Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6497009/

  Prostate cancer is the second most frequent cancer diagnosis made in men and the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. Prostate cancer may be asymptomatic at the early stage and often has an indolent course that may require only active surveillance. Based on GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates, 1,276,106 new cases of prostate cancer were reported worldwide in 2018, with higher prevalence in the developed countries. Differences in the incidence rates worldwide reflect differences in the use of diagnostic testing. Prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates are strongly related to the age with the highest incidence being seen in elderly men ( 65 years of age). African-American men have the highest incidence rates and more aggressive type of prostate cancer compared to White men. Screening is highly recommended at age 45 for men with familial history and African-American men. Up-to-date statistics on prostate cancer occurrence and outcomes along with a better understanding of the etiology and causative risk factors are essential for the primary prevention of this disease.

• #1 Prostate cancer statistics | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-statistics/prostate-cancer-statistics/

  Prostate cancer is the 4th most common cancer worldwide. It is the 2nd most common cancer in men. […] There were 1,467,854 new cases of prostate cancer in 2022. […] The US, China and Japan had the highest number of prostate cancer cases in 2022. […] China, the US and Brazil had the highest number of deaths from prostate cancer in 2022.

• #1 Prostate Cancer Statistics for 2024

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/factsheets/prostate-cancer-statistics/

  An estimated 299,010 new cases of prostate cancer will be diagnosed in the US in 2024, which will account for 14.9% of all new cancer cases. […] Data suggest that prostate cancer is a major public health burden. Researchers have projected that, in 2024, almost 300,000 men in the United States will be diagnosed with prostate cancer, and slightly more than 35,000 will die from it. […] Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men. Approximately 1 in 8 men will be diagnosed with this cancer in their lifetime. […] In 2021, an estimated 3,399,229 men in the US were living with prostate cancer. […] An estimated 299,010 new cases of prostate cancer will be diagnosed in the US in 2024, which will account for 14.9% of all new cancer cases. […] Based on age-adjusted cases from 2017 to 2021, the rate of new cases of prostate cancer is 116.5 per 100,000 men per year.

• #1 Prostate Cancer – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/prostate-cancer/chapter/epidemiology-and-aetiology

  Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men, with an estimated 1.4 million diagnoses and 375,000 deaths worldwide in 2020. In more than half of the countries of the world it is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men and PCa is the leading cause of death among men in a quarter of all countries. In Europe, it is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men and the third cancer-related cause of death in men. […] Regarding incidence of PCa diagnosis, the variation is even more pronounced between different geographical areas, partly driven by rate of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing and influenced by (inter)national organisations recommendations on screening. It is highest in Australia/New Zealand and Northern America, and in Western and Northern Europe. The incidence is low in Eastern and South-Central Asia, but rising. Rates in Eastern and Southern Europe were low but have also shown a steady increase. Other reasons for variation in PCa incidence include the age of the population, ethnicity and dietary factors.

• #1 Prostate cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/prostate-cancer

  There are around 55,100 new prostate cancer cases in the UK every year, that’s around 150 every day (2017-2019). […] In males in the UK, prostate cancer is the most common cancer, with around 55,100 new cases every year (2017-2019). […] Prostate cancer accounts for 28% of all new cancer cases in males in the UK (2017-2019). […] Prostate cancer accounts for 14% of all new cancer cases in females and males combined in the UK (2017-2019). […] Incidence rates for prostate cancer in the UK are highest in males aged 75 to 79 (2017-2019). […] Each year around a third (34%) of all new prostate cancer cases in the UK are diagnosed in males aged 75 and over (2017-2019). […] Since the early 1990s, prostate cancer incidence rates have increased by more than half (53%) in males in the UK (2017-2019).

• #1 Prostate cancer statistics | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/prostate/statistics

  Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among Canadian men (excluding non-melanoma skin cancers). It is the 3rd leading cause of death from cancer in men in Canada. […] It is estimated that in 2024: […] 27,900 Canadian men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer. This represents 22% of all new cancer cases in men in 2024. […] 5,000 Canadian men will die from prostate cancer. This represents 11% of all cancer deaths in men in 2024. […] The death rate for prostate cancer has been declining since 1995. The decline likely reflects improved treatment. […] It is estimated that about 1 in 8 Canadian men will develop prostate cancer during their lifetime and 1 in 30 will die from it.

• #1 The Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer – Prostate Cancer – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK571326/

  Prostate cancer is the third most common diagnosed malignancy. It is a heterogeneous disease with incidence rates that vary substantially across the world, from 6.3 to 83.4 per 100,000 people. Age-standardized incidence rates are the highest in Northern Europe and lowest in South Central Asia. Men of African origin are more prone to the disease compared with other ethnicities. Mortality rates differ significantly from incidence rates, with the highest figures in the Caribbean, Sub-Saharan Africa and Micronesia/Polynesia. This chapter provides an overview of the global trends in epidemiology of prostate cancer. Incidence and mortality rates in the Americas, Africa, Europe, Asia, and Oceania are presented. […] Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease with incidence rates that vary substantially across the world from 6.3 to 83.4 per 100,000 people. The regions with highest figures are Northern and Western Europe, the Caribbean, Australia/New Zealand, North America and Southern Africa. The lowest are found in Asia and North Africa.

• #1 Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6497009/

  Prostate cancer incidence increases with age. Although only 1 in 350 men under the age of 50 years will be diagnosed with prostate cancer, the incidence rate increases up to 1 in every 52 men for ages 50 to 59 years. The incidence rate is nearly 60% in men over the age of 65 years. […] Research has shown that African-American men have the highest incidence of prostate cancer worldwide and more likely to develop disease earlier in life when compared to other racial and ethnic groups. […] The mortality rate of prostate cancer rises with age, and almost 55% of all deaths occur after 65 years of age. […] US Preventive Task Force (USPSTF, 2018) has reported that there is a potential benefit of decreasing deaths from prostate cancer in men aged 55 – 69 years with PSA screening. However, for men above 70 years of age for all races, the data are less convincing.

• #1 Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6497009/

  Temporal trends of prostate cancer incidence and mortality varied significantly internationally during the past years, and they seem tightly correlated to the adoption of PSA testing for early detection of the disease especially in Western countries. […] Prostate cancer mortality rates in most western countries including North America as well as in Western and North Europe have been steadily declining. Although the reasons are not clear, it may reflect both early detection and improved treatment. […] From 2018 to 2040, it is estimated that mortality will double with 379,005 deaths worldwide. The highest mortality rate is estimated to be in Africa (+124.4%), followed by Asia (116.7%), while the lowest incidence will be registered in Europe (+58.3%). […] Although prostate cancer incidence rates are high, most prostate cancer cases are detected when the cancer is confined to within the prostate. The 5-year survival rate in the USA for men diagnosed with prostate cancer is around 98%.

• #1 Estimates of over-time trends in incidence and mortality of prostate cancer from 1990 to 2030 – Cai – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/38888/html

  Background: This research aims to identify the current and future trends in the incidence and death rate of prostate cancer and to provide the necessary data support for making relevant health decisions. […] In 2016, prostate cancer cases [1,435,742; 95% uncertainty interval (UI), 1,293,3951,618,655] were nearly 2.5-fold the number in 1990 (579,457; 95% UI, 521,564616,107). Deaths increased by 2.0-fold from 191,687 (95% UI, 168,885209,254) in 1990 to 380,916 (95% UI, 320,808412,868) in 2016. […] The global age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) increased from 17.75 (95% UI, 18.9115.95) in 1990 to 22.12 (95% UI, 19.9224.91) in 2016, changing 24.62%. […] Prostate cancer will frequently occur in high SDI countries from 1990 to 2030. Simultaneously, the highest mortality will present in low SDI countries.

• #1 Prostate Cancer Statistics for 2024

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/factsheets/prostate-cancer-statistics/

  There was a sharp decline in the overall incidence of prostate cancer from 2007 to 2014, which correlated with a reduction in prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening as a result of changes to US Preventive Services Task Force recommendations. […] However, since 2014, the incidence rate of prostate cancer has risen by 3% per year, mainly driven by 4% to 5% yearly increases in diagnoses of regional and distant disease. […] Variations in prostate cancer incidence rates mainly reflect the use of PSA screening, which typically detects localized disease. […] The incidence of prostate cancer increases with advancing age. Prostate cancer is most frequently diagnosed among men aged 65 to 74 years, and the median age at diagnosis is 67 years. […] Black men are more likely to have prostate cancer, more likely to be diagnosed at an earlier age, and more likely to die from prostate cancer.

• #1 Prostate Cancer Statistics for 2024

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/factsheets/prostate-cancer-statistics/

  The incidence of prostate cancer is approximately 70% higher in Black men than in White men. […] Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in men. Approximately 1 in 44 men in the US will die from prostate cancer. In 2024, an estimated 35,250 men will die from prostate cancer. […] Based on data from 2014 to 2020, the 5-year relative survival rate for prostate cancer patients is 97.5%. […] However, mortality rates are higher in men who are Black, those who are older, and those who have distant metastasis. […] For men diagnosed with localized or regional prostate cancer, the 5-year relative survival rate is approximately 100%, but the rate declines to 36.6% for patients diagnosed with distant disease. […] As a result of earlier detection through PSA testing and improved treatments, the prostate cancer mortality rate declined from a height of 39.3 deaths per 100,000 men in 1993 to 18.8 deaths per 100,000 men in 2017.

• #1 Prostate Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/prost.html

  Prostate cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. […] The death rate was 19.2 per 100,000 men per year based on 20192023, age-adjusted. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new prostate cancer cases have been rising on average 1.8% each year over 20132022. […] Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 0.6% each year over 20142023.

• #1 Prostate Cancer – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/prostate-cancer/chapter/epidemiology-and-aetiology

  There is relatively less variation in mortality rates worldwide, although rates are generally high in populations of African descent, intermediate in the USA and very low in Asia. Mortality due to PCa has decreased in most Western nations but the magnitude of the reduction varies between countries. […] A wide variety of endogenous and exogenous/environmental factors have been discussed as being associated with the risk of developing PCa, or as being aetiologically important for the progression from latent to clinical PCa. […] These guidelines divide the risk factors into hereditary, such as ethnicity, family history and known genetic mutations, in which direct heritance of the risk factor is more obvious and direct, and non-hereditary, such as dietary and medical factors as well as metabolic syndrome and obesity, in which there may well be hereditary components, but they are more indirect.

• #1 Prostate cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/prostate-cancer

  Since the early 1970s, prostate cancer mortality rates have increased by almost a sixth (16%) in males in the UK (2017-2019). […] Over the last decade, prostate cancer mortality rates have decreased by a tenth (10%) in males in the UK (2017-2019). […] Prostate cancer mortality rates are projected to fall by 5% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] There could be around around 17,500 deaths of prostate cancer every year in the UK by 2038-2040, projections suggest. […] Almost 8 in 10 (77.6%) men diagnosed with prostate cancer in England survive their disease for ten years or more, it is predicted (2013-2017). […] Prostate cancer survival has tripled in the last 50 years in the UK. […] In the 1970s, a quarter (25.2%) of men diagnosed with prostate cancer survived their disease beyond ten years, by the 2010s it was more than 8 in 10 (83.8%). […] Prostate cancer is not clearly linked to any preventable risk factors.

• #1 Prostate cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer

  Prostate cancer is the second-most frequently diagnosed cancer in men, and the second-most frequent cause of cancer death in men (after lung cancer). Around 1.2 million new cases of prostate cancer are diagnosed each year, and over 350,000 people die of the disease, annually. One in eight men are diagnosed with prostate cancer in their lifetime, and around one in forty die of the disease. Rates of prostate cancer rise with age. Due to this, prostate cancer rates are generally higher in parts of the world with higher life expectancy, which also tend to be areas with higher gross domestic product and higher human development index. Australia, Europe, North America, New Zealand, and parts of South America have the highest incidence. South Asia, Central Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa have the lowest incidence of prostate cancer; though incidence is increasing quickly in these regions. Prostate cancer is the most diagnosed cancer in men in over half of the world’s countries, and the leading cause of cancer death in men in around a quarter of countries.

• #1 Prostate Cancer – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/prostate-cancer/chapter/epidemiology-and-aetiology

  Ethnic background and family history are both associated with varying PCa incidence, suggesting a genetic predisposition. Men of African ancestry in the Western world demonstrate more unfavourable outcomes that may be due to biological, environmental, social, and/or health care factors. […] A small subpopulation of all men with PCa, regardless of ethnicity, have true hereditary PCa (HPCA), defined as 3 cases in the same family, PCa in three successive generations, or 2 cases in the same family diagnosed 55 yrs. […] Pathogenic germline mutations in the BRCA2 and HOXB13 genes, but also in the genes CHEK2, BRCA1, ATM, NBS1, and genes involved in Lynch syndrome, have been suggested to increase the risk of PCa. […] If germline genetic mutations are relatively rare, but with quite high impact on PCa risk, SNPs are very common, but each SNP has low impact on the risk of developing PCa.

• #1 Prostate Cancer – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/prostate-cancer/chapter/epidemiology-and-aetiology

  There are a number of risk factors for PCa, that are less determined by ethnicity and/or heredity, of which age is the most obvious. Despite this, currently there are no known effective preventative dietary or pharmacological interventions. […] The association between metabolic syndrome and PCa is not clear, with mixed results in various studies. […] A meta-analysis of fourteen large prospective studies did not show any association between blood total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and the risk of developing either overall PCa or high-grade PCa. […] The association between a wide variety of dietary factors and PCa have been studied, but there is a paucity of quality evidence. To date, the current body of evidence will not support a causal relationship between specific (dietary and otherwise) factors and the development of PCa.

• #1 Prostate Cancer – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/prostate-cancer/chapter/epidemiology-and-aetiology

  Prostate cancer is a major health concern in men, with incidence mainly dependent on age and extent of PSA testing. Genetic factors are associated with risk of (aggressive) PCa. A variety of dietary/exogenous/environmental factors have been associated with PCa incidence and prognosis. In hypogonadal men, testosterone supplements do not increase the risk of PCa. No conclusive data exist which could support specific preventive or dietary measures aimed at reducing the risk of developing PCa.

• #1 Prostate cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prostate-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353093

  Prostate cancer diagnosis often starts with an exam and a blood test. A healthcare professional might do these tests as part of prostate cancer screening. Or you might have these tests if you have prostate cancer symptoms. If these first tests detect something concerning, imaging tests can make pictures of the prostate to look for signs of cancer. To be sure whether you have prostate cancer or not, a sample of prostate cells might be removed for testing. […] Prostate cancer screening tests look for prostate cancer in people who don’t have any symptoms of the disease. Tests typically include a prostate-specific antigen blood test and a digital rectal exam. […] Most experts recommend talking with your healthcare professional about prostate cancer screening around age 50. Together you can decide whether screening is right for you. You might consider starting the discussions sooner if you’re a Black person, have a family history of prostate cancer or have other risk factors.

• #1 Prostate cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prostate-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353093

  Prostate cancer treatment isn’t always needed right away. Instead, the healthcare team may watch the cancer closely. Healthcare professionals call this active surveillance. It often involves regular follow-up blood tests, imaging tests and prostate biopsies. If tests show that the cancer is growing, you may choose to start treatment. For some prostate cancers, treatment may never be needed. […] Your healthcare team uses the results of your tests and procedures to give your cancer a stage. The cancer’s stage tells your healthcare team about the size of the cancer and how quickly it’s growing. […] Prostate cancer stages range from 1 to 4. A lower number means the cancer is small and only in the prostate. A lower number stage typically means the cancer is very likely to be cured. If the cancer grows larger or spreads, the stage goes up. A higher number stage may mean a cure is less likely. Your prognosis depends on many factors, so talk about this with your healthcare team.

• #1 Prostate cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prostate-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353093

  The chance of surviving prostate cancer is quite good for most people. To understand prostate cancer survival rates, experts study many people with prostate cancer to see how many are living five years after their diagnosis. […] When the cancer is only in the prostate, the chance of surviving at least five years is 100%. As the cancer spreads beyond the prostate, the chances get lower. When prostate cancer has spread to other parts of the body, called metastatic prostate cancer, the chances of surviving at least five years is about 37%.

• #1 U.S. Cancer Statistics Prostate Cancer Stat Bite | U.S. Cancer Statistics | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/united-states-cancer-statistics/publications/prostate-cancer-stat-bite.html

  Based on the most recent data available, in the United States in 2021, 236,659 new prostate cancers were reported and in 2022, 33,363 males died from prostate cancer. […] Males had much higher rates of getting prostate cancer than dying from prostate cancer. […] From 2017 to 2021, 70% of prostate cancer cases were diagnosed at a localized stage, meaning the cancer had not spread outside the prostate. 14% of prostate cancers were found at a regional stage (the cancer had spread to nearby lymph nodes, tissues, or organs), and 8% were found at a distant stage (the cancer had spread to distant parts of the body). […] Overall, 97% of prostate cancer patients had not died from their cancer 5 years later. However, survival varied by stage at diagnosis. […] Survival is high because many prostate cancers grow slowly or not at all. The goal of screening for prostate cancer is to find cancers that may grow if not treated. Men and their doctors should talk about the possible harms and benefits of screening.

• #1 Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/prostate/treatment/active-surveillance

  Not all prostate cancers are the same. Some grow quickly and need treatment right away. Others grow slowly and are less likely to metastasize (spread) to other parts of your body. This kind of prostate cancer is low risk. […] If you have a prostate cancer that grows slowly, your healthcare provider may recommend active surveillance. […] Active surveillance is a form of treatment for prostate cancer. Its not the same as having no treatment. […] This treatment option helps people with slow-growing prostate cancer avoid possible side effects of surgery and radiation therapy, including: Urinary incontinence (trouble holding in your pee), Rectal bleeding, Erectile dysfunction (its hard to get or keep an erection). […] Your healthcare provider may recommend active surveillance if you have: A small tumor thats only in your prostate, Cancer that grows slowly, A low risk that the cancer will grow or spread, A tumor that does not threaten your life.

• #1 What is active surveillance for prostate cancer? | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/active-surveillance-versus-treatment-for-prostate-cancer–weighing-your-options.h00-159460056.html

  Prostate cancer treatment options can include surgery, radiation therapy and hormone therapy. But some men are candidates for active surveillance also known as watchful waiting. […] Prostate cancer patients on active surveillance have routine appointments with their care team to monitor the prostate cancer. By choosing active surveillance, many men are able to avoid some negative side effects of treatment, and to maintain their quality of life. […] Low-risk prostate cancer patients are typically the best candidates for surveillance since the disease is very unlikely to spread in the future. […] Studies show that for men with low-risk prostate cancer, surveillance is very safe, Gregg says. […] Patients on active surveillance typically have a checkup with their prostate cancer care team every six to twelve months. During these visits, they can undergo blood tests, physical exams, and diagnostic imaging, such as MRIs. This will help your care team monitor whether the tumor is growing.

• #1 Active surveillance | Prostate Cancer UK

  https://prostatecanceruk.org/prostate-information-and-support/treatments/active-surveillance/

  Active surveillance is a way of monitoring localised (early) prostate cancer, rather than treating it straight away. […] If you go on active surveillance, you’ll have regular tests to check on the cancer. […] The aim is to avoid unnecessary treatment unless these tests show that your cancer may be growing, or you decide you want treatment so you’ll avoid or delay the side effects of treatment. […] Active surveillance is suitable for men with Cambridge Prognostic Group (CPG) 1 or 2 localised prostate cancer. […] If you have more aggressive prostate cancer that has a high risk of spreading (CPG 4 or 5) active surveillance won’t be recommended for you. […] Research shows active surveillance is a safe way for men with low risk prostate cancer to avoid or delay unnecessary treatment. […] The risk of it growing without being picked up is very low.

• #1 Active surveillance for prostate cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/prostate/treatment/active-surveillance

  You may be offered active surveillance if: the cancer is small, the cancer is only in the prostate, the cancer isn’t causing any symptoms, the cancer is expected to grow slowly (it is Grade Group 1 or 2), the cancer is very low or low risk, the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level is less than 10 ng/mL, you prefer not to have treatment right away so you can avoid treatment-related side effects and keep the quality of life that you’re used to. […] Treatments, such as surgery or radiation therapy, are started if: the PSA level keeps going up over time, samples from follow-up biopsies are given a higher Gleason score, symptoms develop and tests show the cancer is starting to grow.

• #1 Active surveillance of prostate cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_surveillance_of_prostate_cancer

  Active surveillance is not recommended for men with high-risk disease, or those with primary Gleason pattern 4 or 5, who have a substantial risk of harboring systemic disease at diagnosis, and of progression to metastatic disease in the absence of treatment. […] However, active surveillance should be considered for those with very low, low, and intermediate risk prostate cancer depending on overall health state and life expectancy, as well as personal preferences. […] The National Comprehensive Cancer Center Guidelines recommend active surveillance as the preferred management option for men with very low risk disease and a life expectancy below 20 years, and those with low risk disease and a life expectancy below 10 years; and an option for those with low risk disease and a life expectancy of 10 years or more, or intermediate risk disease and a life expectancy less than 10 years.

• #1 Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/prostate/treatment/active-surveillance

  Active surveillance can be the right choice for people with low-risk prostate cancers. Its a treatment option that matches how harmful the cancer is. […] During active surveillance, youll have tests every few months to look for any changes in your prostate. You will also have regular follow-up appointments with your active surveillance APP. […] Research shows that active surveillance is a safe treatment for people with low-risk cancers. […] Your care team monitors the cancer closely. They look for important changes to your prostate. If the cancer grows or spreads, your care team will know in time to take action. […] Yes. We cannot predict who will have prostate cancer that gets worse or needs treatment in the future. But we know its unlikely we will miss a change in the cancer if you follow your active surveillance schedule.

• #1 Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer: Past, Current, and Future Trends

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/13/4/629

  In the last years, prospective protocol-managed AS cohorts have published their long-term results. […] These long-term outcomes show good 10- to 15-year metastasis-free and PCa-specific survival rates ranging from 95–100% for low-risk PCa. […] The uptake of AS in men with low-risk disease has increased.

• #1 Prostate cancer surveillance found safe at 17 years

  https://www.urologytimes.com/view/prostate-cancer-surveillance-found-safe-17-years

  Prostate cancer surveillance found safe at 17 years. Active surveillance for select men with localized prostate cancer is a safe management strategy at a follow-up of 17 years, researchers from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center reported. The risk of metastasis was 1% at 10 years and 5% at 15 years, said first author Sigrid Carlsson, MD, PhD, MPH, at the Society of Urologic Oncology annual meeting in Phoenix. […] Over the past few decades, the rate of active surveillance has been around 10%. Now in recent years, the rate of active surveillance is 55% across the U.S. So times are changing.

• #1 What is active surveillance for prostate cancer? | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/active-surveillance-versus-treatment-for-prostate-cancer–weighing-your-options.h00-159460056.html

  By choosing active surveillance, many men dont have to deal with the side effects that come from other treatments, Gregg says. […] Gregg cites long-term studies that show many men with low-risk prostate cancer can remain on active surveillance for a number of years without requiring treatment, while many ultimately do not end up getting treated all. But if a routine surveillance checkup shows elevated PSA levels or if the tumor is growing, your doctor may suggest further studies or more aggressive treatment. […] Treatment options typically are surgery to remove the prostate or radiation therapy. You may also get hormone therapy along with radiation therapy. Side effects and eligibility for each treatment can vary by patient, and choosing between surgery and radiation is often an individualized decision. […] Standard options for high-risk prostate cancer can include a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and/or hormone therapy.

• #1 Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer | Watchful Waiting for Prostate Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/prostate-cancer/treating/watchful-waiting.html

  The main advantage of active surveillance and observation is that these approaches allow some men with slow-growing cancers to avoid (or at least delay) treatments, such as surgery or radiation, which can often have bothersome side effects. […] These approaches can have some potential downsides as well. […] In the studies that have been done so far, it doesn’t appear that men who are treated right away are likely to live any longer than men who choose active surveillance. […] Finally, it’s important to keep in mind that while there are still some questions about active surveillance, the tools doctors use to decide which men might benefit from it have improved a great deal in recent years.

• #1 Active surveillance of prostate cancer: Indications, tests, and risks

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/active-surveillance-prostate-cancer

  The goal of active surveillance is to monitor prostate cancer carefully and intervene with more aggressive treatment only if the cancer shows signs of progression. […] The primary risk of active surveillance is the possibility of cancer progression during the monitoring period. However, low risk prostate cancer often grows extremely slowly or not at all, so many people do not require treatment. […] Active surveillance and immediate treatment represent two distinct approaches to managing prostate cancer. […] Doctors may choose active surveillance for low risk, slow-growing prostate cancer. The focus is on observing the cancers progression over time rather than trying to treat or cure it. […] The results of active surveillance vary depending on the individual case. Often, the cancer remains stable with minimal progression.

• #1 Active surveillance for prostate cancer – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/active-surveillance-for-prostate-cancer/about/pac-20384946

  Risks of active surveillance for prostate cancer include: Anxiety. You may be anxious and have a sense of uncertainty about the status of your cancer. Frequent medical appointments. If you choose active surveillance, you must be willing to meet with your health care provider every few months. Cancer growth. The cancer can grow and spread while you wait. If cancer spreads, you may miss the window of opportunity for effective treatment. Fewer treatment options. If your cancer spreads, you may have fewer options for treatment. Your treatment options may be more drastic than treatments used for very small cancers. […] Many who choose active surveillance for prostate cancer never undergo prostate cancer treatment. The cancer may never grow and may never cause signs and symptoms. […] But prostate cancer treatment might be considered if: The cancer begins growing faster than expected. The cancer spreads outside a confined area within the prostate. The cancer causes signs and symptoms.

• #1 More Prostate Cancer Patients Choose Surveillance | Cancer Today

  https://www.cancertodaymag.org/cancer-talk/more-prostate-cancer-patients-choose-surveillance/

  Men are increasingly opting to put off treatment for low-risk prostate cancer, and doctors say its a good thing. […] A study published online April 3 in JAMA Internal Medicine analyzed data on treatment of more than 105,000 men over 40 diagnosed with low or favorable-intermediate risk prostate cancer in the U.S. from 2010 to 2018. It found that the percentage of patients choosing to defer active treatment increased dramatically. […] In 2010, about 16.4% of men over 40 diagnosed with low-risk prostate cancer elected to monitor the disease through active surveillance (tracking the progression of the disease with regular diagnostics) or watchful waiting (forgoing even diagnostic tests unless symptoms develop). By 2018 that number had increased to 59.9%. […] We know data has continued to accrue (showing) this is a cancer safely monitored, Al Hussein Al Awamlh says.

• #1 More U.S. prostate cancer patients choosing active surveillance – VUMC News

  https://news.vumc.org/2023/04/03/more-u-s-prostate-cancer-patients-choosing-active-surveillance/

  A Vanderbilt study found the number of prostate cancer patients in the U.S. choosing active surveillance over surgery or radiation has rapidly increased since 2010, rising from 16% to 60% for low-risk patients and from 8% to 22% for patients with favorable intermediate-risk cancers. […] Active surveillance includes actively monitoring prostate cancer for progression, with the intention to intervene with surgery or radiation therapy if the cancer progresses. […] It is the preferred treatment option for men with low-risk prostate cancer and an option for some men with favorable intermediate-risk prostate cancer. […] Our findings suggest that patients and physicians are increasingly becoming more comfortable with observing a subset of cancers with low-risk features, extending the benefits of surveillance to more men.

• #1 More Prostate Cancer Patients Choose Surveillance | Cancer Today

  https://www.cancertodaymag.org/cancer-talk/more-prostate-cancer-patients-choose-surveillance/

  For one, Al Hussein Al Awamlh says, the 60% of U.S. patients with low-risk prostate cancer who now elect to monitor the disease still lags behind the rate of peer nations such as Sweden (74%) and Australia (67%). […] Another concern is income disparity, with patients from households making less than $60,000 a year significantly less likely to use monitoring than those making more than $75,000.

• #1 More U.S. prostate cancer patients choosing active surveillance – VUMC News

  https://news.vumc.org/2023/04/03/more-u-s-prostate-cancer-patients-choosing-active-surveillance/

  Surveillance is thought to mitigate the adverse effects associated with treatment of these cancers, while remaining oncologically safe, according to senior author Jonathan Shoag, MD, associate professor of Urology at University Hospitals (UH) Seidman Cancer Center in Cleveland, UH Urology Institute and Case Western Reserve University. […] These data show that a diagnosis of prostate cancer no longer means a patient will undergo treatment, Shoag said. […] The authors also found that Hispanic men, men with low income, and men residing in rural areas were less likely to choose or be offered active surveillance.

• #1 More U.S. prostate cancer patients choosing active surveillance – ecancer

  https://ecancer.org/en/news/22906-more-u-s-prostate-cancer-patients-choosing-active-surveillance

  More U.S. prostate cancer patients choosing active surveillance. The number of prostate cancer patients in the U.S. choosing active surveillance over surgery or radiation has rapidly increased since 2010, rising from 16% to 60% for low-risk patients and from 8% to 22% for patients with favourable intermediate-risk cancers, according to a study published today in JAMA Internal Medicine. Active surveillance includes actively monitoring prostate cancer for progression, with the intention to intervene with surgery or radiation therapy if the cancer progresses. It is the preferred treatment option for men with low-risk prostate cancer and an option for some men with favourable intermediate-risk prostate cancer. The study’s findings are encouraging because it shows an increase in the proportion of men who benefit from active surveillance over time, said lead author Bashir Al Hussein Al Awamlh, MD, a second-year Urologic Oncology fellow at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC). Our findings suggest that patients and physicians are increasingly becoming more comfortable with observing a subset of cancers with low-risk features, extending the benefits of surveillance to more men. However, there remains room for improvement in active surveillance uptake to reach similar rates as in some countries in Europe or Australia. Particularly in light of recent data demonstrating the safety of active surveillance in low-risk cancers, he said. Surveillance is thought to mitigate the adverse effects associated with treatment of these cancers, while remaining oncologically safe, according to senior author Jonathan Shoag, MD, associate professor of Urology at University Hospitals (UH) Seidman Cancer Center in Cleveland, UH Urology Institute and Case Western Reserve University. These data show that a diagnosis of prostate cancer no longer means a patient will undergo treatment, Shoag said. This further strengthens what are already compelling arguments that the benefits of screening for prostate cancer with PSA far outweigh the harms. We now can, and do, avoid treating cancers that we believe will behave indolently. VUMC researchers, in collaboration with University Hospitals and the National Cancer Institute, studied patients from 2010-2018 and found disparities by race and ethnicity, income and rurality in receiving active surveillance in the U.S. Study authors used the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Prostate with Watchful Waiting database to identify men over 40 with low- and favourable intermediate-risk prostate adenocarcinoma from 2010-2018, as defined by the National Comprehensive Care Network. The authors also found that Hispanic men, men with low income, and men residing in rural areas were less likely to choose or be offered active surveillance. We would like to see the rising tide of active surveillance lift all boats, said co-author Daniel Barocas, MD, MPH, FACS, William L. Bray Professor and Executive Vice Chair of Urology at VUMC.

• #1 Prostate cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/prostate-cancer

  Over the last decade, prostate cancer incidence rates have increased by around a tenth (9%) in males in the UK (2017-2019). […] Prostate cancer incidence rates are projected to rise by 15% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] There could be around 85,100 new cases of prostate cancer every year in the UK by 2038-2040, projections suggest. […] Prostate cancer is the the 2nd most common cause of cancer death in males in the UK, accounting for 14% of all cancer deaths in males in the UK (2017-2019). […] Prostate cancer accounts for 7% of all cancer deaths in females and males combined in the UK (2017-2019). […] Mortality rates for prostate cancer in the UK are highest in males aged 90+ (2017-2019). […] Each year three-quarters of all prostate cancer deaths (75%) in the UK are in males aged 75 and over (2017-2019).

• #1 Estimates of over-time trends in incidence and mortality of prostate cancer from 1990 to 2030 – Cai – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/38888/html

  After a detail analysis of time trend of collection data and projection about the prostate cancer incidence and death rate to 2030, the outcome shows that the incidence has substantially increased in the setting of population expansion and the change in age structure, while death rate has declined slightly for multiple factors.

• #1 Estimates of over-time trends in incidence and mortality of prostate cancer from 1990 to 2030 – Cai – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/38888/html

  The global change of ASDR of prostate cancer has declined slightly, but in many regions, it still shows a trend of growth. […] This study also forecast the trends in the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer from 2017 to 2030. Globally, the trend in prostate cancer incidence rate is increasing substantially. […] The highest incidence rate of prostate cancer will occur with the greatest frequency in high SDI countries over the next years, followed by high-middle SDI countries, low SDI countries, middle SDI countries, and low-middle SDI countries. […] However, trends in prostate cancer deaths will slightly decrease from 2017 to 2030 worldwide. The highest death rates will occur in low SDI countries, followed by high SDI countries, high-middle SDI countries, and low-middle SDI countries.

• #2 Prostate Cancer – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/prostate-cancer/chapter/epidemiology-and-aetiology

  Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men, with an estimated 1.4 million diagnoses and 375,000 deaths worldwide in 2020. In more than half of the countries of the world it is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men and PCa is the leading cause of death among men in a quarter of all countries. In Europe, it is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men and the third cancer-related cause of death in men. […] Regarding incidence of PCa diagnosis, the variation is even more pronounced between different geographical areas, partly driven by rate of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing and influenced by (inter)national organisations recommendations on screening. It is highest in Australia/New Zealand and Northern America, and in Western and Northern Europe. The incidence is low in Eastern and South-Central Asia, but rising. Rates in Eastern and Southern Europe were low but have also shown a steady increase. Other reasons for variation in PCa incidence include the age of the population, ethnicity and dietary factors.

• #2 Prostate Cancer Statistics for 2024

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/factsheets/prostate-cancer-statistics/

  There was a sharp decline in the overall incidence of prostate cancer from 2007 to 2014, which correlated with a reduction in prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening as a result of changes to US Preventive Services Task Force recommendations. […] However, since 2014, the incidence rate of prostate cancer has risen by 3% per year, mainly driven by 4% to 5% yearly increases in diagnoses of regional and distant disease. […] Variations in prostate cancer incidence rates mainly reflect the use of PSA screening, which typically detects localized disease. […] The incidence of prostate cancer increases with advancing age. Prostate cancer is most frequently diagnosed among men aged 65 to 74 years, and the median age at diagnosis is 67 years. […] Black men are more likely to have prostate cancer, more likely to be diagnosed at an earlier age, and more likely to die from prostate cancer.

• #2 Estimates of over-time trends in incidence and mortality of prostate cancer from 1990 to 2030 – Cai – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/38888/html

  Through projecting and analyzing incidence and mortality rate of prostate cancer, from 1990 to 2030, by different ages, regions and SDI sub-types, this result may reveal the relationship between prostate cancer and financial development. […] Prostate cancer, a common urologic malignant tumor, has become one of the most significant reasons for male health problems (1), and contributes to increased mortality. […] The increasing incidence rates, together with an aging and growing population, have led to a 160% increase in prostate cancer cases since 1990. […] Prostate cancer was the leading cause of cancer death in 24 countries, ranking eighth globally, 6th in developed countries, and 12th in developing countries. […] There was a 2.0-fold increase in deaths [191,687 (95% UI, 168,885209,254) to 380,916 (95% UI, 320,808412,868)] (Table 1) in global level.

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  #2 Prostate cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/prostate-cancer