Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology and classification of bone tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3476517/

  Primary bone tumors are uncommon and this has certainly contributed to the scarcity of data about their relative frequency, and to the limited understanding of the risk factors. Overall, bone sarcomas account for 0.2% of all malignancies, and the adjusted incidence rate for all bone and joint malignancies is 0.9 per 100,000 persons per year, while the 5-year overall survival rate is 67.9%. […] According to the analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Cancer Statistics Review of the National Cancer Institute, it is estimated that 2,810 men and women (1,620 men and 1,190 women) will be diagnosed with and 1,490 men and women will die of cancer of the bones and joints in 2011. Overall, bone sarcomas account for 0.2% of all malignancies diagnosed in the United States, and the age adjusted incidence rate for all bone and joint malignancies is 0.9 per 100,000 persons per year.

• #2 Bone and Joint Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/bones.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 3,770. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 2,190. […] The rate of new cases of bone and joint cancer was 1.0 per 100,000 men and women per year. The death rate was 0.5 per 100,000 men and women per year. […] Approximately 0.1 percent of men and women will be diagnosed with bone and joint cancer at some point during their lifetime, based on 20182021 data, excluding 2020 due to COVID. […] In 2022, there were an estimated 64,102 people living with bone and joint cancer in the United States. […] Bone and joint cancer represents 0.2% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 3,770 new cases of bone and joint cancer and an estimated 2,190 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of bone and joint cancer was 1.0 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted.

• #3 Bone tumors: a systematic review of prevalence, risk determinants, and survival patterns | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-025-13720-0

  Though relatively rare, bone tumors significantly impact patient health and treatment outcomes. […] This systematic review analyzes the incidence, types, survival rates, and risk factors associated with bone tumors, including both benign and malignant forms. […] The epidemiology of bone tumors is influenced by factors such as age, gender, geographic location, and genetic predispositions. […] Recent advancements in imaging techniques have improved the detection of these tumors, contributing to an increasing recognition of their prevalence. […] Data shows that the limited-duration prevalence of malignant bone tumors has increased significantly. This increase is from 0.00069% in 2000 to 0.00749% in 2018, indicating an increasing recognition and diagnosis of these rare tumors over time.

• #4 Key Statistics About Bone Cancer | Bone Cancer Statistics | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bone-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  It’s more common for cancer to spread to the bone (bone metastasis) than it is for cancer to start in the bones (primary bone cancer). […] The American Cancer Societys estimates for primary cancer of the bones and joints for 2025 are: About 3,770 new cases diagnosed (2,150 in males and 1,620 in females) […] About 2,190 deaths (1,240 in males and 950 in females). […] Primary bone cancers (cancers that start in the bones) are uncommon, accounting for less than 1% of all cancers. In adults, cancers that spread to the bones from other organs (known as bone metastasis) are much more common than primary bone cancers. […] Osteosarcoma is the most common type of primary bone cancer overall, followed by chondrosarcoma and Ewing tumors (Ewing sarcomas). […] In adults, the most common primary bone cancer is chondrosarcoma. This is followed by osteosarcomas, chordomas, and Ewing tumors. Other types of bone cancer are much less common.

• #5 Bone and Joint Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/bones.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 3,770. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 2,190. […] The rate of new cases of bone and joint cancer was 1.0 per 100,000 men and women per year. The death rate was 0.5 per 100,000 men and women per year. […] Approximately 0.1 percent of men and women will be diagnosed with bone and joint cancer at some point during their lifetime, based on 20182021 data, excluding 2020 due to COVID. […] In 2022, there were an estimated 64,102 people living with bone and joint cancer in the United States. […] Bone and joint cancer represents 0.2% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 3,770 new cases of bone and joint cancer and an estimated 2,190 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of bone and joint cancer was 1.0 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted.

• #6 Bone and Joint Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/bones.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 3,770. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 2,190. […] The rate of new cases of bone and joint cancer was 1.0 per 100,000 men and women per year. The death rate was 0.5 per 100,000 men and women per year. […] Approximately 0.1 percent of men and women will be diagnosed with bone and joint cancer at some point during their lifetime, based on 20182021 data, excluding 2020 due to COVID. […] In 2022, there were an estimated 64,102 people living with bone and joint cancer in the United States. […] Bone and joint cancer represents 0.2% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 3,770 new cases of bone and joint cancer and an estimated 2,190 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of bone and joint cancer was 1.0 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted.

• #7 Epidemiology and classification of bone tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3476517/

  In Italy, according to the 2006 report on tumors by the AIR-TUM (Association of Italian Tumor Registries) primary malignant bone tumors represented 0.2% of all malignancies diagnosed in males and females in the period 1998-2002, while mortality represented 0.3% of all cancer deaths in both sexes in the same period. […] The cumulative risk (0-74 years) of developing a bone cancer was 0.9 among males (1 case every 1,099 men) and about 0.7 among females (1 case every 1,370 women) while the cumulative risk of dying from this cancer was 0.5 among males and 0.4 among females, respectively. […] Considering time trends, bone cancer shows a stable incidence over time, while mortality is decreasing. The most frequently diagnosed histologic subtypes were chondrosarcoma (30% in males and 29% in females), osteosarcoma (16% in males and 17% in females) Ewings sarcoma (14% in both males and females) and chordoma (8% in males and 5% in females).

• #8 Epidemiology and classification of bone tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3476517/

  The age specific incidence rates of bone sarcomas typically show a bimodal distribution, with a first peak occurring in the second decade, and a second peak occurring in patients older than sixty years of age. […] According to SEER data, in the period 2004-2008, the median age at diagnosis for cancer of the bones and joints was 40 years of age. […] The risk of developing a primary malignant tumor of bone is variable according to the related condition. High risk precursors are represented by Olliers disease and Maffucci syndrome, familial retinoblastoma syndrome and Rothmund Thompson syndrome, while conditions representing a moderate risk include multiple osteochondromas, Pagets disease and radiation osteitis.

• #9 Epidemiology of Bone Cancer: An Overview | American Academy of Neurological and Orthopaedic Surgeons

  https://aanos.org/epidemiology-of-bone-cancer-an-overview/

  According to the U.S. Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program, osteosarcomas contribute 36% of all types of bone cancer, followed by chondrosarcomas and Ewing’s sarcomas with around 30% and 16% respectively. The incidence of osteosarcoma appears to be more frequent in two periods of life, during adolescence and old age. […] With regard to the mortality rate from bone cancer, we compared existing statistics on different continents for two time periods (1984-86 and 1994-96). In general, the mortality rate of the world’s population decreased in males from 1.01 to 0.91. In females, the rate in 1984-86 was 0.78, which fell to 0.63 in 1994-96. […] The mortality rates from bone cancer rose significantly among both males (from 0.47 to 0.80) and females (from 0.41 to 1.04) in Africa, indicating a 7% increase among males and an increment of more than 15% among females for a period of 10 years. Although the number of cases is small, it still indicates a significant elevation of mortality from bone cancer.

• #10 Epidemiology and classification of bone tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3476517/

  The age specific incidence rates of bone sarcomas typically show a bimodal distribution, with a first peak occurring in the second decade, and a second peak occurring in patients older than sixty years of age. […] According to SEER data, in the period 2004-2008, the median age at diagnosis for cancer of the bones and joints was 40 years of age. […] The risk of developing a primary malignant tumor of bone is variable according to the related condition. High risk precursors are represented by Olliers disease and Maffucci syndrome, familial retinoblastoma syndrome and Rothmund Thompson syndrome, while conditions representing a moderate risk include multiple osteochondromas, Pagets disease and radiation osteitis.

• #11 The epidemiology of osteosarcoma – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20213383/

  Osteosarcoma derives from primitive bone-forming mesenchymal cells and is the most common primary bone malignancy. The incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals of osteosarcoma for all races and both sexes are 4.0 (3.5-4.6) for the range 0-14 years and 5.0 (4.6-5.6) for the range 0-19 years per year per million persons. Among childhood cancers, osteosarcoma occurs eighth in general incidence and in the following order: leukemia (30%), brain and other nervous system cancers (22.3%), neuroblastoma (7.3%), Wilms tumor (5.6%), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (4.5%), rhabdomyosarcoma (3.1%), retinoblastoma (2.8%), osteosarcoma (2.4%), and Ewing sarcoma (1.4%). The incidence rates of childhood and adolescent osteosarcoma with 95% confidence intervals areas follows: Blacks, 6.8/year/million; Hispanics, 6.5/year/million; and Caucasians, 4.6/year/million. Osteosarcoma has a bimodal age distribution, having the first peak during adolescence and the second peak in older adulthood. The first peak is in the 10-14-year-old age group, coinciding with the pubertal growth spurt. This suggests a close relationship between the adolescent growth spurt and osteosarcoma. The second osteosarcoma peak is in adults older than 65 years of age; it is more likely to represent a second malignancy, frequently related to Paget’s disease. The incidence of osteosarcoma has always been considered to be higher in males than in females, occurring at a rate of 5.4 per million persons per year in males vs. 4.0 per million in females, with a higher incidence in blacks (6.8 per million persons per year) and Hispanics (6.5 per million), than in whites (4.6 per million). Osteosarcoma commonly occurs in the long bones of the extremities near the metaphyseal growth plates. The most common sites are the femur (42%, with 75% of tumors in the distal femur), the tibia (19%, with 80% of tumors in the proximal tibia), and the humerus (10%, with 90% of tumors in the proximal humerus). Other likely locations are the skull or jaw (8%) and the pelvis (8%). Cancer deaths due to bone and joint malignant neoplasms represent 8.9% of all childhood and adolescent cancer deaths. Death rates for osteosarcoma have been declining by about 1.3% per year. The overall 5-year survival rate for osteosarcoma is 68%, without significant gender difference. The age of the patient is correlated with the survival, with the poorest survival among older patients. Complete surgical excision is important to ensure an optimum outcome. Tumor staging, presence of metastases, local recurrence, chemotherapy regimen, anatomic location, size of the tumor, and percentage of tumor cells destroyed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy have effects on the outcome.

• #12 The Epidemiology of Osteosarcoma | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-0284-9_1

  Osteosarcoma derives from primitive bone-forming mesenchymal cells and is the most common primary bone malignancy. The incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals of osteosarcoma for all races and both sexes are 4.0 (3.5-4.6) for the range 0-14 years and 5.0 (4.6-5.6) for the range 0-19 years per year per million persons. Among childhood cancers, osteosarcoma occurs eighth in general incidence and in the following order: leukemia (30%), brain and other nervous system cancers (22.3%), neuroblastoma (7.3%), Wilms tumor (5.6%), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (4.5%), rhabdomyosarcoma (3.1%), retinoblastoma (2.8%), osteosarcoma (2.4%), and Ewing sarcoma (1.4%). The incidence rates of childhood and adolescent osteosarcoma with 95% confidence intervals are as follows: Blacks, 6.8/year/million; Hispanics, 6.5/year/million; and Caucasians, 4.6/year/million. Osteosarcoma has a bimodal age distribution, having the first peak during adolescence and the second peak in older adulthood. The first peak is in the 10-14-year-old age group, coinciding with the pubertal growth spurt. This suggests a close relationship between the adolescent growth spurt and osteosarcoma. The second osteosarcoma peak is in adults older than 65 years of age; it is more likely to represent a second malignancy, frequently related to Paget’s disease. The incidence of osteosarcoma has always been considered to be higher in males than in females, occurring at a rate of 5.4 per million persons per year in males vs. 4.0 per million in females, with a higher incidence in blacks (6.8 per million persons per year) and Hispanics (6.5 per million), than in whites (4.6 per million). Cancer deaths due to bone and joint malignant neoplasms represent 8.9% of all childhood and adolescent cancer deaths. Death rates for osteosarcoma have been declining by about 1.3% per year. The overall 5-year survival rate for osteosarcoma is 68%, without significant gender difference. The age of the patient is correlated with the survival, with the poorest survival among older patients. Complete surgical excision is important to ensure an optimum outcome. Tumor staging, presence of metastases, local recurrence, chemotherapy regimen, anatomic location, size of the tumor, and percentage of tumor cells destroyed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy have effects on the outcome.

• #13 Osteosarcoma: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1256857-overview

  Osteosarcoma, the most common malignant bone tumor, is a deadly form of musculoskeletal cancer that most commonly causes patients to die of pulmonary metastatic disease. […] In the United States, the incidence of osteosarcoma has been cited at 3.1 per million (4.4 per million population 25 y). The National Cancer Institute (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Pediatric Monograph 1973-2004 found the incidence to be slightly higher in Blacks than in Whites. […] The incidence of osteosarcoma is slightly higher in males than in females. According to SEER data, the average male-to-female ratio is 1.22:1. […] Osteosarcoma is very rare in young children (0.5 cases per million per year in children 5 y). However, the incidence increases steadily with age, rising more dramatically in adolescence in correspondence with the adolescent growth spurt. […] A second peak of incidence exists in individuals older than 60 years.

• #14 Osteosarcoma: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1256857-overview

  Osteosarcoma, the most common malignant bone tumor, is a deadly form of musculoskeletal cancer that most commonly causes patients to die of pulmonary metastatic disease. […] In the United States, the incidence of osteosarcoma has been cited at 3.1 per million (4.4 per million population 25 y). The National Cancer Institute (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Pediatric Monograph 1973-2004 found the incidence to be slightly higher in Blacks than in Whites. […] The incidence of osteosarcoma is slightly higher in males than in females. According to SEER data, the average male-to-female ratio is 1.22:1. […] Osteosarcoma is very rare in young children (0.5 cases per million per year in children 5 y). However, the incidence increases steadily with age, rising more dramatically in adolescence in correspondence with the adolescent growth spurt. […] A second peak of incidence exists in individuals older than 60 years.

• #15 Epidemiology and classification of bone tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3476517/

  In Italy, according to the 2006 report on tumors by the AIR-TUM (Association of Italian Tumor Registries) primary malignant bone tumors represented 0.2% of all malignancies diagnosed in males and females in the period 1998-2002, while mortality represented 0.3% of all cancer deaths in both sexes in the same period. […] The cumulative risk (0-74 years) of developing a bone cancer was 0.9 among males (1 case every 1,099 men) and about 0.7 among females (1 case every 1,370 women) while the cumulative risk of dying from this cancer was 0.5 among males and 0.4 among females, respectively. […] Considering time trends, bone cancer shows a stable incidence over time, while mortality is decreasing. The most frequently diagnosed histologic subtypes were chondrosarcoma (30% in males and 29% in females), osteosarcoma (16% in males and 17% in females) Ewings sarcoma (14% in both males and females) and chordoma (8% in males and 5% in females).

• #16 Bone sarcoma incidence statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/bone-sarcoma/incidence

  Bone sarcoma incidence rates have remained stable since the early 1990s, UK. […] Bone sarcoma is not among the 20 most common cancers in the UK, accounting for less than 1% of all new cancer cases (2017-2019). […] 47% of bone sarcoma cases in the UK are in females, and 53% are in males. […] Bone sarcoma European age-standardised (AS) incidence rates for females and males combined increased by 14% in the UK between 1993-1995 and 2017-2019. […] For females, bone sarcoma AS incidence rates in the UK increased by 26% between 1993-1995 and 2017-2019. […] For males, bone sarcoma AS incidence rates in the UK remained stable between 1993-1995 and 2017-2019. […] Bone sarcoma incidence rates have varied between age groups in females and males combined in the UK since the early 1990s. […] Bone sarcoma incidence rates (European age-standardised (AS) rates) in England in females are similar in the most deprived quintile compared with the least, and in males are similar in the most deprived quintile compared with the least (2013-2017).

• #17 The Epidemiology of Osteosarcoma | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-0284-9_1

  Osteosarcoma derives from primitive bone-forming mesenchymal cells and is the most common primary bone malignancy. The incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals of osteosarcoma for all races and both sexes are 4.0 (3.5-4.6) for the range 0-14 years and 5.0 (4.6-5.6) for the range 0-19 years per year per million persons. Among childhood cancers, osteosarcoma occurs eighth in general incidence and in the following order: leukemia (30%), brain and other nervous system cancers (22.3%), neuroblastoma (7.3%), Wilms tumor (5.6%), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (4.5%), rhabdomyosarcoma (3.1%), retinoblastoma (2.8%), osteosarcoma (2.4%), and Ewing sarcoma (1.4%). The incidence rates of childhood and adolescent osteosarcoma with 95% confidence intervals are as follows: Blacks, 6.8/year/million; Hispanics, 6.5/year/million; and Caucasians, 4.6/year/million. Osteosarcoma has a bimodal age distribution, having the first peak during adolescence and the second peak in older adulthood. The first peak is in the 10-14-year-old age group, coinciding with the pubertal growth spurt. This suggests a close relationship between the adolescent growth spurt and osteosarcoma. The second osteosarcoma peak is in adults older than 65 years of age; it is more likely to represent a second malignancy, frequently related to Paget’s disease. The incidence of osteosarcoma has always been considered to be higher in males than in females, occurring at a rate of 5.4 per million persons per year in males vs. 4.0 per million in females, with a higher incidence in blacks (6.8 per million persons per year) and Hispanics (6.5 per million), than in whites (4.6 per million). Cancer deaths due to bone and joint malignant neoplasms represent 8.9% of all childhood and adolescent cancer deaths. Death rates for osteosarcoma have been declining by about 1.3% per year. The overall 5-year survival rate for osteosarcoma is 68%, without significant gender difference. The age of the patient is correlated with the survival, with the poorest survival among older patients. Complete surgical excision is important to ensure an optimum outcome. Tumor staging, presence of metastases, local recurrence, chemotherapy regimen, anatomic location, size of the tumor, and percentage of tumor cells destroyed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy have effects on the outcome.

• #18 Bone Cancer

  https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/cancer/registry/abouts/bone.htm

  Many types of cancer (such as breast cancer, prostate cancer and lung cancer) frequently spread to the bones. This is called metastasis. This fact sheet only includes information about cancer that began in the bone (called primary bone cancer); cancers that began in other parts of the body and spread to the bone (metastases) are not included. […] Each year in New York State, almost 150 men and about 100 women (including children) are diagnosed with bone cancer. Over 50 men and almost 50 women, again including children, in New York die of the disease each year. […] Although bone cancer can occur at any age, two of the most common types (osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma) occur primarily in children and young adults. Certain types of bone cancer, such as osteosarcoma, are more common among men than women. Ewing sarcoma occurs most frequently in Whites and is very rare in Blacks and Asians.

• #19 Bone and Joint Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/bones.html

  The death rate was 0.5 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new bone and joint cancer cases have been rising on average 0.4% each year over 20132022. Age-adjusted death rates have been rising on average 1.8% each year over 20142023.

• #20 Bone sarcoma incidence statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/bone-sarcoma/incidence

  Bone sarcoma incidence rates have remained stable since the early 1990s, UK. […] Bone sarcoma is not among the 20 most common cancers in the UK, accounting for less than 1% of all new cancer cases (2017-2019). […] 47% of bone sarcoma cases in the UK are in females, and 53% are in males. […] Bone sarcoma European age-standardised (AS) incidence rates for females and males combined increased by 14% in the UK between 1993-1995 and 2017-2019. […] For females, bone sarcoma AS incidence rates in the UK increased by 26% between 1993-1995 and 2017-2019. […] For males, bone sarcoma AS incidence rates in the UK remained stable between 1993-1995 and 2017-2019. […] Bone sarcoma incidence rates have varied between age groups in females and males combined in the UK since the early 1990s. […] Bone sarcoma incidence rates (European age-standardised (AS) rates) in England in females are similar in the most deprived quintile compared with the least, and in males are similar in the most deprived quintile compared with the least (2013-2017).

• #21 Bone sarcoma statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/bone-sarcoma

  There are around 600 new bone sarcoma cases in the UK every year, that’s more than 1 every day (2017-2019). […] Bone sarcoma is not among the 20 most common cancers in the UK, accounting for less than 1% of all new cancer cases (2017-2019). […] Incidence rates for bone sarcoma in the UK are highest in people aged 85 to 89 (2017-2019). […] Each year almost 3 in 20 (13%) of all new bone sarcoma cases in the UK are diagnosed in people aged 75 and over (2017-2019). […] Since the early 1990s, bone sarcoma incidence rates have increased by a seventh (14%) in the UK. Rates in females have increased by around a quarter (26%), and rates in males have remained stable (2017-2019). […] Over the last decade, bone sarcoma incidence rates have decreased by around a tenth (9%) in the UK. Rates in females have remained stable, and rates in males have decreased by around a sixth (18%) (2017-2019).

• #22

  https://journals.lww.com/cmj/fulltext/2023/09050/primary_malignant_bone_tumors_incidence,.3.aspx

  Primary malignant bone tumors are uncommon, and their epidemiological features are rarely reported. We aimed to study the incidence and death characteristics of bone tumors from 2000 to 2015. […] The crude incidence, age-standardized incidence, and crude mortality rates were 1.77, 1.35, and 1.31 per 100,000, respectively. Incidence and mortality rates were higher in males than those in females; they showed downward trends, with declines of 2.2% and 4.8% per year, respectively, and the rates in urban areas were lower than those in rural areas. Significant declining trends were observed in urban areas. […] The incidence and mortality rates of primary malignant bone tumors in rural areas were higher compared to those in urban areas. Targeted prevention measures are required to monitor and control bone tumor incidence and improve the quality of life of affected patients. This research can provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of bone tumors, as well as basic information for follow-up research.

• #23

  https://journals.lww.com/cmj/fulltext/2023/09050/primary_malignant_bone_tumors_incidence,.3.aspx

  The crude incidence of primary bone tumor was 1.77/100,000, and age-standardized incidence rate relative to the Chinese population (ASIRC) and world population (ASWRC) were 1.35/100,000 and 1.32/100,000, respectively. The crude incidence of primary bone tumors was higher in rural (1.95/100,000) than in urban areas (1.63/100,000). The ASIRC in rural areas was 1.25 times higher than in urban areas. […] The age-specific incidence rate of primary bone tumor followed a double-peak phenomenon. […] Trends in primary bone tumor ASIRW and ASMRW showed downward trends, with declines of 2.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.43.0%) and 4.8% (95% CI, 3.95.7%) per year, respectively. […] The incidence of primary malignant bone tumors in urban areas showed a downward trend, with a decline of 3.5% (95% CI, 3.95.7%) per year. Significant declining trends in mortality rates were observed in urban areas.

• #24

  https://journals.lww.com/cmj/fulltext/2023/09050/primary_malignant_bone_tumors_incidence,.3.aspx

  Primary malignant bone tumors are uncommon, and their epidemiological features are rarely reported. We aimed to study the incidence and death characteristics of bone tumors from 2000 to 2015. […] The crude incidence, age-standardized incidence, and crude mortality rates were 1.77, 1.35, and 1.31 per 100,000, respectively. Incidence and mortality rates were higher in males than those in females; they showed downward trends, with declines of 2.2% and 4.8% per year, respectively, and the rates in urban areas were lower than those in rural areas. Significant declining trends were observed in urban areas. […] The incidence and mortality rates of primary malignant bone tumors in rural areas were higher compared to those in urban areas. Targeted prevention measures are required to monitor and control bone tumor incidence and improve the quality of life of affected patients. This research can provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of bone tumors, as well as basic information for follow-up research.

• #25

  http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcb/article/view/1535

  The epidemiological distribution of primary benign and malignant bone tumors in Iran is similar to global statistics, but with a downward trend in benign masses and vice versa, an increasing trend in malignant tumors in recent years. […] The incidence of various cancers is strongly dependent on racial and genetic characteristics, and therefore the distribution of cancer types in different societies follows different epidemiological and pathophysiological patterns. […] The trend of benign and malignant lesions was completely different during the six years of assessment, so in the case of benign tumors, we were faced with a decrease in the trend during the last four years, while the trend of malignant tumors was completely upward during the last four years. […] The most common benign tumors are osteochondroma and enchondroma while the most frequent malignant tumors are osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma. The trend of changes in the occurrence of these two types of tumors in society during the last six years has been completely different and includes a decreasing trend in benign tumors and an increasing trend in malignant tumors.

• #26 Epidemiology and classification of bone tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3476517/

  Primary bone tumors are uncommon and this has certainly contributed to the scarcity of data about their relative frequency, and to the limited understanding of the risk factors. Overall, bone sarcomas account for 0.2% of all malignancies, and the adjusted incidence rate for all bone and joint malignancies is 0.9 per 100,000 persons per year, while the 5-year overall survival rate is 67.9%. […] According to the analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Cancer Statistics Review of the National Cancer Institute, it is estimated that 2,810 men and women (1,620 men and 1,190 women) will be diagnosed with and 1,490 men and women will die of cancer of the bones and joints in 2011. Overall, bone sarcomas account for 0.2% of all malignancies diagnosed in the United States, and the age adjusted incidence rate for all bone and joint malignancies is 0.9 per 100,000 persons per year.

• #27 The epidemiology of bone cancer in 0 – 39 year olds in northern England, 1981 – 2002 | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2407-10-357

  There was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of osteosarcoma of 2.54% per annum (95% CI 0.43 – 4.65; P = 0.02). There was little evidence for any temporal changes in the incidence rates for other diagnostic groups. […] For all bone cancers combined 57% (95% CI 52 – 61) of 0 – 39 year olds survived for at least five years. Five-year survival rates for diagnostic sub-groups were 58% (95% CI 51 – 64) for osteosarcoma; 71% (95% CI: 59 – 81) for chondrosarcoma and 43% (95% CI 35 – 51) for Ewing sarcoma. […] This study has found an increase in the incidence of osteosarcoma, but no change in the incidence of Ewing sarcoma or chondrosarcoma. There was a lack of improved survival from osteosarcoma in both childhood and young adult cases and worse survival in Ewing sarcoma patients aged 15 – 39 years compared to those aged 0 – 14 years. Further research is needed to elicit the reasons for the failure to improve survival for osteosarcoma patients and for worse survival in older Ewing sarcoma patients.

• #28 The epidemiology of osteosarcoma – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20213383/

  Osteosarcoma derives from primitive bone-forming mesenchymal cells and is the most common primary bone malignancy. The incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals of osteosarcoma for all races and both sexes are 4.0 (3.5-4.6) for the range 0-14 years and 5.0 (4.6-5.6) for the range 0-19 years per year per million persons. Among childhood cancers, osteosarcoma occurs eighth in general incidence and in the following order: leukemia (30%), brain and other nervous system cancers (22.3%), neuroblastoma (7.3%), Wilms tumor (5.6%), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (4.5%), rhabdomyosarcoma (3.1%), retinoblastoma (2.8%), osteosarcoma (2.4%), and Ewing sarcoma (1.4%). The incidence rates of childhood and adolescent osteosarcoma with 95% confidence intervals areas follows: Blacks, 6.8/year/million; Hispanics, 6.5/year/million; and Caucasians, 4.6/year/million. Osteosarcoma has a bimodal age distribution, having the first peak during adolescence and the second peak in older adulthood. The first peak is in the 10-14-year-old age group, coinciding with the pubertal growth spurt. This suggests a close relationship between the adolescent growth spurt and osteosarcoma. The second osteosarcoma peak is in adults older than 65 years of age; it is more likely to represent a second malignancy, frequently related to Paget’s disease. The incidence of osteosarcoma has always been considered to be higher in males than in females, occurring at a rate of 5.4 per million persons per year in males vs. 4.0 per million in females, with a higher incidence in blacks (6.8 per million persons per year) and Hispanics (6.5 per million), than in whites (4.6 per million). Osteosarcoma commonly occurs in the long bones of the extremities near the metaphyseal growth plates. The most common sites are the femur (42%, with 75% of tumors in the distal femur), the tibia (19%, with 80% of tumors in the proximal tibia), and the humerus (10%, with 90% of tumors in the proximal humerus). Other likely locations are the skull or jaw (8%) and the pelvis (8%). Cancer deaths due to bone and joint malignant neoplasms represent 8.9% of all childhood and adolescent cancer deaths. Death rates for osteosarcoma have been declining by about 1.3% per year. The overall 5-year survival rate for osteosarcoma is 68%, without significant gender difference. The age of the patient is correlated with the survival, with the poorest survival among older patients. Complete surgical excision is important to ensure an optimum outcome. Tumor staging, presence of metastases, local recurrence, chemotherapy regimen, anatomic location, size of the tumor, and percentage of tumor cells destroyed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy have effects on the outcome.

• #29 The epidemiology of bone cancer in 0 – 39 year olds in northern England, 1981 – 2002 | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2407-10-357

  There was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of osteosarcoma of 2.54% per annum (95% CI 0.43 – 4.65; P = 0.02). There was little evidence for any temporal changes in the incidence rates for other diagnostic groups. […] For all bone cancers combined 57% (95% CI 52 – 61) of 0 – 39 year olds survived for at least five years. Five-year survival rates for diagnostic sub-groups were 58% (95% CI 51 – 64) for osteosarcoma; 71% (95% CI: 59 – 81) for chondrosarcoma and 43% (95% CI 35 – 51) for Ewing sarcoma. […] This study has found an increase in the incidence of osteosarcoma, but no change in the incidence of Ewing sarcoma or chondrosarcoma. There was a lack of improved survival from osteosarcoma in both childhood and young adult cases and worse survival in Ewing sarcoma patients aged 15 – 39 years compared to those aged 0 – 14 years. Further research is needed to elicit the reasons for the failure to improve survival for osteosarcoma patients and for worse survival in older Ewing sarcoma patients.

• #30 Trends in Tumor Site-Specific Survival of Bone Sarcomas from 1980 to 2018: A Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-Based Study

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/21/5381

  The primary endpoint was bone sarcomas-specific mortality (CSM). […] The 5-year bone sarcomas-specific survival (CSS) rate was determined stratified by demographic, neoplastic, temporal, economic, and geographic categories. […] The 5-year CSS rate for bone sarcomas was 58.7%, 69.9%, 71.0%, and 69.2%, in the 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s, respectively. […] Older age, male gender, tumor sites at pelvic bones, sacrum, coccyx and associated joints, as well as vertebral column, osteosarcoma and Ewing tumor, and residence in non-metropolitan areas were independently associated with higher CSM risk. […] Although bone sarcomas survival has significantly improved since 1990, it almost halted over the next three decades. Bone sarcomas survival should improve over time, similar to common cancers. New diagnostic and therapeutic strategies such as emerging immune and targeted agents are warranted to overcome this survival stalemate.

• #31 The epidemiology of bone cancer in 0 – 39 year olds in northern England, 1981 – 2002 | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2407-10-357

  There was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of osteosarcoma of 2.54% per annum (95% CI 0.43 – 4.65; P = 0.02). There was little evidence for any temporal changes in the incidence rates for other diagnostic groups. […] For all bone cancers combined 57% (95% CI 52 – 61) of 0 – 39 year olds survived for at least five years. Five-year survival rates for diagnostic sub-groups were 58% (95% CI 51 – 64) for osteosarcoma; 71% (95% CI: 59 – 81) for chondrosarcoma and 43% (95% CI 35 – 51) for Ewing sarcoma. […] This study has found an increase in the incidence of osteosarcoma, but no change in the incidence of Ewing sarcoma or chondrosarcoma. There was a lack of improved survival from osteosarcoma in both childhood and young adult cases and worse survival in Ewing sarcoma patients aged 15 – 39 years compared to those aged 0 – 14 years. Further research is needed to elicit the reasons for the failure to improve survival for osteosarcoma patients and for worse survival in older Ewing sarcoma patients.

• #32 Bone tumors: a systematic review of prevalence, risk determinants, and survival patterns | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-025-13720-0

  Survival rates vary significantly by tumor type, with approximately 5060% for osteosarcoma and around 70% for Ewings sarcoma, though these rates decrease with metastasis. […] Key risk factors identified include genetic predispositions such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome and TP53 mutations, environmental exposures like radiation, and growth patterns related to height. […] Understanding the prevalence and distribution of bone tumors is crucial for healthcare providers to develop effective screening, diagnostic, and treatment strategies. […] The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database has been instrumental in providing valuable insights into trends in incidence rates over time. […] Recent literature indicates an increasing recognition of bone tumors due to advancements in imaging techniques and improved awareness among healthcare professionals.

• #33 Trends in Tumor Site-Specific Survival of Bone Sarcomas from 1980 to 2018: A Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-Based Study

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/21/5381

  The primary endpoint was bone sarcomas-specific mortality (CSM). […] The 5-year bone sarcomas-specific survival (CSS) rate was determined stratified by demographic, neoplastic, temporal, economic, and geographic categories. […] The 5-year CSS rate for bone sarcomas was 58.7%, 69.9%, 71.0%, and 69.2%, in the 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s, respectively. […] Older age, male gender, tumor sites at pelvic bones, sacrum, coccyx and associated joints, as well as vertebral column, osteosarcoma and Ewing tumor, and residence in non-metropolitan areas were independently associated with higher CSM risk. […] Although bone sarcomas survival has significantly improved since 1990, it almost halted over the next three decades. Bone sarcomas survival should improve over time, similar to common cancers. New diagnostic and therapeutic strategies such as emerging immune and targeted agents are warranted to overcome this survival stalemate.

• #34 Trends in Tumor Site-Specific Survival of Bone Sarcomas from 1980 to 2018: A Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-Based Study

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/21/5381

  The primary endpoint was bone sarcomas-specific mortality (CSM). […] The 5-year bone sarcomas-specific survival (CSS) rate was determined stratified by demographic, neoplastic, temporal, economic, and geographic categories. […] The 5-year CSS rate for bone sarcomas was 58.7%, 69.9%, 71.0%, and 69.2%, in the 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s, respectively. […] Older age, male gender, tumor sites at pelvic bones, sacrum, coccyx and associated joints, as well as vertebral column, osteosarcoma and Ewing tumor, and residence in non-metropolitan areas were independently associated with higher CSM risk. […] Although bone sarcomas survival has significantly improved since 1990, it almost halted over the next three decades. Bone sarcomas survival should improve over time, similar to common cancers. New diagnostic and therapeutic strategies such as emerging immune and targeted agents are warranted to overcome this survival stalemate.

• #35 Trends in Tumor Site-Specific Survival of Bone Sarcomas from 1980 to 2018: A Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-Based Study

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/21/5381

  The primary endpoint was bone sarcomas-specific mortality (CSM). […] The 5-year bone sarcomas-specific survival (CSS) rate was determined stratified by demographic, neoplastic, temporal, economic, and geographic categories. […] The 5-year CSS rate for bone sarcomas was 58.7%, 69.9%, 71.0%, and 69.2%, in the 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s, respectively. […] Older age, male gender, tumor sites at pelvic bones, sacrum, coccyx and associated joints, as well as vertebral column, osteosarcoma and Ewing tumor, and residence in non-metropolitan areas were independently associated with higher CSM risk. […] Although bone sarcomas survival has significantly improved since 1990, it almost halted over the next three decades. Bone sarcomas survival should improve over time, similar to common cancers. New diagnostic and therapeutic strategies such as emerging immune and targeted agents are warranted to overcome this survival stalemate.

• #36 Bone tumors (overview) | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/bone-tumors-overview?lang=us

  Different tumor types have different epidemiological manifestations. Primary bone tumors are rare and are vastly outnumbered by metastases and hematopoietic tumors. The true incidence of primary bone tumors is difficult to determine due to their rarity and because most benign bone tumors are asymptomatic and go undetected. […] Of the primary malignant bone cancers, the most common are osteosarcoma (35%), chondrosarcoma (30%), and Ewing sarcoma (16%). These have different age distributions but there is a slight male predominance with a ratio of 1.3:1.

• #37 Epidemiology of Bone Cancer: An Overview | American Academy of Neurological and Orthopaedic Surgeons

  https://aanos.org/epidemiology-of-bone-cancer-an-overview/

  According to the U.S. Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program, osteosarcomas contribute 36% of all types of bone cancer, followed by chondrosarcomas and Ewing’s sarcomas with around 30% and 16% respectively. The incidence of osteosarcoma appears to be more frequent in two periods of life, during adolescence and old age. […] With regard to the mortality rate from bone cancer, we compared existing statistics on different continents for two time periods (1984-86 and 1994-96). In general, the mortality rate of the world’s population decreased in males from 1.01 to 0.91. In females, the rate in 1984-86 was 0.78, which fell to 0.63 in 1994-96. […] The mortality rates from bone cancer rose significantly among both males (from 0.47 to 0.80) and females (from 0.41 to 1.04) in Africa, indicating a 7% increase among males and an increment of more than 15% among females for a period of 10 years. Although the number of cases is small, it still indicates a significant elevation of mortality from bone cancer.

• #38 Bone tumors (overview) | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/bone-tumors-overview?lang=us

  Different tumor types have different epidemiological manifestations. Primary bone tumors are rare and are vastly outnumbered by metastases and hematopoietic tumors. The true incidence of primary bone tumors is difficult to determine due to their rarity and because most benign bone tumors are asymptomatic and go undetected. […] Of the primary malignant bone cancers, the most common are osteosarcoma (35%), chondrosarcoma (30%), and Ewing sarcoma (16%). These have different age distributions but there is a slight male predominance with a ratio of 1.3:1.

• #39 Epidemiology and classification of bone tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3476517/

  In Italy, according to the 2006 report on tumors by the AIR-TUM (Association of Italian Tumor Registries) primary malignant bone tumors represented 0.2% of all malignancies diagnosed in males and females in the period 1998-2002, while mortality represented 0.3% of all cancer deaths in both sexes in the same period. […] The cumulative risk (0-74 years) of developing a bone cancer was 0.9 among males (1 case every 1,099 men) and about 0.7 among females (1 case every 1,370 women) while the cumulative risk of dying from this cancer was 0.5 among males and 0.4 among females, respectively. […] Considering time trends, bone cancer shows a stable incidence over time, while mortality is decreasing. The most frequently diagnosed histologic subtypes were chondrosarcoma (30% in males and 29% in females), osteosarcoma (16% in males and 17% in females) Ewings sarcoma (14% in both males and females) and chordoma (8% in males and 5% in females).

• #40 Bone tumors (overview) | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/bone-tumors-overview?lang=us

  Different tumor types have different epidemiological manifestations. Primary bone tumors are rare and are vastly outnumbered by metastases and hematopoietic tumors. The true incidence of primary bone tumors is difficult to determine due to their rarity and because most benign bone tumors are asymptomatic and go undetected. […] Of the primary malignant bone cancers, the most common are osteosarcoma (35%), chondrosarcoma (30%), and Ewing sarcoma (16%). These have different age distributions but there is a slight male predominance with a ratio of 1.3:1.

• #41 Epidemiology and classification of bone tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3476517/

  In Italy, according to the 2006 report on tumors by the AIR-TUM (Association of Italian Tumor Registries) primary malignant bone tumors represented 0.2% of all malignancies diagnosed in males and females in the period 1998-2002, while mortality represented 0.3% of all cancer deaths in both sexes in the same period. […] The cumulative risk (0-74 years) of developing a bone cancer was 0.9 among males (1 case every 1,099 men) and about 0.7 among females (1 case every 1,370 women) while the cumulative risk of dying from this cancer was 0.5 among males and 0.4 among females, respectively. […] Considering time trends, bone cancer shows a stable incidence over time, while mortality is decreasing. The most frequently diagnosed histologic subtypes were chondrosarcoma (30% in males and 29% in females), osteosarcoma (16% in males and 17% in females) Ewings sarcoma (14% in both males and females) and chordoma (8% in males and 5% in females).

• #42 Epidemiology and classification of bone tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3476517/

  In Italy, according to the 2006 report on tumors by the AIR-TUM (Association of Italian Tumor Registries) primary malignant bone tumors represented 0.2% of all malignancies diagnosed in males and females in the period 1998-2002, while mortality represented 0.3% of all cancer deaths in both sexes in the same period. […] The cumulative risk (0-74 years) of developing a bone cancer was 0.9 among males (1 case every 1,099 men) and about 0.7 among females (1 case every 1,370 women) while the cumulative risk of dying from this cancer was 0.5 among males and 0.4 among females, respectively. […] Considering time trends, bone cancer shows a stable incidence over time, while mortality is decreasing. The most frequently diagnosed histologic subtypes were chondrosarcoma (30% in males and 29% in females), osteosarcoma (16% in males and 17% in females) Ewings sarcoma (14% in both males and females) and chordoma (8% in males and 5% in females).

• #43 Key Statistics About Bone Cancer | Bone Cancer Statistics | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bone-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  It’s more common for cancer to spread to the bone (bone metastasis) than it is for cancer to start in the bones (primary bone cancer). […] The American Cancer Societys estimates for primary cancer of the bones and joints for 2025 are: About 3,770 new cases diagnosed (2,150 in males and 1,620 in females) […] About 2,190 deaths (1,240 in males and 950 in females). […] Primary bone cancers (cancers that start in the bones) are uncommon, accounting for less than 1% of all cancers. In adults, cancers that spread to the bones from other organs (known as bone metastasis) are much more common than primary bone cancers. […] Osteosarcoma is the most common type of primary bone cancer overall, followed by chondrosarcoma and Ewing tumors (Ewing sarcomas). […] In adults, the most common primary bone cancer is chondrosarcoma. This is followed by osteosarcomas, chordomas, and Ewing tumors. Other types of bone cancer are much less common.

• #44 Key Statistics About Bone Cancer | Bone Cancer Statistics | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bone-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  In children and teens, osteosarcoma and Ewing tumors are much more common than chondrosarcoma or other types of bone cancers. […] The prognosis (outlook) for people with bone cancer depends on many factors, including the type of bone cancer, the location of the tumor, whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) when its first found, the persons age and overall health, and how well the cancer responds to treatment.

• #45 GMS | Deutscher Kongress für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie (DKOU 2018) | Epidemiology of Bone Cancer in German Adults

  https://www.egms.de/static/de/meetings/dkou2018/18dkou387.shtml

  A total of 10,721 cases of bone cancer in adults were identified, with female patients comprising 46% of all cases. Chondrosarcoma was the most commonly reported major bone tumor type (28%), followed by osteosarcoma (23%), Ewing sarcoma (10%) and chordoma (7%). About 9% of cases were other specified tumors and 23% were coded as „unspecified”. In 2013, the age-standardized incidence rate per 100,000 was 0.82 and the mortality rate per 100,000 was 0.42. The relative survival of patients with any type of bone cancer for the period 1970 to 2013 was 84% at one year and 64% at five years. The 5-year prevalence of bone cancer in Germany in 2013 was 3.2 per 100,000. Residents in the Old German Federal States had higher survival rates than those residing in the New German Federal States. The M:I ratio in 2013 was 0.52. The proportion of DCO cases in the whole cohort was very high (16%) and a large proportion of tumor staging data was missing (69-75%). The rate of DCO cases increased with age, with 79% of all DCO cases occurring in patients aged 60 years or older, and it was higher in women (18%) than men (14%). One fifth of all tumors were reported as „unspecified.”

• #46 The epidemiology of osteosarcoma – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20213383/

  Osteosarcoma derives from primitive bone-forming mesenchymal cells and is the most common primary bone malignancy. The incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals of osteosarcoma for all races and both sexes are 4.0 (3.5-4.6) for the range 0-14 years and 5.0 (4.6-5.6) for the range 0-19 years per year per million persons. Among childhood cancers, osteosarcoma occurs eighth in general incidence and in the following order: leukemia (30%), brain and other nervous system cancers (22.3%), neuroblastoma (7.3%), Wilms tumor (5.6%), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (4.5%), rhabdomyosarcoma (3.1%), retinoblastoma (2.8%), osteosarcoma (2.4%), and Ewing sarcoma (1.4%). The incidence rates of childhood and adolescent osteosarcoma with 95% confidence intervals areas follows: Blacks, 6.8/year/million; Hispanics, 6.5/year/million; and Caucasians, 4.6/year/million. Osteosarcoma has a bimodal age distribution, having the first peak during adolescence and the second peak in older adulthood. The first peak is in the 10-14-year-old age group, coinciding with the pubertal growth spurt. This suggests a close relationship between the adolescent growth spurt and osteosarcoma. The second osteosarcoma peak is in adults older than 65 years of age; it is more likely to represent a second malignancy, frequently related to Paget’s disease. The incidence of osteosarcoma has always been considered to be higher in males than in females, occurring at a rate of 5.4 per million persons per year in males vs. 4.0 per million in females, with a higher incidence in blacks (6.8 per million persons per year) and Hispanics (6.5 per million), than in whites (4.6 per million). Osteosarcoma commonly occurs in the long bones of the extremities near the metaphyseal growth plates. The most common sites are the femur (42%, with 75% of tumors in the distal femur), the tibia (19%, with 80% of tumors in the proximal tibia), and the humerus (10%, with 90% of tumors in the proximal humerus). Other likely locations are the skull or jaw (8%) and the pelvis (8%). Cancer deaths due to bone and joint malignant neoplasms represent 8.9% of all childhood and adolescent cancer deaths. Death rates for osteosarcoma have been declining by about 1.3% per year. The overall 5-year survival rate for osteosarcoma is 68%, without significant gender difference. The age of the patient is correlated with the survival, with the poorest survival among older patients. Complete surgical excision is important to ensure an optimum outcome. Tumor staging, presence of metastases, local recurrence, chemotherapy regimen, anatomic location, size of the tumor, and percentage of tumor cells destroyed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy have effects on the outcome.

• #47 Epidemiology of Bone Cancer: An Overview | American Academy of Neurological and Orthopaedic Surgeons

  https://aanos.org/epidemiology-of-bone-cancer-an-overview/

  Epidemiology of Bone Cancer: An Overview […] Bone cancer is not a common cancer compared to many other types of cancer. The principal malignant tumors of bone are: a) osteosarcomas that occur mostly in the leg bones of children and young adults; this form is more frequent among girls under 15 and boys over 15; its incidence is higher among nonwhites than whites; b) chondrosarcomas that usually afflict people over 40 years of age; this is a slow-growing tumor that often starts in the pelvic bones; and c) Ewing’s sarcoma, a cancer that impacts mainly children and teenagers; this form infiltrates large bones such as those of the thigh, upper arm, shin or pelvis; two times as many males are affected as females; a fast-growing tumor, its incidence is almost 9-fold higher among whites than blacks.

• #48 Epidemiology of Bone Cancer: An Overview | American Academy of Neurological and Orthopaedic Surgeons

  https://aanos.org/epidemiology-of-bone-cancer-an-overview/

  Epidemiology of Bone Cancer: An Overview […] Bone cancer is not a common cancer compared to many other types of cancer. The principal malignant tumors of bone are: a) osteosarcomas that occur mostly in the leg bones of children and young adults; this form is more frequent among girls under 15 and boys over 15; its incidence is higher among nonwhites than whites; b) chondrosarcomas that usually afflict people over 40 years of age; this is a slow-growing tumor that often starts in the pelvic bones; and c) Ewing’s sarcoma, a cancer that impacts mainly children and teenagers; this form infiltrates large bones such as those of the thigh, upper arm, shin or pelvis; two times as many males are affected as females; a fast-growing tumor, its incidence is almost 9-fold higher among whites than blacks.

• #49 Bone tumors: a systematic review of prevalence, risk determinants, and survival patterns | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-025-13720-0

  Survival rates vary significantly by tumor type, with approximately 5060% for osteosarcoma and around 70% for Ewings sarcoma, though these rates decrease with metastasis. […] Key risk factors identified include genetic predispositions such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome and TP53 mutations, environmental exposures like radiation, and growth patterns related to height. […] Understanding the prevalence and distribution of bone tumors is crucial for healthcare providers to develop effective screening, diagnostic, and treatment strategies. […] The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database has been instrumental in providing valuable insights into trends in incidence rates over time. […] Recent literature indicates an increasing recognition of bone tumors due to advancements in imaging techniques and improved awareness among healthcare professionals.

• #50 Bone cancer (Primary)

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/bone_cancer/primary-bone-cancer-overview.html

  Some inherited conditions such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome increase the risk of bone cancer. People with a strong family history of certain types of cancer are also at risk. Most bone cancers are not hereditary. Some people develop bone cancer due to genetic changes that happen during their lifetime, rather than inheriting a faulty gene. […] If you are experiencing symptoms that could be caused by bone cancer, your doctor will take your medical history and perform a physical examination. Bone cancer can be difficult to diagnose and it is likely that you will have some of the following tests: […] A bone biopsy is a highly specialised test. It is best that the biopsy is done at a specialist treatment centre, preferably where you would be treated if it is cancer. The site to biopsy must be carefully chosen so it doesn’t cause problems if further surgery is needed. It is important that a bone biopsy is performed by a doctor who is an expert in bone cancer. This also helps ensure the sample is useful and reduces the risk of the cancer spreading. […] Many cancers are staged using a system that divides them into four stages. But bone cancer is different. It is usually divided into localised or advanced. Ask your doctor to explain the stage of cancer to you.

• #51 Epidemiology and classification of bone tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3476517/

  The age specific incidence rates of bone sarcomas typically show a bimodal distribution, with a first peak occurring in the second decade, and a second peak occurring in patients older than sixty years of age. […] According to SEER data, in the period 2004-2008, the median age at diagnosis for cancer of the bones and joints was 40 years of age. […] The risk of developing a primary malignant tumor of bone is variable according to the related condition. High risk precursors are represented by Olliers disease and Maffucci syndrome, familial retinoblastoma syndrome and Rothmund Thompson syndrome, while conditions representing a moderate risk include multiple osteochondromas, Pagets disease and radiation osteitis.

• #52 Epidemiology and classification of bone tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3476517/

  The age specific incidence rates of bone sarcomas typically show a bimodal distribution, with a first peak occurring in the second decade, and a second peak occurring in patients older than sixty years of age. […] According to SEER data, in the period 2004-2008, the median age at diagnosis for cancer of the bones and joints was 40 years of age. […] The risk of developing a primary malignant tumor of bone is variable according to the related condition. High risk precursors are represented by Olliers disease and Maffucci syndrome, familial retinoblastoma syndrome and Rothmund Thompson syndrome, while conditions representing a moderate risk include multiple osteochondromas, Pagets disease and radiation osteitis.

• #53 Epidemiology and classification of bone tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3476517/

  The age specific incidence rates of bone sarcomas typically show a bimodal distribution, with a first peak occurring in the second decade, and a second peak occurring in patients older than sixty years of age. […] According to SEER data, in the period 2004-2008, the median age at diagnosis for cancer of the bones and joints was 40 years of age. […] The risk of developing a primary malignant tumor of bone is variable according to the related condition. High risk precursors are represented by Olliers disease and Maffucci syndrome, familial retinoblastoma syndrome and Rothmund Thompson syndrome, while conditions representing a moderate risk include multiple osteochondromas, Pagets disease and radiation osteitis.

• #54 Epidemiology and classification of bone tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3476517/

  The age specific incidence rates of bone sarcomas typically show a bimodal distribution, with a first peak occurring in the second decade, and a second peak occurring in patients older than sixty years of age. […] According to SEER data, in the period 2004-2008, the median age at diagnosis for cancer of the bones and joints was 40 years of age. […] The risk of developing a primary malignant tumor of bone is variable according to the related condition. High risk precursors are represented by Olliers disease and Maffucci syndrome, familial retinoblastoma syndrome and Rothmund Thompson syndrome, while conditions representing a moderate risk include multiple osteochondromas, Pagets disease and radiation osteitis.

• #55 Risks for childhood bone cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/bone-childhood/risks

  The following can increase the risk for osteosarcoma: Certain genetic conditions, Previous radiation therapy, Previous chemotherapy, Certain bone diseases. […] Children who had radiation therapy have a higher risk of developing osteosarcoma in the area that was treated. The risk is greater if higher doses of radiation therapy were used and if the child was treated at a young age. […] Children with cancer who are treated with a type of drug called an alkylating agent (a drug that kills cancer cells by damaging DNA) have a higher risk of developing osteosarcoma. This risk is higher if the child also received radiation therapy. […] Children who have Paget disease of the bone or other bone diseases have a higher risk of developing osteosarcoma later in life (usually as an adult). […] Ewing sarcoma usually develops during the teenage years and is slightly more common in boys than in girls. It occurs more frequently in white children and is rare in Black children (including children of African or Caribbean ancestry). […] There are no known risks for Ewing sarcoma. Until we learn more, there are no specific ways you can lower your child’s risk for this type of cancer.

• #56 Epidemiology and classification of bone tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3476517/

  The age specific incidence rates of bone sarcomas typically show a bimodal distribution, with a first peak occurring in the second decade, and a second peak occurring in patients older than sixty years of age. […] According to SEER data, in the period 2004-2008, the median age at diagnosis for cancer of the bones and joints was 40 years of age. […] The risk of developing a primary malignant tumor of bone is variable according to the related condition. High risk precursors are represented by Olliers disease and Maffucci syndrome, familial retinoblastoma syndrome and Rothmund Thompson syndrome, while conditions representing a moderate risk include multiple osteochondromas, Pagets disease and radiation osteitis.

• #57 Bone cancer (Primary)

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/bone_cancer/primary-bone-cancer-overview.html

  Bone cancer is rare. About 250 Australians are diagnosed with primary bone cancer each year. It affects people of all ages, but is most often seen in people aged 10-25 and over 50. If it develops later in life, it may be linked to another bone condition. […] The causes of most bone cancers are unknown, but some factors that increase the risk include: […] Radiation therapy to treat cancer increases the risk of developing bone cancer. The risk is higher for people who have high doses of radiation therapy at a young age. Most people who have radiation therapy will not develop bone cancer. […] Some people who have had Paget’s disease of the bone, fibrous dysplasia or multiple enchondromas are at higher risk of developing bone cancer. Some studies also suggest that people who have had a soft tissue sarcoma have an increased risk of developing bone cancer.

• #58 Bone cancer (Primary)

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/bone_cancer/primary-bone-cancer-overview.html

  Bone cancer is rare. About 250 Australians are diagnosed with primary bone cancer each year. It affects people of all ages, but is most often seen in people aged 10-25 and over 50. If it develops later in life, it may be linked to another bone condition. […] The causes of most bone cancers are unknown, but some factors that increase the risk include: […] Radiation therapy to treat cancer increases the risk of developing bone cancer. The risk is higher for people who have high doses of radiation therapy at a young age. Most people who have radiation therapy will not develop bone cancer. […] Some people who have had Paget’s disease of the bone, fibrous dysplasia or multiple enchondromas are at higher risk of developing bone cancer. Some studies also suggest that people who have had a soft tissue sarcoma have an increased risk of developing bone cancer.

• #59 Risks for childhood bone cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/bone-childhood/risks

  The following can increase the risk for osteosarcoma: Certain genetic conditions, Previous radiation therapy, Previous chemotherapy, Certain bone diseases. […] Children who had radiation therapy have a higher risk of developing osteosarcoma in the area that was treated. The risk is greater if higher doses of radiation therapy were used and if the child was treated at a young age. […] Children with cancer who are treated with a type of drug called an alkylating agent (a drug that kills cancer cells by damaging DNA) have a higher risk of developing osteosarcoma. This risk is higher if the child also received radiation therapy. […] Children who have Paget disease of the bone or other bone diseases have a higher risk of developing osteosarcoma later in life (usually as an adult). […] Ewing sarcoma usually develops during the teenage years and is slightly more common in boys than in girls. It occurs more frequently in white children and is rare in Black children (including children of African or Caribbean ancestry). […] There are no known risks for Ewing sarcoma. Until we learn more, there are no specific ways you can lower your child’s risk for this type of cancer.

• #60 Bone cancer (Primary)

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/bone_cancer/primary-bone-cancer-overview.html

  Bone cancer is rare. About 250 Australians are diagnosed with primary bone cancer each year. It affects people of all ages, but is most often seen in people aged 10-25 and over 50. If it develops later in life, it may be linked to another bone condition. […] The causes of most bone cancers are unknown, but some factors that increase the risk include: […] Radiation therapy to treat cancer increases the risk of developing bone cancer. The risk is higher for people who have high doses of radiation therapy at a young age. Most people who have radiation therapy will not develop bone cancer. […] Some people who have had Paget’s disease of the bone, fibrous dysplasia or multiple enchondromas are at higher risk of developing bone cancer. Some studies also suggest that people who have had a soft tissue sarcoma have an increased risk of developing bone cancer.

• #61 Risks for childhood bone cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/bone-childhood/risks

  The following can increase the risk for osteosarcoma: Certain genetic conditions, Previous radiation therapy, Previous chemotherapy, Certain bone diseases. […] Children who had radiation therapy have a higher risk of developing osteosarcoma in the area that was treated. The risk is greater if higher doses of radiation therapy were used and if the child was treated at a young age. […] Children with cancer who are treated with a type of drug called an alkylating agent (a drug that kills cancer cells by damaging DNA) have a higher risk of developing osteosarcoma. This risk is higher if the child also received radiation therapy. […] Children who have Paget disease of the bone or other bone diseases have a higher risk of developing osteosarcoma later in life (usually as an adult). […] Ewing sarcoma usually develops during the teenage years and is slightly more common in boys than in girls. It occurs more frequently in white children and is rare in Black children (including children of African or Caribbean ancestry). […] There are no known risks for Ewing sarcoma. Until we learn more, there are no specific ways you can lower your child’s risk for this type of cancer.

• #62 Epidemiology of Bone Cancer: An Overview | American Academy of Neurological and Orthopaedic Surgeons

  https://aanos.org/epidemiology-of-bone-cancer-an-overview/

  In general, bone cancer is not a common malignant disease, and perhaps for this reason its etiology is not known. Furthermore, very few studies have been conducted in this field. Among different types of bone cancer, osteosarcomas contribute the highest proportion (36%), followed by chondrosarcomas (30%) and Ewing’s sarcoma (16%). […] The highest incidence rate of bone cancer in males is found among American Chinese in Hawaii. Among females, the population of Khon Kaen in Thailand exhibits the highest incidence rate of this cancer in the world. American Japanese have the highest sex ratio for bone cancer, indicating that the frequency of the disease is 9-fold higher among males than females. […] Parental smoking habits during pregnancy may increase the risk of bone cancer among children. Ionizing radiation heightens the risk of some types of bone cancer. The possible role of pesticides in the etiology of bone cancer has been suggested but needs further investigation.

• #63 Epidemiology of Bone Cancer: An Overview | American Academy of Neurological and Orthopaedic Surgeons

  https://aanos.org/epidemiology-of-bone-cancer-an-overview/

  In general, bone cancer is not a common malignant disease, and perhaps for this reason its etiology is not known. Furthermore, very few studies have been conducted in this field. Among different types of bone cancer, osteosarcomas contribute the highest proportion (36%), followed by chondrosarcomas (30%) and Ewing’s sarcoma (16%). […] The highest incidence rate of bone cancer in males is found among American Chinese in Hawaii. Among females, the population of Khon Kaen in Thailand exhibits the highest incidence rate of this cancer in the world. American Japanese have the highest sex ratio for bone cancer, indicating that the frequency of the disease is 9-fold higher among males than females. […] Parental smoking habits during pregnancy may increase the risk of bone cancer among children. Ionizing radiation heightens the risk of some types of bone cancer. The possible role of pesticides in the etiology of bone cancer has been suggested but needs further investigation.

• #64 Bone Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment Principles | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0815/p205.html

  Clinical conditions that result in bone turnover increase the risk of bone cancer. […] Regional or localized pain with associated overlying tenderness and decreased range of motion are the most common presenting symptoms of bone cancer. […] Plain radiography is the preferred imaging modality for diagnosing malignant bone tumors. […] Because of the aggressive nature of bone cancers, early diagnosis is critical. However, delays in diagnosis are common. […] Although treatment of bone cancers varies in the type of modalities used, the main factor in maximizing survival and quality of life is expedient referral to a cancer center at the time a bone malignancy is suspected. […] Prognosis varies greatly among the three types of bone cancers and is influenced by many variables. The most significant prognostic indicator for osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma is the presence of metastases at the time of diagnosis.

• #65 Osteosarcoma | Bone Cancer Research Trust

  https://www.bcrt.org.uk/information/information-by-type/osteosarcoma/

  Osteosarcoma is the most common type of primary bone cancer in children and young people, and the second most common overall after chondrosarcoma. […] In the UK around 160 people are diagnosed with osteosarcoma each year. This is fewer than 3 people out of every million people in the population. This is known as the 'incidence rate’ (2.6 per 1,000,000 people). […] The Bone Cancer Research Trust is trying to find ways to make the time between the start of symptoms and getting the diagnosis much shorter. Our 2020 Patient Survey report is the most comprehensive analysis of presenting symptoms and routes to diagnosis for primary bone cancers & tumours in the UK to date. This is our evidence base on which we will focus our awareness objectives moving forward. […] Primary bone cancers are very rare and many GPs will never come across a case.

• #66 Bone Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment Principles | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0815/p205.html

  Primary bone cancers include osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma. They account for less than 1% of diagnosed cancers each year and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Timely diagnosis is challenging because of late patient presentation, nonspecific symptoms that mimic common musculoskeletal injuries, and low suspicion by physicians. […] Osteosarcoma, the most common bone cancer, most often occurs in children and adolescents. […] Ewing sarcoma is the second most common bone cancer and is similar to osteosarcoma in terms of presenting symptoms, age at occurrence, and treatment. […] Chondrosarcoma is the rarest bone cancer, primarily affecting adults older than 40 years. […] The diagnosis of bone cancer can be challenging because of its low incidence and nonspecific symptoms at presentation. Timely diagnosis occurs when physicians consider bone cancer in the differential diagnosis and promptly obtain imaging.

• #67 Bone Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment Principles | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0815/p205.html

  Primary bone cancers include osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma. They account for less than 1% of diagnosed cancers each year and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Timely diagnosis is challenging because of late patient presentation, nonspecific symptoms that mimic common musculoskeletal injuries, and low suspicion by physicians. […] Osteosarcoma, the most common bone cancer, most often occurs in children and adolescents. […] Ewing sarcoma is the second most common bone cancer and is similar to osteosarcoma in terms of presenting symptoms, age at occurrence, and treatment. […] Chondrosarcoma is the rarest bone cancer, primarily affecting adults older than 40 years. […] The diagnosis of bone cancer can be challenging because of its low incidence and nonspecific symptoms at presentation. Timely diagnosis occurs when physicians consider bone cancer in the differential diagnosis and promptly obtain imaging.

• #68 Bone Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment Principles | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0815/p205.html

  Clinical conditions that result in bone turnover increase the risk of bone cancer. […] Regional or localized pain with associated overlying tenderness and decreased range of motion are the most common presenting symptoms of bone cancer. […] Plain radiography is the preferred imaging modality for diagnosing malignant bone tumors. […] Because of the aggressive nature of bone cancers, early diagnosis is critical. However, delays in diagnosis are common. […] Although treatment of bone cancers varies in the type of modalities used, the main factor in maximizing survival and quality of life is expedient referral to a cancer center at the time a bone malignancy is suspected. […] Prognosis varies greatly among the three types of bone cancers and is influenced by many variables. The most significant prognostic indicator for osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma is the presence of metastases at the time of diagnosis.

• #69 Bone cancer (Primary)

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/bone_cancer/primary-bone-cancer-overview.html

  Some inherited conditions such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome increase the risk of bone cancer. People with a strong family history of certain types of cancer are also at risk. Most bone cancers are not hereditary. Some people develop bone cancer due to genetic changes that happen during their lifetime, rather than inheriting a faulty gene. […] If you are experiencing symptoms that could be caused by bone cancer, your doctor will take your medical history and perform a physical examination. Bone cancer can be difficult to diagnose and it is likely that you will have some of the following tests: […] A bone biopsy is a highly specialised test. It is best that the biopsy is done at a specialist treatment centre, preferably where you would be treated if it is cancer. The site to biopsy must be carefully chosen so it doesn’t cause problems if further surgery is needed. It is important that a bone biopsy is performed by a doctor who is an expert in bone cancer. This also helps ensure the sample is useful and reduces the risk of the cancer spreading. […] Many cancers are staged using a system that divides them into four stages. But bone cancer is different. It is usually divided into localised or advanced. Ask your doctor to explain the stage of cancer to you.

• #70 Detection and surveillance of circulating tumor cells in osteosarcoma for predicting therapy response and prognosis | Cancer Biology & Medicine

  https://www.cancerbiomed.org/content/19/9/1397

  Osteosarcoma (OS) is an aggressive, highly metastatic, relatively drug-resistant bone tumor with poor long-term survival rates. […] The presence and persistence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the peripheral blood are believed to be associated with treatment inefficiency and distant metastases. […] A blood-based CTC test is thus greatly needed for monitoring disease progression and predicting clinical outcomes. […] However, traditional methods cannot detect CTCs from tumors of mesenchymal origin such as OS, and research on CTC detection in mesenchymal tumors has been hindered for years. […] Thus, developing a CTC-based surveillance test would greatly facilitate the prediction of OS therapy response and prognosis. […] Although many methods are available for CTC detection, they are based mainly on epithelial markers and are inherently biased toward identifying CTCs with epithelial traits.

• #71 Detection and surveillance of circulating tumor cells in osteosarcoma for predicting therapy response and prognosis | Cancer Biology & Medicine

  https://www.cancerbiomed.org/content/19/9/1397

  Current methods are rarely efficient in the detection of CTCs with aberrant activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) or those from tumors of mesenchymal origin. […] For OS, the marker of cell-surface vimentin and size selection membranes have been used to detect CTCs in a very limited number of patients; however, the detection rates are low. […] Thus, research on the detection of CTCs from mesenchymal malignancies has been hindered for years. […] In this study, we developed a CTC test for detection and surveillance of CTCs in patients with OS, by using HK2 as a metabolic function-associated marker. […] Detection and surveillance of CTCs as a non-invasive test allows for accurate prediction of therapy efficiency and prognosis, thus enabling avoidance of inefficient therapy and improved survival.

• #72 Pathology & Oncology Research | Management and surveillance of metastatic giant cell tumour of bone

  https://www.por-journal.com/journals/pathology-and-oncology-research/articles/10.3389/pore.2025.1611916/full

  Recognition and monitoring of PM through standardised surveillance is essential. Management of PM requires surveillance for cardiothoracic surgical management with/without neoadjuvant therapy. […] To identify occult and metastatic pulmonary disease, patients are routinely followed up with surveillance scanning of extremity and thoracic imaging with PET/CT. […] The primary aim of this study was to determine the true incidence of PM and current surveillance protocols. This would then be used to create recommendations on national surveillance protocols for this unpredictable disease. […] High incidence of PM of >9% was observed in this study, which is higher than reported historically. This result suggests that more rigorous chest surveillance is required with CT chest and/or PET CT at diagnosis and at six-month follow-up with surveillance for 5 years for PM and LR which notably remains a significant risk factor for PM. Further steps are needed to identify markers for malignant transformation potential.

• #73 Primary Bone Tumors | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/primary-bone-tumors/

  Chondrosarcoma is more prevalent in the middle-aged population and older adults over 40 years, and its risk increases with advancing age. These tumors begin in cartilaginous tissues at the epiphysis of bones and joint lines and usually grow insidiously. They affect primarily the proximal femur and flat bones. […] […] Chordomas are very rare tumors that form in the bones of the spine, especially at the sacrum or at the base of the skull. They occur most frequently in older adult men. […] […] Metastatic disease is the most important prognostic factor in malignant bone tumors. Patients who present with metastatic disease have an overall survival of 20% to 30% compared with 70% to 80% in non-metastatic disease after completion of treatments. Metastases are more common with high grade tumors. Metastatic lesions usually disseminate through the blood, most commonly to the lung, followed by bone. […]

• #74 Primary Bone Tumors | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/primary-bone-tumors/

  Chondrosarcoma is more prevalent in the middle-aged population and older adults over 40 years, and its risk increases with advancing age. These tumors begin in cartilaginous tissues at the epiphysis of bones and joint lines and usually grow insidiously. They affect primarily the proximal femur and flat bones. […] […] Chordomas are very rare tumors that form in the bones of the spine, especially at the sacrum or at the base of the skull. They occur most frequently in older adult men. […] […] Metastatic disease is the most important prognostic factor in malignant bone tumors. Patients who present with metastatic disease have an overall survival of 20% to 30% compared with 70% to 80% in non-metastatic disease after completion of treatments. Metastases are more common with high grade tumors. Metastatic lesions usually disseminate through the blood, most commonly to the lung, followed by bone. […]

• #75 Prognosis of stage IV bone cancer based on pattern of metastasis: a retrospective survival analysis of patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.20215913v1

  Prognosis in bone cancer patients with metastatic disease is believed to vary based on site/pattern of spread. […] The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database was searched for cases of primary bone cancer presenting with metastasis from 2010 to 2015. […] Overall (P = .003) and cause-specific survival (P = .010) times were significantly lower for M1b patients via log-rank test. […] Metastasis pattern is an independent predictor of survival. M1a metastatic disease tends to have a better prognosis compared to M1b. This study supports the decision of the AJCC to subclassify metastatic disease for the purposes of staging and highlights the differences in prognosis between these two patterns of disease.

• #76 Descriptive Epidemiology of Osteosarcoma via Population-Based Registries – NCI

  https://dceg.cancer.gov/research/cancer-types/bone/descriptive-epidemiology-osteosarcoma-population-registries

  DCEG studies of osteosarcoma, a primary bone cancer of adolescents and young adults. […] Investigators have published several analyses of cancer registry data from the National Cancer Institute’s population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program from U.S. (SEER) and international cancer registries, to characterize the descriptive epidemiology of osteosarcoma. […] In this comprehensive, population-based description of osteosarcoma, investigators identified important differences in incidence, survival, pathologic subtype, and anatomic site among age groups, and quantified the impact of osteosarcoma in patients with Paget disease or as a second cancer on incidence and mortality rates. […] These findings may have implications in understanding osteosarcoma biology and epidemiology.

• #77 Descriptive Epidemiology of Osteosarcoma via Population-Based Registries – NCI

  https://dceg.cancer.gov/research/cancer-types/bone/descriptive-epidemiology-osteosarcoma-population-registries

  DCEG studies of osteosarcoma, a primary bone cancer of adolescents and young adults. […] Investigators have published several analyses of cancer registry data from the National Cancer Institute’s population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program from U.S. (SEER) and international cancer registries, to characterize the descriptive epidemiology of osteosarcoma. […] In this comprehensive, population-based description of osteosarcoma, investigators identified important differences in incidence, survival, pathologic subtype, and anatomic site among age groups, and quantified the impact of osteosarcoma in patients with Paget disease or as a second cancer on incidence and mortality rates. […] These findings may have implications in understanding osteosarcoma biology and epidemiology.

• #78 Descriptive Epidemiology of Osteosarcoma via Population-Based Registries – NCI

  https://dceg.cancer.gov/research/cancer-types/bone/descriptive-epidemiology-osteosarcoma-population-registries

  DCEG studies of osteosarcoma, a primary bone cancer of adolescents and young adults. […] Investigators have published several analyses of cancer registry data from the National Cancer Institute’s population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program from U.S. (SEER) and international cancer registries, to characterize the descriptive epidemiology of osteosarcoma. […] In this comprehensive, population-based description of osteosarcoma, investigators identified important differences in incidence, survival, pathologic subtype, and anatomic site among age groups, and quantified the impact of osteosarcoma in patients with Paget disease or as a second cancer on incidence and mortality rates. […] These findings may have implications in understanding osteosarcoma biology and epidemiology.

• #79 Bone and soft tissue tumour epidemiology in Belgium, 2004-2019 | Belgian Cancer Registry

  https://kankerregister.org/en/publicaties/bone-and-soft-tissue-tumour-epidemiology-belgium-2004-2019

  Bone and soft tissue tumours are a very heterogeneous, complex and rare group of tumours (about 1,175 new diagnoses a year) with some subtypes being diagnosed only a few times a year. […] Compared with other types of cancer, relatively more children, adolescents and young adults are affected. […] This report describes incidence, prevalence, survival and trends over the period, as well as incidence projections to 2030 always as a function of primary tumour location (soft tissue versus bone) and histological tumour subtype. […] An increase of 0.6% a year is expected in the risk of bone and soft tissue tumours. […] The rarity and heterogeneity of this group of tumours poses a challenge for patient care. […] On the positive side, survival for these types of tumours has increased over the past 15 years, particularly in patients aged 40 or older.

• #80 Descriptive Epidemiology and Survival Rate of Osteosarcoma: The First National Population-Based Study in the Middle East (2008-2014)

  https://journals.mums.ac.ir/article_22913.html

  Objectives: The epidemiology of osteosarcoma (OS), the most common primary bone sarcoma, was not evaluated in the Middle East. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the incidence, demographic characteristics, epidemiology, and survival rate of patients with different subtypes of OS, based on data derived from the Iran National Cancer Registry (INCR) to evaluate the influence of ethnicity and race. […] The Age-Standardized Incidence Rate (ASIR) for OS was 3.02 per million person-years, with a mean age of 25.6 years and a male-female ratio of 1.54:1. Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) OS, chondroblastic OS, and central OS had the highest frequencies among the subtypes of OS. The overall one-, three-, and five-year survival rates were 87%, 61%, and 49%, respectively, with a mean duration of 6.16 years.

• #81 Epidemiology of primary bone tumors and economical aspects of bone metastases

  https://lirias.kuleuven.be/465837

  Malignant primary bone tumors are rare and are outnumbered by metastasis to the bone and hematological disorders. The most common primary malignant bone tumors are: osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma. Osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma, accounting for approximately 50% of the malignant bone tumors, affect mostly children and young adults and have a major impact of the life of the patient and his family. Besides the burden of illness there is also an important financial burden. The direct costs for the health care system, related to diagnosis and treatment, can be estimated rather easily. However, the direct costs for the family, and more so the indirect costs of diminished or loss of productivity, and of pain and suffering are more difficult to calculate and are underestimated. This is more relevant in the younger age group, due to the prolonged survival of these patients after initial treatment.

• #82 Epidemiology of primary bone tumors and economical aspects of bone metastases

  https://lirias.kuleuven.be/465837

  Malignant primary bone tumors are rare and are outnumbered by metastasis to the bone and hematological disorders. The most common primary malignant bone tumors are: osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma. Osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma, accounting for approximately 50% of the malignant bone tumors, affect mostly children and young adults and have a major impact of the life of the patient and his family. Besides the burden of illness there is also an important financial burden. The direct costs for the health care system, related to diagnosis and treatment, can be estimated rather easily. However, the direct costs for the family, and more so the indirect costs of diminished or loss of productivity, and of pain and suffering are more difficult to calculate and are underestimated. This is more relevant in the younger age group, due to the prolonged survival of these patients after initial treatment.

• #83 Epidemiology of primary bone tumors and economical aspects of bone metastases

  https://lirias.kuleuven.be/465837

  Malignant primary bone tumors are rare and are outnumbered by metastasis to the bone and hematological disorders. The most common primary malignant bone tumors are: osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma. Osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma, accounting for approximately 50% of the malignant bone tumors, affect mostly children and young adults and have a major impact of the life of the patient and his family. Besides the burden of illness there is also an important financial burden. The direct costs for the health care system, related to diagnosis and treatment, can be estimated rather easily. However, the direct costs for the family, and more so the indirect costs of diminished or loss of productivity, and of pain and suffering are more difficult to calculate and are underestimated. This is more relevant in the younger age group, due to the prolonged survival of these patients after initial treatment.

• #84 Chapter 2 – Epidemiology of primary bone tumors and economical aspects of bone metastases | Sustainable Development Goals – Resource Centre

  https://sdgresources.relx.com/book-chapters/chapter-2-epidemiology-primary-bone-tumors-and-economical-aspects-bone-metastases

  Primary bone tumors are rare; they account for less than 0.2% of the malignancies registered. […] Both benign as well as malignant primary tumors of bone are outnumbered by far by metastases to the bone. […] Studies on the economic impact of bone metastasis are rare and only report on the costs for the health-care sector. The cost burden for metastatic bone disease was 17% of the estimated total direct medical costs. The financial impact is more substantial for patients with cancer at younger age and for cancer types with prolonged survival even with bony metastasis.

• #85 Epidemiology and classification of bone tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3476517/

  The age specific incidence rates of bone sarcomas typically show a bimodal distribution, with a first peak occurring in the second decade, and a second peak occurring in patients older than sixty years of age. […] According to SEER data, in the period 2004-2008, the median age at diagnosis for cancer of the bones and joints was 40 years of age. […] The risk of developing a primary malignant tumor of bone is variable according to the related condition. High risk precursors are represented by Olliers disease and Maffucci syndrome, familial retinoblastoma syndrome and Rothmund Thompson syndrome, while conditions representing a moderate risk include multiple osteochondromas, Pagets disease and radiation osteitis.

• #86 Epidemiology of Bone Cancer: An Overview | American Academy of Neurological and Orthopaedic Surgeons

  https://aanos.org/epidemiology-of-bone-cancer-an-overview/

  According to the U.S. Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program, osteosarcomas contribute 36% of all types of bone cancer, followed by chondrosarcomas and Ewing’s sarcomas with around 30% and 16% respectively. The incidence of osteosarcoma appears to be more frequent in two periods of life, during adolescence and old age. […] With regard to the mortality rate from bone cancer, we compared existing statistics on different continents for two time periods (1984-86 and 1994-96). In general, the mortality rate of the world’s population decreased in males from 1.01 to 0.91. In females, the rate in 1984-86 was 0.78, which fell to 0.63 in 1994-96. […] The mortality rates from bone cancer rose significantly among both males (from 0.47 to 0.80) and females (from 0.41 to 1.04) in Africa, indicating a 7% increase among males and an increment of more than 15% among females for a period of 10 years. Although the number of cases is small, it still indicates a significant elevation of mortality from bone cancer.

• #87 Osteosarcoma: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1256857-overview

  Osteosarcoma, the most common malignant bone tumor, is a deadly form of musculoskeletal cancer that most commonly causes patients to die of pulmonary metastatic disease. […] In the United States, the incidence of osteosarcoma has been cited at 3.1 per million (4.4 per million population 25 y). The National Cancer Institute (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Pediatric Monograph 1973-2004 found the incidence to be slightly higher in Blacks than in Whites. […] The incidence of osteosarcoma is slightly higher in males than in females. According to SEER data, the average male-to-female ratio is 1.22:1. […] Osteosarcoma is very rare in young children (0.5 cases per million per year in children 5 y). However, the incidence increases steadily with age, rising more dramatically in adolescence in correspondence with the adolescent growth spurt. […] A second peak of incidence exists in individuals older than 60 years.

• #88 Bone and Joint Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/bones.html

  The death rate was 0.5 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new bone and joint cancer cases have been rising on average 0.4% each year over 20132022. Age-adjusted death rates have been rising on average 1.8% each year over 20142023.

• #89 Bone sarcoma incidence statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/bone-sarcoma/incidence

  Bone sarcoma incidence rates have remained stable since the early 1990s, UK. […] Bone sarcoma is not among the 20 most common cancers in the UK, accounting for less than 1% of all new cancer cases (2017-2019). […] 47% of bone sarcoma cases in the UK are in females, and 53% are in males. […] Bone sarcoma European age-standardised (AS) incidence rates for females and males combined increased by 14% in the UK between 1993-1995 and 2017-2019. […] For females, bone sarcoma AS incidence rates in the UK increased by 26% between 1993-1995 and 2017-2019. […] For males, bone sarcoma AS incidence rates in the UK remained stable between 1993-1995 and 2017-2019. […] Bone sarcoma incidence rates have varied between age groups in females and males combined in the UK since the early 1990s. […] Bone sarcoma incidence rates (European age-standardised (AS) rates) in England in females are similar in the most deprived quintile compared with the least, and in males are similar in the most deprived quintile compared with the least (2013-2017).

• #90

  https://journals.lww.com/cmj/fulltext/2023/09050/primary_malignant_bone_tumors_incidence,.3.aspx

  Primary malignant bone tumors are uncommon, and their epidemiological features are rarely reported. We aimed to study the incidence and death characteristics of bone tumors from 2000 to 2015. […] The crude incidence, age-standardized incidence, and crude mortality rates were 1.77, 1.35, and 1.31 per 100,000, respectively. Incidence and mortality rates were higher in males than those in females; they showed downward trends, with declines of 2.2% and 4.8% per year, respectively, and the rates in urban areas were lower than those in rural areas. Significant declining trends were observed in urban areas. […] The incidence and mortality rates of primary malignant bone tumors in rural areas were higher compared to those in urban areas. Targeted prevention measures are required to monitor and control bone tumor incidence and improve the quality of life of affected patients. This research can provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of bone tumors, as well as basic information for follow-up research.

• #91 Trends in Tumor Site-Specific Survival of Bone Sarcomas from 1980 to 2018: A Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-Based Study

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/21/5381

  The primary endpoint was bone sarcomas-specific mortality (CSM). […] The 5-year bone sarcomas-specific survival (CSS) rate was determined stratified by demographic, neoplastic, temporal, economic, and geographic categories. […] The 5-year CSS rate for bone sarcomas was 58.7%, 69.9%, 71.0%, and 69.2%, in the 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s, respectively. […] Older age, male gender, tumor sites at pelvic bones, sacrum, coccyx and associated joints, as well as vertebral column, osteosarcoma and Ewing tumor, and residence in non-metropolitan areas were independently associated with higher CSM risk. […] Although bone sarcomas survival has significantly improved since 1990, it almost halted over the next three decades. Bone sarcomas survival should improve over time, similar to common cancers. New diagnostic and therapeutic strategies such as emerging immune and targeted agents are warranted to overcome this survival stalemate.

• #92 Trends in Tumor Site-Specific Survival of Bone Sarcomas from 1980 to 2018: A Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-Based Study

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/21/5381

  The primary endpoint was bone sarcomas-specific mortality (CSM). […] The 5-year bone sarcomas-specific survival (CSS) rate was determined stratified by demographic, neoplastic, temporal, economic, and geographic categories. […] The 5-year CSS rate for bone sarcomas was 58.7%, 69.9%, 71.0%, and 69.2%, in the 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s, respectively. […] Older age, male gender, tumor sites at pelvic bones, sacrum, coccyx and associated joints, as well as vertebral column, osteosarcoma and Ewing tumor, and residence in non-metropolitan areas were independently associated with higher CSM risk. […] Although bone sarcomas survival has significantly improved since 1990, it almost halted over the next three decades. Bone sarcomas survival should improve over time, similar to common cancers. New diagnostic and therapeutic strategies such as emerging immune and targeted agents are warranted to overcome this survival stalemate.

• #93 Prognosis of stage IV bone cancer based on pattern of metastasis: a retrospective survival analysis of patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.20215913v1

  Prognosis in bone cancer patients with metastatic disease is believed to vary based on site/pattern of spread. […] The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database was searched for cases of primary bone cancer presenting with metastasis from 2010 to 2015. […] Overall (P = .003) and cause-specific survival (P = .010) times were significantly lower for M1b patients via log-rank test. […] Metastasis pattern is an independent predictor of survival. M1a metastatic disease tends to have a better prognosis compared to M1b. This study supports the decision of the AJCC to subclassify metastatic disease for the purposes of staging and highlights the differences in prognosis between these two patterns of disease.

• #94 Trends in Tumor Site-Specific Survival of Bone Sarcomas from 1980 to 2018: A Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-Based Study

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/21/5381

  The primary endpoint was bone sarcomas-specific mortality (CSM). […] The 5-year bone sarcomas-specific survival (CSS) rate was determined stratified by demographic, neoplastic, temporal, economic, and geographic categories. […] The 5-year CSS rate for bone sarcomas was 58.7%, 69.9%, 71.0%, and 69.2%, in the 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s, respectively. […] Older age, male gender, tumor sites at pelvic bones, sacrum, coccyx and associated joints, as well as vertebral column, osteosarcoma and Ewing tumor, and residence in non-metropolitan areas were independently associated with higher CSM risk. […] Although bone sarcomas survival has significantly improved since 1990, it almost halted over the next three decades. Bone sarcomas survival should improve over time, similar to common cancers. New diagnostic and therapeutic strategies such as emerging immune and targeted agents are warranted to overcome this survival stalemate.

• #95 Bone tumors: a systematic review of prevalence, risk determinants, and survival patterns | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-025-13720-0

  The observed variations in survival rates across different tumor types underscore the need for tailored treatment strategies. […] Enhanced awareness among healthcare providers regarding the epidemiological landscape of bone tumors can lead to timely interventions that ultimately improve patient outcomes.

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