer is higher in older men. Most people who are diagnosed with prostate cancer are over the age of 50. […] Having a first-degree relative with prostate cancer is linked to an increased risk of prostate cancer. […] Having certain gene changes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 is linked to an increased prostate cancer risk (in women, these genes increase the risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer). […] An inherited condition called Lynch syndrome can increase the risk of different cancers, including a mans risk of prostate cancer and other cancers such as colon cancer.
  • #30 Risk and causes of prostate cancer | Cancer Research UK
    https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/prostate-cancer/risks-causes
    Some evidence shows that the taller people are during adulthood and the more people weighed at birth, the higher their risk of prostate cancer. […] Research has found that people with high levels of IGF-1 have an increased risk of developing prostate cancer. […] Research has found that the risk of developing prostate cancer is higher in people exposed to high levels of pesticides. […] Some factors might increase the risk of prostate cancer but there is not enough evidence to be sure. These include having a vasectomy, inflammation of the prostate called prostatitis, being exposed to cadmium which is a type of metal found in tobacco and certain types of food.
  • #31 Prostate cancer | World Cancer Research Fund
    https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/prostate-cancer/
    Being tall increases the risk of prostate cancer. […] Older men are more at risk of developing prostate cancer. About 3 out of every 4 cases of prostate cancer are diagnosed in men aged 65 or over. Most men in their 80s will have prostate cancer, but it is often not life-limiting. […] We have some evidence that the following risk factors may affect the risk of prostate cancer. However, the evidence for a link is less strong than the risk factors listed above. […] Dairy products may increase the risk of prostate cancer. […] Calcium may increase the risk of prostate cancer. […] Vitamin E deficiency may increase the risk of prostate cancer. […] Selenium deficiency may increase the risk of prostate cancer.
  • #32 Risk and causes of prostate cancer | Cancer Research UK
    https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/prostate-cancer/risks-causes
    Prostate cancer is not clearly linked to any preventable causes. Your risk of developing it depends on many things. These include age and ethnicity. […] Prostate cancer is more common in Black men than in White men. It is least common in Asian men. […] Your risk of prostate cancer is higher if you have a close relative who has had prostate cancer. […] Most cancers are not linked to inherited faulty genes. But some inherited faulty genes can increase your risk of prostate cancer. […] People who inherit faulty versions of BRCA 2 genes have an increased risk of developing different types of cancer. This includes prostate cancer. […] Obesity and overweight is the second biggest preventable cause of cancer after smoking. […] Being overweight or obese increases your risk of metastatic or advanced prostate cancer.
  • #33 Risk and causes of prostate cancer | Cancer Research UK
    https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/prostate-cancer/risks-causes
    Prostate cancer is not clearly linked to any preventable causes. Your risk of developing it depends on many things. These include age and ethnicity. […] Prostate cancer is more common in Black men than in White men. It is least common in Asian men. […] Your risk of prostate cancer is higher if you have a close relative who has had prostate cancer. […] Most cancers are not linked to inherited faulty genes. But some inherited faulty genes can increase your risk of prostate cancer. […] People who inherit faulty versions of BRCA 2 genes have an increased risk of developing different types of cancer. This includes prostate cancer. […] Obesity and overweight is the second biggest preventable cause of cancer after smoking. […] Being overweight or obese increases your risk of metastatic or advanced prostate cancer.
  • #34 Prostate cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prostate-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353087
    Factors that can increase the risk of prostate cancer include: Older age. The risk of prostate cancer goes up with age. It’s most common after age 50. […] Race and ethnicity. In the United States, Black people have a greater risk of prostate cancer than do people of other races and ethnicities. Healthcare professionals aren’t exactly sure why. In Black people, prostate cancer also is more likely to grow quickly or be advanced when detected. […] Family history of prostate cancer. If a blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, has been diagnosed with prostate cancer, your risk may be increased. The risk also may be increased if other close relatives have had prostate cancer. This includes your grandparents and your parents’ siblings. […] Obesity. People who have obesity may have a higher risk of prostate cancer compared with people considered to have a healthy weight. Studies of this issue have had mixed results. In people with obesity, prostate cancer is more likely to grow quickly and more likely to come back after treatment. […] Smoking tobacco. Some research shows a link between smoking and prostate cancer. But not all studies agree. People with prostate cancer who smoke may have a higher risk of the cancer coming back. People who smoke also have a higher risk of the cancer spreading beyond the prostate.
  • #35 Prostate Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, & Care – BuzzRx
    https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/prostate-cancer
    Prostate cancer is cancer that starts in the prostate gland. The prostate gland is a part of the male reproductive system. It is located just below the urinary bladder and helps to make semen. […] While the exact cause of prostate cancer is unknown, scientists have found that cancer cells develop due to a change in the DNA (genetic material) of healthy cells or normal cells. These genetic mutations cause uncontrolled cell growth, leading to tumor formation. The tumor can invade surrounding tissues, and cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the bodythis is called metastatic prostate cancer. […] Researchers have found that certain lifestyle factors can increase the risk of prostate cancer, such as: Obesity: According to the American Cancer Society, obesity (body mass index or BMI of 30 or higher) increases the risk of aggressive prostate cancer by approximately 20%. Obese people are also more likely to have faster-growing prostate cancer and recurrence of the cancer after treatment.
  • #36 Prostate Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470550/
    Mutations in breast cancer 1 (BRCA1), and particularly BRCA2, are associated with breast and prostate cancer. […] Over 100 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and other genes have been linked to an increased risk of prostate cancer, including hereditary prostate cancer gene 1, various androgen and Vitamin D receptor genes, HPC1, HPC2, HPCX, CAPB, mutL homolog 1 (MLH1), mutS homologs 2 and 6 (MSH2 and MSH6), postmeiotic segregation increased 2 (PMS2), homeobox B13 (HOXB13), checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2), nibrin (NBN), BRCA1-interacting protein C-terminal helicase 1 (BRIP1), ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), and the TMPRSS2-ETS gene family, such as TMPRSS2-ERG and TMPRSS2-ETV1/4, all of which tend to promote cancer cell growth. […] Prostate cancer is generally linked to the typical Western diet.
  • #37 Prostate Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470550/
    A diet high in unsaturated fats, such as lard, has been shown in mouse models to significantly enhance the progression of prostate cancer. […] High calcium intake is associated with advanced prostate cancer. […] Diets high in saturated fat and dairy products seem to increase the cancer risk. […] Lower vitamin D blood levels may increase the risk of developing prostate cancer. […] Prostate cancer patients with vitamin D deficiencies have a higher overall and cancer-specific mortality, suggesting that vitamin D supplements may be helpful in prostate cancer patients who are deficient in the vitamin. […] Prostate cancer is associated with certain medications, surgical procedures, and medical conditions. […] The use of statins, metformin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), especially those with anti-COX-2 activity, may decrease prostate cancer risk.
  • #38 Prostate Cancer – Basics & Causes
    https://www.webmd.com/prostate-cancer/understanding-prostate-cancer-basics
    Prostate cancer affects mainly older men. About 80% of cases are in men over 65, and less than 1% of cases are in men under 50. African American men and those with a family history of prostate cancer are more likely to get it. […] Doctors dont know what causes prostate cancer, but diet contributes to the risk. Men who eat lots of fat from red meat are most likely to have prostate cancer. Eating meat may be risky for other reasons: Meat cooked at high temperatures produces cancer-causing substances that affect the prostate. The disease is much more common in countries where meat and dairy products are common than in countries where the diet consists of rice, soybean products, and vegetables. […] Hormones also play a role. Eating fats raises the amount of testosterone in the body, and testosterone speeds the growth of prostate cancer. […] A few job hazards have been found. Welders, battery manufacturers, rubber workers, and workers frequently exposed to the metal cadmium seem to be more likely to get prostate cancer. […] Not exercising also makes prostate cancer more likely.
  • #39 Prostate Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470550/
    A diet high in unsaturated fats, such as lard, has been shown in mouse models to significantly enhance the progression of prostate cancer. […] High calcium intake is associated with advanced prostate cancer. […] Diets high in saturated fat and dairy products seem to increase the cancer risk. […] Lower vitamin D blood levels may increase the risk of developing prostate cancer. […] Prostate cancer patients with vitamin D deficiencies have a higher overall and cancer-specific mortality, suggesting that vitamin D supplements may be helpful in prostate cancer patients who are deficient in the vitamin. […] Prostate cancer is associated with certain medications, surgical procedures, and medical conditions. […] The use of statins, metformin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), especially those with anti-COX-2 activity, may decrease prostate cancer risk.
  • #40 Prostate Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470550/
    A diet high in unsaturated fats, such as lard, has been shown in mouse models to significantly enhance the progression of prostate cancer. […] High calcium intake is associated with advanced prostate cancer. […] Diets high in saturated fat and dairy products seem to increase the cancer risk. […] Lower vitamin D blood levels may increase the risk of developing prostate cancer. […] Prostate cancer patients with vitamin D deficiencies have a higher overall and cancer-specific mortality, suggesting that vitamin D supplements may be helpful in prostate cancer patients who are deficient in the vitamin. […] Prostate cancer is associated with certain medications, surgical procedures, and medical conditions. […] The use of statins, metformin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), especially those with anti-COX-2 activity, may decrease prostate cancer risk.
  • #41 Prostate cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prostate-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353087
    Factors that can increase the risk of prostate cancer include: Older age. The risk of prostate cancer goes up with age. It’s most common after age 50. […] Race and ethnicity. In the United States, Black people have a greater risk of prostate cancer than do people of other races and ethnicities. Healthcare professionals aren’t exactly sure why. In Black people, prostate cancer also is more likely to grow quickly or be advanced when detected. […] Family history of prostate cancer. If a blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, has been diagnosed with prostate cancer, your risk may be increased. The risk also may be increased if other close relatives have had prostate cancer. This includes your grandparents and your parents’ siblings. […] Obesity. People who have obesity may have a higher risk of prostate cancer compared with people considered to have a healthy weight. Studies of this issue have had mixed results. In people with obesity, prostate cancer is more likely to grow quickly and more likely to come back after treatment. […] Smoking tobacco. Some research shows a link between smoking and prostate cancer. But not all studies agree. People with prostate cancer who smoke may have a higher risk of the cancer coming back. People who smoke also have a higher risk of the cancer spreading beyond the prostate.
  • #42 Prostate cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prostate-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353087
    Factors that can increase the risk of prostate cancer include: Older age. The risk of prostate cancer goes up with age. It’s most common after age 50. […] Race and ethnicity. In the United States, Black people have a greater risk of prostate cancer than do people of other races and ethnicities. Healthcare professionals aren’t exactly sure why. In Black people, prostate cancer also is more likely to grow quickly or be advanced when detected. […] Family history of prostate cancer. If a blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, has been diagnosed with prostate cancer, your risk may be increased. The risk also may be increased if other close relatives have had prostate cancer. This includes your grandparents and your parents’ siblings. […] Obesity. People who have obesity may have a higher risk of prostate cancer compared with people considered to have a healthy weight. Studies of this issue have had mixed results. In people with obesity, prostate cancer is more likely to grow quickly and more likely to come back after treatment. […] Smoking tobacco. Some research shows a link between smoking and prostate cancer. But not all studies agree. People with prostate cancer who smoke may have a higher risk of the cancer coming back. People who smoke also have a higher risk of the cancer spreading beyond the prostate.
  • #43 The Etiology of Prostate Cancer – Prostate Cancer – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK571322/
    There are ethnic and geographic variations in the incidence of prostate cancer. There is a higher incidence, severity, and mortality rates amongst men of black African descent. […] Among the modifiable risk factors for prostate cancer, smoking has been shown to have an association with prostate cancer incidence and mortality. […] Obesity and increased body mass index have been associated with numerous cancers including prostate cancer, with increased adiposity leading to increased mortality risk of prostate cancer. […] Numerous studies have shown that there is an inverse relationship between physical activity and risk of progression and mortality from prostate cancer. […] Diet and nutrition have been implicated in many cancers including prostate cancer. […] Chronic inflammation is often a result of numerous exogenous stimuli like infections, radiation, hormones, chemicals, and other noxious stimuli. Following on from this, cancers can often be a subsequent chain of events related chronic inflammation. […] In summary, although there are many putative risk factors for prostate cancer, apart from ethnicity and age, there is no confirmative etiological factor.
  • #44 Prostate Cancer – Basics & Causes
    https://www.webmd.com/prostate-cancer/understanding-prostate-cancer-basics
    Prostate cancer affects mainly older men. About 80% of cases are in men over 65, and less than 1% of cases are in men under 50. African American men and those with a family history of prostate cancer are more likely to get it. […] Doctors dont know what causes prostate cancer, but diet contributes to the risk. Men who eat lots of fat from red meat are most likely to have prostate cancer. Eating meat may be risky for other reasons: Meat cooked at high temperatures produces cancer-causing substances that affect the prostate. The disease is much more common in countries where meat and dairy products are common than in countries where the diet consists of rice, soybean products, and vegetables. […] Hormones also play a role. Eating fats raises the amount of testosterone in the body, and testosterone speeds the growth of prostate cancer. […] A few job hazards have been found. Welders, battery manufacturers, rubber workers, and workers frequently exposed to the metal cadmium seem to be more likely to get prostate cancer. […] Not exercising also makes prostate cancer more likely.
  • #45 Prostate Cancer Risk Factors | Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/prostate-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
    Any man, or person born with a prostate, is at risk for developing prostate cancer, but there are factors that can increase your risk. […] Researchers have found some factors that can affect prostate cancer risk. […] Prostate cancer seems to run in some families, which suggests that in some cases there may be an inherited or genetic factor. […] Certain gene changes (known as variants or mutations) that are inherited from a parent can raise prostate cancer risk, although these probably account for only a small percentage of prostate cancers overall. […] Some studies have suggested that exposure to some chemicals might increase prostate cancer risk. […] Some studies have suggested a link between exposure to arsenic and a higher risk of prostate cancer. […] Some studies have suggested that prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate gland) may be linked to an increased risk of prostate cancer, but other studies have not found such a link.
  • #46 Risks for prostate cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/prostate/risks
    Some inherited gene mutations may increase the chance of developing prostate cancer. Only a very small number of prostate cancer cases are linked with inherited gene mutations. […] There is some evidence that diets high in dairy products and calcium may increase the risk for prostate cancer. […] Some evidence suggests that contact with the following chemicals may increase the risk for prostate cancer. […] Inflammation of the prostate is called prostatitis. Many studies, but not all, show that long-term prostatitis increases the risk of developing prostate cancer. It also makes prostate cancer grow and spread more quickly. […] Smoking tobacco may increase the risk for prostate cancer. Some studies also show that smoking may increase the risk of being diagnosed with fast-growing (aggressive) or advanced prostate cancer.
  • #47 Prostate Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470550/
    Infections may be associated with the incidence and development of prostate cancer. […] Infections with chlamydia, gonorrhea, or syphilis seem to increase the risk of developing prostate cancer. […] Although human papillomavirus (HPV) has been proposed to have a role in prostate cancer incidence, the evidence remains inconclusive. […] There was once a belief that there was a link between vasectomy and prostate cancer, but larger follow-up studies have failed to confirm this association.
  • #48 Prostate Cancer Risk Factors | Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/prostate-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
    Researchers have looked to see if sexually transmitted infections (like gonorrhea or chlamydia) might increase the risk of prostate cancer, because they can lead to inflammation of the prostate. […] Some studies have suggested that men who have a vasectomy (minor surgery to make men infertile) have a slightly increased risk for prostate cancer, but other studies have found no increase in risk.
  • #49 Prostate Cancer Risk Factors | Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/prostate-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
    Researchers have looked to see if sexually transmitted infections (like gonorrhea or chlamydia) might increase the risk of prostate cancer, because they can lead to inflammation of the prostate. […] Some studies have suggested that men who have a vasectomy (minor surgery to make men infertile) have a slightly increased risk for prostate cancer, but other studies have found no increase in risk.
  • #50 Risk and causes of prostate cancer | Cancer Research UK
    https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/prostate-cancer/risks-causes
    Some evidence shows that the taller people are during adulthood and the more people weighed at birth, the higher their risk of prostate cancer. […] Research has found that people with high levels of IGF-1 have an increased risk of developing prostate cancer. […] Research has found that the risk of developing prostate cancer is higher in people exposed to high levels of pesticides. […] Some factors might increase the risk of prostate cancer but there is not enough evidence to be sure. These include having a vasectomy, inflammation of the prostate called prostatitis, being exposed to cadmium which is a type of metal found in tobacco and certain types of food.
  • #51 Risk and causes of prostate cancer | Cancer Research UK
    https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/prostate-cancer/risks-causes
    Some evidence shows that the taller people are during adulthood and the more people weighed at birth, the higher their risk of prostate cancer. […] Research has found that people with high levels of IGF-1 have an increased risk of developing prostate cancer. […] Research has found that the risk of developing prostate cancer is higher in people exposed to high levels of pesticides. […] Some factors might increase the risk of prostate cancer but there is not enough evidence to be sure. These include having a vasectomy, inflammation of the prostate called prostatitis, being exposed to cadmium which is a type of metal found in tobacco and certain types of food.
  • #52 Prostate Cancer | Cancer
    https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/prostate-cancer
    Prostate cancer causes and risk factors include: […] The exact cause of prostate cancer is unknown. Like other cancers, prostate cancer develops when cells grow and divide at an abnormal rate. Cells can form tumors that are either benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). […] Other factors that can increase your risk for prostate cancer include: […] The risk of prostate cancer increases in men over age 50. About 60% of men with prostate cancer are over 65. […] Military veterans exposed to Agent Orange, a chemical used during the Vietnam War, are at a higher risk of prostate cancer. […] You’re more likely to develop prostate cancer if a close relative also had the disease. Some genetic abnormalities passed down through families may increase your risk, but hereditary prostate cancer isn’t common.
  • #53 Prostate Cancer Causes & Risk Factors – California Protons
    https://www.californiaprotons.com/prostate-cancer/causes-risk-factors-prevention/
    Those with inherited genetic factors (listed above) should be extra mindful. A father with a history of prostate cancer more than doubles your risk. A brother is even higher. […] Acquired Gene Changes: Attributed to circumstances that cause something to go wrong during the gene copying process. […] Less clear factors are diet, lack of exercise, smoking, obesity, chemical and sun exposure, radiation, inflammation and STDs.
  • #54 Risk and causes of prostate cancer | Cancer Research UK
    https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/prostate-cancer/risks-causes
    Some evidence shows that the taller people are during adulthood and the more people weighed at birth, the higher their risk of prostate cancer. […] Research has found that people with high levels of IGF-1 have an increased risk of developing prostate cancer. […] Research has found that the risk of developing prostate cancer is higher in people exposed to high levels of pesticides. […] Some factors might increase the risk of prostate cancer but there is not enough evidence to be sure. These include having a vasectomy, inflammation of the prostate called prostatitis, being exposed to cadmium which is a type of metal found in tobacco and certain types of food.
  • #55 Prostate Cancer Causes, Risk Factors and Prevention
    https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/prostate-cancer/risk-factors
    Age: The risk for developing prostate cancer increases with age. One in 10,000 men younger than 40 are diagnosed with prostate cancer, but one in 15 men in their 60s are diagnosed with the disease. […] Family history: Being born with a gene mutation is one of the unavoidable risks of prostate cancer. Two of them include the BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations. […] Geography: People living in North America, Australia, Northwestern Europe and the Caribbean islands are at a higher risk for developing prostate cancer than those living elsewhere. […] Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN): This condition may be associated with increased risk of prostate cancer. […] Race: Studies show that African-American men are about 70 percent more likely to develop prostate cancer in their lifetime than Caucasian or Hispanic men. […] Smoking negatively affects all cells in the body, including those found in the prostate gland. Smoking raises the risk for developing more aggressive prostate cancer and recurrent cancer, and also increases the chances of dying from prostate cancer.
  • #56 Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer | Rawla | World Journal of Oncology
    https://www.wjon.org/index.php/wjon/article/view/1191/915
    Increased understanding of the etiology and causative risk factors of prostate cancer will provide ways to identify at-risk males and support the development of effective screening and prevention methods. […] The reason for these differences among the countries is not entirely clear. The worldwide variations in prostate cancer incidence might be attributed to PSA testing. […] Research has shown that African-American men have the highest incidence of prostate cancer worldwide and more likely to develop disease earlier in life when compared to other racial and ethnic groups. […] These differences suggest that environmental factors also play an important role in the etiology of the prostate cancer and variations in incidence may be due to underdiagnosis, differences in the screening methods and disparities in healthcare access.
  • #57 The Etiology of Prostate Cancer – Prostate Cancer – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK571322/
    There are ethnic and geographic variations in the incidence of prostate cancer. There is a higher incidence, severity, and mortality rates amongst men of black African descent. […] Among the modifiable risk factors for prostate cancer, smoking has been shown to have an association with prostate cancer incidence and mortality. […] Obesity and increased body mass index have been associated with numerous cancers including prostate cancer, with increased adiposity leading to increased mortality risk of prostate cancer. […] Numerous studies have shown that there is an inverse relationship between physical activity and risk of progression and mortality from prostate cancer. […] Diet and nutrition have been implicated in many cancers including prostate cancer. […] Chronic inflammation is often a result of numerous exogenous stimuli like infections, radiation, hormones, chemicals, and other noxious stimuli. Following on from this, cancers can often be a subsequent chain of events related chronic inflammation. […] In summary, although there are many putative risk factors for prostate cancer, apart from ethnicity and age, there is no confirmative etiological factor.
  • #58
    https://exonpublications.com/index.php/exon/article/view/359
    While the exact etiology of prostate cancer remains elusive, various modifiable and unmodifiable risk factors have been suggested as contributing factors. These include age, ethnicity, family history, genetics, obesity, diet, hormones, smoking, alcohol, and certain medications; however, none of these, perhaps with the exception of ethnicity and age, has been conclusively proven to be a definite etiological factor for prostate cancer. […] Men of black African ancestry are more prone to the disease. […] The probability of developing prostate cancer increases with age, from 0.005% in men younger than 39 years of age to 2.2% in men between 40 and 59 years, and 13.7% in men between 60 and 79 years. […] A better understanding of the environmental, genetic, nutritional, hormonal, and molecular landscape that shape the etiology and pathophysiology of prostate cancer will lead to better preventative strategies, enhanced diagnostic pathways, and improved management of the disease.
  • #59
    https://consensus.app/questions/prostate-cancer-causes/
    Prostate cancer progression to androgen independence is driven by environmental and familial factors, and chemopreventive strategies can improve outcomes. […] Intra-prostatic inflammation, driven by diet, chemical injury, and an altered microbiome, contributes to prostate carcinogenesis and can be targeted for prevention and treatment. […] Prostate inflammation is linked to increased risk of prostate cancer, and preventing or reducing inflammation may be a strategy for chemoprevention. […] Large-scale epidemiologic studies are needed to unravel the complex relationships between genetic and environmental factors, potentially leading to better detection, treatment, and prevention of prostate cancer.

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zespół Lyncha uszkodzenie DNA komórek wazektomia rzeżączka rak prostaty infekcja przenoszona drogą płciową mutacja genu BRCA1 kiła otyłość mutacja nabyta przerzutowy rak prostaty czynnik ryzyka wskaźnik masy ciała prostatitis rak gruczołu krokowego dziedziczny rak jelita grubego chlamydia pestycyd komórka nowotworowa historia rodzinna raka prostaty poziom testosteronu nowotwór złośliwy mutacja genetyczna