Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Renal Cell Carcinoma – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/renal-cell-carcinoma/chapter/epidemiology-aetiology-and-pathology

  Renal cell carcinoma ranks 14th on the list of cancers, representing around 2% of all cancers, with the highest incidence occurring in Western countries. In 2022, there were an estimated 434,840 new cases of RCC globally with 155,953 deaths worldwide. Incidence and mortality are the highest in Europe and Asia whereas age standardised incidence rate per 100,000 person/years (age-standardized rate [ASR] World) is the highest in Northern America and mortality in Eastern Europe. There is predominance in men over women ASR 13.7 and 6.4 respectively with a higher incidence in the older population. […] In Europe incidence of RCC was 145,721 in 2022 with mortality of 52,347, with ASR (European 2013) 18.9 and 6.9 in 27 European union (EU) countries. In 2022, Belarus, Latvia and Czechia reported the highest overall rate of RCC in Europe, with estimated age-standardised rates (ASR Europe 2013) for Czechia and Latvia for males being 41.3 and 37.8, respectively while being the lowest in Cyprus, Luxembourg and Bulgaria 13.9-15.4.

• #2 Kidney cancer statistics | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-statistics/kidney-cancer-statistics/

  Kidney cancer is the 14th most common cancer worldwide. It is the 10th most common cancer in men and the 13th most common cancer in women. […] There were 434,840 new cases of kidney cancer in 2022. […] The following table gives the top 5 countries by ASR for kidney cancer incidence for both sexes combined. […] China, the US and Russia had the highest number of kidney cancer cases in 2022. […] China, the US and India had the highest number of deaths from kidney cancer in 2022. […] The following 3 tables show the 10 countries with the highest number of kidney cancer deaths in 2022 1st for both sexes, then men and women separately.

• #3 Epidemiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7239575/

  Though renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 2% of global cancer diagnoses and deaths, it has more than doubled in incidence in the developed world over the past half-century, and today is the ninth most common neoplasm in the United States (US). […] Most cases of RCC are discovered incidentally on imaging, and survival is highly dependent on the stage at diagnosis, with the metastatic disease having only a 12% 5-year survival rate. […] RCC has a greater incidence among Hispanics and Native Americans, and a lower survival rate among African Americans in the US. […] According to 2018 GLOBOCAN data, an estimated 403,000 people a year are diagnosed with neoplasms of the kidney, constituting 2.2% of all cancer diagnoses. […] The surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) statistics report that in the US, about 74,000 new cases of kidney cancer were diagnosed in 2019, accounting for 4.2% of all cancer diagnoses (almost double the global average).

• #3 Key Statistics About Kidney Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/kidney-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  Kidney cancer is one of the 10 most common cancers in both men and women in the United States. It accounts for about 4% to 5% of all cancers. […] The American Cancer Societys most recent estimates for kidney cancer in the United States for 2024 are: About 81,610 new cases of kidney cancer (52,380 in men and 29,230 in women) will be diagnosed. About 14,390 people (9,450 men and 4,940 women) will die from this disease. […] Most people with kidney cancer are older. The average age of people when they are diagnosed is 65, with most people being diagnosed between ages 55 and 74. Kidney cancer is uncommon in people younger than age 45. […] Kidney cancer is about twice as common in men than in women, and it is more common in African American, American Indian, and Alaska Native people. […] Overall, the lifetime risk for developing kidney cancer in men is about 1 in 43 (2.3%). The lifetime risk for women is about 1 in 73 (1.4%).

• #4 Epidemiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma | Padala | World Journal of Oncology

  https://www.wjon.org/index.php/wjon/article/view/1279

  Though renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 2% of global cancer diagnoses and deaths, it has more than doubled in incidence in the developed world over the past half-century, and today is the ninth most common neoplasm in the United States (US). […] Most cases of RCC are discovered incidentally on imaging, and survival is highly dependent on the stage at diagnosis, with the metastatic disease having only a 12% 5-year survival rate. […] RCC has a greater incidence among Hispanics and Native Americans, and a lower survival rate among African Americans in the US. […] Modifiable risk factors for RCC include smoking, obesity, poorly-controlled hypertension, diet and alcohol, and occupational exposures. […] A stronger understanding of global RCC epidemiology can facilitate prevention efforts, especially in developing nations and underserved communities where disease burden is predicted to rise in the coming decades.

• #4 Frontiers | Burden of kidney cancer and attributed risk factors in China from 1990 to 2019

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1062504/full

  In 2019, 59,827 new cases, 23,954 deaths, and 642,799 DALYs of kidney cancer occurred in China, of which men accounted for 71.1, 70.5, and 72.0%, and the population aged ≥55 years accounted for 58.9, 77.9, and 60.1%, of new cases, deaths, and DALYs, respectively. […] From 1990 to 2019, the age-standardized incidence rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased from 1.16 in 1990 to 3.21 in 2019, with an AAPC of 3.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.1–3.8%, p < 0.05); the mortality rate increased from 0.70 to 1.27, with an AAPC of 2.1% (1.5–2.3%, p < 0.05); and the DALY rate increased from 0.70 to 1.27, with an AAPC of 2.1% (1.5–2.3%, p < 0.05). [...] The kidney cancer burden in China has continued to grow over the recent three decades, with a severe burden among older adults and men. Therefore, timely preventive interventions for modifiable risk factors are required.

• #5 Epidemiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7239575/

  The GLOBOCAN statistics report mortality of 175,000 people from kidney cancer in 2018. […] In the US, SEER program estimates that for the year 2020 the number of new cases of kidney cancer is 73,750 and deaths is 14,830, accounting for 2.4% of all cancer-related deaths. […] With a 76% 5-year relative survival rate in the US (2009 – 2015), RCC is the deadliest urological cancer. […] Survival is highly dependent on the stage at diagnosis, with a 5-year relative survival of 93% for stage I, localized disease, 72.5% for stage II/III regional disease (local lymph node involvement) and only 12% for stage IV metastatic disease. […] A better understanding of RCC epidemiology and risk factors may help curb growing disease burden through prevention as well as facilitate earlier diagnosis and more targeted treatment options, thereby improving survival for a disease that claims 175,000 lives each year.

• #6 Epidemiology and Prevention of Renal Cell Carcinoma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/16/4059

  About 180,000 people died from RCC in 2020 accounting for 1.8% of all cancer patient deaths according to GLOBOCAN data, of which 116,000 were men and 64,000 were women. […] Many risk factors for RCC have been reported, including genetic mutations. […] The comprehensive VITamin And Lifestyle (VITAL) study in the U.S. reported that lifestyle disease such as obesity and hypertension, and smoking increased the risk of developing RCC. […] Screening programs improve survival rates by detecting and treating RCC in its early, curable stages. The ideal screening modalities have not yet been determined and there are currently no diagnostic modalities for the early detection of RCC other than incidental radiological discovery although it has been postulated that screening for RCC may be a cost-effective strategy through downstaging the disease, reducing the prevalence of metastatic tumors and associated expenditure relating to systemic therapies.

• #7 Key Statistics About Kidney Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/kidney-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  Kidney cancer is one of the 10 most common cancers in both men and women in the United States. It accounts for about 4% to 5% of all cancers. […] The American Cancer Societys most recent estimates for kidney cancer in the United States for 2024 are: About 81,610 new cases of kidney cancer (52,380 in men and 29,230 in women) will be diagnosed. About 14,390 people (9,450 men and 4,940 women) will die from this disease. […] Most people with kidney cancer are older. The average age of people when they are diagnosed is 65, with most people being diagnosed between ages 55 and 74. Kidney cancer is uncommon in people younger than age 45. […] Kidney cancer is about twice as common in men than in women, and it is more common in African American, American Indian, and Alaska Native people. […] Overall, the lifetime risk for developing kidney cancer in men is about 1 in 43 (2.3%). The lifetime risk for women is about 1 in 73 (1.4%).

• #8 Kidney and Renal Pelvis Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/kidrp.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 80,980. […] % of All New Cancer Cases 4.0%. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 14,510. […] % of All Cancer Deaths 2.3%. […] The rate of new cases of kidney and renal pelvis cancer was 17.5 per 100,000 men and women per year. […] Kidney and renal pelvis cancer represents 4.0% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 80,980 new cases of kidney and renal pelvis cancer and an estimated 14,510 people will die of this disease. […] Kidney cancer is more common in men than women and among the non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native population. […] The death rate was 3.4 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2019-2023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] Kidney and renal pelvis cancer is the twelfth leading cause of cancer death in the United States.

• #9 Epidemiology and Prevention of Renal Cell Carcinoma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/16/4059

  The incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) rises globally with the highest rates in developed countries. This indicates not only the impact of advanced imaging, but also an increased prevalence of modifiable risk factors such as smoking, obesity, and hypertension. […] With 400,000 diagnosed and 180,000 deaths in 2020, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 2.4% of all cancer diagnoses worldwide. The highest disease burden developed countries, primarily in Europe and North America. Incidence is projected to increase in the future as more countries shift to Western lifestyles. […] RCC is the ninth most common malignant neoplasm in the United States (U.S.) and has been increasing in recent years. Future lifestyle changes in Asia and Africa are expected to increase the number of RCC patients worldwide RCC as patients are most common in North America and Europe.

• #10 Renal Cell Carcinoma – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/renal-cell-carcinoma/chapter/epidemiology-aetiology-and-pathology

  Renal cell carcinoma ranks 14th on the list of cancers, representing around 2% of all cancers, with the highest incidence occurring in Western countries. In 2022, there were an estimated 434,840 new cases of RCC globally with 155,953 deaths worldwide. Incidence and mortality are the highest in Europe and Asia whereas age standardised incidence rate per 100,000 person/years (age-standardized rate [ASR] World) is the highest in Northern America and mortality in Eastern Europe. There is predominance in men over women ASR 13.7 and 6.4 respectively with a higher incidence in the older population. […] In Europe incidence of RCC was 145,721 in 2022 with mortality of 52,347, with ASR (European 2013) 18.9 and 6.9 in 27 European union (EU) countries. In 2022, Belarus, Latvia and Czechia reported the highest overall rate of RCC in Europe, with estimated age-standardised rates (ASR Europe 2013) for Czechia and Latvia for males being 41.3 and 37.8, respectively while being the lowest in Cyprus, Luxembourg and Bulgaria 13.9-15.4.

• #11 Renal Cell Carcinoma – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/renal-cell-carcinoma/chapter/epidemiology-aetiology-and-pathology

  Renal cell carcinoma ranks 14th on the list of cancers, representing around 2% of all cancers, with the highest incidence occurring in Western countries. In 2022, there were an estimated 434,840 new cases of RCC globally with 155,953 deaths worldwide. Incidence and mortality are the highest in Europe and Asia whereas age standardised incidence rate per 100,000 person/years (age-standardized rate [ASR] World) is the highest in Northern America and mortality in Eastern Europe. There is predominance in men over women ASR 13.7 and 6.4 respectively with a higher incidence in the older population. […] In Europe incidence of RCC was 145,721 in 2022 with mortality of 52,347, with ASR (European 2013) 18.9 and 6.9 in 27 European union (EU) countries. In 2022, Belarus, Latvia and Czechia reported the highest overall rate of RCC in Europe, with estimated age-standardised rates (ASR Europe 2013) for Czechia and Latvia for males being 41.3 and 37.8, respectively while being the lowest in Cyprus, Luxembourg and Bulgaria 13.9-15.4.

• #12 Global epidemiology of kidney cancer – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38341277/

  Kidney cancer (KC) is a disease with a rising worldwide incidence estimated at 400 000 new cases annually, and a worldwide mortality rate approaching 175 000 deaths per year. Current projections suggest incidence continuing to increase over the next decade, emphasizing the urgency of addressing this significant global health trend. […] Despite the overall increases in incidence and mortality, striking social disparities are evident. Low- and middle-income countries bear a disproportionate burden of the disease, with higher mortality rates and later-stage diagnoses, underscoring the critical role of socioeconomic factors in disease prevalence and outcomes. […] The major risk factors for KC, including smoking, obesity, hypertension and occupational exposure to harmful substances, must be taken into account. Importantly, these risk factors also often contribute to kidney injury, a condition that the review identifies as a significant, yet under-recognized, precursor to KC.

• #13 Kidney and Renal Pelvis Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/kidrp.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 80,980. […] % of All New Cancer Cases 4.0%. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 14,510. […] % of All Cancer Deaths 2.3%. […] The rate of new cases of kidney and renal pelvis cancer was 17.5 per 100,000 men and women per year. […] Kidney and renal pelvis cancer represents 4.0% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 80,980 new cases of kidney and renal pelvis cancer and an estimated 14,510 people will die of this disease. […] Kidney cancer is more common in men than women and among the non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native population. […] The death rate was 3.4 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2019-2023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] Kidney and renal pelvis cancer is the twelfth leading cause of cancer death in the United States.

• #14

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00345-018-2286-7

  The widespread use of abdominal imaging has affected the epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). […] Despite this, over 25% of individuals with RCC have evidence of metastases at presentation. Screening for RCC has the potential to downstage the disease. […] The incidence of RCC in the UK increased by 3.1% annually from 1993 through 2014. […] Major barriers to population screening include the relatively low prevalence of the disease, the potential for false positives and over-diagnosis of slow-growing RCCs. […] The incidence of RCC is increasing. The optimal screening modality and target population remain to be elucidated. […] The incidence of RCC is increasing worldwide and is positively correlated with gross domestic product per capita. […] Established risk factors for RCC include increasing age, smoking, obesity, and hypertension.

• #15 Epidemiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma | Padala | World Journal of Oncology

  https://www.wjon.org/index.php/wjon/article/view/1279

  Though renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 2% of global cancer diagnoses and deaths, it has more than doubled in incidence in the developed world over the past half-century, and today is the ninth most common neoplasm in the United States (US). […] Most cases of RCC are discovered incidentally on imaging, and survival is highly dependent on the stage at diagnosis, with the metastatic disease having only a 12% 5-year survival rate. […] RCC has a greater incidence among Hispanics and Native Americans, and a lower survival rate among African Americans in the US. […] Modifiable risk factors for RCC include smoking, obesity, poorly-controlled hypertension, diet and alcohol, and occupational exposures. […] A stronger understanding of global RCC epidemiology can facilitate prevention efforts, especially in developing nations and underserved communities where disease burden is predicted to rise in the coming decades.

• #16

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00345-018-2286-7

  The proportion of all RCC diagnosed incidentally is now over 50%. […] Mortality rates are stable or decreasing in the majority of Western countries, however, the decline is more pronounced in Western compared to Eastern Europe and North compared to South America. […] RCC mortality continues to rise in Eastern Europe. […] Early diagnosis and screening for RCC has been identified as a key research priority within this disease. […] Overall survival from RCC is poor, with a 47% 5-year age-standardized relative survival rate in the United Kingdom. […] A screening programme may improve survival outcomes through earlier detection and treatment of RCC at a curable stage. […] Screening for RCC also raises the potential issue of over-diagnosis of slow-growing SRMs that would never become clinically significant.

• #17 Kidney and Renal Pelvis Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/kidrp.html

  The percent of kidney and renal pelvis cancer deaths is highest among people aged 65-74. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new kidney and renal pelvis cancer cases have been stable over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 1.4% each year over 2014-2023.

• #18 Epidemiology, pathology, and pathogenesis of renal cell carcinoma – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-pathology-and-pathogenesis-of-renal-cell-carcinoma

  EPIDEMIOLOGY […] Incidence — Globally, the incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) varies widely from region to region, with the highest rates observed in the Czech Republic and North America. In the United States, there are approximately 81,000 new cases and almost 15,000 deaths from RCC each year. Worldwide, there are over 400,000 new cases of RCC and over 170,000 deaths annually due to kidney cancer. […] Sex and age — RCC is approximately twofold more common in males compared with females. RCC occurs predominantly in the sixth to eighth decade of life with median age at diagnosis around 64 years of age; it is unusual in patients under 40 years of age and rare in children. […] Ethnicity — Within the United States, Asian American patients or patients of Pacific Islander descent have the lowest incidence of renal cancers, compared with patients of other ethnicities. The five-year survival rate for Black American patients is similar to that for White American patients (over 75 percent).

• #19 Epidemiology, pathology, and pathogenesis of renal cell carcinoma – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-pathology-and-pathogenesis-of-renal-cell-carcinoma/print

  Epidemiology, pathology, and pathogenesis of renal cell carcinoma […] The epidemiology, pathology, and pathogenesis of RCC will be reviewed here. […] Incidence — Globally, the incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) varies widely from region to region, with the highest rates observed in the Czech Republic and North America. In the United States, there are approximately 81,000 new cases and almost 15,000 deaths from RCC each year. Worldwide, there are over 400,000 new cases of RCC and over 170,000 deaths annually due to kidney cancer. […] Sex and age — RCC is approximately twofold more common in males compared with females. RCC occurs predominantly in the sixth to eighth decade of life with median age at diagnosis around 64 years of age; it is unusual in patients under 40 years of age and rare in children.

• #20 Key Statistics About Kidney Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/kidney-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  Kidney cancer is one of the 10 most common cancers in both men and women in the United States. It accounts for about 4% to 5% of all cancers. […] The American Cancer Societys most recent estimates for kidney cancer in the United States for 2024 are: About 81,610 new cases of kidney cancer (52,380 in men and 29,230 in women) will be diagnosed. About 14,390 people (9,450 men and 4,940 women) will die from this disease. […] Most people with kidney cancer are older. The average age of people when they are diagnosed is 65, with most people being diagnosed between ages 55 and 74. Kidney cancer is uncommon in people younger than age 45. […] Kidney cancer is about twice as common in men than in women, and it is more common in African American, American Indian, and Alaska Native people. […] Overall, the lifetime risk for developing kidney cancer in men is about 1 in 43 (2.3%). The lifetime risk for women is about 1 in 73 (1.4%).

• #21 Key Statistics About Kidney Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/kidney-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  Kidney cancer is one of the 10 most common cancers in both men and women in the United States. It accounts for about 4% to 5% of all cancers. […] The American Cancer Societys most recent estimates for kidney cancer in the United States for 2024 are: About 81,610 new cases of kidney cancer (52,380 in men and 29,230 in women) will be diagnosed. About 14,390 people (9,450 men and 4,940 women) will die from this disease. […] Most people with kidney cancer are older. The average age of people when they are diagnosed is 65, with most people being diagnosed between ages 55 and 74. Kidney cancer is uncommon in people younger than age 45. […] Kidney cancer is about twice as common in men than in women, and it is more common in African American, American Indian, and Alaska Native people. […] Overall, the lifetime risk for developing kidney cancer in men is about 1 in 43 (2.3%). The lifetime risk for women is about 1 in 73 (1.4%).

• #22 Key Statistics About Kidney Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/kidney-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  Kidney cancer is one of the 10 most common cancers in both men and women in the United States. It accounts for about 4% to 5% of all cancers. […] The American Cancer Societys most recent estimates for kidney cancer in the United States for 2024 are: About 81,610 new cases of kidney cancer (52,380 in men and 29,230 in women) will be diagnosed. About 14,390 people (9,450 men and 4,940 women) will die from this disease. […] Most people with kidney cancer are older. The average age of people when they are diagnosed is 65, with most people being diagnosed between ages 55 and 74. Kidney cancer is uncommon in people younger than age 45. […] Kidney cancer is about twice as common in men than in women, and it is more common in African American, American Indian, and Alaska Native people. […] Overall, the lifetime risk for developing kidney cancer in men is about 1 in 43 (2.3%). The lifetime risk for women is about 1 in 73 (1.4%).

• #23 Epidemiology, pathology, and pathogenesis of renal cell carcinoma – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-pathology-and-pathogenesis-of-renal-cell-carcinoma

  EPIDEMIOLOGY […] Incidence — Globally, the incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) varies widely from region to region, with the highest rates observed in the Czech Republic and North America. In the United States, there are approximately 81,000 new cases and almost 15,000 deaths from RCC each year. Worldwide, there are over 400,000 new cases of RCC and over 170,000 deaths annually due to kidney cancer. […] Sex and age — RCC is approximately twofold more common in males compared with females. RCC occurs predominantly in the sixth to eighth decade of life with median age at diagnosis around 64 years of age; it is unusual in patients under 40 years of age and rare in children. […] Ethnicity — Within the United States, Asian American patients or patients of Pacific Islander descent have the lowest incidence of renal cancers, compared with patients of other ethnicities. The five-year survival rate for Black American patients is similar to that for White American patients (over 75 percent).

• #24 A population-based study on incidence trends of kidney and renal pelvis cancers in the United States over 2000–2020 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-61748-2

  Cancers of the kidney and renal pelvis are among the most prevalent types of urinary cancers. We aimed to outline the incidence trends of kidney and renal pelvis cancers by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and histology in the United States (US) from 2000 to 2020. The data was obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 22 database. From 2000 to 2019, a total of 490,481 cases of kidney and renal pelvic cancer were recorded across all age groups in the US. The majority of them were among Non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs) (69.75%) and those aged 55-69 years (39.96%). The ASIRs per 100,000 for kidney and pelvis cancers were 22.03 for men and 11.14 for women. Non-Hispanic Black men had the highest ASIR (24.53 [24.24, 24.81]), and increase in ASIR over the 2000-2019 period (AAPC: 2.19% [1.84, 2.84]). There was a noticeable increase in incidence of kidney and renal pelvis cancers. Individuals aged 70-84 years had the highest ASIR for kidney and renal pelvis cancers. The COVID-19 era has resulted in a significant reduction in incidence rates across all demographics.

• #25 Kidney and Renal Pelvis Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/kidrp.html

  The percent of kidney and renal pelvis cancer deaths is highest among people aged 65-74. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new kidney and renal pelvis cancer cases have been stable over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 1.4% each year over 2014-2023.

• #26 Epidemiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma | Padala | World Journal of Oncology

  https://www.wjon.org/index.php/wjon/article/view/1279

  Though renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 2% of global cancer diagnoses and deaths, it has more than doubled in incidence in the developed world over the past half-century, and today is the ninth most common neoplasm in the United States (US). […] Most cases of RCC are discovered incidentally on imaging, and survival is highly dependent on the stage at diagnosis, with the metastatic disease having only a 12% 5-year survival rate. […] RCC has a greater incidence among Hispanics and Native Americans, and a lower survival rate among African Americans in the US. […] Modifiable risk factors for RCC include smoking, obesity, poorly-controlled hypertension, diet and alcohol, and occupational exposures. […] A stronger understanding of global RCC epidemiology can facilitate prevention efforts, especially in developing nations and underserved communities where disease burden is predicted to rise in the coming decades.

• #27 Epidemiology, pathology, and pathogenesis of renal cell carcinoma – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-pathology-and-pathogenesis-of-renal-cell-carcinoma

  EPIDEMIOLOGY […] Incidence — Globally, the incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) varies widely from region to region, with the highest rates observed in the Czech Republic and North America. In the United States, there are approximately 81,000 new cases and almost 15,000 deaths from RCC each year. Worldwide, there are over 400,000 new cases of RCC and over 170,000 deaths annually due to kidney cancer. […] Sex and age — RCC is approximately twofold more common in males compared with females. RCC occurs predominantly in the sixth to eighth decade of life with median age at diagnosis around 64 years of age; it is unusual in patients under 40 years of age and rare in children. […] Ethnicity — Within the United States, Asian American patients or patients of Pacific Islander descent have the lowest incidence of renal cancers, compared with patients of other ethnicities. The five-year survival rate for Black American patients is similar to that for White American patients (over 75 percent).

• #28 Epidemiology, pathology, and pathogenesis of renal cell carcinoma – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-pathology-and-pathogenesis-of-renal-cell-carcinoma/print

  Ethnicity — Within the United States, Asian American patients or patients of Pacific Islander descent have the lowest incidence of renal cancers, compared with patients of other ethnicities. The five-year survival rate for Black American patients is similar to that for White American patients (over 75 percent).

• #29 A population-based study on incidence trends of kidney and renal pelvis cancers in the United States over 2000–2020 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-61748-2

  Cancers of the kidney and renal pelvis are among the most prevalent types of urinary cancers. We aimed to outline the incidence trends of kidney and renal pelvis cancers by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and histology in the United States (US) from 2000 to 2020. The data was obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 22 database. From 2000 to 2019, a total of 490,481 cases of kidney and renal pelvic cancer were recorded across all age groups in the US. The majority of them were among Non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs) (69.75%) and those aged 55-69 years (39.96%). The ASIRs per 100,000 for kidney and pelvis cancers were 22.03 for men and 11.14 for women. Non-Hispanic Black men had the highest ASIR (24.53 [24.24, 24.81]), and increase in ASIR over the 2000-2019 period (AAPC: 2.19% [1.84, 2.84]). There was a noticeable increase in incidence of kidney and renal pelvis cancers. Individuals aged 70-84 years had the highest ASIR for kidney and renal pelvis cancers. The COVID-19 era has resulted in a significant reduction in incidence rates across all demographics.

• #30 Epidemiology, pathology, and pathogenesis of renal cell carcinoma – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-pathology-and-pathogenesis-of-renal-cell-carcinoma

  EPIDEMIOLOGY […] Incidence — Globally, the incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) varies widely from region to region, with the highest rates observed in the Czech Republic and North America. In the United States, there are approximately 81,000 new cases and almost 15,000 deaths from RCC each year. Worldwide, there are over 400,000 new cases of RCC and over 170,000 deaths annually due to kidney cancer. […] Sex and age — RCC is approximately twofold more common in males compared with females. RCC occurs predominantly in the sixth to eighth decade of life with median age at diagnosis around 64 years of age; it is unusual in patients under 40 years of age and rare in children. […] Ethnicity — Within the United States, Asian American patients or patients of Pacific Islander descent have the lowest incidence of renal cancers, compared with patients of other ethnicities. The five-year survival rate for Black American patients is similar to that for White American patients (over 75 percent).

• #31 Epidemiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7239575/

  Though renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 2% of global cancer diagnoses and deaths, it has more than doubled in incidence in the developed world over the past half-century, and today is the ninth most common neoplasm in the United States (US). […] Most cases of RCC are discovered incidentally on imaging, and survival is highly dependent on the stage at diagnosis, with the metastatic disease having only a 12% 5-year survival rate. […] RCC has a greater incidence among Hispanics and Native Americans, and a lower survival rate among African Americans in the US. […] According to 2018 GLOBOCAN data, an estimated 403,000 people a year are diagnosed with neoplasms of the kidney, constituting 2.2% of all cancer diagnoses. […] The surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) statistics report that in the US, about 74,000 new cases of kidney cancer were diagnosed in 2019, accounting for 4.2% of all cancer diagnoses (almost double the global average).

• #32 Active Surveillance for Kidney Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/kidney-cancer/treating/active-surveillence.html

  Not all kidney tumors need to be treated right away. Some small kidney tumors turn out to be benign (not cancer). And even many small kidney cancers tend to grow slowly, without spreading. […] One option for some people with small kidney tumors may be to watch the tumor carefully to see if it grows, without treating it right away. This is usually done with regular imaging tests (ultrasound, CT or MRI scans) of the abdomen (belly). Blood tests and imaging tests of the chest might be done at times as well. If the tumor starts growing quickly or shows other worrisome signs, it can then be removed with surgery or treated another way. […] Active surveillance might be a good choice for people who are older or who have other serious health problems, as it can allow them to avoid the risks of treatments such as surgery or ablation. […] If a biopsy hasn’t been done, watching the tumor closely for a while can also give the doctor a better idea of whether it is likely to be cancer, based on how fast it is growing.

• #33 Active Surveillance – Kidney Cancer UK

  https://www.kcuk.org.uk/kidneycancer/active-surveillance/

  Active surveillance is the least invasive treatment option for managing kidney cancer. […] Active surveillance is observing a kidney tumour or multiple tumours through regular imaging. […] Patients with tumours smaller than 2 cm are ideal candidates for active surveillance due to the low risk that the tumour will spread during observation. […] The most common trigger for intervention is tumour growth of 5 or more millimetres a year, which increases the chance of having a potentially aggressive cancer. […] Active surveillance is not for everyone, and many people prefer to opt for surgery immediately.

• #34 Active Surveillance for Kidney Tumors | Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center – Buffalo, NY

  https://www.roswellpark.org/cancer/kidney/treatment/active-surveillance

  Active surveillance is an approach to a kidney tumor (or mass) in which the tumor is watched closely, and treatment is initiated only if certain features or changes are identified. […] At Roswell Park, active surveillance is a first-line treatment option for many patients with low-risk kidney cancer. […] The surveillance of your cancer means you would undergo routine computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans every 6 to 12 months. […] Your cancer care team would recommend beginning another treatment approach, such as surgery, ablation or medications if your cancer begins to grow larger, begins to grow faster, or shows certain cell characteristics in a biopsy. […] About half of all patients with kidney cancer have tumors that are small enough about the size of a strawberry or small plum to be considered low risk.

• #35 Surveillance for low-risk kidney cancer: a narrative review of contemporary worldwide practices – Cui – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/67664/html

  The management trend of low-risk kidney cancer over the last decade has been from treatment with radical nephrectomy, to use of nephron sparing procedures of partial nephrectomy and ablation, as well as the option of active surveillance (AS). […] Although international guidelines show a level of agreement in their recommendation on how AS is conducted, in terms of patient selection, surveillance strategy and triggers for intervention, cohort studies show distinct differences in worldwide practice of AS. […] The rate of percutaneous renal mass biopsy varied between studies from 2% to 56%. […] This review shows that AS is being applied in a variety of centres worldwide and that key areas of patient selection criteria and surveillance strategy have large similarities. […] However, the rate of renal mass biopsy and of delayed intervention varies significantly between studies, suggesting the process of diagnosing malignant SRM and decision making whilst on AS are varying in practice.

• #36 Active Surveillance – Kidney Cancer UK

  https://www.kcuk.org.uk/kidneycancer/active-surveillance/

  Active surveillance is the least invasive treatment option for managing kidney cancer. […] Active surveillance is observing a kidney tumour or multiple tumours through regular imaging. […] Patients with tumours smaller than 2 cm are ideal candidates for active surveillance due to the low risk that the tumour will spread during observation. […] The most common trigger for intervention is tumour growth of 5 or more millimetres a year, which increases the chance of having a potentially aggressive cancer. […] Active surveillance is not for everyone, and many people prefer to opt for surgery immediately.

• #37 Active Surveillance for Kidney Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/kidney-cancer/treating/active-surveillence.html

  Not all kidney tumors need to be treated right away. Some small kidney tumors turn out to be benign (not cancer). And even many small kidney cancers tend to grow slowly, without spreading. […] One option for some people with small kidney tumors may be to watch the tumor carefully to see if it grows, without treating it right away. This is usually done with regular imaging tests (ultrasound, CT or MRI scans) of the abdomen (belly). Blood tests and imaging tests of the chest might be done at times as well. If the tumor starts growing quickly or shows other worrisome signs, it can then be removed with surgery or treated another way. […] Active surveillance might be a good choice for people who are older or who have other serious health problems, as it can allow them to avoid the risks of treatments such as surgery or ablation. […] If a biopsy hasn’t been done, watching the tumor closely for a while can also give the doctor a better idea of whether it is likely to be cancer, based on how fast it is growing.

• #38 Monitoring a kidney cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/kidney-cancer/treatment/monitoring

  Your doctor may monitor a small kidney cancer for a while before recommending treatment. […] You may also hear this called active surveillance. Your doctor may recommend this if you’re older or have lots of other health problems. […] If a kidney cancer is less than 4cm across, your doctor may want to check the cancer regularly to see if it grows. […] If the cancer hasn’t grown, your doctor will talk to you about having regular scans. […] Your doctor will suggest treatment to destroy or remove the cancer if it starts to grow. […] You have regular appointments at the hospital after treatment for kidney cancer. This is called follow up. […] How often you have follow ups depends on what treatment you’ve had and the chance of the cancer coming back.

• #39 Monitoring and Treating Inherited Kidney Cancer

  https://www.thebhdfoundation.org/blog/351-monitoring-and-treating-inherited-kidney-cancer

  They found that active surveillance was cost-effective across all age groups. […] Therefore, it suggests that active surveillance in people with BHD may not only positively impact their lives but be cost-effective. […] Similar to the other types of cancer seen in BHD it is normally slow growing and active surveillance is recommended. […] The one stark similarity between all these papers is how there are no clear guidelines on when slow-growing kidney cancers, such as those seen in BHD, should be removed. Current research into BHD suggests it should be when they reach 3 cm.

• #40 Expanding Active Surveillance for Kidney Cancer – Insights from the Highest Active Surveillance Site in the United States – Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center

  https://physicianresources.roswellpark.org/videos/expanding-active-surveillance-for-kidney-cancer-insights-from-the-highest-active-surveillance-site-in-the-united-states

  Surgery has long been the gold standard for treatment of kidney cancer. However, for small kidney cancer, surgery is not always necessary and may cause complications for some patients. Dr. Kauffman is a pioneer and expert in active surveillance as a primary management option for patients with low-risk kidney cancers. Active surveillance is the deferral of immediate treatment and the election to monitor the tumor initially to better determine features such as its growth rate. This approach helps physicians ascertain if treatment is necessary without missing a window for a cure. Despite the safety and efficacy of active surveillance, the approach is still not widely used. Dr. Kauffman has found that the best candidates for active surveillance are those with small tumors, defined as any tumor 4 centimeters (cm) or less in diameter. Active surveillance outcomes are compelling. For example, the chance of metastasis in organ-confined kidney cancer (less than 4 cm in diameter) is only about 1%. When the tumor is between 2.5 – 3 cm the chance of metastasis approaches 1/1,000, which is lower than the chance of having a life-threatening event during surgery. This means that when a tumor is 2.5 – 3 cm a patient is more likely to die during surgery than they are likely to have their tumor metastasize. Only 25% of patients on active surveillance at Roswell Park have ended up converting to surgical treatment. Dr. Kauffmans active surveillance program has also expanded the fields understanding of new phenomenon like spontaneous regression. In fact, one in every six patients demonstrate tumor growth regression. This phenomenon occurs even more often in subtypes such as papillary type 1 renal cell carcinoma (one in every four patients). In chromophobe renal cell carcinoma, 50% of tumors have demonstrated regression. For some renal cell carcinoma subtypes, regression can reach up to 70% volume reduction or more. In addition to spontaneous regression, Dr. Kauffmans team has found that among tumors put on surveillance, one in three tumors dont grow at all, and many tumors under 4 cm stay under 4 cm. Active surveillance is a safe option, allowing doctors to better determine the risk of an individuals tumor, allowing many to avoid treatment and treatment related morbidity. Despite the success Roswell Park has had with active surveillance and kidney cancer, it is still not widely used recently. An international board comprised of 10 urologists with experience in kidney cancer active surveillance put together a chapter that provided consensus opinions and recommendations on a variety of topics and kidney cancer active surveillance. These consensus opinions will be used by the international consultation for urologic diseases or I. C. U. D. which is a committee that provides recommendations to the urological field on a global level that will be applicable to different medical infrastructures throughout the world.

• #41 Surveillance for low-risk kidney cancer: a narrative review of contemporary worldwide practices – Cui – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/67664/html

  Given the prominence of AS in the management of the SRM and the lack of consensus on the standards for AS, this review aims to summarise the most recent international guidelines pertaining to AS, and to compare the practice of AS worldwide within the last 2 decades by comparing studies with AS cohorts. […] The EAU, ESMO and CUA relate to cT1a renal tumours, whereas the AUA emphasises a recommendation for AS in renal tumours less than 2 cm. […] The recommendation for RMB vary between guidelines. […] The most commonly stated criteria for intervention, used in 4 studies [DISSRM, University of Michigan, Pusan National University, MD Anderson], were growth of more than 0.5 cm/year or tumour size reaching 4 cm. […] Nine studies reported the rate of delayed intervention (DI) which varied between 5% to 24% and this is likely to be due to a variety of reasons. […] The finding of a significant proportion of cases of DI being due to patient choice across the studies included in this review should prompt further investigation of how patients are counselled during AS.

• #42 Active Surveillance – Kidney Cancer UK

  https://www.kcuk.org.uk/kidneycancer/active-surveillance/

  Active surveillance is the least invasive treatment option for managing kidney cancer. […] Active surveillance is observing a kidney tumour or multiple tumours through regular imaging. […] Patients with tumours smaller than 2 cm are ideal candidates for active surveillance due to the low risk that the tumour will spread during observation. […] The most common trigger for intervention is tumour growth of 5 or more millimetres a year, which increases the chance of having a potentially aggressive cancer. […] Active surveillance is not for everyone, and many people prefer to opt for surgery immediately.

• #43 Monitoring a kidney cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/kidney-cancer/treatment/monitoring

  Your doctor may monitor a small kidney cancer for a while before recommending treatment. […] You may also hear this called active surveillance. Your doctor may recommend this if you’re older or have lots of other health problems. […] If a kidney cancer is less than 4cm across, your doctor may want to check the cancer regularly to see if it grows. […] If the cancer hasn’t grown, your doctor will talk to you about having regular scans. […] Your doctor will suggest treatment to destroy or remove the cancer if it starts to grow. […] You have regular appointments at the hospital after treatment for kidney cancer. This is called follow up. […] How often you have follow ups depends on what treatment you’ve had and the chance of the cancer coming back.

• #44 Active surveillance of small renal masses | Insights into Imaging | Full Text

  https://insightsimaging.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13244-020-00853-y

  AS is indicated only in SRMs which are regular in shape since masses with irregular borders are highly suspicious of being an aggressive tumor. […] The slow relative GR of SRMs and the risk of intra- and interobserver variability require accurate radiographic measurement to establish subtle changes in mass dimension. […] AS should be discontinued on the progression of SRM, when the patient wishes active treatment or because of changes in the clinical situation. Progression is defined as linear GR greater than 0.5cm per year, a tumor diameter greater than 4cm, or the development of metastasis. […] The presence of multifocal renal tumors is not unusual, and according to histological series after nephrectomy, they can appear in approximately 25% of patients with RCC. […] AS is the treatment of choice in sporadic multifocal and some hereditary SRMs.

• #45 Post-operative surveillance in kidney cancer

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/26469/html

  Currently, there is no single accepted protocol for post-operative surveillance programs after an allegedly curative surgery for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Guidelines often suggest a stage-based imaging protocol. For instance, the European Urological Association guidelines recommend for low-risk patients abdominal ultrasonography at 6 months postoperatively, then CT of the chest and abdomen after 1, 2 and 3 years and then every two years. For high-risk patients, CT of the chest and abdomen 6 months postoperatively and then after 1, 2, 3 years and then every two years. […] Unfortunately, thus far, the surveillance protocol suggested by the EAU above did not fulfil the last requirement, i.e., it did not provide survival benefit. Better programs are certainly needed. […] PET/CT or any other imaging modality should not be used for routine surveillance after treatment of RCC until this type of methodology is employed in a prospective study and a proof that the imaging modality prolongs overall survival is shown. This does not mean that PET/CT has no place today in the post-operative evaluation of RCC patients. Its main place is in the evaluation of marginal cases such as new small pulmonary or retroperitoneal lesions in a post-operative CT of patients after surgery for RCC.

• #46 Active Surveillance for Kidney Tumors | Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center – Buffalo, NY

  https://www.roswellpark.org/cancer/kidney/treatment/active-surveillance

  Active surveillance is an approach to a kidney tumor (or mass) in which the tumor is watched closely, and treatment is initiated only if certain features or changes are identified. […] At Roswell Park, active surveillance is a first-line treatment option for many patients with low-risk kidney cancer. […] The surveillance of your cancer means you would undergo routine computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans every 6 to 12 months. […] Your cancer care team would recommend beginning another treatment approach, such as surgery, ablation or medications if your cancer begins to grow larger, begins to grow faster, or shows certain cell characteristics in a biopsy. […] About half of all patients with kidney cancer have tumors that are small enough about the size of a strawberry or small plum to be considered low risk.

• #47 Optimal Surveillance Strategies After Surgery for Renal Cell Carcinoma in: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Volume 15 Issue 6 (2017)

  https://jnccn.org/view/journals/jnccn/15/6/article-p835.xml

  For patients who underwent a radical nephrectomy, an abdominal ultrasound is an acceptable substitute for abdominal CT or MRI, but 1 of these 3 studies should be performed within 3 to 12 months postsurgery. […] For patients with moderate- to high-risk disease (defined as T24N0/X or TanyN1 disease), the risk of local and distant recurrences may be much higher (30%78%), which necessitates a more intense surveillance protocol. […] Although the AUA and NCCN discuss imaging up to 5 years for moderate- to high-risk patients, the clinician, for reasons enumerated earlier, may wish to continue with surveillance beyond this 5-year period for select patients at higher risk of recurrence. […] The optimal surveillance strategy for patients who have undergone surgical resection for clinically localized RCC remains unknown.

• #48 Surveillance for low-risk kidney cancer: a narrative review of contemporary worldwide practices – Cui – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/67664/html

  Given the prominence of AS in the management of the SRM and the lack of consensus on the standards for AS, this review aims to summarise the most recent international guidelines pertaining to AS, and to compare the practice of AS worldwide within the last 2 decades by comparing studies with AS cohorts. […] The EAU, ESMO and CUA relate to cT1a renal tumours, whereas the AUA emphasises a recommendation for AS in renal tumours less than 2 cm. […] The recommendation for RMB vary between guidelines. […] The most commonly stated criteria for intervention, used in 4 studies [DISSRM, University of Michigan, Pusan National University, MD Anderson], were growth of more than 0.5 cm/year or tumour size reaching 4 cm. […] Nine studies reported the rate of delayed intervention (DI) which varied between 5% to 24% and this is likely to be due to a variety of reasons. […] The finding of a significant proportion of cases of DI being due to patient choice across the studies included in this review should prompt further investigation of how patients are counselled during AS.

• #49 Surveillance for low-risk kidney cancer: a narrative review of contemporary worldwide practices – Cui – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/67664/html

  Given the prominence of AS in the management of the SRM and the lack of consensus on the standards for AS, this review aims to summarise the most recent international guidelines pertaining to AS, and to compare the practice of AS worldwide within the last 2 decades by comparing studies with AS cohorts. […] The EAU, ESMO and CUA relate to cT1a renal tumours, whereas the AUA emphasises a recommendation for AS in renal tumours less than 2 cm. […] The recommendation for RMB vary between guidelines. […] The most commonly stated criteria for intervention, used in 4 studies [DISSRM, University of Michigan, Pusan National University, MD Anderson], were growth of more than 0.5 cm/year or tumour size reaching 4 cm. […] Nine studies reported the rate of delayed intervention (DI) which varied between 5% to 24% and this is likely to be due to a variety of reasons. […] The finding of a significant proportion of cases of DI being due to patient choice across the studies included in this review should prompt further investigation of how patients are counselled during AS.

• #50 Active surveillance of small renal masses | Insights into Imaging | Full Text

  https://insightsimaging.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13244-020-00853-y

  AS is indicated only in SRMs which are regular in shape since masses with irregular borders are highly suspicious of being an aggressive tumor. […] The slow relative GR of SRMs and the risk of intra- and interobserver variability require accurate radiographic measurement to establish subtle changes in mass dimension. […] AS should be discontinued on the progression of SRM, when the patient wishes active treatment or because of changes in the clinical situation. Progression is defined as linear GR greater than 0.5cm per year, a tumor diameter greater than 4cm, or the development of metastasis. […] The presence of multifocal renal tumors is not unusual, and according to histological series after nephrectomy, they can appear in approximately 25% of patients with RCC. […] AS is the treatment of choice in sporadic multifocal and some hereditary SRMs.

• #51 Active surveillance of small renal masses | Insights into Imaging | Full Text

  https://insightsimaging.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13244-020-00853-y

  AS is indicated only in SRMs which are regular in shape since masses with irregular borders are highly suspicious of being an aggressive tumor. […] The slow relative GR of SRMs and the risk of intra- and interobserver variability require accurate radiographic measurement to establish subtle changes in mass dimension. […] AS should be discontinued on the progression of SRM, when the patient wishes active treatment or because of changes in the clinical situation. Progression is defined as linear GR greater than 0.5cm per year, a tumor diameter greater than 4cm, or the development of metastasis. […] The presence of multifocal renal tumors is not unusual, and according to histological series after nephrectomy, they can appear in approximately 25% of patients with RCC. […] AS is the treatment of choice in sporadic multifocal and some hereditary SRMs.

• #52 Global epidemiology of kidney cancer – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38341277/

  Kidney cancer (KC) is a disease with a rising worldwide incidence estimated at 400 000 new cases annually, and a worldwide mortality rate approaching 175 000 deaths per year. Current projections suggest incidence continuing to increase over the next decade, emphasizing the urgency of addressing this significant global health trend. […] Despite the overall increases in incidence and mortality, striking social disparities are evident. Low- and middle-income countries bear a disproportionate burden of the disease, with higher mortality rates and later-stage diagnoses, underscoring the critical role of socioeconomic factors in disease prevalence and outcomes. […] The major risk factors for KC, including smoking, obesity, hypertension and occupational exposure to harmful substances, must be taken into account. Importantly, these risk factors also often contribute to kidney injury, a condition that the review identifies as a significant, yet under-recognized, precursor to KC.

• #53 Epidemiology and Prevention of Renal Cell Carcinoma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/16/4059

  About 180,000 people died from RCC in 2020 accounting for 1.8% of all cancer patient deaths according to GLOBOCAN data, of which 116,000 were men and 64,000 were women. […] Many risk factors for RCC have been reported, including genetic mutations. […] The comprehensive VITamin And Lifestyle (VITAL) study in the U.S. reported that lifestyle disease such as obesity and hypertension, and smoking increased the risk of developing RCC. […] Screening programs improve survival rates by detecting and treating RCC in its early, curable stages. The ideal screening modalities have not yet been determined and there are currently no diagnostic modalities for the early detection of RCC other than incidental radiological discovery although it has been postulated that screening for RCC may be a cost-effective strategy through downstaging the disease, reducing the prevalence of metastatic tumors and associated expenditure relating to systemic therapies.

• #54 Frontiers | Burden of kidney cancer and attributed risk factors in China from 1990 to 2019

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1062504/full

  Established risk factors for kidney cancer include age, cigarette smoking, excess body weight, hypertension, and familial cancer syndromes. […] The risk of kidney cancer increased by 39% in current smokers and 20% in former smokers compared with that in never smokers. […] The absolute DALYs attributed to smoking substantially increased from 21,840 (13,578–31,192) in 1990 to 120,620 (77,266–166,681) in 2019, and the absolute DALYs attributed to high BMI increased from 8,117 (1,906–18,424) in 1990 to 70,544 (29,312–127,229) in 2019. […] The ASDRs attributed to smoking and high BMI showed increasing trends, and the AAPCs were 2.9% (2.6–3.3%, p < 0.05) and 4.8% (4.2–5.4%, p < 0.05), respectively. [...] The burden attributed to smoking and high BMI has continued to increase.

• #55 Frontiers | Burden of kidney cancer and attributed risk factors in China from 1990 to 2019

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1062504/full

  Established risk factors for kidney cancer include age, cigarette smoking, excess body weight, hypertension, and familial cancer syndromes. […] The risk of kidney cancer increased by 39% in current smokers and 20% in former smokers compared with that in never smokers. […] The absolute DALYs attributed to smoking substantially increased from 21,840 (13,578–31,192) in 1990 to 120,620 (77,266–166,681) in 2019, and the absolute DALYs attributed to high BMI increased from 8,117 (1,906–18,424) in 1990 to 70,544 (29,312–127,229) in 2019. […] The ASDRs attributed to smoking and high BMI showed increasing trends, and the AAPCs were 2.9% (2.6–3.3%, p < 0.05) and 4.8% (4.2–5.4%, p < 0.05), respectively. [...] The burden attributed to smoking and high BMI has continued to increase.

• #56 Renal Cell Carcinoma: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0201/p179.html

  Kidney cancer is one of the 10 most common cancers in the United States with 90% being attributed to renal cell carcinoma. Men, especially black men, are more likely to be affected than women. […] Kidney cancer is one of the 10 most common cancers in the United States. Renal cell carcinoma accounts for 90% of all kidney cancers. Death attributed to renal cell carcinoma accounted for 2% of all cancer deaths or approximately 14,000 persons in 2016. Men are diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma at almost twice the rate of women, and there is a greater prevalence in black men. Most cases are diagnosed between 60 and 70 years of age. […] Risk factors for renal cell carcinoma include hypertension, tobacco use, obesity, and acquired cystic kidney disease in the setting of end-stage renal disease. Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene can lead to the development of renal cell carcinoma and increased mortality from renal cell carcinoma. The International Agency for Research on Cancer labels trichloroethylene as carcinogenic to humans and specifically associates it with renal cancer.

• #57 Epidemiology and risk factors for kidney cancer | Nature Reviews Urology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrurol.2010.46

  Genetic factors and their interaction with environmental exposures are believed to influence risk of developing RCC, but a limited number of studies using candidate-gene approaches have not produced conclusive results. […] Large consortium efforts employing genome-wide scanning technology are underway, which hold promise for novel discoveries in renal carcinogenesis. […] RCC incidence is high in Europe and North America and low in Asia and South America; the rarer RTCC generally show less geographic variation. […] Worldwide, kidney cancer incidence has increased since the late 1970s, until the mid-1990s when it leveled or declined in many countries. […] In the US, RTCC incidence has decreased while RCC incidence has increasedmuch of this rise is due to the increasing diagnosis of early-stage tumors. […] Cigarette smoking, obesity and hypertension are well-established risk factors for RCC. […] Genetic factors might also influence RCC risk; ongoing large consortium studies promise to identify novel etiologic and prognostic factors for RCC.

• #58 Epidemiology and risk factors for kidney cancer | Nature Reviews Urology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrurol.2010.46

  Genetic factors and their interaction with environmental exposures are believed to influence risk of developing RCC, but a limited number of studies using candidate-gene approaches have not produced conclusive results. […] Large consortium efforts employing genome-wide scanning technology are underway, which hold promise for novel discoveries in renal carcinogenesis. […] RCC incidence is high in Europe and North America and low in Asia and South America; the rarer RTCC generally show less geographic variation. […] Worldwide, kidney cancer incidence has increased since the late 1970s, until the mid-1990s when it leveled or declined in many countries. […] In the US, RTCC incidence has decreased while RCC incidence has increasedmuch of this rise is due to the increasing diagnosis of early-stage tumors. […] Cigarette smoking, obesity and hypertension are well-established risk factors for RCC. […] Genetic factors might also influence RCC risk; ongoing large consortium studies promise to identify novel etiologic and prognostic factors for RCC.

• #59

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00345-018-2286-7

  Although screening for RCC remains an attractive prospect, the optimal screening modality and target population is yet to be determined. […] The development and validation of risk prediction models for RCC, containing phenotypic and genotypic data, is therefore, needed to explore the potential benefits of targeted screening.

• #60 Renal Cell Carcinoma: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0201/p179.html

  Screening for renal cell carcinoma is not recommended, except in the setting of a known heritable syndrome associated with the development of renal cell carcinoma. The management of hypertension and obesity, and the avoidance of tobacco use are the only established methods of primary prevention. […] More than 50% of patients with renal cell carcinoma are asymptomatic and diagnosed incidentally during thoracoabdominal imaging ordered for unrelated issues. […] The management of cystic lesions should be guided by the Bosniak classification system. Shared decision-making between the urologist, the family physician, and the patient is recommended when deciding on a course of treatment. […] Active surveillance is an acceptable option in some patients when the renal mass measures less than 2 cm. A plan of active surveillance with repeat imaging every three to six months is acceptable when it is preferred by the patient or when risk of an intervention outweighs the benefits because of complicated comorbidities that decrease life expectancy or increase the risk of death.

• #61

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00345-018-2286-7

  The proportion of all RCC diagnosed incidentally is now over 50%. […] Mortality rates are stable or decreasing in the majority of Western countries, however, the decline is more pronounced in Western compared to Eastern Europe and North compared to South America. […] RCC mortality continues to rise in Eastern Europe. […] Early diagnosis and screening for RCC has been identified as a key research priority within this disease. […] Overall survival from RCC is poor, with a 47% 5-year age-standardized relative survival rate in the United Kingdom. […] A screening programme may improve survival outcomes through earlier detection and treatment of RCC at a curable stage. […] Screening for RCC also raises the potential issue of over-diagnosis of slow-growing SRMs that would never become clinically significant.

• #62 Key Statistics About Kidney Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/kidney-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  The rate of new kidney cancers found each year has been rising for many years. Part of this rise probably has been due to the use of newer imaging tests such as CT scans, which have picked up some cancers that might never have been found otherwise. […] On the other hand, death rates for kidney cancer have been falling for many years.

• #63 Safely Managing Small Kidney Tumors: Active Surveillance Plays a Key Role | NYU Langone News

  https://nyulangone.org/news/safely-managing-small-kidney-tumors-active-surveillance-plays-key-role

  Incidental detection of small kidney tumors has risen dramatically over the past several decades due to increasing use of diagnostic imaging. […] According to their research, small tumors measuring 4 cm or less which are often found during imaging for other problems pose very low risk of mortality from kidney cancer. […] Dr. Huang and colleagues point to recent evidence supporting active surveillance as an effective initial management strategy for many patients. […] The low risk posed by small kidney lesions suggests that these tumors can be managed similarly to low-risk prostate cancer, which also frequently has an indolent or lazy course, says Dr. Huang. […] The most recent American Urological Association clinical guidelines endorse an initial period of active surveillance instead of treatment as an option for small lesions measuring less than 2 cm.

• #64 Epidemiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7239575/

  The GLOBOCAN statistics report mortality of 175,000 people from kidney cancer in 2018. […] In the US, SEER program estimates that for the year 2020 the number of new cases of kidney cancer is 73,750 and deaths is 14,830, accounting for 2.4% of all cancer-related deaths. […] With a 76% 5-year relative survival rate in the US (2009 – 2015), RCC is the deadliest urological cancer. […] Survival is highly dependent on the stage at diagnosis, with a 5-year relative survival of 93% for stage I, localized disease, 72.5% for stage II/III regional disease (local lymph node involvement) and only 12% for stage IV metastatic disease. […] A better understanding of RCC epidemiology and risk factors may help curb growing disease burden through prevention as well as facilitate earlier diagnosis and more targeted treatment options, thereby improving survival for a disease that claims 175,000 lives each year.

• #65 Renal Cell Carcinoma: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0201/p179.html

  Screening for renal cell carcinoma is not recommended, except in the setting of a known heritable syndrome associated with the development of renal cell carcinoma. The management of hypertension and obesity, and the avoidance of tobacco use are the only established methods of primary prevention. […] More than 50% of patients with renal cell carcinoma are asymptomatic and diagnosed incidentally during thoracoabdominal imaging ordered for unrelated issues. […] The management of cystic lesions should be guided by the Bosniak classification system. Shared decision-making between the urologist, the family physician, and the patient is recommended when deciding on a course of treatment. […] Active surveillance is an acceptable option in some patients when the renal mass measures less than 2 cm. A plan of active surveillance with repeat imaging every three to six months is acceptable when it is preferred by the patient or when risk of an intervention outweighs the benefits because of complicated comorbidities that decrease life expectancy or increase the risk of death.

• #66 Renal Cell Carcinoma: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0201/p179.html

  Screening for renal cell carcinoma is not recommended, except in the setting of a known heritable syndrome associated with the development of renal cell carcinoma. The management of hypertension and obesity, and the avoidance of tobacco use are the only established methods of primary prevention. […] More than 50% of patients with renal cell carcinoma are asymptomatic and diagnosed incidentally during thoracoabdominal imaging ordered for unrelated issues. […] The management of cystic lesions should be guided by the Bosniak classification system. Shared decision-making between the urologist, the family physician, and the patient is recommended when deciding on a course of treatment. […] Active surveillance is an acceptable option in some patients when the renal mass measures less than 2 cm. A plan of active surveillance with repeat imaging every three to six months is acceptable when it is preferred by the patient or when risk of an intervention outweighs the benefits because of complicated comorbidities that decrease life expectancy or increase the risk of death.

• #67 Renal Cell Carcinoma – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/renal-cell-carcinoma/chapter/epidemiology-aetiology-and-pathology

  Mortality was the lowest amongst 27 EU countries in males In Luxembourg, Cyprus and Finland ASR (European 2013) 4.6, 6.9 and 7.3, respectively. In contrary, the highest mortality rates were reported in the Baltics following Czechia and Slovakia 15.5-16.2, 14.7 and 14.4, respectively. […] Overall, there is ongoing rise in incidence of RCC, however mortality trends vary. In Europe, there has been a decrease in mortality since the 1980s in Scandinavian countries and since the early 1990s in France, Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, and Italy. […] Despite a growing interest from both patients and clinicians in RCC screening programmes, there is a relative lack of studies reporting the efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and optimal modality for RCC screening. […] Major barriers to population screening include the relatively low prevalence of the disease, the potential for false positives and over-diagnosis of slow-growing kidney tumours. Targeting high-risk individuals and/or combining detection of RCC with other routine health screenings may represent pragmatic options to improve the cost-effectiveness and reduce the potential harms of RCC screening. […] There is currently no evidence to support primary screening in the general population.

• #68 Renal Cell Carcinoma – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/renal-cell-carcinoma/chapter/epidemiology-aetiology-and-pathology

  Mortality was the lowest amongst 27 EU countries in males In Luxembourg, Cyprus and Finland ASR (European 2013) 4.6, 6.9 and 7.3, respectively. In contrary, the highest mortality rates were reported in the Baltics following Czechia and Slovakia 15.5-16.2, 14.7 and 14.4, respectively. […] Overall, there is ongoing rise in incidence of RCC, however mortality trends vary. In Europe, there has been a decrease in mortality since the 1980s in Scandinavian countries and since the early 1990s in France, Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, and Italy. […] Despite a growing interest from both patients and clinicians in RCC screening programmes, there is a relative lack of studies reporting the efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and optimal modality for RCC screening. […] Major barriers to population screening include the relatively low prevalence of the disease, the potential for false positives and over-diagnosis of slow-growing kidney tumours. Targeting high-risk individuals and/or combining detection of RCC with other routine health screenings may represent pragmatic options to improve the cost-effectiveness and reduce the potential harms of RCC screening. […] There is currently no evidence to support primary screening in the general population.

• #69

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00345-018-2286-7

  The widespread use of abdominal imaging has affected the epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). […] Despite this, over 25% of individuals with RCC have evidence of metastases at presentation. Screening for RCC has the potential to downstage the disease. […] The incidence of RCC in the UK increased by 3.1% annually from 1993 through 2014. […] Major barriers to population screening include the relatively low prevalence of the disease, the potential for false positives and over-diagnosis of slow-growing RCCs. […] The incidence of RCC is increasing. The optimal screening modality and target population remain to be elucidated. […] The incidence of RCC is increasing worldwide and is positively correlated with gross domestic product per capita. […] Established risk factors for RCC include increasing age, smoking, obesity, and hypertension.

• #70

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00345-018-2286-7

  The widespread use of abdominal imaging has affected the epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). […] Despite this, over 25% of individuals with RCC have evidence of metastases at presentation. Screening for RCC has the potential to downstage the disease. […] The incidence of RCC in the UK increased by 3.1% annually from 1993 through 2014. […] Major barriers to population screening include the relatively low prevalence of the disease, the potential for false positives and over-diagnosis of slow-growing RCCs. […] The incidence of RCC is increasing. The optimal screening modality and target population remain to be elucidated. […] The incidence of RCC is increasing worldwide and is positively correlated with gross domestic product per capita. […] Established risk factors for RCC include increasing age, smoking, obesity, and hypertension.

• #71 Epidemiology and risk factors for kidney cancer | Nature Reviews Urology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrurol.2010.46

  After more than two decades of rising rates, in recent years the total kidney cancer incidence worldwide has shown signs of stabilizing, or even decreasing. […] Although temporal trends by kidney cancer type are not well established worldwide, incidence of RCC in the US has continued to rise, mainly for early-stage tumors, while that of RTCC has declined, and total kidney cancer mortality rates have leveled. […] Stabilization of kidney cancer mortality rates has also been reported in Europe. […] The changing prevalence of known risk factors for RCC, including cigarette smoking, obesity, and hypertension, is also likely to affect incidence trends, although their relative impact may differ between populations. […] Accumulating evidence suggests an etiologic role in RCC for physical activity, alcohol consumption, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, and high parity among women, but further research is needed into the potential causal effects of these factors.

• #72 Renal Cell Carcinoma: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0201/p179.html

  Approximately 30% of all patients with renal cell carcinoma have metastatic disease at diagnosis. Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma is more complicated and challenging because of the cancer cells’ resistance to treatment. […] The most significant indicator of prognosis for renal cell carcinoma is based on pathological staging. Patients with stage I or II cancer at the time of diagnosis have a five-year survival rate of 80% to 90%.

• #73 Kidney cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/kidney-cancer

  There are around 13,800 new kidney cancer cases in the UK every year, that’s 38 every day (2017-2019). […] Kidney cancer is the 6th most common cancer in the UK, accounting for 4% of all new cancer cases (2017-2019). […] Kidney cancer incidence rates are projected to rise by 15% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] Kidney cancer mortality rates are projected to fall by less than 1% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] More than 1 in 2 (51.8%) people diagnosed with kidney cancer in England survive their disease for ten years or more, it is predicted (2013-2017). […] 34% of kidney cancer cases in the UK are preventable.

• #74 Trends and projections of kidney cancer incidence at the global and national levels, 1990–2030: a Bayesian age-period-cohort modeling study | Biomarker Research | Full Text

  https://biomarkerres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40364-020-00195-3

  Identifying the temporal trends of kidney cancer (KC) incidence in both the past and the future at the global and national levels is critical for KC prevention. […] Worldwide, the number of newly diagnosed KC cases increased from 207.3 thousand in 1990 to 393.0 thousand in 2017. The KC ASR increased from 4.72 per 100,000 to 4.94 per 100,000 during the same period. […] Between 2018 and 2030, the number of KC cases is projected to increase further to 475.4 thousand (95% highest density interval [HDI] 423.9, 526.9). The KC ASR is predicted to decrease slightly to 4.46 per 100,000 (95% HDI 4.06, 4.86). […] In most developed countries, the KC incidence is forecasted to decrease irrespective of past trends. In most developing countries, the KC incidence is predicted to increase persistently through 2030.

• #75 Trends and projections of kidney cancer incidence at the global and national levels, 1990–2030: a Bayesian age-period-cohort modeling study | Biomarker Research | Full Text

  https://biomarkerres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40364-020-00195-3

  Identifying the temporal trends of kidney cancer (KC) incidence in both the past and the future at the global and national levels is critical for KC prevention. […] Worldwide, the number of newly diagnosed KC cases increased from 207.3 thousand in 1990 to 393.0 thousand in 2017. The KC ASR increased from 4.72 per 100,000 to 4.94 per 100,000 during the same period. […] Between 2018 and 2030, the number of KC cases is projected to increase further to 475.4 thousand (95% highest density interval [HDI] 423.9, 526.9). The KC ASR is predicted to decrease slightly to 4.46 per 100,000 (95% HDI 4.06, 4.86). […] In most developed countries, the KC incidence is forecasted to decrease irrespective of past trends. In most developing countries, the KC incidence is predicted to increase persistently through 2030.

• #76 Trends and projections of kidney cancer incidence at the global and national levels, 1990–2030: a Bayesian age-period-cohort modeling study | Biomarker Research | Full Text

  https://biomarkerres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40364-020-00195-3

  KC incidence is predicted to decrease in the next decade, and this predicted decrease is mainly driven by the decreases in developed countries. More attention should be placed on developing countries. […] The KC incidence is highly heterogeneous worldwide, with North America having the highest incidence, followed by Western Europe and Australia. […] The established risk factors, both environmental and genetic, for KC have been widely investigated and well documented. […] The future decreasing trend was consistent in both sexes and in approximately half of all countries or territories. Of note, more than half of countries or territories, particularly developing regions, are expected to experience a significant increase in KC ASR between 2018 and 2030. […] The long-term best practice approach must include the primary prevention of smoking and obesity, alongside careful monitoring of trends using high-quality population-based cancer registries and corresponding national registration sources.

• #77 A population-based study on incidence trends of kidney and renal pelvis cancers in the United States over 2000–2020 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-61748-2

  Between 2000 and 2019, there were a total of 27,080 cases of renal pelvis cancer across all age groups in the US. The majority of them were among NHWs (81.64%) and individuals aged 70-84 years (50.19%). The ASIR per 100,000 population was 1.22 (1.20, 1.24) for men and 0.67 (0.66, 0.69) for women. NHW men had the highest ASIR (1.38 [1.35, 1.40]). […] The COVID-19 led to a significant decrease in ASIRs of renal and pelvis cancers. From 2019 to November 2020, there was a noteworthy reduction in ASIR across all races/ethnicities, sexes, and age groups, with an overall 9.52% decrease. This decline was observed consistently in both males (8.49%) and females (11.31%). […] Overall, there is an observable upward trend in the incidence of kidney and renal pelvis cancer. Between 2000 and 2019, ASIRs of kidney cancer were nearly double in men compared to women. A notable increase in ASIR for both kidney and renal pelvis cancers in men occurred from 2015 to 2019. RCC emerged as the most common subtype, particularly impacting men, with the highest ASIR observed in individuals 70-84 years old.

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