Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Throat Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23136-throat-cancer

  Throat cancer happens when something triggers genetic mutations (changes) in the cells in your throat. The mutation turns healthy cells into cancerous cells that grow and multiply. Without treatment, they can spread to other parts of your body. Researchers are investigating what triggers these changes. […] Factors that increase your chance of developing throat cancer include: […] Smoking or using tobacco products. Tobacco use is the single largest risk factor for developing throat cancer. […] HPV infection. You can contract the human papillomavirus (HPV) during oral sex. In developed nations, HPV infection is now the most common cause of new throat cancer cases. […] Drinking too much alcohol. Researchers link some throat cancers to alcohol consumption. The risk is especially high if you also use tobacco.

• #1 How Can I Get Throat Cancer? | Throat Cancer Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Tobacco use is the most important risk factor for head and neck cancers (including cancers of the larynx and hypopharynx). People who smoke have a much higher risk for these cancers than people who don’t smoke. Most people with these cancers have a history of smoking or some other tobacco exposure. The more you smoke, the greater your risk. Smoke from cigarettes, pipes, and cigars all increase your risk of getting these cancers. […] Moderate or heavy alcohol use (more than 1 drink a day) also increases the risk of these cancers, although not as much as smoking. […] People who use both tobacco and alcohol have the highest risk of all. Combining these 2 habits doesn’t just add both risks together, it actually multiplies them. People who smoke and drink are many times more likely to get head and neck cancer than people who don’t have these habits.

• #1 Throat Cancer: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/throat-cancer

  Throat cancer develops at the back of the mouth, tonsils, voice box, base of the tongue, sinus and nasal cavities, salivary glands, soft palate and lymph nodes in the neck. […] According to the American Cancer Society, 21,640 people in the United States will develop cancer of pharynx in 2025, while 13,020 will develop cancer of the larynx. […] Throat cancers linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are on the rise, particularly among men. […] More than 70 percent of all oropharyngeal cancers are linked to the human papillomavirus (HPV), which may be spread during oral sex, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which adds that HPV is not a known risk factor for cancer of the larynx. […] Other risk factors for throat cancer include tobacco smoking, alcohol use and gastroesophageal reflux disease. […] Many throat cancer patients have a high risk of developing a secondary cancer, typically in the larynx, esophagus or lungs.

• #1 Throat Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Types and Stages

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/throat-cancer-symptoms-treatments

  Nobody knows for sure why throat cancer happens. Like other cancers, it arises when cells in your throat pick up genetic changes that make them grow too much or spread to other places. Those rapidly growing cells can turn into a mass (tumor). […] Although the causes of throat cancer are unknown, some things can increase your risk, including: […] Infections, especially the human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus. […] Experts dont know if having HPV alone can lead to cancer, or if you have to have another risk factor for it to happen (like being a cigarette smoker). But it causes about 70% of oropharyngeal cancer (which affects the middle part of the throat) in the U.S., with cases continuing to grow. […] While oral sex doesn’t cause throat cancer, it is a leading risk factor for it. One 2007 study found a strong link between oral HPV infection and oropharyngeal cancer.

• #1 Throat Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23136-throat-cancer

  Epstein-Barr virus infection. The same virus that causes mononucleosis (mono) can increase your risk. (This is most common in nasopharyngeal cancers.) […] Exposure to toxic substances. Long-term exposure to carcinogens like asbestos, wood dust and formaldehyde can increase your throat cancer risk. […] Eating too much or too little of certain foods. Eating too many preserved meats and not enough fruits and veggies also increases your risk.

• #1 2023 Throat Cancer Statistics | Top 40 Key Facts

  https://www.asbestos.com/cancer/laryngeal/throat-cancer-statistics/

  Throat cancers affect the lives of thousands of Americans every year. Risk factors include smoking, heavy drinking, human papillomavirus (HPV) and exposure to carcinogens like asbestos. […] Asbestos exposure has been identified as a cause of some forms of throat cancer. […] Asbestos exposure is a known risk factor for laryngeal and pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. […] The development of laryngeal cancer from asbestos is dose-dependent and is impacted by the intensity or duration of the asbestos exposure. […] Inhaled asbestos fibers may lodge in the voice box on the way to the lungs, leading to laryngeal cancer. […] Asbestos fibers that are inhaled or swallowed can collect in the hypopharynx, which can potentially cause hypopharyngeal cancer. […] Smoking and heavy drinking drastically increase risks of laryngeal cancer when combined with asbestos exposure.

• #1 Risks and causes of laryngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/laryngeal-cancer/risks-causes

  Factors that are known to increase the risk of laryngeal cancer include smoking and drinking alcohol. […] Smoking tobacco (cigarettes, pipes, cigars) increases your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. It is one of the main risk factors for laryngeal cancer. […] Drinking alcohol increases your risk of laryngeal cancer. Smoking and drinking together further increases your risk of cancer. […] Laryngeal cancer is more common in older people than in younger people. […] Laryngeal cancer is more common in men than in women. It is diagnosed in more than 4 times as many men as women. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) lists all cancer causing substances (carcinogens) in humans. They list the following substances as having evidence for increasing the risk of laryngeal cancer: acid mists that are produced during certain manufacturing processes, asbestos all types.

• #1 2023 Throat Cancer Statistics | Top 40 Key Facts

  https://www.asbestos.com/cancer/laryngeal/throat-cancer-statistics/

  Approximately 70% of oropharyngeal cancer cases are linked to HPV, the most common sexually transmitted disease in the U.S. […] Tobacco use and excessive alcohol use are considered major risk factors for multiple head and neck cancers. […] Researchers continue to study how the Epstein-Barr virus is able to develop into nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Exposure to wood dust, formaldehyde, asbestos, nickel and other chemicals can increase the risks of developing throat cancer.

• #1 Causes of head and neck cancer – Oracle Head and Neck Cancer UK

  https://oraclehnc.org.uk/head-and-neck-cancer/causes

  Research shows that infection with HPV is a significant risk factor for head and neck cancer. […] The Ebstein Barr virus, a common virus that causes glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis), can cause cancer in the upper throat (Nasopharynx). […] People over the age of 40 are at higher risk for head and neck cancer. […] Inhaling asbestos, wood dust, paint fumes, and certain chemicals may increase a persons risk of head and neck cancer, particularly Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer. […] Poor oral hygiene has been associated with various health risks, including Gum disease (such as gingivitis and periodontitis). […] A diet low in vitamins A and B can raise a persons risk of head and neck cancer. Eating a lot of salt, cured fish and meat has been shown to increase the risk of throat cancer.

• #1 Head and Neck Cancers Basics | Head and Neck Cancers | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/head-neck-cancer/about/index.html

  Overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun, tanning beds, or sunlamps is a cause of cancer on the lips. […] Occupational exposures, or being exposed to certain substances while on the job, can increase the risk of getting cancers in the nasopharynx. Working in the construction, textile, ceramic, logging, and food processing industries can cause people to be exposed to substances like wood dust, formaldehyde, asbestos, nickel, and other chemicals. […] Another possible cause is an infection with the Epstein-Barr virus, a cause of infectious mononucleosis and other illnesses. This virus can raise the risk of cancers in the nose, behind the nose, and cancers of the salivary glands. […] Radiation treatments to the head and neck can cause head and neck cancers.

• #1 How Can I Get Throat Cancer? | Throat Cancer Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Infection with certain types of HPV can also cause some forms of cancer, including cancers of the penis, cervix, vulva, vagina, anus, and throat. […] The rate of head and neck cancers related to HPV infection have been rising mainly for cancers of the throat (oropharynx). But HPV infection is a rare risk factor for cancers of the larynx and hypopharynx. […] Weighing too much for your height appears to increase the risk of cancers of the larynx and oropharynx. […] Poor nutrition might increase the risk of getting hypopharyngeal cancer. […] People with syndromes caused by inherited gene defects (mutations) have a very high risk of throat cancer, including cancer of the hypopharynx. […] Long and intense exposures to wood dust, paint fumes, and certain chemicals used in the metalworking, petroleum, construction, and textile industries can increase the risk of laryngeal and some hypopharyngeal cancers.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/laryngeal-cancer/causes/

  Laryngeal cancer is caused by changes in the cells of the larynx, although it’s not clear exactly why this happens. […] It’s not known why the DNA inside the cells of the larynx is affected in cases of laryngeal cancer. But it appears that exposure to things that can damage the cells and tissue of the larynx increases the risk of cancer developing. […] Alcohol and tobacco are the 2 main things that can increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. They’re thought to contain chemicals that can damage the cells of the larynx. […] People who have a parent, brother, sister, or child who has been diagnosed with laryngeal cancer are more likely to develop laryngeal cancer than someone without a family history. […] There’s evidence to suggest that a diet high in red meat, processed food and fried food might increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. […] It’s thought the virus may have a similar effect on the cells of the throat, but more research is needed. […] Having a job where you’re exposed to high levels of certain substances may also increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer.

• #1 What are the Causes and Risk Factors of Throat Cancer? | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/throat/throat-cancer-risk-factors-prevention

  Throat cancer (including cancers of the larynx and tonsils) can affect anyone. Major risk factors include infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) as well as tobacco and alcohol use. […] HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer is the fastest-growing head and neck cancer in the United States. Your risk of developing HPV-positive throat cancer depends in part on the strain of HPV to which you were exposed. […] Tobacco use includes both smoking and smokeless tobacco (snuff and chewing tobacco). People who are exposed to secondhand smoke are also at a greater risk for throat cancer. […] Alcohol consumption is another major risk factor for throat cancer. […] People who chew betel quid or gutka, which is more common in parts of Asia, have an increased risk of throat cancer. […] Other factors that may put you at a greater risk for throat cancer include a diet low in fruits and vegetables, a diet high in salt-cured fish and meat, a diagnosis of Plummer-Vinson syndrome, exposure to the Epstein-Barr virus, Asian ancestry, and drinking yerba mate, a caffeinated drink from South America.

• #1 Risks and causes of laryngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/laryngeal-cancer/risks-causes

  People who have a first degree relative diagnosed with a head and neck cancer may have an increased risk of laryngeal cancer. […] Research shows there may be an increased risk of laryngeal cancer if you have HIV or AIDS, are taking medication to suppress your immune system after an organ transplant. […] Having lupus might increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. […] If you have had certain cancers in the past, you have an increased risk of getting laryngeal cancer. This might be due to shared risk factors such as HPV, smoking and alcohol. […] Laryngeal cancer risk is more than twice higher in people with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). […] Laryngeal cancer develops in around 15 out of every 100 (around 15%) of people with laryngeal dysplasia. […] There is a possible increased risk of laryngeal cancer in people with Helicobacter pylori infection.

• #1 Understanding Head and Neck Cancer | Knight Cancer Institute | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/knight-cancer-institute/understanding-head-and-neck-cancer

  Head and neck cancers are often linked to alcohol and tobacco use. In recent years, infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) has become a leading risk factor. […] About 75% of head and neck cancers are caused by tobacco use and heavy alcohol use. Research also shows a strong link between infection with some strains of HPV and certain throat cancers. […] Some types of human papillomavirus, a common virus spread by sexual contact, are linked to throat cancer. […] Most head and neck cancers are not hereditary. A family history of Fanconi anemia, Li-Fraumeni syndrome and other conditions, however, may increase your risk.

• #1 Throat Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer-throat-or-larynx

  Cancer can develop in the larynx, vocal cords, tonsils, or pharynx. These cancers can be more common in people exposed to certain carcinogens, including cigarette smoke and asbestos. […] The risk factors for throat cancer depend on the type. Here are some general factors that may increase the risk of developing oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer: smoking, high alcohol consumption, a diet low in fruits and vegetables, exposure to asbestos (in the case of laryngeal cancer), chewing betel quid and gutka (in the case of oropharyngeal cancer), a high body weight, older age, as these cancers mostly occur after age 50 years, Fanconi anemia or dyskeratosis congenita, which are inherited genetic syndromes, certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV), possibly poor oral hygiene. […] People who smoke and drink a lot are around 30 times more likely to develop oropharyngeal cancer than those who do not. They’re also much more likely to develop laryngeal cancer, according to the American Cancer Society.

• #1 How Can I Get Throat Cancer? | Throat Cancer Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Cancers of the larynx and hypopharynx are about 5 times more common in men than women. […] Cancers of the larynx and hypopharynx usually develop over many years, so they are not common in young people. […] Cancers of the larynx and hypopharynx are more common among African Americans and non-Hispanic White people than among Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders, American Indians, and Alaska Natives. […] GERD is also thought to raise a person’s risk of hypopharyngeal cancers, but more studies are being done on this.

• #1 What Causes Throat Cancer? The 2023 – Updated Factors Overview

  https://flotogroup.com/what-causes-throat-cancer/

  While these 4 things are major risk factors with regards to what causes throat cancer, there are a few other factors contributing to cancer development. Acid reflux, a diet that is low in fruits and vegetables, a diet high in salt-cured fish and meat, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and Plummer-Vinson Syndrome are all risk factors of throat cancer.

• #1 Throat Cancer Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/throat-cancer/risk-factors

  As with many cancers, the risk of developing throat cancer increases with age, with most people being over the age of 55. Men are two to three times more likely than women to develop throat cancer in their lifetime. […] Genetic mutations in the cells of the throat lining cause throat cancer. These genetic mutations may cause the cells to grow out of control and form a tumor. Malignant (cancerous) tumors may also spread to other tissues and organs beyond the throat. […] Other causes of mutations to the cells of the throat include infection with certain viruses, exposure to toxins in tobacco smoke and alcohol, or damage caused by stomach acids. […] Tobacco use: The use of cigarettes, pipes and/or cigars may increase the likelihood of developing throat cancer. […] Alcohol use: Excessive use of alcohol may increase the risk for developing throat cancer.

• #1 Laryngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16611-laryngeal-cancer

  History of head and neck cancer: About 1 in 4 (25%) people who have had head and neck cancer will get it again. […] Job: People exposed to certain substances at work are at higher risk. These substances include sulfuric acid mist, wood dust, nickel, asbestos or manufacturing mustard gas. People who work with machines are also at higher risk of developing cancer in their larynx.

• #1 Head and Neck Cancers – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/head-neck-fact-sheet

  Radiation to the head and neck, for noncancerous conditions or cancer, is a risk factor for cancer of the salivary glands. […] Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer and cancer of the salivary glands. […] Some genetic disorders, such as Fanconi anemia, can increase the risk of developing precancerous lesions and cancers early in life.

• #1 Head and neck cancers – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/head-and-neck-cancers/symptoms-causes/syc-20354171

  Experts aren’t certain exactly what causes head and neck cancers. What causes a cancer may depend on where the cancer starts. Head and neck cancers include cancers that start in the mouth, throat, sinuses and salivary glands. […] In general, head and neck cancer starts when a cell in the head and neck area develops changes in its DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it’s called metastatic cancer.

• #1 Laryngeal Cancer Causes | Larynx Cancer Causes | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  We dont know what causes each case of laryngeal or hypopharyngeal cancer. But we do know many of the risk factors for these cancers and how some of them cause normal cells to become cancer. […] Cancers can be caused by DNA mutations (gene changes) that turn on proto-oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. This leads to cells growing out of control. Changes in many different genes are usually needed to cause laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer. […] Scientists believe that some risk factors, such as tobacco or heavy alcohol use, cause these cancers by damaging the DNA of the cells that line the inside of the larynx and hypopharynx. […] Gene changes related to these cancers usually happen during life, rather than being inherited. These acquired mutations often result from exposure to cancer-causing chemicals, like those found in tobacco smoke. An acquired change in the p16 tumor suppressor gene seems to be important in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers, although not all these cancers have this change.

• #1 Laryngeal Cancer Causes | Larynx Cancer Causes | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Some types of HPV are important causes of middle throat (oropharyngeal) cancers and are sometimes seen with laryngeal cancers. HPV has two proteins known as E6 and E7 which turn off some tumor suppressor genes, such as p53 and Rb. This may allow the cells lining the larynx to grow out of control and to develop changes in additional genes, which in some cases can lead to cancer.

• #1 Laryngeal Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/laryn.html

  Laryngeal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the larynx. […] Smoking is a major risk factor for this cancer, and reduction smoking rates in recent years has led to a downturn in both incidence and mortality. […] Laryngeal cancer becomes more common with age and is more common in men than in women.

• #1 Throat Cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/throat-cancer

  Risk factors for throat cancers include: […] Around 60% of pharyngeal and laryngeal cancers in Australia are caused by smoking; around 30% are caused by excess alcohol consumption. So quitting smoking and moderating alcohol consumption will significantly reduce your risk of developing throat cancer.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/laryngeal-cancer/

  It’s not clear exactly what causes laryngeal cancer, but your risk of getting the condition is increased by: […] smoking tobacco […] regularly drinking large amounts of alcohol […] having family members (such as a parent, brother, sister or child) who have had laryngeal cancer […] having an unhealthy diet low in fruit and vegetables […] exposure to certain chemicals and substances, such as asbestos and coal dust. […] By adopting a healthy lifestyle, including avoiding alcohol and tobacco, you can significantly reduce your chances of developing laryngeal cancer.

• #1 Tobacco and Throat Cancer – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/health-concerns/tobacco/legislation/tobacco-product-labelling/smoking-throat-cancer.html

  Smoking tobacco products causes throat cancer, also known as laryngeal cancer. […] If someone smokes, their risk of throat cancer increases with the duration and the amount of cigarettes smoked. This risk is multiplied if they also drink alcohol. […] The main risk factor is tobacco use. […] Some of the chemicals contained in tobacco smoke are carcinogenic, meaning they have the potential to cause cancer in the throat when inhaled. […] Smoking increases the risk of throat cancer by exposing the larynx to these carcinogenic chemicals. […] When someone quits smoking, their risk of throat cancer starts to decrease. Five to nine years after quitting, their risk of throat cancer is half that of someone who smokes. […] Continuing to smoke after a cancer diagnosis can lower the chances of survival and increase the risk for other cancers caused by smoking, such as lung cancer.

• #1 What Causes Throat Cancer? The 2023 – Updated Factors Overview

  https://flotogroup.com/what-causes-throat-cancer/

  1. Tobacco Use. When thinking about what causes throat cancer, tobacco use is at the top of the list. […] Quitting tobacco can reduce the risk of throat cancer by 60% to 70% after 10 to 15 years. […] 2. Alcohol Consumption. Drinking alcohol can damage the cells that line the throat and can make it more vulnerable to mutations caused by other carcinogens, such as tobacco or human papillomavirus (HPV). […] However, there is no safe level of alcohol consumption when it comes to throat cancer prevention. […] 3. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection. […] According to the Cleveland Clinic, only 1% of adults end up with HPV-16 oral-related infections, and two-third of all throat cancers contain this strain. […] 4. Chewing Betel Quid and Gutka. […] According to several studies [1, 2, 3], chewing betel quid or gutka can increase the risk of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers, which affect the mouth and the throat. […]

• #1 Throat or larynx cancer: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001042.htm

  Throat cancer is cancer of the vocal cords, larynx (voice box), pharynx, or other areas of the throat. […] People who smoke or use tobacco are at risk of developing throat cancer. Drinking too much alcohol over a long time also increases risk. People who both smoke and drink alcohol have the highest risk for throat cancer. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection (the same virus that causes genital warts) account for a larger number of oral and throat cancers than in the past. One type of HPV, type 16 or HPV-16, is much more commonly associated with almost all throat cancers. […] Do not smoke or use other tobacco products. Limit or avoid alcohol use. […] HPV vaccines recommended for children and young adults target HPV subtypes most likely to cause some head and neck cancers. They have been shown to prevent most oral HPV infections. It is not clear yet whether they also are able to prevent throat or larynx cancers.

• #1 Risks And Causes Of Mouth And Oropharyngeal Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/mouth-cancer/risks-causes

  The link to HPV is much stronger for oropharyngeal cancers than it is for mouth cancers. HPV causes around 50 out of every 100 (around 50%) of oropharyngeal cancers in the UK. […] Research shows an increased risk of mouth and oropharyngeal cancer in people with HIV/AIDS – there are higher rates of Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in people with HIV. […] Changes can happen in the cells in the lining of the mouth. […] Head and neck cancer risk is higher in people with a brother or sister (sibling) who had head and neck cancer. […] People who have the following cancers are also at increased risk of mouth cancer: a type of cervical cancer called squamous cell cancer, cancer of the food pipe (oesophageal squamous cell cancer), lung cancer. […] Non starchy fruit and vegetables might reduce your risk of mouth and oropharyngeal cancer. Choosing a healthy diet might also reduce the risk of mouth and oropharyngeal cancer. […] The risk of mouth cancer is lower in people who do moderate or high levels of physical activity.

• #1 Head and neck cancers – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/head-and-neck-cancers/symptoms-causes/syc-20354171

  Breathing chemicals in the air. Exposure to chemicals in the air can increase the risk of cancer in the nose and sinuses. Chemicals at home and at work can increase the risk. […] Being exposed to the sun or tanning lamps. Ultraviolet light from the sun increases the risk of skin cancer of the head and neck. Ultraviolet light also can come from the lights used in tanning beds.

• #1 Mouth and Throat Cancer – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/mouth-nose-and-throat-cancers/mouth-and-throat-cancer

  About three-quarters of mouth and throat cancers occur in men. […] Increasing age, as with most cancers, increases risk. […] Heavy sun exposure can cause cancer of the lip. […] The survival rates for people with mouth and throat cancer vary, depending on the original location of the tumor, whether and how far it has spread (the stage), and the cause. […] The cure rate for squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth is high if the entire cancer and the surrounding normal tissue are removed before the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes. […] On average, 52% of people who have throat cancer survive at least 5 years after the diagnosis. Rates are more than 75% if the cause is human papillomavirus (HPV) and less than 50% if the cause is something else. […] Avoiding excessive alcohol and tobacco use can greatly reduce the risk of mouth and throat cancers. […] Vaccines against HPV target some of the HPV strains that cause mouth and throat cancers, so vaccination may prevent some of these cancers from developing.

• #1 Five Things to Know About HPV & Throat Cancer | NYU Langone News

  https://nyulangone.org/news/five-things-know-about-hpv-throat-cancer

  Doctors at Perlmutter Cancer Center specialize in the treatment of throat cancer, a disease which has reached epidemic proportions. An estimated 70 percent of cases are caused by the human papillomavirus, or HPV. […] Over the past 30 years, cases of throat cancer, a type of head and neck cancer known as oropharyngeal cancer, have doubled. An estimated 70 percent of throat cancers are attributed to the human papillomavirus, or HPV, the most common sexually transmitted disease. […] The risk of contracting a high-risk form of HPV is estimated to be 14 percent for people who have had 1 sex partner, but 5 times greater for those who have had 6 or more partners. Dr. Persky attributes the rise in throat cancer to climbing rates of sexual activity among a younger and younger population. […] Throat cancer can be prevented to a great extent if parents have their children vaccinated around age 12, before they become sexually active, says Dr. Persky. […] If a patients tumor is HPV-positive, the longterm cure rate for most stages is 80 to 90 percent. […] HPV-positive tumors are more responsive to chemotherapy and radiation, partly due to the biology of the tumors and partly because healthy nonsmokers tolerate treatment better.

• #2 Throat Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Types and Stages

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/throat-cancer-symptoms-treatments

  Nobody knows for sure why throat cancer happens. Like other cancers, it arises when cells in your throat pick up genetic changes that make them grow too much or spread to other places. Those rapidly growing cells can turn into a mass (tumor). […] Although the causes of throat cancer are unknown, some things can increase your risk, including: […] Infections, especially the human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus. […] Experts dont know if having HPV alone can lead to cancer, or if you have to have another risk factor for it to happen (like being a cigarette smoker). But it causes about 70% of oropharyngeal cancer (which affects the middle part of the throat) in the U.S., with cases continuing to grow. […] While oral sex doesn’t cause throat cancer, it is a leading risk factor for it. One 2007 study found a strong link between oral HPV infection and oropharyngeal cancer.

• #2 What are the Causes and Risk Factors of Throat Cancer? | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/throat/throat-cancer-risk-factors-prevention

  Throat cancer (including cancers of the larynx and tonsils) can affect anyone. Major risk factors include infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) as well as tobacco and alcohol use. […] HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer is the fastest-growing head and neck cancer in the United States. Your risk of developing HPV-positive throat cancer depends in part on the strain of HPV to which you were exposed. […] Tobacco use includes both smoking and smokeless tobacco (snuff and chewing tobacco). People who are exposed to secondhand smoke are also at a greater risk for throat cancer. […] Alcohol consumption is another major risk factor for throat cancer. […] People who chew betel quid or gutka, which is more common in parts of Asia, have an increased risk of throat cancer. […] Other factors that may put you at a greater risk for throat cancer include a diet low in fruits and vegetables, a diet high in salt-cured fish and meat, a diagnosis of Plummer-Vinson syndrome, exposure to the Epstein-Barr virus, Asian ancestry, and drinking yerba mate, a caffeinated drink from South America.

• #2 Throat Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Treatment & Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Nu

  https://www.pacehospital.com/throat-cancer-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-treatment-prevention

  Tobacco chewing and smoking are the major risk factors of throat cancer. The chemicals found in the tobacco are carcinogenic, it increases the risk of throat cancer. […] With excessive alcohol consumption the risk of throat cancer increases. Alcohol converts to acetaldehyde in the body which can bind to DNA and damages. […] Human papillomavirus infection is a rare risk factor for cancers of throat. […] This is a common human virus; it can increases the risk of development of throat cancer particularly nasopharyngeal cancer. […] In individuals whose family member such as parent, siblings, or child having a history of throat cancer are at an increased risk of developing throat cancer. […] A diet which is rich in red meat, processed food and deep-fried food increases the risk of developing throat cancer. […] An enlarged thyroid gland can increase the risk of throat cancer. […] Obesity or overweight is associated with numerous cancers, and they are common and modifiable risk factor.

• #2 Throat Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer-throat-or-larynx

  Cancer can develop in the larynx, vocal cords, tonsils, or pharynx. These cancers can be more common in people exposed to certain carcinogens, including cigarette smoke and asbestos. […] The risk factors for throat cancer depend on the type. Here are some general factors that may increase the risk of developing oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer: smoking, high alcohol consumption, a diet low in fruits and vegetables, exposure to asbestos (in the case of laryngeal cancer), chewing betel quid and gutka (in the case of oropharyngeal cancer), a high body weight, older age, as these cancers mostly occur after age 50 years, Fanconi anemia or dyskeratosis congenita, which are inherited genetic syndromes, certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV), possibly poor oral hygiene. […] People who smoke and drink a lot are around 30 times more likely to develop oropharyngeal cancer than those who do not. They’re also much more likely to develop laryngeal cancer, according to the American Cancer Society.

• #2 Throat Cancer > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/throat-cancer

  A cancer found in the pharynx or larynx, linked to tobacco and/or alcohol use, and certain viruses […] The majority of people diagnosed with throat cancer are tobacco users and/or alcohol consumers. In recent years, an increasing number of cases of throat cancer are being diagnosed in people with certain viral infections, including human papillomavirus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted disease, and the Epstein-Barr virus, which causes mono. […] Tobacco use (in any form) and excessive alcohol consumption are the two greatest risk factors for developing throat cancer. Infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) is increasingly linked to throat cancer as well, especially in younger people. Poor diet and oral hygiene, vitamin deficiency and Epstein-Barr virus are also risk factors.

• #2 Risks and causes of laryngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/laryngeal-cancer/risks-causes

  Factors that are known to increase the risk of laryngeal cancer include smoking and drinking alcohol. […] Smoking tobacco (cigarettes, pipes, cigars) increases your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. It is one of the main risk factors for laryngeal cancer. […] Drinking alcohol increases your risk of laryngeal cancer. Smoking and drinking together further increases your risk of cancer. […] Laryngeal cancer is more common in older people than in younger people. […] Laryngeal cancer is more common in men than in women. It is diagnosed in more than 4 times as many men as women. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) lists all cancer causing substances (carcinogens) in humans. They list the following substances as having evidence for increasing the risk of laryngeal cancer: acid mists that are produced during certain manufacturing processes, asbestos all types.

• #2 Throat Cancer: Understanding Symptoms, Causes, and Disease Impact

  https://cancerrounds.com/types-of-cancer/throat-cancer/

  HPV, particularly types 16 and 18, causes many throat cancers, especially oropharyngeal. […] Asbestos increases laryngeal cancer risk by ~40%. […] Risk increases with age, with most cases occurring in people over 50. […] Men face higher throat cancer incidence and mortality rates than women, even among non-smokers/drinkers. […] A family history of head/neck cancers (especially in first-degree relatives) elevates individual risk. […] GERD is linked to esophageal and laryngeal cancers, likely due to prolonged throat irritation from stomach acid. […] Diets low in essential nutrients weaken cancer defenses. High fruit/vegetable intake may reduce risk. […] Immunocompromised individuals (e.g., from chronic illness or treatments) are less able to combat HPV or repair DNA damage, increasing cancer susceptibility.

• #2 Head and Neck Cancers Basics | Head and Neck Cancers | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/head-neck-cancer/about/index.html

  Overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun, tanning beds, or sunlamps is a cause of cancer on the lips. […] Occupational exposures, or being exposed to certain substances while on the job, can increase the risk of getting cancers in the nasopharynx. Working in the construction, textile, ceramic, logging, and food processing industries can cause people to be exposed to substances like wood dust, formaldehyde, asbestos, nickel, and other chemicals. […] Another possible cause is an infection with the Epstein-Barr virus, a cause of infectious mononucleosis and other illnesses. This virus can raise the risk of cancers in the nose, behind the nose, and cancers of the salivary glands. […] Radiation treatments to the head and neck can cause head and neck cancers.

• #2

  https://www.parkwayeast.com.sg/conditions-diseases/throat-cancer/symptoms-causes

  Throat cancer begins in the throat or voice box. This happens due to mutations (changes) in genes of cells in the throat, and is relatively uncommon compared with other cancers. […] There are several risk factors, such as tobacco or alcohol use, that may increase the chance of developing throat cancer. […] Smoking. This is the biggest risk factor for throat cancer. […] Drinking. People who drink and smoke are at an even higher risk. […] Age. This is a risk factor for people aged 55 and above. Most people get diagnosed after 65. […] Gender. Men are about 5 times more likely to develop throat cancer. […] Chemical exposure. This includes sulphuric acid mist, wood dust, nickel, asbestos or manufacturing mustard gas. […] Family history. People with a family member previously diagnosed with throat cancer have an increased risk of developing the condition.

• #2 How Can I Get Throat Cancer? | Throat Cancer Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Infection with certain types of HPV can also cause some forms of cancer, including cancers of the penis, cervix, vulva, vagina, anus, and throat. […] The rate of head and neck cancers related to HPV infection have been rising mainly for cancers of the throat (oropharynx). But HPV infection is a rare risk factor for cancers of the larynx and hypopharynx. […] Weighing too much for your height appears to increase the risk of cancers of the larynx and oropharynx. […] Poor nutrition might increase the risk of getting hypopharyngeal cancer. […] People with syndromes caused by inherited gene defects (mutations) have a very high risk of throat cancer, including cancer of the hypopharynx. […] Long and intense exposures to wood dust, paint fumes, and certain chemicals used in the metalworking, petroleum, construction, and textile industries can increase the risk of laryngeal and some hypopharyngeal cancers.

• #2 Oral & Oropharyngeal Cancer Causes | Delta Dental NC Blog

  https://deltadentalnc.com/ddnc-blog/causes-of-oral-and-oropharyngeal-cancer

  Using both tobacco and alcohol increases your risk even more, perhaps because alcohol aids tobacco in having an effect on cells and causing cancer. […] A lack of fruits and vegetables in your diet can lead to a deficiency of vitamins and antioxidants that protect against cancer. […] Excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun or artificial sunlight like tanning beds increases the risk of lip and oral cavity cancer. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the leading cause of cancers of the tonsils and base of the tongue. These cancers have multiplied in the past decade.

• #2 Laryngeal (larynx) cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/laryngeal-larynx-cancer/

  Laryngeal cancer is caused by changes in the cells of the larynx, although its not clear exactly why this happens. […] Its not known why the DNA inside the cells of the larynx is affected in cases of laryngeal cancer. But it appears that exposure to things that can damage the cells and tissue of the larynx increases the risk of cancer developing. […] Alcohol and tobacco are the 2 main things that can increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. Theyre thought to contain chemicals that can damage the cells of the larynx. […] A number of things can increase your chances of developing laryngeal cancer. […] People who have a first-degree relative (parent, sibling or child) diagnosed with head or neck cancer are thought to be twice as likely to develop laryngeal cancer as someone without a family history. […] Theres evidence to suggest that a diet high in red meat, processed food and fried food might increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. […] Having a job where youre exposed to high levels of certain substances may also increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer.

• #2 Causes of head and neck cancer – Oracle Head and Neck Cancer UK

  https://oraclehnc.org.uk/head-and-neck-cancer/causes

  Research shows that infection with HPV is a significant risk factor for head and neck cancer. […] The Ebstein Barr virus, a common virus that causes glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis), can cause cancer in the upper throat (Nasopharynx). […] People over the age of 40 are at higher risk for head and neck cancer. […] Inhaling asbestos, wood dust, paint fumes, and certain chemicals may increase a persons risk of head and neck cancer, particularly Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer. […] Poor oral hygiene has been associated with various health risks, including Gum disease (such as gingivitis and periodontitis). […] A diet low in vitamins A and B can raise a persons risk of head and neck cancer. Eating a lot of salt, cured fish and meat has been shown to increase the risk of throat cancer.

• #2 Oral Cancer Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research

  https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/oral-cancer

  Oral cancer most often occurs in people over the age of 40 and affects more than twice as many men as women. Most cancers in the mouth are related to tobacco use, drinking alcohol, or both, and most throat cancers are caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). The incidence of HPV-positive oral cancer has risen in recent years. […] Tobacco use of any kind, including cigarette, pipe and cigar, and electronic cigarette smoking, as well as chewing tobacco and snuff puts you at risk for developing oral cancers. Heavy alcohol use also increases the risk. Using both tobacco and alcohol increases the risk even further. […] Infection with the sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (specifically the HPV 16 type) has been linked to oral cancers. […] Risk increases with age. Oral cancers most often occur in people over the age of 40. […] Cancer of the lip can be caused by sun exposure. […] A diet low in fruits and vegetables has been linked with increased risk of oral cancer. […] People with inherited defects in certain genes have a high risk of mouth and middle throat cancer.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/laryngeal-cancer/causes/

  Laryngeal cancer is caused by changes in the cells of the larynx, although it’s not clear exactly why this happens. […] It’s not known why the DNA inside the cells of the larynx is affected in cases of laryngeal cancer. But it appears that exposure to things that can damage the cells and tissue of the larynx increases the risk of cancer developing. […] Alcohol and tobacco are the 2 main things that can increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. They’re thought to contain chemicals that can damage the cells of the larynx. […] People who have a parent, brother, sister, or child who has been diagnosed with laryngeal cancer are more likely to develop laryngeal cancer than someone without a family history. […] There’s evidence to suggest that a diet high in red meat, processed food and fried food might increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. […] It’s thought the virus may have a similar effect on the cells of the throat, but more research is needed. […] Having a job where you’re exposed to high levels of certain substances may also increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer.

• #2 Understanding Head and Neck Cancer | Knight Cancer Institute | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/knight-cancer-institute/understanding-head-and-neck-cancer

  Head and neck cancers are often linked to alcohol and tobacco use. In recent years, infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) has become a leading risk factor. […] About 75% of head and neck cancers are caused by tobacco use and heavy alcohol use. Research also shows a strong link between infection with some strains of HPV and certain throat cancers. […] Some types of human papillomavirus, a common virus spread by sexual contact, are linked to throat cancer. […] Most head and neck cancers are not hereditary. A family history of Fanconi anemia, Li-Fraumeni syndrome and other conditions, however, may increase your risk.

• #2 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/

  The American Society of Clinical Oncology has stated that 5% of cancer cases worldwide may be alcohol-related. Alcohol is an important risk factor in LC pathogenesis. […] Part of invasive LC may be caused by HPV. […] ChB affects the epigenetic modulation of gene expression, which leads to carcinogenesis. […] Since the 1950s, there has been a causal relationship between exposure to asbestos and various malignant tumors. […] There is also a correlation between H. pylori infection and LC. […] GERD is a common gastrointestinal disorder. There is evidence of a link between GERD and HNC, in particular LC. […] In a population study conducted in Korea, MS is an independent risk factor for LC, and LC incidence with MS is 1.13 times higher than in patients without MS.

• #2 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/

  Laryngeal cancer comprises 30%40% of head and neck malignancies, and it is the most common malignancy in otolaryngology. The main risk factors for laryngeal cancer are tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, gastroesophageal reflex, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, exposure to heat, chemicals, and some viral infections. […] According to the American Cancer Society, the main risk factors for LC are: tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, gastroesophageal reflex, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, anatomical abnormalities, exposure to heat, chemicals, asbestos, nickel or ionizing radiation, as well as some viral infections. […] Tobacco is obviously the most important risk factor for LC. In most US states about a third of cancer deaths in men and a quarter in women are attributed to cigarette smoking.

• #2 Head and neck cancer risk factors | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/head-and-neck-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors-of-head-and-neck-cancer

  Drinking and smoking together greatly increases the risk of head and neck cancer. People who smoke and drink heavily over several years have the highest risk of developing head and neck cancer. […] Cancer of the oropharynx (back of the tongue and tonsils) has become more common over the last 20 years. This is linked to HPV infection. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer is linked to a virus called the Epstein-Barr virus. […] Some people with reduced immunity have an increased risk of developing a head and neck cancer. […] Long-term exposure to ultraviolet light from sunlight, sun beds or sunlamps, increases the risk of cancer on the outer lip. […] Long-term exposure to some types of dust and certain chemicals at work increases the risk of developing cancers of the nasopharynx and sinuses. […] Pre-cancerous conditions of the mouth increase the risk of developing mouth cancer. […] The risk of developing mouth cancer is higher in people with poor oral health. […] A diet that is high in salted fish is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #2 How Can I Get Throat Cancer? | Throat Cancer Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Cancers of the larynx and hypopharynx are about 5 times more common in men than women. […] Cancers of the larynx and hypopharynx usually develop over many years, so they are not common in young people. […] Cancers of the larynx and hypopharynx are more common among African Americans and non-Hispanic White people than among Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders, American Indians, and Alaska Natives. […] GERD is also thought to raise a person’s risk of hypopharyngeal cancers, but more studies are being done on this.

• #2 What Causes Throat Cancer? The 2023 – Updated Factors Overview

  https://flotogroup.com/what-causes-throat-cancer/

  1. Tobacco Use. When thinking about what causes throat cancer, tobacco use is at the top of the list. […] Quitting tobacco can reduce the risk of throat cancer by 60% to 70% after 10 to 15 years. […] 2. Alcohol Consumption. Drinking alcohol can damage the cells that line the throat and can make it more vulnerable to mutations caused by other carcinogens, such as tobacco or human papillomavirus (HPV). […] However, there is no safe level of alcohol consumption when it comes to throat cancer prevention. […] 3. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection. […] According to the Cleveland Clinic, only 1% of adults end up with HPV-16 oral-related infections, and two-third of all throat cancers contain this strain. […] 4. Chewing Betel Quid and Gutka. […] According to several studies [1, 2, 3], chewing betel quid or gutka can increase the risk of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers, which affect the mouth and the throat. […]

• #2 Throat cancer | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/throat-cancer

  The human papillomavirus (HPV) the same virus that causes cervical cancer causes 70% of oropharyngeal cancers. […] Throat cancer risk factors include: smoking or chewing tobacco, heavy alcohol consumption, human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) the virus that causes glandular fever, family history of cancer (a genetic predisposition), poor diet, chronic goitre (enlargement of the thyroid gland), radiation exposure, being overweight or obese.

• #2 Causes of head and neck cancer – Oracle Head and Neck Cancer UK

  https://oraclehnc.org.uk/head-and-neck-cancer/causes

  Research suggests that people who have used marijuana may be at higher risk for head and neck cancer. […] Reflux of stomach acid into the upper airway and throat may be associated with the development of head and neck cancer. […] A weakened immune system can raise a persons risk of head and neck cancer. […] Exposure to radiation is associated with salivary gland cancer. […] People who have had 1 head and neck cancer have a higher chance of developing another head and neck cancer in the future.

• #2 Glottic Cancer ‣ Causes, Signs & Symptoms

  https://thancguide.org/cancer-types/throat/laryngeal/glottic/causes-signs-symptoms/

  Glottic cancer is a form of throat cancer that can be caused by excessive alcohol and tobacco use. […] There is no definitive cause of glottic cancer, which is a subtype of laryngeal cancer. Rather, it is likely a combination of genetics and environmental factors. […] The most common risk factor by far is the use of tobacco, and the smoking of tobacco in particular. Excessive alcohol consumption also contributes to the risk of developing these head and neck cancers. […] Smoking cigarettes, cigars, or pipes and using chewing tobacco greatly increase the chance of getting glottic cancer. […] Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol is also closely tied to glottic cancer. Moreover, both smoking and drinking heavily more than doubles this cancer risk. […] Past exposure to radiation as part of a natural disaster, treatment for another disease, or even in the workplace can increase the chances of some cancers of the larynx.

• #2 Laryngeal Cancer Causes | Larynx Cancer Causes | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  We dont know what causes each case of laryngeal or hypopharyngeal cancer. But we do know many of the risk factors for these cancers and how some of them cause normal cells to become cancer. […] Cancers can be caused by DNA mutations (gene changes) that turn on proto-oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. This leads to cells growing out of control. Changes in many different genes are usually needed to cause laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer. […] Scientists believe that some risk factors, such as tobacco or heavy alcohol use, cause these cancers by damaging the DNA of the cells that line the inside of the larynx and hypopharynx. […] Gene changes related to these cancers usually happen during life, rather than being inherited. These acquired mutations often result from exposure to cancer-causing chemicals, like those found in tobacco smoke. An acquired change in the p16 tumor suppressor gene seems to be important in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers, although not all these cancers have this change.

• #2 Head and neck cancers – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/head-and-neck-cancers/symptoms-causes/syc-20354171

  Experts aren’t certain exactly what causes head and neck cancers. What causes a cancer may depend on where the cancer starts. Head and neck cancers include cancers that start in the mouth, throat, sinuses and salivary glands. […] In general, head and neck cancer starts when a cell in the head and neck area develops changes in its DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it’s called metastatic cancer.

• #2 Throat Cancer: Symptoms, Survival Rate, Causes, Treatment, Prognosis

  https://www.medicinenet.com/larynx_cancer/article.htm

  HPV infection, cigarette smoking, alcoholism, and asbestos exposure are risk factors for throat cancer. […] Some of the risk factors for throat cancer are related to lifestyle. For example, individuals can increase the risk of such cancers by smoking or using other tobacco products, chewing betel nuts (a common practice by South Asians), drinking excess alcohol, and consuming insufficient vitamin A. Exposure to asbestos, poor dental hygiene, and especially exposure to HPV human papillomavirus are also risk factors in some case-control studies. […] HPV exposure is significant because about 50% to 90% of squamous cell carcinomas (squamous cell cancer), the most common type of throat cancer, have been linked to HPV infections that can be acquired with oral sex. […] Although it is not clear exactly what causes throat cancers, the cancerous cells develop when genetic mutations allow the cells to grow uncontrollably to form tumors (masses of cancer cells) that may metastasize (spread) to other areas in the body. Some of the factors that can lead to genetic mutations in the cells of the throat include cigarette smoking, infections with the human papillomavirus (HPV [or HPV-related infections]), and exposure to toxic substances like asbestos or large quantities of alcohol.

• #2 Larynx cancer: Causes, symptoms and treatment. Cancer Center Clínica Universidad de Navarra

  https://cancercenter.cun.es/en/all-about-cancer/cancer-types/larynx-cancer

  Laryngeal cancer is closely related to smoking and the amount of tobacco consumed. […] Carcinogens present in tobacco smoke cause genetic alterations in exposed cells, leading to morphological changes known as dysplasia. […] Depending on the degree of cellular alteration, dysplasias are classified as mild, moderate and severe (carcinoma in situ). […] If the changes progress, the tumour may infiltrate nearby tissues, which is called infiltrating carcinoma.

• #2 Throat Cancer Causes & Risk Factors | Effects & Reasons

  https://www.indushealthplus.com/throat-cancer-causes-risk-factors.html?srsltid=AfmBOopuLu_GSIifyR7n-icYpEvJd3NPgUlZ6kOb-VqAXQbh254Gbrnm

  Human papilloma virus (HPV) is found to be one of the most important risk factor of the cancer. An infection from this HPV can also turn into a cancer, not only in the throat but also in the other part the body too. […] People who have inherited mutations in the genes, have high risk of getting throat cancer. […] The throat cancer risk is four times higher in men than women. […] These kind of the cancers develop slowly and can take many years to be found. Hence, they are not usually found in the younger people and are more common in the people with age of 65 or more.

• #2 Five Things to Know About HPV & Throat Cancer | NYU Langone News

  https://nyulangone.org/news/five-things-know-about-hpv-throat-cancer

  Doctors at Perlmutter Cancer Center specialize in the treatment of throat cancer, a disease which has reached epidemic proportions. An estimated 70 percent of cases are caused by the human papillomavirus, or HPV. […] Over the past 30 years, cases of throat cancer, a type of head and neck cancer known as oropharyngeal cancer, have doubled. An estimated 70 percent of throat cancers are attributed to the human papillomavirus, or HPV, the most common sexually transmitted disease. […] The risk of contracting a high-risk form of HPV is estimated to be 14 percent for people who have had 1 sex partner, but 5 times greater for those who have had 6 or more partners. Dr. Persky attributes the rise in throat cancer to climbing rates of sexual activity among a younger and younger population. […] Throat cancer can be prevented to a great extent if parents have their children vaccinated around age 12, before they become sexually active, says Dr. Persky. […] If a patients tumor is HPV-positive, the longterm cure rate for most stages is 80 to 90 percent. […] HPV-positive tumors are more responsive to chemotherapy and radiation, partly due to the biology of the tumors and partly because healthy nonsmokers tolerate treatment better.

• #2 Risks and causes of laryngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/laryngeal-cancer/risks-causes

  People who have a first degree relative diagnosed with a head and neck cancer may have an increased risk of laryngeal cancer. […] Research shows there may be an increased risk of laryngeal cancer if you have HIV or AIDS, are taking medication to suppress your immune system after an organ transplant. […] Having lupus might increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. […] If you have had certain cancers in the past, you have an increased risk of getting laryngeal cancer. This might be due to shared risk factors such as HPV, smoking and alcohol. […] Laryngeal cancer risk is more than twice higher in people with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). […] Laryngeal cancer develops in around 15 out of every 100 (around 15%) of people with laryngeal dysplasia. […] There is a possible increased risk of laryngeal cancer in people with Helicobacter pylori infection.

• #2 Throat cancer: Symptoms, pictures, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/312087

  In adults, exposure to tobacco and the human papillomavirus (HPV) increases the risk of developing throat cancer. […] Experts do not know exactly what causes throat cancer, but some factors appear to increase the risk, including: tobacco use, including smoking or using chewing tobacco; alcohol use exceeding 1 drink per day; poor nutrition and vitamin deficiencies; gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD); HPV infection, which can increase the risk of many types of cancer; family history of head and neck cancer; exposure to some materials, including asbestos or acid mists produced during certain types of manufacturing; male sex assigned at birth; being older than 40 years. […] The ACS notes that using both tobacco and alcohol exponentially increases risk. […] Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol consumption can reduce the risk of developing throat cancer.

• #2 Tobacco and Throat Cancer – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/health-concerns/tobacco/legislation/tobacco-product-labelling/smoking-throat-cancer.html

  Smoking tobacco products causes throat cancer, also known as laryngeal cancer. […] If someone smokes, their risk of throat cancer increases with the duration and the amount of cigarettes smoked. This risk is multiplied if they also drink alcohol. […] The main risk factor is tobacco use. […] Some of the chemicals contained in tobacco smoke are carcinogenic, meaning they have the potential to cause cancer in the throat when inhaled. […] Smoking increases the risk of throat cancer by exposing the larynx to these carcinogenic chemicals. […] When someone quits smoking, their risk of throat cancer starts to decrease. Five to nine years after quitting, their risk of throat cancer is half that of someone who smokes. […] Continuing to smoke after a cancer diagnosis can lower the chances of survival and increase the risk for other cancers caused by smoking, such as lung cancer.

• #2 Throat Cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/throat-cancer

  Risk factors for throat cancers include: […] Around 60% of pharyngeal and laryngeal cancers in Australia are caused by smoking; around 30% are caused by excess alcohol consumption. So quitting smoking and moderating alcohol consumption will significantly reduce your risk of developing throat cancer.

• #3 Throat Cancer Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/throat-cancer/risk-factors

  As with many cancers, the risk of developing throat cancer increases with age, with most people being over the age of 55. Men are two to three times more likely than women to develop throat cancer in their lifetime. […] Genetic mutations in the cells of the throat lining cause throat cancer. These genetic mutations may cause the cells to grow out of control and form a tumor. Malignant (cancerous) tumors may also spread to other tissues and organs beyond the throat. […] Other causes of mutations to the cells of the throat include infection with certain viruses, exposure to toxins in tobacco smoke and alcohol, or damage caused by stomach acids. […] Tobacco use: The use of cigarettes, pipes and/or cigars may increase the likelihood of developing throat cancer. […] Alcohol use: Excessive use of alcohol may increase the risk for developing throat cancer.

• #3 How Can I Get Throat Cancer? | Throat Cancer Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Tobacco use is the most important risk factor for head and neck cancers (including cancers of the larynx and hypopharynx). People who smoke have a much higher risk for these cancers than people who don’t smoke. Most people with these cancers have a history of smoking or some other tobacco exposure. The more you smoke, the greater your risk. Smoke from cigarettes, pipes, and cigars all increase your risk of getting these cancers. […] Moderate or heavy alcohol use (more than 1 drink a day) also increases the risk of these cancers, although not as much as smoking. […] People who use both tobacco and alcohol have the highest risk of all. Combining these 2 habits doesn’t just add both risks together, it actually multiplies them. People who smoke and drink are many times more likely to get head and neck cancer than people who don’t have these habits.

• #3 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/

  The American Society of Clinical Oncology has stated that 5% of cancer cases worldwide may be alcohol-related. Alcohol is an important risk factor in LC pathogenesis. […] Part of invasive LC may be caused by HPV. […] ChB affects the epigenetic modulation of gene expression, which leads to carcinogenesis. […] Since the 1950s, there has been a causal relationship between exposure to asbestos and various malignant tumors. […] There is also a correlation between H. pylori infection and LC. […] GERD is a common gastrointestinal disorder. There is evidence of a link between GERD and HNC, in particular LC. […] In a population study conducted in Korea, MS is an independent risk factor for LC, and LC incidence with MS is 1.13 times higher than in patients without MS.

• #3 Head and neck cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer

  The majority of head and neck cancer is caused by the use of alcohol or tobacco (including smokeless tobacco). An increasing number of cases are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Other risk factors include the EpsteinBarr virus, chewing betel quid (paan), radiation exposure, poor nutrition and workplace exposure to certain toxic substances. […] Alcohol and tobacco use are major risk factors for head and neck cancer. 72% of head and neck cancer cases are caused by using both alcohol and tobacco. […] There is thought to be a dose-dependent relationship between alcohol use and development of head and neck cancer where higher rates of alcohol consumption contribute to an increased risk of developing head and neck cancer. […] Tobacco smoking is one of the main risk factors for head and neck cancer. Cigarette smokers have a lifetime increased risk for head and neck cancer that is 5 to 25 times higher than the general population.

• #3 Head and Neck Cancers Basics | Head and Neck Cancers | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/head-neck-cancer/about/index.html

  Cancer is a disease in which cells of the body grow out of control. Cancers of the head and neck include cancers that start in several places in the head and throat, not including brain cancers or cancers of the eye. […] Alcohol and tobacco are major risk factors for cancers of the head and neck. All tobacco products, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco, snuff, or a type of chewing tobacco called betel quid) are linked to head and neck cancer (except for salivary gland cancers). Drinking any type of alcohol, such as beer, wine, or liquor, also raises the risk of getting cancers of the mouth, throat, and voice box. […] About 70% of cancers in the oropharynx (which includes the tonsils, soft palate, and base of the tongue) are linked to HPV, a common sexually transmitted virus.

• #3 Throat Cancer Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/throat-cancer/risk-factors

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: Research has found that HPV infection is responsible for many cancers, including anal cancer, penile cancer and cervical cancer. […] Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): This common virus is transmitted via saliva. Contracting EBV may increase the likelihood of developing throat cancer. […] Research indicates that the HPV virus is responsible for rising rates of throat cancer, particularly among patients with oropharyngeal cancer.

• #3 How Can I Get Throat Cancer? | Throat Cancer Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Infection with certain types of HPV can also cause some forms of cancer, including cancers of the penis, cervix, vulva, vagina, anus, and throat. […] The rate of head and neck cancers related to HPV infection have been rising mainly for cancers of the throat (oropharynx). But HPV infection is a rare risk factor for cancers of the larynx and hypopharynx. […] Weighing too much for your height appears to increase the risk of cancers of the larynx and oropharynx. […] Poor nutrition might increase the risk of getting hypopharyngeal cancer. […] People with syndromes caused by inherited gene defects (mutations) have a very high risk of throat cancer, including cancer of the hypopharynx. […] Long and intense exposures to wood dust, paint fumes, and certain chemicals used in the metalworking, petroleum, construction, and textile industries can increase the risk of laryngeal and some hypopharyngeal cancers.

• #3 Laryngeal (larynx) cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/laryngeal-larynx-cancer/

  Laryngeal cancer is caused by changes in the cells of the larynx, although its not clear exactly why this happens. […] Its not known why the DNA inside the cells of the larynx is affected in cases of laryngeal cancer. But it appears that exposure to things that can damage the cells and tissue of the larynx increases the risk of cancer developing. […] Alcohol and tobacco are the 2 main things that can increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. Theyre thought to contain chemicals that can damage the cells of the larynx. […] A number of things can increase your chances of developing laryngeal cancer. […] People who have a first-degree relative (parent, sibling or child) diagnosed with head or neck cancer are thought to be twice as likely to develop laryngeal cancer as someone without a family history. […] Theres evidence to suggest that a diet high in red meat, processed food and fried food might increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. […] Having a job where youre exposed to high levels of certain substances may also increase your risk of developing laryngeal cancer.

• #3 Head and neck cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer

  The presence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or laryngeal reflux disease can also be a major factor. Stomach acids that flow up through the esophagus can damage its lining and raise susceptibility to throat cancer. […] Several other risk factors have been identified in the development of head and neck cancer. These include occupational environmental carcinogen exposure such as asbestos, wood dust, mineral acid, sulfuric acid mists and metal dusts.

• #3 Laryngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16611-laryngeal-cancer

  Laryngeal cancer can form in any of the three main parts of your larynx: the supraglottis, glottis or subglottis. […] Some forms of HPV (human papillomavirus), a sexually transmitted infection (STI), can cause laryngeal cancer. […] You also have a much higher chance of developing it if you use tobacco or drink alcohol frequently. […] Smoking or using other tobacco products greatly increases your risk of developing laryngeal cancer. Drinking alcohol, especially a lot of it (more than one drink daily) also raises your risk. And using alcohol and tobacco together increases your risk even more. […] Other risk factors of laryngeal cancer include: Age: Laryngeal cancer happens more in people age 55 and older. […] Sex: Men are about five times more likely to develop this cancer, possibly because smoking and heavy alcohol consumption happen more among this group.

• #3 Mouth and Throat Cancer – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/mouth-nose-and-throat-cancers/mouth-and-throat-cancer

  About three-quarters of mouth and throat cancers occur in men. […] Increasing age, as with most cancers, increases risk. […] Heavy sun exposure can cause cancer of the lip. […] The survival rates for people with mouth and throat cancer vary, depending on the original location of the tumor, whether and how far it has spread (the stage), and the cause. […] The cure rate for squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth is high if the entire cancer and the surrounding normal tissue are removed before the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes. […] On average, 52% of people who have throat cancer survive at least 5 years after the diagnosis. Rates are more than 75% if the cause is human papillomavirus (HPV) and less than 50% if the cause is something else. […] Avoiding excessive alcohol and tobacco use can greatly reduce the risk of mouth and throat cancers. […] Vaccines against HPV target some of the HPV strains that cause mouth and throat cancers, so vaccination may prevent some of these cancers from developing.

• #4 Voice Box (Laryngeal) Cancer – ENT Health

  https://www.enthealth.org/conditions/voice-box-laryngeal-cancer/

  Many factors can lead to the development of laryngeal cancer, including certain viruses such as human papilloma virus (HPV), but approximately 90 percent of head and neck cancers occur after exposure to known cancer-causing substances, called carcinogens. Chief among these factors is tobacco. Over 90 percent of laryngeal cancers are a type of cancer called squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA), and over 95 percent of patients with laryngeal SCCA are smokers. Smoking contributes to cancer development by causing mutations or changes in genes, preventing carcinogens from being cleared from the respiratory tract, and decreasing the body’s immune response. […] Tobacco use is measured in pack-years. For example, two pack-years is defined as either one pack per day for two years, or two packs per day for one year (longer terms of pack-years are determined using a similar ratio). Depending upon the number of pack-years smoked, studies have reported that smokers are about five to 35 times more likely to develop laryngeal cancer than non-smokers. The longer you are exposed to tobacco is probably more important to developing cancer than the intensity of the exposure.

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