Rak nerki
Etiologia i przyczyny

Rak nerkowokomórkowy (RCC) stanowi 90-95% złośliwych nowotworów nerki, rozwijając się z komórek nabłonka kanalików nerkowych. Etiologia RCC jest wieloczynnikowa, obejmująca zarówno mutacje dziedziczne (3-5% przypadków), jak i nabyte. Kluczowe zespoły genetyczne predysponujące do RCC to m.in. choroba von Hippla-Lindaua (mutacja genu VHL), dziedziczny brodawkowaty rak nerkowokomórkowy, zespół Birt-Hogg-Dubé oraz stwardnienie guzowate. Czynniki demograficzne zwiększające ryzyko to wiek powyżej 60 lat, płeć męska (dwukrotnie wyższe ryzyko) oraz rasa (wyższa zapadalność u rdzennych Amerykanów i mieszkańców Alaski). Modyfikowalne czynniki ryzyka obejmują palenie tytoniu (odpowiedzialne za 25-30% przypadków, dwukrotnie zwiększające ryzyko), otyłość (około 25% przypadków, ryzyko rośnie liniowo z BMI), nadciśnienie tętnicze (dwukrotnie wyższe ryzyko) oraz dieta bogata w czerwone i przetworzone mięso. Dodatkowo, przewlekła choroba nerek, dializoterapia, nabyta torbielowatość nerek, kamica nerkowa (u mężczyzn), cukrzyca typu 1, przebyte nowotwory i ekspozycja na czynniki chemiczne (trichloroetylen, kadm, azbest) zwiększają ryzyko rozwoju RCC.

Etiologia raka nerki

Rak nerki (rak nerkowokomórkowy) jest nowotworem złośliwym wywodzącym się z komórek wyściełających kanaliki nerkowe. Stanowi on około 90-95% wszystkich nowotworów złośliwych nerki. Choć dokładne przyczyny rozwoju raka nerki nie są w pełni poznane, zidentyfikowano szereg czynników ryzyka, które mogą zwiększać prawdopodobieństwo zachorowania na ten nowotwór.123

Czynniki genetyczne i dziedziczne

Większość przypadków raka nerki występuje sporadycznie, jednak około 3-5% zachorowań ma podłoże rodzinne i wiąże się z dziedzicznymi zespołami genetycznymi. U osób z krewnymi pierwszego stopnia (rodzice, rodzeństwo, dzieci) chorującymi na raka nerki, ryzyko rozwoju tego nowotworu jest około dwukrotnie wyższe.123

Do najważniejszych zespołów dziedzicznych predysponujących do rozwoju raka nerki należą:123

  • Choroba von Hippla-Lindaua (VHL) – spowodowana mutacją w genie VHL, który w normalnych warunkach kontroluje nieprawidłowy wzrost komórek; mutacja tego genu zwiększa ryzyko rozwoju jasnokomórkowego raka nerki12
  • Dziedziczny brodawkowaty rak nerkowokomórkowy1
  • Zespół Birt-Hogg-Dubé – charakteryzujący się występowaniem łagodnych guzów skóry i zwiększonym ryzykiem raka nerki12
  • Dziedziczna mięśniakowatość i rak nerkowokomórkowy1
  • Stwardnienie guzowate12
  • Zespół Cowdena1
  • Rodzinny rak nerki1

Rak nerki rozwija się w wyniku zmian (mutacji) w DNA komórek nerkowych, które prowadzą do niekontrolowanego podziału i wzrostu komórek. Mutacje te mogą być dziedziczone od rodziców lub nabyte w trakcie życia. Większość przypadków raka nerki jest związana z mutacjami nabytymi, a nie dziedzicznymi.123

Czynniki demograficzne

Istnieją pewne czynniki demograficzne, które korelują z częstością występowania raka nerki:123

  • Wiek – ryzyko raka nerki zwiększa się wraz z wiekiem; większość przypadków diagnozowana jest u osób powyżej 60. roku życia12
  • Płeć – mężczyźni chorują na raka nerki około dwukrotnie częściej niż kobiety, co może wynikać z większej ekspozycji na czynniki ryzyka, takie jak palenie tytoniu czy narażenie zawodowe123
  • Rasa – w Stanach Zjednoczonych najwyższą częstość występowania raka nerki obserwuje się wśród rdzennych Amerykanów i mieszkańców Alaski12

Czynniki związane ze stylem życia

Styl życia ma istotny wpływ na ryzyko rozwoju raka nerki. Szacuje się, że czynniki modyfikowalne, takie jak palenie tytoniu, otyłość i nadciśnienie tętnicze, mogą odpowiadać za nawet 50% przypadków raka nerki.12

  • Palenie tytoniu – osoby palące mają około dwukrotnie wyższe ryzyko rozwoju raka nerki w porównaniu do osób niepalących. Ryzyko to zwiększa się wraz z czasem palenia i liczbą wypalanych papierosów. Szacuje się, że 25-30% wszystkich przypadków raka nerki można przypisać paleniu tytoniu123
  • Otyłość – nadmierna masa ciała jest istotnym czynnikiem ryzyka raka nerki, a ryzyko to wzrasta liniowo wraz ze wzrostem wskaźnika masy ciała (BMI). Około 25% przypadków raka nerki może być związanych z nadwagą lub otyłością123
  • Dieta – dieta bogata w czerwone i przetworzone mięso może zwiększać ryzyko raka nerki, podczas gdy dieta bogata w owoce, warzywa i błonnik (np. dieta śródziemnomorska) może mieć działanie ochronne1

Czynniki medyczne

Istnieje szereg stanów medycznych, które wiążą się ze zwiększonym ryzykiem zachorowania na raka nerki:12

  • Nadciśnienie tętnicze – osoby z nadciśnieniem tętniczym mają około dwukrotnie wyższe ryzyko rozwoju raka nerki. Ryzyko to wzrasta wraz z wartościami ciśnienia tętniczego. Nie jest jasne, czy zwiększone ryzyko wynika bezpośrednio z nadciśnienia, czy też z leków stosowanych w jego leczeniu123
  • Przewlekła choroba nerek – osoby z zaawansowaną chorobą nerek, szczególnie wymagające dializoterapii, mają 2-3-krotnie wyższe ryzyko rozwoju raka nerki. Ryzyko to wzrasta wraz z czasem trwania dializoterapii123
  • Nabyta torbielowatość nerek – u osób długotrwale dializowanych może rozwinąć się nabyta torbielowatość nerek, która dodatkowo zwiększa ryzyko raka nerki12
  • Kamica nerkowa – mężczyźni z kamicą nerkową mają zwiększone ryzyko raka nerki, podczas gdy u kobiet taka zależność nie została zaobserwowana12
  • Cukrzyca typu 1 – niektóre badania sugerują zwiększone ryzyko raka nerki u osób z cukrzycą typu 112
  • Przebyta choroba nowotworowa – osoby z rakiem tarczycy mają zwiększone ryzyko rozwoju raka nerki12
  • Radioterapia – kobiety, które przeszły radioterapię z powodu nowotworów narządów rozrodczych, mogą mieć nieznacznie podwyższone ryzyko raka nerki12

Narażenie zawodowe

Ekspozycja na określone substancje chemiczne w miejscu pracy może zwiększać ryzyko raka nerki:12

  • Trichloroetylen – rozpuszczalnik używany głównie do czyszczenia i odtłuszczania metali; Międzynarodowa Agencja Badań nad Rakiem (IARC) sklasyfikowała zawodową ekspozycję na trichloroetylen jako czynnik rakotwórczy dla ludzi, a ryzyko raka nerki wzrasta wraz z poziomem narażenia123
  • Kadm – metal stosowany w górnictwie, spawalnictwie, rolnictwie i przemyśle malarskim12
  • Azbest12
  • Niektóre herbicydy i rozpuszczalniki organiczne12
  • Praca w przemyśle włókienniczym1
  • Praca przy piecach hutniczych lub koksowniczych w przemyśle stalowym i węglowym1

Długotrwałe stosowanie niektórych leków

Długotrwałe stosowanie określonych leków może być związane ze zwiększonym ryzykiem raka nerki:12

  • Niesteroidowe leki przeciwzapalne (NLPZ) – takie jak ibuprofen, naproksen12
  • Paracetamol (acetaminofen) – regularne, długotrwałe stosowanie może zwiększać ryzyko raka nerki12
  • Leki moczopędne (diuretyki) – niektóre badania sugerują związek między długotrwałym stosowaniem diuretyków a rakiem nerki12
  • Fenacetyna – lek przeciwbólowy wycofany z użycia w wielu krajach ze względu na działanie nefrotoksyczne12

Inne czynniki ryzyka

Badania wskazują również na inne potencjalne czynniki ryzyka raka nerki:12

  • Wysoki wzrost – istnieje związek między wysokim wzrostem a zwiększonym ryzykiem raka nerki; każde 10 cm wzrostu wiąże się z około 30% zwiększeniem ryzyka, niezależnie od masy ciała12
  • Przewlekłe wirusowe zapalenie wątroby typu C12
  • Promieniowanie jonizujące – ekspozycja na wysokoenergetyczne promieniowanie jonizujące może zwiększać ryzyko raka nerki1
  • Arsen w wodzie pitnej – spożywanie wody zawierającej arsen może zwiększać ryzyko raka nerki1
  • Cecha sierpowatokrwinkowa – związana z rzadką postacią raka nerki (rdzeniowy rak nerki)12

Czynniki potencjalnie ochronne

Badania wskazują, że niektóre czynniki mogą zmniejszać ryzyko rozwoju raka nerki:1

  • Umiarkowane spożycie alkoholu – istnieją dowody sugerujące, że spożywanie do 2 drinków dziennie może obniżać ryzyko raka nerki. Należy jednak pamiętać, że alkohol zwiększa ryzyko co najmniej 6 innych nowotworów i innych chorób12
  • Regularna aktywność fizyczna1
  • Dieta bogata w owoce i warzywa1

Geograficzne i czasowe zróżnicowanie zapadalności

Zapadalność na raka nerki wykazuje znaczne zróżnicowanie geograficzne i czasowe:123

  • Częstość występowania raka nerki wzrastała stopniowo od lat 30. XX wieku o około 2-3% na dekadę, choć w ostatnich latach liczba nowych przypadków ustabilizowała się12
  • Występują znaczące różnice w częstości występowania raka nerki między różnymi krajami i regionami geograficznymi1
  • Część wzrostu zachorowalności może być związana z poprawą diagnostyki i częstszym wykrywaniem małych, bezobjawowych guzów nerki podczas badań obrazowych wykonywanych z innych powodów1
  • Wzrost zachorowalności może być również związany ze wzrostem częstości występowania otyłości w populacji1

Wieloczynnikowa etiologia raka nerki

Etiologia raka nerki jest złożona i wieloczynnikowa. Obecny stan wiedzy wskazuje, że na rozwój tego nowotworu wpływa kombinacja czynników genetycznych, środowiskowych i związanych ze stylem życia.123

Mimo zidentyfikowania wielu czynników ryzyka, dokładne mechanizmy prowadzące do rozwoju raka nerki nie są w pełni poznane. Prawdopodobnie rak nerki powstaje w wyniku skumulowanych zmian genetycznych, które mogą być zarówno dziedziczone, jak i nabywane w ciągu życia pod wpływem różnych czynników środowiskowych.123

Badania nad epidemiologią molekularną, w tym metabolomiką i genomiką guza, stanowią nowe obszary badań, które mogą przyczynić się do identyfikacji podstawowych przyczyn raka nerki.123

Możliwości profilaktyki

Chociaż nie wszystkie przypadki raka nerki można zapobiec, modyfikacja stylu życia może zmniejszyć ryzyko jego rozwoju:12

  • Utrzymywanie prawidłowej masy ciała poprzez zdrową dietę i regularną aktywność fizyczną12
  • Niepalenie tytoniu lub zaprzestanie palenia12
  • Kontrola ciśnienia tętniczego12
  • Ograniczenie ekspozycji na substancje chemiczne w miejscu pracy, szczególnie trichloroetylen12
  • Unikanie długotrwałego przyjmowania leków przeciwbólowych bez konsultacji z lekarzem1
  • Kontrola cukrzycy i utrzymywanie prawidłowego poziomu glukozy we krwi1
  • Ograniczenie spożycia produktów pochodzenia zwierzęcego i zwiększenie spożycia owoców i warzyw1

Obecnie nie ma zalecanych badań przesiewowych w kierunku raka nerki dla osób z przeciętnym ryzykiem. Osoby z podwyższonym ryzykiem, szczególnie z rodzinnymi zespołami zwiększającymi ryzyko raka nerki, powinny być objęte odpowiednim nadzorem medycznym.123

Kolejne rozdziały

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Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 12.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Kidney cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352664
    Kidney cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the kidneys. […] The exact causes of kidney cancer, like many other cancers, are not known. However, we do know that certain things can increase your chances of developing kidney cancer. Older age, smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, long-term dialysis, and a family history of kidney cancer can all increase your risk. […] It’s not clear what causes most kidney cancers. Kidney cancer happens when cells in the kidney develop changes in their DNA. […] Factors that may increase the risk of kidney cancer include: Older age. The risk of kidney cancer increases with age. Smoking tobacco. People who smoke have a greater risk of kidney cancer than those who don’t. The risk decreases after quitting. Obesity. People who are obese have a higher risk of kidney cancer than people who are considered to have a healthy weight. High blood pressure. High blood pressure, also called hypertension, increases the risk of kidney cancer. Certain inherited conditions. People who are born with certain inherited conditions may have an increased risk of kidney cancer. These conditions may include von Hippel-Lindau disease, Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome, tuberous sclerosis complex, hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma and familial renal cancer. Family history of kidney cancer. The risk of kidney cancer is higher if a blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, has had the disease.
  • #1 Kidney Cancer: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9409-kidney-cancer-overview
    Kidney cancer develops when cells in your kidneys change and grow out of control. […] Kidney cancer is the abnormal growth of cells in your kidney tissue. In time, these cells form a mass called a tumor. Cancer begins when something triggers a change in the cells, and they divide out of control. […] The exact cause of kidney cancer isn’t known, but there are certain risk factors that may increase your chances of getting the disease. These include: Smoking: People who smoke are at greater risk for kidney cancer. In addition, the longer a person smokes, the higher the risk. Obesity: Obesity is a risk factor for kidney cancer. In general, the more overweight a person is, the higher the risk. High blood pressure: Also called hypertension, high blood pressure has been linked to an increased risk of kidney cancer. Family history: People who have family members with kidney cancer may have an increased risk of developing cancer themselves. Radiation therapy: Women who have been treated with radiation for cancer of their reproductive organs may have a slightly increased risk of developing kidney cancer. Gene changes (mutations): Genes contain instructions for a cell’s function. Changes in certain genes can increase the risk of developing kidney cancer. Long-term dialysis treatment: Dialysis is the process of cleaning your blood by passing it through a special machine. Dialysis is used when a person’s kidneys aren’t functioning properly. Tuberous sclerosis complex: Tuberous sclerosis is a disease that causes seizures and intellectual disabilities, as well as the formation of tumors in many different organs. von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL): People with this inherited disorder are at greater risk for developing kidney cancer. This disorder causes noncancerous tumors in your blood vessels, typically in your eyes and brain.
  • #1 What Causes Kidney Cancer? | Is Kidney Cancer Hereditary? | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/kidney-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html
    Cancer is caused by changes in the DNA inside our cells. […] Changes in several genes are usually needed to cause kidney cancer. These changes can either be inherited from a parent, or they can be acquired during a person’s lifetime. […] Certain inherited gene changes can run in some families and increase the risk of kidney cancer. […] Mutations (changes) in this gene can be inherited from parents, leading to von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease. When the VHL gene is mutated, it is no longer able to control the abnormal growth, and kidney cancer is more likely to develop. […] Certain risk factors, such as exposure to cancer-causing chemicals, might play a role in causing some of these acquired mutations. […] Because the kidneys filter this blood, many of these chemicals become concentrated in the kidneys. Several of these chemicals are known to damage kidney cells in ways that can cause the cells to become cancer. […] Most people with non-inherited clear cell RCC have changes in the VHL tumor suppressor gene in their cancer cells that have caused the gene to stop working properly. These gene changes are acquired during a person’s life.
  • #1 Risk Factors for Kidney Cancer | How Do You Get Kidney Cancer? | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/kidney-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
    People with advanced kidney disease, especially those needing dialysis, have a higher risk of RCC. […] Some people inherit gene changes from their parents that can increase their risk of RCC. […] Most of the conditions listed here result in a much higher risk for getting kidney cancer, although they account for only a small portion of kidney cancers overall. […] People with von Hippel-Lindau disease often develop several kinds of tumors and cysts (fluid-filled sacs) in different parts of the body. […] People with hereditary papillary renal carcinoma tend to develop one or more papillary RCCs. […] People with this syndrome often develop smooth muscle tumors called leiomyomas (fibroids) of the skin and uterus (in women) and have a higher risk for developing papillary RCCs. […] People with this syndrome tend to develop many small benign skin tumors and have an increased risk of different kinds of kidney tumors, including RCCs and oncocytomas.
  • #1 Risk Factors for Kidney Cancer | How Do You Get Kidney Cancer? | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/kidney-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
    People with these syndromes often develop neuroendocrine tumors called paragangliomas including tumors in the adrenal gland called pheochromocytomas. […] People with Cowden syndrome have a high risk of breast, thyroid, and kidney cancers. […] People with tuberous sclerosis develop many, usually benign (non-cancerous) tumors in different parts of the body including the skin, brain, lungs, eyes, kidneys, and heart. […] People with this condition have an increased risk for some types of skin cancers, as well as melanomas of the eye, mesotheliomas, clear cell RCC, and possibly other cancers. […] People with either SCT or SCD have an increased risk of renal medullary carcinoma (RMC).
  • #1 Risk Factors for Kidney Cancer | How Do You Get Kidney Cancer? | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/kidney-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
    Several risk factors could make you more likely to develop kidney cancer. […] Smoking increases the risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the most common type of kidney cancer. […] People who have excess body weight have a higher risk for RCC. […] The risk of kidney cancer is higher in people with high blood pressure. […] People with a strong family history of RCC (even without one of the known inherited conditions listed below) have a higher chance of developing cancer. […] Many studies have suggested that being exposed to certain substances at work, such as trichloroethylene or cadmium, increase the risk for RCC. […] RCC is about twice as common in men as in women. […] In the US, kidney cancer rates are highest among American Indian and Alaska Native people. […] Some studies have suggested that long-term use of pain medicines such as acetaminophen (and possibly aspirin) may be linked to an increased risk of RCC.
  • #1 Renal cell carcinoma – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_cell_carcinoma
    Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a kidney cancer that originates in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule, a part of the very small tubes in the kidney that transport primary urine. RCC is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults, responsible for approximately 90-95% of cases. […] The greatest risk factors for RCC are lifestyle-related: smoking, obesity and hypertension (high blood pressure) have been estimated to account for up to 50% of cases. […] Hereditary factors have a minor impact on individual susceptibility with immediate relatives of people with RCC having a two to fourfold increased risk of developing the condition. […] The most significant disease affecting risk however is not genetically linked patients with acquired cystic disease of the kidney requiring dialysis are 30 times more likely than the general population to develop RCC.
  • #1 Risk Factors for Kidney Cancer – Kidney Cancer UK
    https://www.kcuk.org.uk/kidneycancer/causes-of-kidney-cancer/
    With most cancers there is no direct cause and kidney cancer is no exception. For many people the cause of the cancer is never found. However, certain lifestyle factors can increase the risk of developing the disease […] Both genetic and lifestyle factors can increase your risk for kidney cancer. […] Older age is the main risk factor for kidney cancer, this is mainly due to cell DNA damage accumulating over time. […] Men are almost twice as likely to develop kidney cancer compared to women. This gender disparity may be due to differences in exposure to risk factors and biological variations. […] Obesity is a risk factor for kidney cancer, Kidney cancer risk is 24% higher in men per 5-unit body mass index (BMI) increase, and risk is 33% higher in women per 5-unit BMI increase. […] Diet and lifestyle choices play a role in kidney cancer risk. A diet high in red and processed meats has been linked to increased risk, while a diet rich in fruits and vegetables and fibre such as the Mediterranean diet may offer protection.
  • #1 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Kidney Cancer
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6299342/
    The etiology of kidney cancer is largely unknown and the main epidemiologic determinants are large geographic and temporal variations in incidence rates. […] Established risk factors include tobacco smoking, body size, and history of hypertension and chronic kidney disease. […] Chronic kidney disease increases the risk of kidney cancer two-fold to three-fold. […] Tobacco smoking has been classified as carcinogenic for the kidney by the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the United States Department of Health and Human Services. […] The association between excess body weight and risk of kidney cancer has been extensively reported in large, prospective cohorts. […] Trichloroethylene is mostly known for its use as a metal cleaner and degreaser. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified the occupational exposure to trichloroethylene as carcinogenic to humans, relying on a body of sufficient evidence that this chemical causes kidney cancer.
  • #1 Renal Cell Carcinoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/281340-overview
    A prospective evaluation by Cho et al concluded that longer duration of use of nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may increase the risk for renal cell cancer. […] Patients undergoing long-term dialysis have an increased incidence of acquired cystic disease of the kidney, which predisposes to renal cell cancer. In kidney transplant recipients, acquired renal cystic disease also predisposes to renal cell cancer. Chronic hepatitis C infection and, according to a meta-analysis of pooled data, kidney stones in males are associated with higher incidences of kidney cancer. […] Genetic disorders associated with renal cell carcinoma include von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, hereditary papillary renal carcinoma, Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome, and hereditary renal carcinoma. The genetic disease tuberous sclerosis appears to be associated with renal cell carcinoma, although the exact nature of the association is unclear.
  • #1 Risks and causes of kidney cancer | Cancer Research UK
    https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/kidney-cancer/risks-causes
    Exposure to high energy (ionising) radiation can increase the risk of kidney cancer. For example, having radiotherapy for some types of cancer. […] Working with certain chemicals may increase the risk of kidney cancer. For example working in the textile manufacturing industry. Or using certain chemicals to clean or degrease metal. […] People whose kidneys do not work very well (chronic kidney disease) have an increased risk of kidney cancer. […] Men who’ve had kidney stones have an increased risk of kidney cancer. But women who’ve had kidney stones don’t have an increased risk. […] A few people inherit changes in their genes that increase their risk of getting kidney cancer. Cancer caused by these gene changes is called hereditary or familial kidney cancer. […] People with a first degree relative who has been diagnosed with kidney cancer have a greater risk of developing it themselves. However the risk is still small.
  • #1 Risks and causes of kidney cancer | Cancer Research UK
    https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/kidney-cancer/risks-causes
    Some research studies have found a link between high blood pressure or high blood pressure medicines and kidney cancer. The higher someones blood pressure, the higher the risk. […] People who have had thyroid cancer have an increased risk of kidney cancer. […] Some studies have found that people with type 1 diabetes have a higher risk of kidney cancer. […] Researchers in America looked at the results of 20 studies across 6 countries. They found that some mild painkilling drugs are linked to increased kidney cancer risk.
  • #1 Kidney cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council
    https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/kidney-cancer
    The causes of kidney cancer are not known, but factors that put some people at higher risk are: […] smoking smokers have almost twice the risk of developing kidney cancer as nonsmokers […] workplace exposure to chemicals such as arsenic, some metal degreasers or cadmium used in mining, welding, farming and painting […] a family history of kidney cancer […] being overweight or obese […] high blood pressure […] having advanced kidney disease […] being male – men are more likely to develop kidney cancer […] Not smoking or quitting smoking. Up to one third of kidney cancers are thought to be due to smoking.
  • #1 Kidney Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment
    https://patient.info/cancer/kidney-cancer
    Most cases of kidney cancer develop in people between the ages of 60 and 70 although it can affect any age group. […] In the UK, over 12,500 people are diagnosed with kidney cancer each year. Some people develop kidney cancer for no apparent reason. However, certain risk factors increase the chance that kidney cancer may develop. These include: […] Age. Most cases develop in people over the age of 60. It is uncommon in people aged under 50. It is also more common in men. […] Smoking. About a third of kidney cancers are thought to be caused by smoking. Some of the chemicals from tobacco get into the body and are passed out in urine. These chemicals in the urine can be damaging (carcinogenic) to kidney tubule cells. Pipe and cigar smoking are as harmful as cigarette smoking. […] Other chemical carcinogens. Some workplace chemicals have been linked to an increased risk of kidney cancer – for example, asbestos, cadmium and some organic solvents.
  • #1 Kidney cancer causes and risk factors | Macmillan Cancer Support
    https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/kidney-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors-of-kidney-cancer
    Having high blood pressure (hypertension) may slightly increase the risk of kidney cancer. But most people with high blood pressure do not develop kidney cancer. […] People with advanced kidney disease have a higher risk of kidney cancer. The risk is greatest for people who need treatment that does the work of the kidneys (dialysis). […] If you have type 1 diabetes, you have a higher risk of kidney cancer particularly if you use insulin to control the diabetes rather than tablets. […] Most people who get kidney cancer do not have a family history of it. But your risk may be higher than average if a close relative has had kidney cancer. […] Some rare genetic conditions can increase the risk of developing kidney cancer. […] An increased risk of kidney cancer has been linked to working with blast furnaces or coke ovens in the steel and coal industries. Exposure to certain materials, such as cadmium, lead or asbestos, may also increase risk.
  • #1 Kidney Cancer Basics | Kidney Cancer | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/kidney-cancer/about/index.html
    To lower your risk of kidney and renal pelvis cancers, keep a healthy weight. […] Don’t smoke, or quit if you do. […] Be very careful if you work with the chemical trichloroethylene. […] Risk factors for kidney and renal pelvis cancers include: Being overweight or having obesity. […] Smoking. […] Having high blood pressure. It is not known whether the increased risk is due to high blood pressure itself or the medicines used to treat it. […] Taking certain pain medicines for a long time. […] Having certain genetic conditions. […] Having a long-lasting infection with hepatitis C. […] Having kidney stones. […] Having sickle cell trait, which is associated with a very rare form of kidney cancer (renal medullary carcinoma). […] Being exposed to a chemical called trichloroethylene, which is used to remove grease from metal.
  • #1 Kidney Cancer: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian
    https://www.nyp.org/cancer/urologic-cancer/kidney-cancer
    Kidney cancer occurs when kidney cells develop mutations in their DNA. DNA is the genetic code in all cells that provides instructions for normal cell function. Mutations are changes in this genetic code, which can cause the cells to grow and replicate in an abnormal way. […] The mutated cells can damage healthy tissue in the area and also metastasize or spread to lymph nodes or other areas of the body. It is unclear what causes most kidney cancers, but certain factors can increase or decrease the likelihood of developing kidney cancer. […] Certain factors will increase a person’s risk of developing kidney cancer. These risk factors include: Age – The risk of kidney cancer increases with age; Smoking – Smoking increases the chances of renal cell carcinoma; Sex – Men are almost twice as likely as women to develop kidney cancer. This could be because more men than women have smoked, and men have been more likely to be exposed to carcinogens in the workplace; Race – African-Americans have a slightly higher risk of developing kidney cancer than people of other races. However, the reasons for this are not understood; Obesity – Obesity is believed to change certain hormones and thus increase the chance that kidney cancer will develop; Workplace chemicals – Exposure to chemicals such as cadmium, asbestos, some herbicides, benzene, and organic solvents, especially trichloroethylene can increase risk; Family history of kidney cancer – The risk is higher in people whose family members have had kidney cancer. This could be due to shared genes or shared environmental conditions; Certain inherited syndromes – Including hereditary renal oncocytoma, hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma, hereditary leiomyoma-renal cell carcinoma, von Hippel-Lindau disease, Birt-Hogg-Dube (BHD) syndrome; Advanced kidney disease – Those with advanced kidney disease, particularly those requiring dialysis treatment, have an increased risk of developing kidney cancer; High blood pressure – The risk of kidney cancer is higher in people with high blood pressure; Certain medications – Using phenacetin-based analgesics and diuretics increases the risk of renal cell carcinoma. Studies suggest that acetaminophen, a common over-the-counter pain reliever, also increases the chance of kidney cancer.
  • #1
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00053150
    Multiple urinary tract infections increased risk, but only significantly in females (OR=1.9, CI=1.22.9). […] Our data indicate the need for further exploration of passive smoking and diuretics as risk factors, as well as elucidation of mechanisms by which high lifetime QI and frequent urinary-tract infections might increase risk of this cancer.
  • #1 Kidney cancer | World Cancer Research Fund
    https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/kidney-cancer/
    What causes kidney cancer? There are many different things that affect your risk of kidney cancer. Evidence for what can cause kidney cancer comes from large population studies (called epidemiology) and biological studies (where scientists look at cells in a laboratory). […] Smokers have a 52% higher risk of kidney cancer, and ex-smokers a 25% higher risk, compared with people who have never smoked. […] Living with overweight or obesity increases the risk of kidney cancer. […] Being tall increases the risk of kidney cancer. The taller a person is, the greater his or her risk of kidney cancer. […] People with polycystic kidney disease have a higher risk of kidney cancer. […] People with high blood pressure have a higher risk of kidney cancer. […] Until the 1970s, some painkillers contained a substance called phenacetin, which can cause a rare type of kidney cancer (renal pelvis cancer).
  • #1 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Kidney Cancer
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6299342/
    The majority of kidney cancer cases are sporadic, with only 3% to 5% occurring within a familial context. […] Height has been consistently associated with kidney cancer risk independently of weight with an approximate 30% increased risk for every 10-cm increase in height. […] The etiology of kidney cancer is largely unknown, although causes are thought to be multifactorial.
  • #1 Kidney cancer | World Cancer Research Fund
    https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/kidney-cancer/
    Men are 2 times more likely to develop kidney cancer than women. […] People aged 55 and over are at a higher risk of developing kidney cancer. […] There is strong evidence that consuming up to 2 alcoholic drinks a day lowers the risk of developing kidney cancer. However, alcohol increases the risk of at least 6 cancers and other diseases. […] Consuming drinking water that contains arsenic may increase the risk of kidney cancer.
  • #1 Risk factors for kidney cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/kidney/risks
    People who come into contact with TCE at work have a higher risk of developing kidney cancer. The risk increases with higher levels of TCE. […] Research shows that the taller a person is, the greater their risk for kidney cancer. It is not exactly clear how being tall increases the risk. […] The following factors have been linked with kidney cancer, but there is not enough evidence to show for sure that they are risk factors. More research is needed to clarify the role of these factors for kidney cancer. […] Significant evidence shows no link between kidney cancer and drinking coffee or tea. Evidence also shows that drinking alcohol (up to 2 drinks a day) decreases the risk for kidney cancer.
  • #1 Kidney cancer – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_cancer
    With obesity listed as one of the risk factors, daily physical activity and engaging in a healthy diet is proven to lower the rates of developing kidney cancer in the future. […] The incidence rate of renal cancer increases with the age of an individual, with 75 being the approximate age of the peak incidence rate, as of 2018. […] The incidence of kidney cancer is two times greater in men than in women, and this is thought to be due to biological differences. […] Incidence rates of kidney cancer can vary throughout the world.
  • #1 Kidney cancer – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_cancer
    Kidney cancer, also known as renal cancer, is a group of cancers that starts in the kidney. […] Risk factors for RCC and TCC include smoking, certain pain medications, previous bladder cancer, being overweight, high blood pressure, certain chemicals, and a family history. […] Factors that increase the risk of kidney cancer include smoking, high blood pressure, obesity, faulty genes, a family history of kidney cancer in the first relatives, having kidney disease that needs dialysis, being infected with hepatitis C, and previous treatment for testicular cancer or cervical cancer. […] About 25-30% of kidney cancer is attributed to smoking. […] The incidence of kidney cancer has continued to increase since 1930. […] Certain lifestyle factors have been associated with the development of renal cancer, although not all of them can be considered definitive causes.
  • #1 Kidney Cancer
    https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/cancer/registry/abouts/kidney.htm
    Scientists are studying other possible risk factors for kidney cancer. Studies suggest that workers exposed to asbestos, gasoline and other petroleum products, hydrocarbons, lead, solvents or cadmium may be at increased risk for kidney cancer. Other studies indicate that heavy, long-term exposure to phenacetin (a pain killer no longer used in the United States) or exposure to ionizing radiation, such as radiation therapy for cervical or testicular cancer, may increase risk for getting kidney cancer. […] The incidence of kidney cancer has been increasing nationally over the past thirty years. This is also true in New York State. […] Some of the increase may also be due to the increasing prevalence of obesity.
  • #1 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Kidney Cancer – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30372394/
    The etiology of kidney cancer is largely unknown and the main epidemiologic determinants are large geographic and temporal variations in incidence rates. Established risk factors include tobacco smoking, body size, and history of hypertension and chronic kidney disease. […] Other suspected risk factors require additional investigation, as do the underlying biologic mechanisms that are responsible for disease occurrence. […] Molecular epidemiology, including, but not limited to, metabolomics and tumor genomics, are new areas of research that promise to play important roles in identifying some of the underlying causes of kidney cancer.
  • #1 Causes of kidney cancer – NHS
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-cancer/causes/
    Anyone can get kidney cancer, but some things can increase your chances of getting it. […] You may be more likely to get it if you: have a close relative with kidney cancer, smoke, are overweight or living with obesity, have high blood pressure, have certain inherited genetic conditions, such as tuberous sclerosis, are having long-term dialysis for chronic kidney disease. […] You cannot always prevent kidney cancer. But making healthy changes can lower your chances of getting it.
  • #1 Kidney Cancer Basics | Kidney Cancer | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/kidney-cancer/about/index.html
    To lower your risk of kidney and renal pelvis cancers: Keep a healthy weight. […] Don’t smoke, or quit if you do. […] Be very careful if you use certain kinds of chemicals, especially trichloroethylene. This chemical is used by workers in some jobs, like those that work with metals. […] To lower your risk of kidney cancer, keep a healthy weight and don’t smoke.
  • #1 Kidney Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Stages, Surgery and Treatment
    https://dreminozbek.com/en/kidney-cancer-causes-symptoms-stages-surgery-and-treatment/
    As with all cancers and chronic diseases, it is possible to protect against cancer development in kidney cancer. We can list some precautions and life changes that should be taken to protect against kidney cancer as follows: Quit smoking: Smoking is an important risk factor for kidney cancer. By quitting smoking, the risk of cancer is also reduced. Weight loss: Obesity is among the causes of kidney cancer. Losing weight in a healthy way protects against kidney cancer. Controlling high blood pressure: Hypertension is a risk factor for kidney cancer. Controlling blood pressure with a healthy diet, regular exercise and, if necessary, blood pressure-lowering medications reduces the risk of developing kidney cancer. Limiting foods of animal origin: Reducing animal proteins and eating fruits and vegetables is protective against cancer. Staying away from chemicals: Since cancers are common in some workers in the chemical industry, care should be taken against them. Control of diabetes: It is important for diabetic patients to have their blood sugar under control.
  • #1 Risk Factors for Kidney Cancer – Kidney Cancer UK
    https://www.kcuk.org.uk/kidneycancer/causes-of-kidney-cancer/
    Kidney cancer risk is 41% higher in men with kidney stones, but is not associated with women with kidney stones. […] Individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or those undergoing long-term dialysis are at a higher risk of developing kidney cancer. CKD can lead to a build-up of waste products and toxins in the kidneys, contributing to cancer development. […] Previous thyroid cancer increases the risk of kidney cancer, possibly due to genetic changes that are common to both types of cancer. […] Previous radiotherapy for testicular or cervical cancer may slightly increase the risk of developing kidney cancer. […] Long-term regular use of painkillers, such as ibuprofen, naproxen, phenacetin and celebrex is linked to kidney cancer. […] Exposure to certain substances in the workplace, such as X-radiation, gamma-radiation, Trichloroethylene, Plants containing aristolochic acid, and Phenacetin can increase your risk of kidney cancer.
  • #1 Kidney Cancer – Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | OSF Cancer Institute | OSF HealthCare
    https://www.osfhealthcare.org/services/specialties/cancer/conditions-treatments/conditions/kidney
    Contact with chemicals. Contact with certain substances puts you at higher risk for kidney cancer. […] Advanced or chronic kidney disease, This puts you at a higher risk for kidney cancer. […] Certain inherited conditions. Certain syndromes linked to genes passed in families affect your kidney cancer risk. […] People with a family history of kidney cancer have a higher chance of developing the disease. […] You may be able to lower your risk for kidney cancer by making some lifestyle changes. […] There are no recommended screening tests for people of average risk for kidney cancer. […] Diagnosing kidney cancer starts with your health care provider asking you questions. […] There are various treatment choices for kidney cancer. […] Your cancer specialist may suggest that you have more than one of these types of treatment. […] Yes. Survivability largely depends on the stage of kidney cancer.
  • #2 Kidney Cancer: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9409-kidney-cancer-overview
    Kidney cancer develops when cells in your kidneys change and grow out of control. […] Kidney cancer is the abnormal growth of cells in your kidney tissue. In time, these cells form a mass called a tumor. Cancer begins when something triggers a change in the cells, and they divide out of control. […] The exact cause of kidney cancer isn’t known, but there are certain risk factors that may increase your chances of getting the disease. These include: Smoking: People who smoke are at greater risk for kidney cancer. In addition, the longer a person smokes, the higher the risk. Obesity: Obesity is a risk factor for kidney cancer. In general, the more overweight a person is, the higher the risk. High blood pressure: Also called hypertension, high blood pressure has been linked to an increased risk of kidney cancer. Family history: People who have family members with kidney cancer may have an increased risk of developing cancer themselves. Radiation therapy: Women who have been treated with radiation for cancer of their reproductive organs may have a slightly increased risk of developing kidney cancer. Gene changes (mutations): Genes contain instructions for a cell’s function. Changes in certain genes can increase the risk of developing kidney cancer. Long-term dialysis treatment: Dialysis is the process of cleaning your blood by passing it through a special machine. Dialysis is used when a person’s kidneys aren’t functioning properly. Tuberous sclerosis complex: Tuberous sclerosis is a disease that causes seizures and intellectual disabilities, as well as the formation of tumors in many different organs. von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL): People with this inherited disorder are at greater risk for developing kidney cancer. This disorder causes noncancerous tumors in your blood vessels, typically in your eyes and brain.
  • #2 Risk Factors for Kidney Cancer | How Do You Get Kidney Cancer? | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/kidney-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
    Several risk factors could make you more likely to develop kidney cancer. […] Smoking increases the risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the most common type of kidney cancer. […] People who have excess body weight have a higher risk for RCC. […] The risk of kidney cancer is higher in people with high blood pressure. […] People with a strong family history of RCC (even without one of the known inherited conditions listed below) have a higher chance of developing cancer. […] Many studies have suggested that being exposed to certain substances at work, such as trichloroethylene or cadmium, increase the risk for RCC. […] RCC is about twice as common in men as in women. […] In the US, kidney cancer rates are highest among American Indian and Alaska Native people. […] Some studies have suggested that long-term use of pain medicines such as acetaminophen (and possibly aspirin) may be linked to an increased risk of RCC.
  • #2 Risk Factors for Kidney Cancer | How Do You Get Kidney Cancer? | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/kidney-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
    People with advanced kidney disease, especially those needing dialysis, have a higher risk of RCC. […] Some people inherit gene changes from their parents that can increase their risk of RCC. […] Most of the conditions listed here result in a much higher risk for getting kidney cancer, although they account for only a small portion of kidney cancers overall. […] People with von Hippel-Lindau disease often develop several kinds of tumors and cysts (fluid-filled sacs) in different parts of the body. […] People with hereditary papillary renal carcinoma tend to develop one or more papillary RCCs. […] People with this syndrome often develop smooth muscle tumors called leiomyomas (fibroids) of the skin and uterus (in women) and have a higher risk for developing papillary RCCs. […] People with this syndrome tend to develop many small benign skin tumors and have an increased risk of different kinds of kidney tumors, including RCCs and oncocytomas.
  • #2 What Causes Kidney Cancer? | Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center – Buffalo, NY
    https://www.roswellpark.org/cancer/kidney/what-kidney-cancer/risk-factors
    Kidney cancer develops most often in people over the age of 60, and is more common in cisgender men than in women, and in African American, Native American and Alaskan Native populations. An exact cause of the disease remains unknown, however people with the following risk factors are more likely than others to develop kidney cancer: […] Smokers are twice as likely as nonsmokers to develop kidney cancer. […] People with advanced kidney disease that requires long-term dialysis have increased risk for developing kidney cancer. […] VHL is the most common cause of hereditary kidney cancer. This rare genetic disease is caused by changes in the VHL gene that can be inherited. […] Your risk of kidney cancer is increased if you have a relative diagnosed with kidney cancer. People with a family history of renal cell cancer are 2 to 4 times more likely to develop the disease. […] Occupations that involve exposure to certain chemicals or substances in the workplace. These include coke oven workers in the iron and steel industries and exposure to asbestos or cadmium on the job. […] Those assigned male at birth are more likely than women to be diagnosed with kidney cancer.
  • #2 Bilateral kidney cancer: Symptoms, causes, and more
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/bilateral-kidney-cancer
    Bilateral kidney cancer can occur in several different types of renal cell carcinoma. This includes both clear cell carcinoma the most common type of renal cell carcinoma and papillary carcinoma, which may occur in both kidneys. […] The exact cause of kidney cancer remains unknown. […] Approximately 4% of renal cell carcinomas occur due to an underlying genetic condition. Some of these conditions may cause bilateral kidney cancer. They include: tuberous sclerosis syndrome, Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, Birt-Hogg-Dub syndrome, hereditary papillary carcinoma. […] According to a 2016 study, the following groups may have a higher risk of developing renal cell carcinoma: African American, American Indian, and Alaska Native individuals, older adults, males, individuals with a family history of the condition, people who smoke cigarettes, anyone living with high blood pressure, people with obesity. […] Genetics may play a role in bilateral kidney cancer, as people with certain genetic conditions are more likely to develop it.
  • #2 Risk Factors for Kidney Cancer | How Do You Get Kidney Cancer? | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/kidney-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
    People with these syndromes often develop neuroendocrine tumors called paragangliomas including tumors in the adrenal gland called pheochromocytomas. […] People with Cowden syndrome have a high risk of breast, thyroid, and kidney cancers. […] People with tuberous sclerosis develop many, usually benign (non-cancerous) tumors in different parts of the body including the skin, brain, lungs, eyes, kidneys, and heart. […] People with this condition have an increased risk for some types of skin cancers, as well as melanomas of the eye, mesotheliomas, clear cell RCC, and possibly other cancers. […] People with either SCT or SCD have an increased risk of renal medullary carcinoma (RMC).
  • #2 Renal Cell Carcinoma: Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/renal-cell-carcinoma-causes-and-risk-factors-5200701
    The risk of developing renal cell carcinoma has been strongly associated with modifiable lifestyle factors, such as smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, and some environmental toxins. […] Moreover, kidney disease, exposure to certain toxic chemicals, or extensive painkiller use are other lifestyle-associated risk factors linked to the development of renal cell carcinoma. […] Renal cell carcinoma begins when kidney cells acquire a series of gene mutations that eventually lead to uncontrolled cell growth. Gene mutations that cause cancer can be either inherited from parents (germline mutations) or, much more commonly, acquired at some time after birth (somatic mutations). […] It’s not known precisely what causes renal cell carcinoma, though several strong risk factors have been identified. Specifically, there is evidence to support tobacco as a direct cause. It’s thought that unstable molecules (free radicals) in cigarette smoke can directly cause damage to kidney cells’ DNA that leads to the development of renal cell carcinoma.
  • #2 Risks and causes of kidney cancer | Cancer Research UK
    https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/kidney-cancer/risks-causes
    We don’t know what causes most kidney cancers. But some factors may increase the risk of getting it. These include getting older, smoking and some rare inherited conditions. […] Different cancers have different risk factors. Having one or more of these risk factors doesn’t mean you will definitely get that cancer. […] Kidney cancer is more common in older people. Around 35 in 100 kidney cancers (around 35%) develop in people aged 75 and over. […] Men are more likely to develop kidney cancer than women. […] Being overweight or very overweight (obese) increases the risk of getting kidney cancer. This causes around 25 out of every 100 kidney cancers (around 25%). So around a quarter of kidney cancers. The more overweight someone is, the higher the risk. […] People who smoke have an increased risk of developing kidney cancer. Smoking causes almost 15 out of 100 kidney cancers (almost 15%). This risk increases with the length of time and number of cigarettes smoked.
  • #2 Renal cell carcinoma – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_cell_carcinoma
    The incidence of the cancer has been increasing in frequency worldwide at a rate of approximately 2-3% per decade until the last few years where the number of new cases has stabilized. […] The incidence of RCC varies between sexes, ages, races and geographic location around the world. Men have a higher incidence than women (approximately 1.6:1) and the vast majority are diagnosed after 65 years of age.
  • #2 Kidney cancer – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_cancer
    Kidney cancer, also known as renal cancer, is a group of cancers that starts in the kidney. […] Risk factors for RCC and TCC include smoking, certain pain medications, previous bladder cancer, being overweight, high blood pressure, certain chemicals, and a family history. […] Factors that increase the risk of kidney cancer include smoking, high blood pressure, obesity, faulty genes, a family history of kidney cancer in the first relatives, having kidney disease that needs dialysis, being infected with hepatitis C, and previous treatment for testicular cancer or cervical cancer. […] About 25-30% of kidney cancer is attributed to smoking. […] The incidence of kidney cancer has continued to increase since 1930. […] Certain lifestyle factors have been associated with the development of renal cancer, although not all of them can be considered definitive causes.
  • #2 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Kidney Cancer
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6299342/
    The etiology of kidney cancer is largely unknown and the main epidemiologic determinants are large geographic and temporal variations in incidence rates. […] Established risk factors include tobacco smoking, body size, and history of hypertension and chronic kidney disease. […] Chronic kidney disease increases the risk of kidney cancer two-fold to three-fold. […] Tobacco smoking has been classified as carcinogenic for the kidney by the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the United States Department of Health and Human Services. […] The association between excess body weight and risk of kidney cancer has been extensively reported in large, prospective cohorts. […] Trichloroethylene is mostly known for its use as a metal cleaner and degreaser. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified the occupational exposure to trichloroethylene as carcinogenic to humans, relying on a body of sufficient evidence that this chemical causes kidney cancer.
  • #2 Renal Cell Carcinoma: Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/renal-cell-carcinoma-causes-and-risk-factors-5200701
    Smoking is thought to be the cause of around 30% of renal cell carcinomas. […] High blood pressure (hypertension) is a significant risk factor for renal cell carcinoma, with an overall doubling of risk found in a U.S. study. […] An elevated body mass index (BMI) is associated with an overall increased risk of renal cell carcinoma. […] People with kidney disease, particularly those who are on dialysis, have an increased risk of developing renal cell carcinoma. […] Renal cell carcinoma is associated both with several genetic syndromes. Having a family history of renal cell carcinoma roughly doubles the risk of developing the disease, especially in first-degree relatives (parents, siblings, or children). […] A number of environmental toxins have been linked to renal cell carcinoma, though some of these are better documented than others.
  • #2 Risk factors for kidney cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/kidney/risks
    The following inherited genetic conditions increase the risk of developing different types of cancerous tumours of the kidney. People with these genetic conditions develop kidney cancer at a younger age than other people. […] End-stage kidney disease is when the kidneys can no longer remove waste products from the blood, so a person needs a kidney transplant or dialysis. […] People on dialysis for a long time can develop cysts in their kidneys (acquired cystic kidney disease). Acquired cystic kidney disease in turn increases the risk of kidney cancer. The risk of kidney cancer appears to increase the longer a person is on dialysis. […] People who have a first-degree relative (parent, brother, sister or child) with kidney cancer have an increased risk of also developing kidney cancer. The risk is stronger if the relative is a brother or sister.
  • #2 Kidney Cancer Causes | Stanford Health Care
    https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/cancer/kidney-cancer/kidney-cancer-causes.html
    Obesity increases a person’s risk of kidney cancer. […] Patients who have been on dialysis for a long time may develop kidney cysts, which may be one cause of renal cell cancer. […] Patients who have high blood pressure have a higher risk for kidney cancer. […] Drugs that eliminate excess body fluid may raise the risk of kidney cancer, although this is not clear. […] African Americans have a slightly higher risk of kidney cancer.
  • #2 Risk Factors for Kidney Cancer – Kidney Cancer UK
    https://www.kcuk.org.uk/kidneycancer/causes-of-kidney-cancer/
    Kidney cancer risk is 41% higher in men with kidney stones, but is not associated with women with kidney stones. […] Individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or those undergoing long-term dialysis are at a higher risk of developing kidney cancer. CKD can lead to a build-up of waste products and toxins in the kidneys, contributing to cancer development. […] Previous thyroid cancer increases the risk of kidney cancer, possibly due to genetic changes that are common to both types of cancer. […] Previous radiotherapy for testicular or cervical cancer may slightly increase the risk of developing kidney cancer. […] Long-term regular use of painkillers, such as ibuprofen, naproxen, phenacetin and celebrex is linked to kidney cancer. […] Exposure to certain substances in the workplace, such as X-radiation, gamma-radiation, Trichloroethylene, Plants containing aristolochic acid, and Phenacetin can increase your risk of kidney cancer.
  • #2 An Overview of Kidney Cancer – symptoms, causes and treatment alternatives | CANCERactive
    https://www.canceractive.com/article/kidney-cancer-symptoms-treatments-and-therapies
    Kidney diseases: People with kidney disease, especially those needing dialysis, have a higher risk of kidney cancer. […] Age: Most cases occur in the over 60s. The disease is rare before that age. […] Chemical Carcinogens: Chemicals such as asbestos, cadmium and lead are indicated, often from the workplace. […] Some Drugs: For example, some over-the-counter painkillers have been linked to increased risk, especially where they have been used long-term. […] Caffeine: Excess intake of caffeine has been linked to the disease. […] Sugar has been shown to be a risk factor. Soft drinks and juice consumption heighten risk of renal cancer. […] Diabetes and poor sugar control are definitely risk factors. […] There has been some discussion over a causal role for fat, red meat and processed foods, but research appearing in the December 3, 2008 issue of the Journal of the National Cancer Institute disproved this.
  • #2 Risks and causes of kidney cancer | Cancer Research UK
    https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/kidney-cancer/risks-causes
    Exposure to high energy (ionising) radiation can increase the risk of kidney cancer. For example, having radiotherapy for some types of cancer. […] Working with certain chemicals may increase the risk of kidney cancer. For example working in the textile manufacturing industry. Or using certain chemicals to clean or degrease metal. […] People whose kidneys do not work very well (chronic kidney disease) have an increased risk of kidney cancer. […] Men who’ve had kidney stones have an increased risk of kidney cancer. But women who’ve had kidney stones don’t have an increased risk. […] A few people inherit changes in their genes that increase their risk of getting kidney cancer. Cancer caused by these gene changes is called hereditary or familial kidney cancer. […] People with a first degree relative who has been diagnosed with kidney cancer have a greater risk of developing it themselves. However the risk is still small.
  • #2 Kidney cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council
    https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/kidney-cancer
    The causes of kidney cancer are not known, but factors that put some people at higher risk are: […] smoking smokers have almost twice the risk of developing kidney cancer as nonsmokers […] workplace exposure to chemicals such as arsenic, some metal degreasers or cadmium used in mining, welding, farming and painting […] a family history of kidney cancer […] being overweight or obese […] high blood pressure […] having advanced kidney disease […] being male – men are more likely to develop kidney cancer […] Not smoking or quitting smoking. Up to one third of kidney cancers are thought to be due to smoking.
  • #2 Risk factors for kidney cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/kidney/risks
    People who come into contact with TCE at work have a higher risk of developing kidney cancer. The risk increases with higher levels of TCE. […] Research shows that the taller a person is, the greater their risk for kidney cancer. It is not exactly clear how being tall increases the risk. […] The following factors have been linked with kidney cancer, but there is not enough evidence to show for sure that they are risk factors. More research is needed to clarify the role of these factors for kidney cancer. […] Significant evidence shows no link between kidney cancer and drinking coffee or tea. Evidence also shows that drinking alcohol (up to 2 drinks a day) decreases the risk for kidney cancer.
  • #2 Kidney Cancer Types Causes Symptoms and Treatment Options
    https://www.sakraworldhospital.com/blogs/kidney-cancer/412
    Excess body weight, particularly abdominal obesity, can increase the risk of Kidney cancer. Obesity-related changes in metabolism and hormones may contribute to kidney cell mutations. […] People with long-term kidney disease or those who have undergone dialysis may face a higher risk of kidney cancer. It is likely due to the abnormal changes in kidney tissue over time. […] Genetic factors or family history play a major role in kidney cancer risk. If someone in your immediate family has had kidney cancer, you may have a higher risk of developing it. […] Workplace exposure to chemicals like asbestos, cadmium, and some herbicides may increase the risk of kidney cancer.
  • #2 Renal Cell Carcinoma: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/cancer/renal-cell-carcinoma
    It’s the most common type of kidney cancer. […] Scientists arent sure exactly what causes renal cell carcinoma. They know that most kidney cancers start when something goes wrong in the genes in the kidney. No one can say for certain why that happens. […] Several things can raise your chances of getting the disease, like: Smoking, Having obesity, Taking a lot of pain medicine, like aspirin, ibuprofen, or acetaminophen, for a long time, Having hepatitis C, Exposure to certain dyes, asbestos, cadmium (a metal), herbicides, and solvents, Having acquired cystic kidney disease (especially in dialysis patients), Some inherited conditions, especially von Hippel-Lindau disease.
  • #2 Kidney Cancer Causes | Stanford Health Care
    https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/cancer/kidney-cancer/kidney-cancer-causes.html
    The exact cause of renal cell cancer is unknown. However, there are certain risk factors that increase the likelihood of the disease. These risk factors, according to the American Cancer Society, are as follows: […] Smoking increases the risk of kidney cancer. The risk seems related to the amount you smoke. […] Studies show a link between exposure to asbestos and kidney cancer. […] There may be a link between cadmium exposure and kidney cancer. Cadmium may increase the cancer-causing effect of smoking. […] Family history of kidney cancer increases a person’s risk. […] Men are twice as likely to develop renal cell cancer than women. […] This is a disease caused by a gene mutation that increases the chances of renal cell cancer. […] Patients who have this disease are more likely to develop renal cell cancer.
  • #2 Renal Cell Carcinoma: Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/renal-cell-carcinoma-causes-and-risk-factors-5200701
    In North America, Europe, and Australia, regular use of Tylenol (acetaminophen) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDS) such as Advil or Motrin (ibuprofen) has been found to significantly raise the risk of renal cell carcinoma. […] Risk factors that are associated with renal cell carcinoma include smoking, being overweight or obese, having high blood pressure, occupational exposure to certain chemicals, having kidney disease, and regularly taking certain pain medications, including NSAIDs and acetaminophen. […] Like most cancers, there is no known cause of renal cell carcinoma. However, there are known risk factors, including smoking, obesity, and having high blood pressure. Other risk factors include occupational chemical exposure, overuse of certain pain medications, and genetic cancer syndromes.
  • #2
    https://www.healthxchange.sg/cancer/kidney-cancer/kidney-cancer-causes-symptoms
    Kidney cancer is a disease commonly affecting the elderly with nearly 2 out of 3 people diagnosed over the age of 65. […] In most cases, there is no identifiable cause of the disease, although there are some associated risk factors: Smoking. Smokers have approximately double the risk of non-smokers. […] Contact with certain chemicals. Workers in contact with chemicals such as aniline dye and heavy metals have a higher risk. […] Obesity […] End stage kidney diseases that require kidney dialysis. […] Chronic intake of mild painkillers, such as paracetamol, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), such as ibuprofen and aspirin. […] A hereditary form of the disease occurs in a small subset of patients (less than 5 per cent of the total) due to the presence of faulty genes. These inherited conditions that predispose one to kidney cancer include Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome, and hereditary non-VHL clear cell and papillary renal cell cancer.
  • #2 Kidney cancer | World Cancer Research Fund
    https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/kidney-cancer/
    What causes kidney cancer? There are many different things that affect your risk of kidney cancer. Evidence for what can cause kidney cancer comes from large population studies (called epidemiology) and biological studies (where scientists look at cells in a laboratory). […] Smokers have a 52% higher risk of kidney cancer, and ex-smokers a 25% higher risk, compared with people who have never smoked. […] Living with overweight or obesity increases the risk of kidney cancer. […] Being tall increases the risk of kidney cancer. The taller a person is, the greater his or her risk of kidney cancer. […] People with polycystic kidney disease have a higher risk of kidney cancer. […] People with high blood pressure have a higher risk of kidney cancer. […] Until the 1970s, some painkillers contained a substance called phenacetin, which can cause a rare type of kidney cancer (renal pelvis cancer).
  • #2 Renal Cell Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis
    https://www.healthline.com/health/renal-cell-carcinoma
    RCC occurs when cancer cells start growing uncontrollably in the lining of the tubules of the kidney. […] Medical experts dont know the exact cause of RCC, but a number of risk factors can make someone more likely to develop RCC. […] Risk factors include: smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, certain toxic environmental exposures, taking certain medications, advanced kidney disease and dialysis, other kidney cancers, certain genetic diseases. […] RCC also tends to affect people of lower socioeconomic status, and research has shown that having a family history of RCC is linked to a doubled risk of developing it yourself. […] In the United States, RCC tends to occur more commonly in African American, American Indian, and Alaska Native populations. It is also twice as common in males than in females. […] Its difficult to prevent kidney cancer because, in many cases, the cause is unknown. […] However, it may be helpful to avoid the risk factors you can control, for example, by eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and not smoking.
  • #2 Kidney Cancer Basics | Kidney Cancer | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/kidney-cancer/about/index.html
    To lower your risk of kidney and renal pelvis cancers, keep a healthy weight. […] Don’t smoke, or quit if you do. […] Be very careful if you work with the chemical trichloroethylene. […] Risk factors for kidney and renal pelvis cancers include: Being overweight or having obesity. […] Smoking. […] Having high blood pressure. It is not known whether the increased risk is due to high blood pressure itself or the medicines used to treat it. […] Taking certain pain medicines for a long time. […] Having certain genetic conditions. […] Having a long-lasting infection with hepatitis C. […] Having kidney stones. […] Having sickle cell trait, which is associated with a very rare form of kidney cancer (renal medullary carcinoma). […] Being exposed to a chemical called trichloroethylene, which is used to remove grease from metal.
  • #2 Kidney cancer | World Cancer Research Fund
    https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/kidney-cancer/
    Men are 2 times more likely to develop kidney cancer than women. […] People aged 55 and over are at a higher risk of developing kidney cancer. […] There is strong evidence that consuming up to 2 alcoholic drinks a day lowers the risk of developing kidney cancer. However, alcohol increases the risk of at least 6 cancers and other diseases. […] Consuming drinking water that contains arsenic may increase the risk of kidney cancer.
  • #2 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Kidney Cancer
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6299342/
    The majority of kidney cancer cases are sporadic, with only 3% to 5% occurring within a familial context. […] Height has been consistently associated with kidney cancer risk independently of weight with an approximate 30% increased risk for every 10-cm increase in height. […] The etiology of kidney cancer is largely unknown, although causes are thought to be multifactorial.
  • #2 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Kidney Cancer – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30372394/
    The etiology of kidney cancer is largely unknown and the main epidemiologic determinants are large geographic and temporal variations in incidence rates. Established risk factors include tobacco smoking, body size, and history of hypertension and chronic kidney disease. […] Other suspected risk factors require additional investigation, as do the underlying biologic mechanisms that are responsible for disease occurrence. […] Molecular epidemiology, including, but not limited to, metabolomics and tumor genomics, are new areas of research that promise to play important roles in identifying some of the underlying causes of kidney cancer.
  • #2 Mutational Signatures Point to Possible Kidney Cancer Causes – NCI
    https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2024/kidney-cancer-mutational-signatures-geographic-variation
    Researchers are using genomic approaches to investigate the possible causes of kidney cancer in different parts of the world. […] A genomic study of kidney cancer has revealed new clues about possible causes of the disease in different parts of the world. […] Kidney cancer is more common in some countries than in others. But this geographic variation cannot be fully explained by known risk factors for the disease, such as tobacco smoking, high blood pressure, and obesity. […] The survey also revealed mutational signatures linked to Aristolochia plants, which are commonly found in Europe and other parts of the world. The findings suggest that exposure to chemicals from these plants which can cause cancer may be far more widespread than previously thought, the researchers wrote. […] This finding suggests that a widespread substance that damages the kidneys may be responsible for the signature, Dr. Senkin said.
  • #2 Kidney Cancer Basics | Kidney Cancer | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/kidney-cancer/about/index.html
    To lower your risk of kidney and renal pelvis cancers: Keep a healthy weight. […] Don’t smoke, or quit if you do. […] Be very careful if you use certain kinds of chemicals, especially trichloroethylene. This chemical is used by workers in some jobs, like those that work with metals. […] To lower your risk of kidney cancer, keep a healthy weight and don’t smoke.
  • #2 Kidney Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Stages, Surgery and Treatment
    https://dreminozbek.com/en/kidney-cancer-causes-symptoms-stages-surgery-and-treatment/
    As with all cancers and chronic diseases, it is possible to protect against cancer development in kidney cancer. We can list some precautions and life changes that should be taken to protect against kidney cancer as follows: Quit smoking: Smoking is an important risk factor for kidney cancer. By quitting smoking, the risk of cancer is also reduced. Weight loss: Obesity is among the causes of kidney cancer. Losing weight in a healthy way protects against kidney cancer. Controlling high blood pressure: Hypertension is a risk factor for kidney cancer. Controlling blood pressure with a healthy diet, regular exercise and, if necessary, blood pressure-lowering medications reduces the risk of developing kidney cancer. Limiting foods of animal origin: Reducing animal proteins and eating fruits and vegetables is protective against cancer. Staying away from chemicals: Since cancers are common in some workers in the chemical industry, care should be taken against them. Control of diabetes: It is important for diabetic patients to have their blood sugar under control.
  • #2 Kidney Cancer: Causes and Risk Factors | Banner MD Anderson
    https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/cancer/cancer-type/kidney-cancer/risk-factors-and-prevention
    Family history: Having family members with kidney cancer or genetic conditions such as von Hippel-Lindau disease, Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome, tuberous sclerosis complex, familial renal cancer or hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma can increase your risk. […] High blood pressure: Managing blood pressure with lifestyle changes and medication may help. […] Chronic kidney disease: Reduced kidney function increases your risk of kidney cancer, including in patients on dialysis or those who have undergone a kidney transplant.
  • #2 Understanding kidney pain: Common causes, symptoms and when to get checked out | MD Anderson Cancer Center
    https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/understanding-kidney-pain–common-causes–symptoms-and-when-to-get-checked-out.h00-159700701.html
    Kidney cancers dont generally cause pain in patients before diagnosis. […] Only about 10% of patients with kidney cancer report experiencing flank or abdominal pain as a symptom of the disease. […] However, if a kidney tumor spreads to other organs such as the bone, it can sometimes cause bone pain. […] But kidney cancer pain is a very different type of pain from the kind people typically experience with any of these other conditions. […] Unfortunately, no screening test currently exists for kidney cancer. […] So, theres no blood test, urine test, or imaging scan we can do to detect it early in the average person.
  • #3 Renal cell carcinoma – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_cell_carcinoma
    Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a kidney cancer that originates in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule, a part of the very small tubes in the kidney that transport primary urine. RCC is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults, responsible for approximately 90-95% of cases. […] The greatest risk factors for RCC are lifestyle-related: smoking, obesity and hypertension (high blood pressure) have been estimated to account for up to 50% of cases. […] Hereditary factors have a minor impact on individual susceptibility with immediate relatives of people with RCC having a two to fourfold increased risk of developing the condition. […] The most significant disease affecting risk however is not genetically linked patients with acquired cystic disease of the kidney requiring dialysis are 30 times more likely than the general population to develop RCC.
  • #3 Risk Factors for Kidney Cancer – Kidney Cancer UK
    https://www.kcuk.org.uk/kidneycancer/causes-of-kidney-cancer/
    Smoking is a well-known modifiable risk factor for kidney cancer. Smoking may double the risk of developing kidney cancer for some people. The longer a person smokes and the more cigarettes they smoke, the greater the risk. […] Genetic factors, such as a mutation in the von Hippel-Lindau gene, Birt-Hogg-Dub syndrome, tuberous sclerosis and hereditary clear cell and papillary renal cell cancer, put people at greater risk of developing the disease. […] People with a first-degree relative (parent, sibling or child) with kidney cancer have about double the risk of developing kidney cancer themselves. […] Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes and some types of kidney infections, are linked to an increased risk of kidney cancer. These conditions can cause chronic inflammation or damage to kidney tissues, promoting cancer development.
  • #3 Top Kidney Cancer Causes & Risk Factors; Is it Hereditary?
    https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/kidney-cancer/risk-factors
    People with high blood pressure are more likely to develop kidney cancer. […] Excess weight, especially when caused by a high-fat diet, can increase a persons kidney cancer risks. […] Exposure to asbestos and/or cadmium (a type of metal used in the production of batteries, plastics, and other industrial processes) may increase the risk of developing kidney cancer. […] The use of cigarettes, pipes and cigars can contribute to the development of kidney cancer. […] Kidney cancer risk factors increase for those who have a family history of the disease and those with the following inherited genetic conditions: Von hippel-lindau disease, caused by a genetic mutation that causes tumors in the kidney; Hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma, a hereditary form of kidney cancer that is usually seen in both kidneys; Birt-hogg-dube syndrome, a skin disease that affects the hair follicles, which is associated with kidney tumors and air pockets in the lungs; Hereditary renal oncocytoma, a type of kidney tumor that has a low risk of being malignant; Hereditary leiomyoma renal cell carcinoma, a rare gene mutation that causes bumps on the skin, and in women, may cause large fibroids of the uterus.
  • #3 Kidney Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Number for
    https://www.pacehospital.com/kidney-cancer-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment
    Kidney cancer causes are not completely known. It is thought that as people age, their risk of developing kidney cancer increases. However, cancer is triggered by mutations in DNA within cells. DNA contains genetic information (genes), which determine how the cells work. Human DNA originates from both parents. […] Changes in multiple genes usually cause kidney cancer. These mutations (changes) may be inherited from parents or acquired over time. […] Kidney cancer risk can be increased by certain inherited gene mutations that run in some families. […] Some gene mutations occur throughout a person’s lifetime and are not passed on. They only impact cells derived from the original altered cell. These changes are known as acquired mutations. Most people with kidney cancer acquire the gene abnormalities that cause cancer rather than inheriting them.
  • #3 Kidney cancer – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_cancer
    With obesity listed as one of the risk factors, daily physical activity and engaging in a healthy diet is proven to lower the rates of developing kidney cancer in the future. […] The incidence rate of renal cancer increases with the age of an individual, with 75 being the approximate age of the peak incidence rate, as of 2018. […] The incidence of kidney cancer is two times greater in men than in women, and this is thought to be due to biological differences. […] Incidence rates of kidney cancer can vary throughout the world.
  • #3 Kidney Cancer: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian
    https://www.nyp.org/cancer/urologic-cancer/kidney-cancer
    Kidney cancer occurs when kidney cells develop mutations in their DNA. DNA is the genetic code in all cells that provides instructions for normal cell function. Mutations are changes in this genetic code, which can cause the cells to grow and replicate in an abnormal way. […] The mutated cells can damage healthy tissue in the area and also metastasize or spread to lymph nodes or other areas of the body. It is unclear what causes most kidney cancers, but certain factors can increase or decrease the likelihood of developing kidney cancer. […] Certain factors will increase a person’s risk of developing kidney cancer. These risk factors include: Age – The risk of kidney cancer increases with age; Smoking – Smoking increases the chances of renal cell carcinoma; Sex – Men are almost twice as likely as women to develop kidney cancer. This could be because more men than women have smoked, and men have been more likely to be exposed to carcinogens in the workplace; Race – African-Americans have a slightly higher risk of developing kidney cancer than people of other races. However, the reasons for this are not understood; Obesity – Obesity is believed to change certain hormones and thus increase the chance that kidney cancer will develop; Workplace chemicals – Exposure to chemicals such as cadmium, asbestos, some herbicides, benzene, and organic solvents, especially trichloroethylene can increase risk; Family history of kidney cancer – The risk is higher in people whose family members have had kidney cancer. This could be due to shared genes or shared environmental conditions; Certain inherited syndromes – Including hereditary renal oncocytoma, hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma, hereditary leiomyoma-renal cell carcinoma, von Hippel-Lindau disease, Birt-Hogg-Dube (BHD) syndrome; Advanced kidney disease – Those with advanced kidney disease, particularly those requiring dialysis treatment, have an increased risk of developing kidney cancer; High blood pressure – The risk of kidney cancer is higher in people with high blood pressure; Certain medications – Using phenacetin-based analgesics and diuretics increases the risk of renal cell carcinoma. Studies suggest that acetaminophen, a common over-the-counter pain reliever, also increases the chance of kidney cancer.
  • #3 Kidney cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council
    https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/kidney-cancer
    The causes of kidney cancer are not known, but factors that put some people at higher risk are: […] smoking smokers have almost twice the risk of developing kidney cancer as nonsmokers […] workplace exposure to chemicals such as arsenic, some metal degreasers or cadmium used in mining, welding, farming and painting […] a family history of kidney cancer […] being overweight or obese […] high blood pressure […] having advanced kidney disease […] being male – men are more likely to develop kidney cancer […] Not smoking or quitting smoking. Up to one third of kidney cancers are thought to be due to smoking.
  • #3 Risk Factors for Kidney Cancer – Kidney Cancer UK
    https://www.kcuk.org.uk/kidneycancer/causes-of-kidney-cancer/
    With most cancers there is no direct cause and kidney cancer is no exception. For many people the cause of the cancer is never found. However, certain lifestyle factors can increase the risk of developing the disease […] Both genetic and lifestyle factors can increase your risk for kidney cancer. […] Older age is the main risk factor for kidney cancer, this is mainly due to cell DNA damage accumulating over time. […] Men are almost twice as likely to develop kidney cancer compared to women. This gender disparity may be due to differences in exposure to risk factors and biological variations. […] Obesity is a risk factor for kidney cancer, Kidney cancer risk is 24% higher in men per 5-unit body mass index (BMI) increase, and risk is 33% higher in women per 5-unit BMI increase. […] Diet and lifestyle choices play a role in kidney cancer risk. A diet high in red and processed meats has been linked to increased risk, while a diet rich in fruits and vegetables and fibre such as the Mediterranean diet may offer protection.
  • #3 Risks and causes of kidney cancer | Cancer Research UK
    https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/kidney-cancer/risks-causes
    Some research studies have found a link between high blood pressure or high blood pressure medicines and kidney cancer. The higher someones blood pressure, the higher the risk. […] People who have had thyroid cancer have an increased risk of kidney cancer. […] Some studies have found that people with type 1 diabetes have a higher risk of kidney cancer. […] Researchers in America looked at the results of 20 studies across 6 countries. They found that some mild painkilling drugs are linked to increased kidney cancer risk.
  • #3 Kidney Cancer – Symptoms, causes, and treatment | National Kidney Foundation
    https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/kidney-cancer
    Studies show there is a link between kidney cancer and kidney disease. […] Some studies show that people with kidney disease may have a higher risk for kidney cancer due to: Long-term dialysis: Some studies show that people on long-term dialysis have a 5-fold increased risk for kidney cancer. […] About one-third of the 300,000 kidney cancer survivors in the United States have or will develop kidney disease. […] You may be able to lower your risk of developing kidney cancer by avoiding those risk factors that can be controlled.
  • #3 Kidney Cancer Basics | Kidney Cancer | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/kidney-cancer/about/index.html
    To lower your risk of kidney and renal pelvis cancers, keep a healthy weight. […] Don’t smoke, or quit if you do. […] Be very careful if you work with the chemical trichloroethylene. […] Risk factors for kidney and renal pelvis cancers include: Being overweight or having obesity. […] Smoking. […] Having high blood pressure. It is not known whether the increased risk is due to high blood pressure itself or the medicines used to treat it. […] Taking certain pain medicines for a long time. […] Having certain genetic conditions. […] Having a long-lasting infection with hepatitis C. […] Having kidney stones. […] Having sickle cell trait, which is associated with a very rare form of kidney cancer (renal medullary carcinoma). […] Being exposed to a chemical called trichloroethylene, which is used to remove grease from metal.
  • #3 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Kidney Cancer – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30372394/
    The etiology of kidney cancer is largely unknown and the main epidemiologic determinants are large geographic and temporal variations in incidence rates. Established risk factors include tobacco smoking, body size, and history of hypertension and chronic kidney disease. […] Other suspected risk factors require additional investigation, as do the underlying biologic mechanisms that are responsible for disease occurrence. […] Molecular epidemiology, including, but not limited to, metabolomics and tumor genomics, are new areas of research that promise to play important roles in identifying some of the underlying causes of kidney cancer.
  • #3
    https://cancerconsult.care/en/articles/conditions/kidney-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors-kidney
    The risk factors for kidney cancer are numerous. Some of these factors are directly related to an individual’s constitution, while others are related to the environment. It is the interaction between constitutional factors and environmental factors that leads to the development of kidney cancer. […] About 2 to 3% of kidney cancers are associated with a genetic predisposition. These are referred to as hereditary or familial forms of kidney cancer. They occur at an earlier age compared to non-hereditary forms. Hereditary forms are caused by mutations that are passed down from one generation to the next and are involved in the development of cancer. […] This condition is caused by mutations in a specific gene, the VHL gene. […] Familial forms of kidney cancer may be due to genetic predisposition, family lifestyle, chance, or a combination of these factors. The risk of developing kidney cancer is almost doubled if a first-degree relative (parent, sibling, or child) has had kidney cancer.
  • #3 Mutational Signatures Point to Possible Kidney Cancer Causes – NCI
    https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2024/kidney-cancer-mutational-signatures-geographic-variation
    The new research shows that the effects are more widespread than anticipated. […] The plants contain chemicals called aristolochic acids, which can cause cancer when ingested. […] The new research suggests that previous estimates of exposures to these chemicals may have been much too low. […] More research is needed to learn whether and how the genetic changes that make up the mutational signatures identified in the study play a role in kidney cancer, the researchers noted. […] Ultimately, such knowledge could inform efforts to prevent kidney cancer in individual countries.
  • #3 DCEG Studies of Cancer of the Kidney/Renal Cancer – NCI
    https://dceg.cancer.gov/research/cancer-types/kidney-renal
    To date, there are no evidence-based screening guidelines or established opportunities for the prevention of these malignancies. […] There is a clear genetic component to renal cancer etiology, with an approximately two-fold increased relative risk among individuals reporting a first-degree relative with renal cancer. […] Studies of water contaminants that are thought to be associated with cancer risk, including arsenic, disinfection byproducts, nitrate, and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS). […] A hospital-based case-control study conducted in collaboration with the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) to evaluate kidney cancer risks in relation to occupational and other environmental and lifestyle exposures in six centers across Eastern Europe. […] Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), the most well-studied per- and polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS), has been classified by IARC as a possible human carcinogen based in part on limited epidemiologic evidence of associations with cancers of the kidney and testis in heavily exposed subjects. […] Findings suggest that black-white differences in hypertension and chronic kidney disease might explain a substantial portion of the racial disparity in kidney cancer incidence.