Rak gardła – Epidemiologia

Rak gardła
Epidemiologia

Rak krtani i gardła stanowi istotny problem onkologiczny w obrębie nowotworów głowy i szyi, z zapadalnością na raka krtani wynoszącą około 2,76/100 000 mieszkańców rocznie oraz chorobowością 14,33/100 000 i śmiertelnością 1,66/100 000. Rak krtani odpowiada za 30-40% nowotworów głowy i szyi, z dominującym występowaniem w obrębie głośni (60%). Epidemiologia wskazuje na wzrost zapadalności i chorobowości w skali globalnej, choć w USA obserwuje się spadek zapadalności o 2-3% rocznie, co wiąże się z redukcją palenia tytoniu. Wzrost zachorowań na raka gardła środkowego (oropharynx) jest związany z infekcją HPV, która odpowiada za około 70% przypadków, a wskaźnik śmiertelności w tej grupie rośnie o 2% rocznie. Główne czynniki ryzyka to palenie tytoniu i nadużywanie alkoholu (odpowiedzialne za 90% zgonów), a także infekcja HPV i ekspozycja na karcynogeny. Pięcioletnia przeżywalność wynosi około 61% dla raka krtani i 71,4% dla HPV+ raka gardła środkowego, natomiast dla raka gardła dolnego jest znacznie niższa (~22% u osób starszych).

Epidemiologia raka gardła

Występowanie i zapadalność
Trendy epidemiologiczne
Różnice geograficzne i demograficzne
Różnice płciowe i wiekowe

Czynniki ryzyka i profilaktyka
Nadzór i monitorowanie epidemiologiczne

Wykrywanie i badania przesiewowe
Prognozy i trendy przyszłościowe

Przeżywalność i czynniki prognostyczne

Nierówności socjoekonomiczne

Wpływ wirusa brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV)
Wnioski i implikacje dla zdrowia publicznego

Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemiologia raka gardła

Rak gardła (inaczej rak gardła lub rak krtani) stanowi istotną część nowotworów głowy i szyi, będąc jednym z najczęstszych typów nowotworów złośliwych w obrębie górnych dróg oddechowych i pokarmowych. Nowotwory te obejmują różne lokalizacje anatomiczne, w tym jamę ustną, gardło, krtań i inne struktury regionu głowy i szyi.¹² Rak krtani stanowi około 30-40% wszystkich nowotworów głowy i szyi i jest najczęstszym nowotworem złośliwym w otolaryngologii.¹²

Występowanie i zapadalność

Według danych epidemiologicznych, aktualna światowa zapadalność na raka krtani wynosi około 2,76 przypadków na 100 000 mieszkańców rocznie, chorobowość szacuje się na 14,33 przypadków na 100 000 mieszkańców, a śmiertelność na 1,66 zgonów na 100 000 mieszkańców rocznie.¹² Szacunki Amerykańskiego Towarzystwa Nowotworowego na rok 2025 wskazują, że w Stanach Zjednoczonych zostanie zdiagnozowanych około 12 380 nowych przypadków raka krtani, gardła i jamy ustnej, a około 3 820 osób umrze z powodu tych chorób.¹ W Stanach Zjednoczonych rocznie diagnozuje się około 10 000 nowych przypadków raka krtani, a liczba zgonów wynosi około 3 900.¹

Około 60% raków krtani rozwija się w obrębie głośni (obszar zawierający struny głosowe), 35% w obszarze nadgłośniowym (powyżej strun głosowych), a pozostałe przypadki dotyczą obszaru podgłośniowego (poniżej strun głosowych) lub obejmują więcej niż jeden obszar.¹ W przypadku raka gardła dolnego (hypopharynx), występowanie jest rzadsze, z szacunkowo 2 000 do 4 000 nowych przypadków rocznie w Stanach Zjednoczonych.¹

Trendy epidemiologiczne

W ciągu ostatnich trzech dekad zapadalność i chorobowość raka krtani wzrosły odpowiednio o 12% i 24%, podczas gdy śmiertelność zmniejszyła się o około 5%.¹² Warto zauważyć, że w Stanach Zjednoczonych obserwuje się spadek zapadalności na raka krtani o około 2-3% rocznie, prawdopodobnie ze względu na mniejszą liczbę osób palących tytoń.¹ Od połowy lat 2000, częstość występowania nowotworów jamy ustnej i gardła wzrosła o około 1% rocznie, głównie z powodu wzrostu liczby nowotworów związanych z infekcją wirusem brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV).¹

Pomimo ogólnego spadku zapadalności na raka krtani w Stanach Zjednoczonych, współczynnik umieralności z powodu nowotworów jamy ustnej i gardła wzrósł o 0,7% rocznie w latach 2009-2022, po dekadach spadku. Jest to głównie spowodowane wzrostem śmiertelności z powodu raka gardła środkowego (oropharynx) o prawie 2% rocznie w tym okresie.¹ W Europie natomiast zapadalność na raka krtani stopniowo malała w ciągu ostatnich trzech dekad, podczas gdy wzrosła w Azji Południowo-Wschodniej i regionie Zachodniego Pacyfiku.¹²

Różnice geograficzne i demograficzne

Rozkład geograficzny raka krtani i gardła ujawnia istotne różnice. Europa pozostaje kontynentem o najwyższej częstości występowania tego typu nowotworów, podczas gdy obciążenie epidemiologiczne w Afryce pozostaje niskie.¹²³ Zarówno zachorowalność, jak i śmiertelność są wyższe w Europie niż w Afryce, jednak stosunek zgonów do zapadalności jest najwyższy właśnie w Afryce.¹²

Badania europejskie wykazały zmniejszającą się zapadalność na raka krtani u mężczyzn od połowy lat 90., choć zapadalność w Europie jest zróżnicowana — powyżej 12 na 100 000 mieszkańców w Hiszpanii, ale mniej niż 5 na 100 000 w Wielkiej Brytanii.¹ Hiszpania ma jeden z najwyższych wskaźników na świecie, z zapadalności sięgającą prawie 20 przypadków na 100 000 osób w niektórych regionach. Polska, Francja i Włochy również mają wysokie wskaźniki zapadalności na tę chorobę.¹

Różnice płciowe i wiekowe

Rak krtani i gardła występuje znacznie częściej u mężczyzn niż u kobiet. Obciążenie epidemiologiczne tym nowotworem jest około 5-krotnie wyższe u mężczyzn i wzrasta wraz z wiekiem, osiągając szczyt po 65. roku życia.¹² W Stanach Zjednoczonych mężczyźni chorują na raka krtani 4 razy częściej niż kobiety, a w innych krajach nawet 10 razy częściej.¹ Współczynnik zapadalności na nowotwory jamy ustnej i gardła wynosi 11,6 na 100 000 mężczyzn i kobiet rocznie, a współczynnik umieralności wynosi 2,7 na 100 000 mężczyzn i kobiet rocznie.¹

Stosunek mężczyzn do kobiet jest wyższy w przypadku guzów głośni niż nadgłośni. Ten stosunek zmniejszył się w ostatnich latach, co prawdopodobnie wynika ze zwiększonej zachorowalności u kobiet, a nie ze zmniejszonej zachorowalności u mężczyzn. Trend ten jest podobny do obserwowanego w przypadku raka płuc i jest związany ze zwiększonym paleniem tytoniu wśród kobiet.¹

Czynniki ryzyka i profilaktyka

Główne czynniki ryzyka rozwoju raka krtani i gardła obejmują palenie tytoniu i nadużywanie alkoholu, które łącznie odpowiadają za około 90% ogólnoświatowej śmiertelności z powodu raka krtani.¹² Do innych czynników ryzyka należą infekcja wirusem brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV), szczególnie w przypadku raka gardła środkowego (oropharynx), oraz narażenie na karcynogeny, takie jak azbest.¹²

Alkohol i tytoń mają efekt multiplikacyjny w przypadku nowotworów głowy i szyi. Zwiększenie spożycia alkoholu i tytoniu jest przewidywane jako główny czynnik przyczyniający się do rosnącej globalnej zapadalności na nowotwory głowy i szyi w ciągu najbliższych dekad, szczególnie w krajach rozwijających się.¹

Profilaktyka raka krtani i gardła obejmuje inicjatywy zdrowia publicznego mające na celu zwiększenie badań przesiewowych jamy ustnej i szczepień przeciwko HPV, ograniczenie narażenia na tytoń, alkohol i orzech areca oraz promowanie zdrowego stylu życia.¹ Dane epidemiologiczne dotyczące czynników ryzyka mogą dostarczyć cennych informacji do opracowania strategii zapobiegania nowotworom.¹²

Nadzór i monitorowanie epidemiologiczne

Ciągłe monitorowanie epidemiologiczne, oparte na danych uzyskanych z dokładnych i wiarygodnych źródeł, powinno być postrzegane jako główny element ukierunkowujący wzmocnione interwencje profilaktyczne i wczesne działania diagnostyczne w kategoriach pacjentów o podwyższonym ryzyku rozwoju tego typu nowotworów.¹ Systemy nadzoru i raportowania nowych przypadków raka krtani wymagają usprawnienia.¹

Śledzenie nowych przypadków, zgonów i przeżywalności w czasie (trendy) może pomóc naukowcom zrozumieć, czy dokonuje się postęp i gdzie potrzebne są dodatkowe badania w celu rozwiązania problemów, takich jak poprawa badań przesiewowych lub znalezienie lepszych metod leczenia.¹

Wykrywanie i badania przesiewowe

Wczesna obserwacja rozwoju guza w okolicy głowy i szyi jest kluczowa, jednak przeprowadzanie licznych biopsji nacięciowych podejrzanych zmian jest inwazyjne i bolesne.¹ Regularna obserwacja po leczeniu jest istotną częścią opieki nad pacjentami leczonymi z powodu raka płaskonabłonkowego głowy i szyi.¹

Cele nadzoru po leczeniu obejmują wczesne wykrywanie nawrotów miejscowo-regionalnych, przerzutów odległych lub wtórnych nowotworów złośliwych oraz ocenę i leczenie powikłań związanych z leczeniem. Uzasadnieniem dla nadzoru jest to, że wczesne wykrycie nawrotu lub wtórnego guza pierwotnego umożliwia odpowiednie leczenie i lepsze wyniki funkcjonalne i przeżycia.¹

Istnieją silne argumenty przemawiające za systematycznym obrazowaniem nadzorczym w zaawansowanym miejscowo-regionalnie raku głowy i szyi przez co najmniej jeden, a najlepiej 2 lata po leczeniu.¹ Analiza wybranych danych wykazała, że prawie połowa przypadków nawrotów miejscowo-regionalnych i/lub przerzutów została wykryta wyłącznie dzięki obrazowaniu.¹

Prognozy i trendy przyszłościowe

Globalne wskaźniki zachorowalności i umieralności z powodu raka krtani i gardła rosną z roku na rok, a przypuszczalnie do 2040 roku liczba przypadków i zgonów rejestrowanych rocznie osiągnie odpowiednio 284 tysiące i 160 tysięcy.¹ W Wielkiej Brytanii zachorowalność na nowotwory głowy i szyi zwiększyła się od początku lat 90. o ponad jedną trzecią (35%).¹ Wskaźniki zachorowalności na nowotwory głowy i szyi mają wzrosnąć o 3% w Wielkiej Brytanii między latami 2023-2025 a 2038-2040.¹

Szacuje się, że do lat 2038-2040 w Wielkiej Brytanii może być około 16 300 nowych przypadków nowotworów głowy i szyi rocznie.¹ Wskaźniki umieralności z powodu nowotworów głowy i szyi mają wzrosnąć o 12% w Wielkiej Brytanii między latami 2023-2025 a 2038-2040, co może oznaczać około 6 700 zgonów rocznie.¹

Przeżywalność i czynniki prognostyczne

Wskaźniki pięcioletniego przeżycia w przypadku raka gardła i krtani wynoszą około 50-60%. Według Amerykańskiego Towarzystwa Nowotworowego, około 69% osób zdiagnozowanych z rakiem jamy ustnej lub gardła przeżyje pięć lub więcej lat od diagnozy.¹ W przypadku raka krtani wskaźnik pięcioletniego przeżycia wynosi około 61%.¹²

Wskaźniki przeżycia dla raka gardła znacznie się różnią w zależności od lokalizacji anatomicznej guza. W Europie pięcioletni wskaźnik przeżycia względnego w populacji osób starszych był niski w porównaniu z młodszymi osobami dla wszystkich nowotworów głowy i szyi i wahał się od około 60% dla nowotworów typu gruczołów ślinowych i krtani do 22% dla guzów gardła dolnego.¹

Czynniki wpływające na przeżywalność obejmują wczesne wykrycie, stadium zaawansowania choroby, lokalizację nowotworu oraz dostępność specjalistycznego leczenia. Powody niskiej przeżywalności u osób starszych prawdopodobnie wynikają ze złożoności leczenia, późnego zgłaszania się pacjentów do diagnostyki oraz trudnego dostępu do wyspecjalizowanych ośrodków.¹

Nierówności socjoekonomiczne

Występują wyraźne różnice w zachorowalności i śmiertelności z powodu raka krtani między obszarami miejskimi i wiejskimi, z nierównościami związanymi z płcią.¹² Wysokie wskaźniki raka krtani są ściśle związane zarówno z niskim średnim dochodem, jak i wysokim odsetkiem populacji o niższym niż przeciętne wykształceniu.¹²

Kraje o wyższym wskaźniku socjodemograficznym (SDI) dokonały większych postępów w leczeniu raka krtani niż kraje o niższym SDI.¹² Obserwuje się silny gradient nierówności w przypadku wszystkich podtypów nowotworów głowy i szyi, w tym raka gardła środkowego, w całym badanym okresie.¹

W Anglii współczynniki zachorowalności na nowotwory głowy i szyi u kobiet są o 64% wyższe w najbardziej ubogim kwintylu w porównaniu z najmniej ubogim, a u mężczyzn o 101% wyższe w najbardziej ubogim kwintylu w porównaniu z najmniej ubogim (2013-2017).¹

Wpływ wirusa brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV)

Infekcja wirusem brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV) jest odpowiedzialna za rosnący odsetek guzów gardła środkowego.¹ Około 70% przypadków raka gardła środkowego jest związanych z HPV, najczęstszą chorobą przenoszoną drogą płciową w Stanach Zjednoczonych.¹

HPV+ rak płaskonabłonkowy gardła środkowego dramatycznie zmienił epidemiologię, demografię i wyniki leczenia nowotworów głowy i szyi.¹ Ważna praca opublikowana w 2011 roku w Journal of Clinical Oncology wykazała, że nastąpił 28% wzrost wszystkich raków gardła środkowego (OPSCC), 225% wzrost HPV+ OPSCC i 50% spadek HPV- OPSSC.¹

Wcześniejsze badania wykazały, że pacjenci z rakiem gardła środkowego związanym z HPV mają wyższe wskaźniki przeżycia i niższe wskaźniki nawrotów w porównaniu z pacjentami z rakiem gardła środkowego negatywnym pod względem HPV.¹ W badaniu przeprowadzonym przez naukowców z University of North Carolina potwierdzono wcześniejsze ustalenia, że pacjenci z guzami gardła środkowego zakażonymi HPV16 mieli lepszą ogólną przeżywalność, przy czym 71,4% pacjentów z rakiem gardła środkowego związanym z HPV16 żyło co najmniej pięć lat.¹

Parametr	Rak krtani	Rak gardła dolnego	Rak gardła środkowego
Zapadalność światowa (na 100 000)	2,76	rzadki (2000-4000 przypadków rocznie w USA)	wzrastająca (wzrost o 28% ogółem, 225% HPV+)
Chorobowość światowa (na 100 000)	14,33	dane ograniczone	dane ograniczone
Śmiertelność światowa (na 100 000)	1,66	wyższa niż średnia	wzrost o 2% rocznie (2009-2022)
Stosunek mężczyźni:kobiety	4:1 do 10:1	podobny do raka krtani	2:1
Główne czynniki ryzyka	tytoń, alkohol (90% zgonów)	tytoń, alkohol	HPV (70% przypadków), tytoń, alkohol
5-letnia przeżywalność	około 61%	około 22% (osoby starsze)	71,4% (HPV16+)
Trend zapadalności	spadek 2-3% rocznie (USA), wzrost globalnie	dane ograniczone	wzrost (szczególnie HPV+)

Wnioski i implikacje dla zdrowia publicznego

Rak krtani i gardła nadal stanowi duże obciążenie kliniczne i społeczne, a trend epidemiologiczny nie jest spodziewany do odwrócenia w najbliższym czasie.¹²³ Obciążenie rakiem krtani wzrasta przy braku ukierunkowanej interwencji z powodu ubóstwa, związanego z wyższym ryzykiem raka, starzenia się i rozpowszechnienia czynników ryzyka związanych z urbanizacją.¹

Te ustalenia są ważne, aby pomóc w ukierunkowaniu wysiłków mających na celu stratyfikację i ukierunkowanie profilaktyki, wczesnego wykrywania i usług onkologicznych w celu dotarcia do osób najbardziej zagrożonych.¹ Inicjatywy zdrowia publicznego, które wykorzystują sprawdzone strategie populacyjne zapobiegania inicjacji używania tytoniu, promowania rzucania palenia, ograniczania spożycia alkoholu i zwiększania wskaźników szczepień przeciwko HPV, mogą pomóc zmniejszyć ryzyko raka.¹

Ciągłe wdrażanie sprawdzonych populacyjnych strategii zapobiegania inicjacji używania tytoniu, promowania rzucania palenia, ograniczania nadmiernego spożycia alkoholu i zwiększania wskaźników szczepień przeciwko HPV może pomóc zapobiegać nowotworom jamy ustnej i gardła.¹ Wysiłki zdrowia publicznego, które koncentrują się na zwiększeniu szczepień przeciwko HPV, są istotnym elementem profilaktyki raka.¹

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/
Laryngeal cancer comprises 30%40% of head and neck malignancies, and it is the most common malignancy in otolaryngology. […] The geographical distribution of laryngeal cancer also reveals some important aspects. Europe remains the most prevalent continent for this type of malignancy, whilst the epidemiologic burden in Africa remains low. […] Overall, there are clear differences in morbidity and mortality from laryngeal cancer between urban and rural areas, with gender inequalities. […] High rates of laryngeal cancer are closely associated with both low average income and a high percentage of the population with lower-than-average education countries with higher Socio-demographic Index (SDI) have made greater improvements in the treatment of LC than countries with lower SDI. […] Epidemiological data on risk factors can provide valuable information for developing cancer prevention strategies.
#1 Updates on larynx cancer epidemiology
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7072014/
Laryngeal cancer is an important oncologic entity, whose prognosis depends on establishing appropriate preventive and diagnostic measures, especially in populations at higher risk. […] Epidemiologic information including worldwide incidence, prevalence, burden of health loss (disability-adjusted life year; DALYs) and mortality of larynx cancer was obtained from the Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) database. […] The current incidence, prevalence and mortality of laryngeal cancer are estimated at 2.76 cases/year per 100,000 inhabitants, 14.33 cases/year per 100,000 inhabitants and 1.66 deaths/year per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively, averaging 3.28 million DALYs each year. […] Incidence and prevalence have increased by 12% and 24%, respectively during the past 3 decades, whilst mortality has declined by around 5%.
#1 Head and Neck Cancers
https://www.aacr.org/patients-caregivers/cancer/head-and-neck-cancers/
Head and neck cancers are malignancies that arise in the nasal cavity, sinuses, lips, mouth, salivary glands, throat, or larynx. […] The National Cancer Institute estimates that about 72,680 people in the United States will receive a diagnosis of cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx, or larynx, the major types of head and neck cancer, in 2025. Unfortunately, about 16,680 people will die from these diseases. […] Alcohol and tobacco use are the two most important risk factors for head and neck cancers. Moreover, infection with cancer-causing types of human papillomavirus (HPV) is another risk factor for some types of these cancers. […] According to the NCI, these cancers are nearly twice as common among men as they are among women. […] Approximately 69 percent of people diagnosed with cancer of the oral cavity or pharynx will survive five years or longer from their diagnosis, according to the NCI. For cancer of the larynx, the five-year survival rate is about 61 percent. However, the NCI cautions that survival statistics cant be used to predict exactly what will happen to an individual patient, because the estimate is based on large groups of people. No two patients are entirely alike, and treatment and responses to treatment can vary greatly, according to the NCI.
#1 Glottic Cancer: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/853055-overview
According to data released by the American Cancer Society, approximately 10,000 new cases of laryngeal carcinoma are diagnosed each year in the United States and 3,900 deaths occur yearly as a result of this disease. These cases account for 0.9% of cancers from all sites and 0.8% of all cancer deaths. […] Laryngeal cancer affects men 4 times more frequently than women in the United States. In other countries, men are affected up to 10 times more frequently than women. The male-to-female ratio is higher for glottic tumors than for supraglottic tumors. This ratio has decreased in recent years, which is thought to be because of an increased incidence in women, rather than a decreased incidence in men. This trend follows that of lung cancer. The increased incidence of both of these malignancies is thought to be due to increased smoking in females.
#1 Throat Cancer Statistics | Cases of Throat Cancer Per Year | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/about/key-statistics.html
The American Cancer Societys most recent estimates for laryngeal cancer in the United States for 2025 are: […] About 60% of laryngeal cancers start in the glottis (the area containing the vocal cords), while about 35% develop in the supraglottic area (above the vocal cords). The rest develop in either the subglottis (below the vocal cords) or overlap more than one area so that it is hard to tell where they started. […] The rate of new cases of laryngeal cancer is falling by about 2% to 3% a year, most likely because fewer people are smoking. Over the past 10 years, the death rate is also dropping about 2% to 3% each year. […] Cancers of the hypopharynx are very rare. In the United States, only about 2,000 to 4,000 cancers will start in the hypopharynx.
#1 Oral Cavity & Oropharyngeal Cancer Key Statistics 2021 | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/about/key-statistics.html
About 59,660 new cases of oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. […] About 12,770 deaths from oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. […] These cancers are more than twice as common in men as in women. […] Overall, the lifetime risk of developing oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer is about 1 in 59 for men and 1 in 139 for women. […] Since the mid-2000s, incidence rates have increased by about 1% per year, mostly because of a rise in cancers linked with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. […] The death rate for cancers of the mouth and throat increased by 0.7% per year from 2009 through 2022, after decades of decline. […] This is mainly because of an increase in oropharyngeal cancer mortality of almost 2% per year during that time.
#1 Updates on larynx cancer epidemiology
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7072014/
The epidemiologic burden of this malignancy is approximately 5-fold higher in males and increases in parallel with ageing, peaking after 65 years of age. […] Both incidence and mortality rates are higher in Europe and lower in Africa, but the ratio between deaths and incidence is the highest in Africa. […] Incidence has gradually declined in Europe during the past 3 decades, whilst it has increased in South-East Asia and Western Pacific. […] Cigarette smoking and alcohol abuse contribute for about 90% of overall worldwide mortality for laryngeal cancer. […] Laryngeal cancer still poses a high clinical and societal burden, with an escalating temporal trend not expected to reverse soon. […] Continuous epidemiologic monitoring, based on data obtained from accurate and reliable sources, shall hence be seen as a mainstay for addressing reinforced preventive and early diagnostic interventions in categories of patients at higher risk for this type of malignancy.
#1 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/
The geographical distribution of LC also reveals some important aspects. Europe remains the most prevalent continent for this type of malignancy, whilst the epidemiologic burden in Africa remains low. […] In general, other European studies have shown a decreasing incidence of LC in men from mid-1990s, although the incidence in Europe varies; e.g., the incidence was found to be above 12 per 100,000 inhabitants in Spain but less than 5 per 100,000 in the UK. […] Global morbidity and mortality rates from this pathology are growing every year, and presumably by 2040 the number of cases and deaths registered per year will reach up to 284 thousand and 160 thousand, respectively. […] Systems for the surveillance and reporting of new cases of LC need to be improved. […] LC burden increases with the absence of targeted intervention because of poverty, associated with higher cancer risk, aging, and the prevalence of risk factors associated with urbanization.
#1 Glottic Cancer: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/853055-overview
Laryngeal cancer makes up 1-2% of all malignancies worldwide. The incidence of the disease varies greatly from country to country. Spain has one of the highest rates in the world, with an incidence approaching 20 cases per 100,000 persons in some regions. Poland, France, and Italy also have high rates of the disease.
#1 Oral Cavity and Pharynx Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts
https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/oralcav.html
Estimated New Cases in 2025 59,660 […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 12,770 […] % of All New Cancer Cases 2.9% […] % of All Cancer Deaths 2.1% […] The rate of new cases of oral cavity and pharynx cancer was 11.6 per 100,000 men and women per year. The death rate was 2.7 per 100,000 men and women per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 20182022 cases and 20192023 deaths. […] Oral cavity and pharynx cancer represents 2.9% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 59,660 new cases of oral cavity and pharynx cancer and an estimated 12,770 people will die of this disease. […] The death rate was 2.7 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new oral cavity and pharynx cancer cases have been rising on average 1.0% each year over 20132022. Age-adjusted death rates have been rising on average 0.8% each year over 20142023.
#1 2023 Throat Cancer Statistics | Top 40 Key Facts
https://www.asbestos.com/cancer/laryngeal/throat-cancer-statistics/
Throat cancers affect the lives of thousands of Americans every year. Risk factors include smoking, heavy drinking, human papillomavirus (HPV) and exposure to carcinogens like asbestos. […] Throat cancers are fairly rare when compared to all cancer diagnoses. In 2021, cancer of the larynx represented 0.7% of all new cancer cases and 0.6% of all cancer deaths. An estimated 12,470 new cases of laryngeal cancer will be diagnosed in 2022. […] Approximately 70% of oropharyngeal cancer cases are linked to HPV, the most common sexually transmitted disease in the U.S. […] Asbestos exposure has been identified as a cause of some forms of throat cancer. Asbestos exposure is a known risk factor for laryngeal and pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. […] Long-term survival rates for those with throat cancers increase the earlier the disease is diagnosed. 60.7% of patients survive 5 years or longer after a laryngeal cancer diagnosis.
#1 Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/11/2/42
In the United States, per the SEER estimates, around 54,000 new cases of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma were diagnosed in 2022 (roughly 3% of all malignancies), with an estimated 11,230 deaths, accounting for roughly 2% of all cancer deaths. […] The incidence rates of HNSCC in the United States have declined overall by approximately 14% since 1975, largely due to decreases in tobacco use. However, since the nadir in 2003, incidence rates have increased by 15.5%. […] The primary risk factors commonly linked to head and neck cancer encompass tobacco, alcohol consumption, using areca nut, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection (particularly for oropharyngeal cancers), and EpsteinâBarr virus (EBV) infection (especially prevalent in Asia, particularly for nasopharyngeal cancers). […] Alcohol and tobacco have a multiplicative effect on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Increases in alcohol and tobacco consumption are projected to be the major contributors to growing global HNSCC incidence over the coming decades, particularly in developing nations. […] The prevention of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma involves public health initiatives aimed at increasing oral screening and HPV vaccination, reducing exposure to tobacco, alcohol, and areca nut, and promoting a healthy lifestyle.
#1 Head and Neck Cancer in Patients with Fanconi Anemia – Fanconi Cancer Foundation
https://fanconi.org/clinical-care-guidelines/head-and-neck-cancer-in-patients-with-fanconi-anemia/
Early surveillance of tumor development in the head and neck region of individuals with FA is essential; however, conducting numerous incisional biopsies on suspicious lesions is invasive and painful. Patients with FA therefore require alternative and effective early surveillance strategies that do not cause extensive tissue damage. […] The oral cavities of patients with FA often have multiple leukoplakia-like lesions that are typically not malignant. In the past, all suspicious lesions were diagnosed through incisional tissue biopsy only. It is important to point out that once suspicious lesions are identified as precancerous or cancerous by a brush biopsy, they should be biopsied with an incisional biopsy immediately.
#1 Posttreatment surveillance of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/posttreatment-surveillance-of-squamous-cell-carcinoma-of-the-head-and-neck
Regular posttreatment follow-up is an essential part of the care of patients who are treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. […] The goals of posttreatment surveillance are the early detection of locoregional recurrences, distant metastases, or second primary malignancies, and evaluation for and management of treatment-related complications. […] The rationale for surveillance is that early detection of either a recurrence or a second primary tumor allows for appropriate treatment and better functional and survival outcomes. […] However, controlled prospective data demonstrating a survival benefit for any follow-up strategy do not exist. […] Therefore, retrospective data and observational studies are used to guide surveillance recommendations. […] Whether early detection of recurrent disease alters outcomes is uncertain.
#1 Post-treatment surveillance imaging in head and neck cancer: a systematic review | Insights into Imaging | Full Text
https://insightsimaging.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13244-023-01578-4
In patients treated for head and neck cancer, imaging studies are usually obtained within 36 months after treatment for assessment of treatment response. […] Strong arguments were found in favor of systematic imaging surveillance in locoregional advanced head and neck cancer during at least one and preferably 2 years after treatment. […] Analysis of the selected records showed that almost half of cases of locoregional recurrences and/or metastases were only detected by imaging. This systematic review suggests that imaging may currently be underused in the post-treatment surveillance of patients with head and neck cancer. […] This systematic review focuses on the importance of systematic post-treatment imaging surveillance beyond the initial post-treatment scan in patients with head and neck cancer.
#1 Head and neck cancers statistics | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/head-and-neck-cancers
There are around 12,800 new head and neck cancer cases in the UK every year, that’s 35 every day (2017-2019). […] Head and neck cancer is the 8th most common cancer in the UK, accounting for 3% of all new cancer cases (2017-2019). […] Incidence rates for head and neck cancer in the UK are highest in people aged 65 to 69 (2017-2019). […] Each year more than a fifth (22%) of all new head and neck cancer cases in the UK are diagnosed in people aged 75 and over (2017-2019). […] Since the early 1990s, head and neck cancer incidence rates have increased by more than a third (35%) in the UK. Rates in females have increased by almost half (47%), and rates in males have increased by almost a quarter (23%) (2017-2019). […] Head and neck cancer incidence rates are projected to rise by 3% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040.
#1 Head and neck cancers statistics | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/head-and-neck-cancers
There could be around 16,300 new cases of head and neck cancer every year in the UK by 2038-2040, projections suggest. […] Head and neck cancer is the 15th most common cause of cancer death in the UK, accounting for 2% of all cancer deaths (2017-2019). […] Mortality rates for head and neck cancer in the UK are highest in people aged 90+ (2017-2019). […] Each year more than a third of all head and neck cancer deaths (36%) in the UK are in people aged 75 and over (2017-2019). […] Since the early 1970s, head and neck cancer mortality rates have decreased by around a tenth (9%) in the UK. […] Head and neck cancer mortality rates are projected to rise by 12% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] There could be around around 6,700 deaths of head and neck cancer every year in the UK by 2038-2040, projections suggest.
#1 Frontiers | Descriptive epidemiology of the head and neck cancers in old patients
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2023.1102236/full
REVIEW article […] Front. Oncol., 24 May 2023 […] Sec. Head and Neck Cancer […] Volume 13 – 2023 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2023.1102236 […] This article is part of the Research Topic Head and Neck Cancer in the Elderly […] Descriptive epidemiology of the head and neck cancers in old patients […] Background: In Europe, as in other high-income (HI) countries, quite half of the newly diagnosed patients with head and neck (H and N) cancers are older than 65 years of age and their proportion within the prevalent cases is even higher. […] The aim of the article is to provide an epidemiological description of H and N cancers in the elderly population. […] Material and methods: Incidence and prevalence data by time periods and continents were extracted from the Global Cancer Observatory. […] In 2020, according to the results from these data, slightly more than 900,000 cases have been diagnosed with H and N cancers in the world, and approximately 40% were older than 65 years of age. […] The five-year survival rate in the European population was low in the elderly, compared with the younger for all H and N cancers, and it ranged from approximately 60% for both salivary-gland type and laryngeal to 22% for hypopharyngeal tumors.
#1 Frontiers | Descriptive epidemiology of the head and neck cancers in old patients
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2023.1102236/full
Conclusion: The high variability in the H and N cancer incidence around the world is due to the distribution of the major risk factors which for the elderly are mainly alcohol and smoking. […] The reasons for low survival in the elderly are most likely due to the complexity of treatment, the late arrival of patients at diagnosis, and the difficult access to specialized centers. […] The aim of this paper is to provide the major epidemiological indicators of the frequency (incidence and prevalence) and the outcome (relative survival) of H and N cancers with a focus on elderly patients, defined as those >65, in comparison with younger patients. […] Worldwide, approximately 900 000 new H and N cancer cases were estimated to be diagnosed in 2020, of which 38% occurred in patients older than 65 years of age (elderly). […] For the elderly, the number of H and N cancer yearly new diagnoses will double from that of 2020 by 2040.
#1 Head and neck cancer incidence is rising but the sociodemographic profile is unchanging: a population epidemiological study (2001â2020) | BJC Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s44276-024-00089-z
Low socioeconomic Status (SES) is an established determinant of HNCs. […] A strong inequality gradient was consistently observed across all HNC subsites, including OPC, over the study period. […] These findings are important to help inform efforts to stratify and target prevention, early detection, and cancer services to reach those at the greatest risk.
#1 Head and neck cancers incidence statistics | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/head-and-neck-cancers/incidence
Head and neck cancer is the 8th most common cancer in the UK, accounting for 3% of all new cancer cases (2017-2019). […] For head and neck cancer, like most cancer types, differences between countries largely reflect risk factor prevalence in years past. […] Head and neck cancer European age-standardised (AS) incidence rates for females and males combined increased by 35% in the UK between 1993-1995 and 2017-2019. […] For head and neck cancer, like most cancer types, incidence trends largely reflect changing prevalence of risk factors and improvements in diagnosis and data recording. […] Head and neck cancer incidence rates (European age-standardised (AS) rates) in England in females are 64% higher in the most deprived quintile compared with the least, and in males are 101% higher in the most deprived quintile compared with the least (2013-2017). […] The number of new head and neck cancer cases on average each year in the UK is projected to rise from around 14,000 cases in 2023-2025 to around 16,300 cases in 2038-2040.
#1 Head & Neck Cancers | OncologyPRO
https://oncologypro.esmo.org/education-library/esmo-books/essentials-for-clinicians/head-neck-cancers/1-epidemiology-risk-factors-squamous-cell-tumours
In the USA, overall incidence of oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers began decreasing 30 years ago and stabilised in 2003. […] Overall incidence of laryngeal cancer began declining in the 1990s. […] In Eastern Europe and China (high tobacco consumption rates), a rise in HNSCC is anticipated. […] Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for a growing ratio of oropharyngeal tumours.
#1 HPV and the Changing Epidemiology of Head and Neck Cancer – Eye & Ear Foundation of Pittsburgh
https://eyeandear.org/2023/08/hpv-and-the-changing-epidemiology-of-head-and-neck-cancer/
HPV+ Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma has dramatically altered the epidemiology, demographics, and outcomes in head and neck cancer. […] An important paper published in 2011 in the Journal of Clinical Oncology found there was a 28% increase in all OPSCC, a 225% increase in HPV+ OPSCC, and a 50% decrease in HPV- OPSSC. […] Rates continue to increase and will likely increase by even more over the next 20 years until vaccination. […] HPV vaccination in eligible veterans is poor. […] HPV will shorten the lives of a significant number of veterans, yet it can be prevented.
#1 Particular HPV strain linked to improved prognosis for throat cancer – UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health
https://sph.unc.edu/sph-news/particular-hpv-strain-linked-to-improved-prognosis-for-throat-cancer/
When it comes to cancer-causing viruses such as human papillomavirus (HPV), researchers are continuing to find that infection with one strain may be better than another. […] In an analysis of survival data for patients with a particular type of head and neck cancer, researchers from the University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Gillings School of Global Public Health confirmed findings that a particular strain of HPV, a virus linked to a number of cancers, resulted in better overall survival for patients with oropharyngeal cancer than patients with other strains of the virus in their tumors. […] Previous studies have shown that patients with HPV-linked oropharyngeal cancer have higher survival and lower recurrence rates compared to those with HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancer.
#1 Particular HPV strain linked to improved prognosis for throat cancer – UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health
https://sph.unc.edu/sph-news/particular-hpv-strain-linked-to-improved-prognosis-for-throat-cancer/
Zevallos and his colleagues confirmed earlier findings that patients with oropharyngeal cancer tumors infected with HPV16 had improved overall survival. […] They found that 71.4 percent of patients with HPV16-linked oropharyngeal cancer lived at least five years. […] Zevallos said the finding of a lower survival rate for patients positive for HPV strains other than HPV16 is important in that it indicates that those patients may not be good candidates for treatment de-intensification. […] The finding that non-HPV16 types are closer to the HPV-negative group in terms of survival differences suggests that those patients should definitely not be considered for anything other than standard aggressive therapy, he said. […] The researchers noted that additional research needs to be done in a larger sample size to rule out the possibility that characteristics other than HPV status are driving survival differences, and to clarify whether the patients found to have other HPV strains were not false-positives.
#1 Trends in Incidence of Cancers of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx â United States 2007â2016 | MMWR
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6915a1.htm
The overall increase appears to be driven by increases in cancers of the tonsil, base of tongue, oropharynx, and other cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, which are HPV-associated, as well as by those of gum and anterior tongue. […] To reduce the risk for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, communities might benefit from broader application of evidence-based interventions and targeted efforts among groups with high prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use or high cancer rates. […] Public health efforts that focus on increasing HPV vaccination are an essential component of cancer prevention. […] Cancer control initiatives that use proven population-based strategies to prevent tobacco use initiation, promote smoking cessation, reduce alcohol use, and increase HPV vaccination rates could help reduce cancer risk.
#1 Trends in Incidence of Cancers of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx â United States 2007â2016 | MMWR
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6915a1.htm
Cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx account for 3% of cancers diagnosed annually in the United States; risk factors include tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, and HPV infection. […] During 2007-2016, incidence rates increased for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx combined, base of tongue, anterior tongue, gum, tonsil, oropharynx, and other oral cavity and pharynx. […] Ongoing implementation of proven population-based strategies to prevent tobacco use initiation, promote smoking cessation, reduce excessive alcohol use, and increase HPV vaccination rates might help prevent cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx. […] During 2007-2016, the incidence of cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx combined increased, despite decreases in several anatomic sites, including the nasopharynx, hypopharynx, lip, and floor of mouth.
#2 Throat Cancer Statistics | Cases of Throat Cancer Per Year | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/about/key-statistics.html
The American Cancer Societys most recent estimates for laryngeal cancer in the United States for 2025 are: […] About 60% of laryngeal cancers start in the glottis (the area containing the vocal cords), while about 35% develop in the supraglottic area (above the vocal cords). The rest develop in either the subglottis (below the vocal cords) or overlap more than one area so that it is hard to tell where they started. […] The rate of new cases of laryngeal cancer is falling by about 2% to 3% a year, most likely because fewer people are smoking. Over the past 10 years, the death rate is also dropping about 2% to 3% each year. […] Cancers of the hypopharynx are very rare. In the United States, only about 2,000 to 4,000 cancers will start in the hypopharynx.
#2
https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/30456
Laryngeal cancer comprises 30%-40% of head and neck malignancies, and it is the most common malignancy in otolaryngology. […] This literature review summarizes all known data over the past decade with an assessment of the main etiological factors related to cancer incidence, general measurement issues in the cancer epidemiology and the current state of science in relation to laryngeal cancer. […] The geographical distribution of laryngeal cancer also reveals some important aspects. Europe remains the most prevalent continent for this type of malignancy, whilst the epidemiologic burden in Africa remains low. […] Overall, there are clear differences in morbidity and mortality from laryngeal cancer between urban and rural areas, with gender inequalities. […] High rates of laryngeal cancer are closely associated with both low average income and a high percentage of the population with lower-than-average education countries with higher Socio-demographic Index (SDI) have made greater improvements in the treatment of LC than countries with lower SDI. […] Epidemiological data on risk factors can provide valuable information for developing cancer prevention strategies.
#2 Updates on larynx cancer epidemiology
http://article.cjcrcn.org/en/article/doi/10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2020.01.03?viewType=HTML
Laryngeal cancer is an important oncologic entity, whose prognosis depends on establishing appropriate preventive and diagnostic measures, especially in populations at higher risk. […] Epidemiologic information including worldwide incidence, prevalence, burden of health loss (disability-adjusted life year; DALYs) and mortality of larynx cancer was obtained from the Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) database. […] The current incidence, prevalence and mortality of laryngeal cancer are estimated at 2.76 cases/year per 100,000 inhabitants, 14.33 cases/year per 100,000 inhabitants and 1.66 deaths/year per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively, averaging 3.28 million DALYs each year. Incidence and prevalence have increased by 12% and 24%, respectively during the past 3 decades, whilst mortality has declined by around 5%. The epidemiologic burden of this malignancy is approximately 5-fold higher in males and increases in parallel with ageing, peaking after 65 years of age. Both incidence and mortality rates are higher in Europe and lower in Africa, but the ratio between deaths and incidence is the highest in Africa. Incidence has gradually declined in Europe during the past 3 decades, whilst it has increased in South-East Asia and Western Pacific. Cigarette smoking and alcohol abuse contribute for about 90% of overall worldwide mortality for laryngeal cancer. […] Laryngeal cancer still poses a high clinical and societal burden, with an escalating temporal trend not expected to reverse soon.
#2 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention: A Narrative Review
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719707/
The geographical distribution of LC also reveals some important aspects. Europe remains the most prevalent continent for this type of malignancy, whilst the epidemiologic burden in Africa remains low. […] In general, other European studies have shown a decreasing incidence of LC in men from mid-1990s, although the incidence in Europe varies; e.g., the incidence was found to be above 12 per 100,000 inhabitants in Spain but less than 5 per 100,000 in the UK. […] Global morbidity and mortality rates from this pathology are growing every year, and presumably by 2040 the number of cases and deaths registered per year will reach up to 284 thousand and 160 thousand, respectively. […] Systems for the surveillance and reporting of new cases of LC need to be improved. […] LC burden increases with the absence of targeted intervention because of poverty, associated with higher cancer risk, aging, and the prevalence of risk factors associated with urbanization.
#2 Head and Neck Cancers
https://www.aacr.org/patients-caregivers/cancer/head-and-neck-cancers/
Head and neck cancers are malignancies that arise in the nasal cavity, sinuses, lips, mouth, salivary glands, throat, or larynx. […] The National Cancer Institute estimates that about 72,680 people in the United States will receive a diagnosis of cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx, or larynx, the major types of head and neck cancer, in 2025. Unfortunately, about 16,680 people will die from these diseases. […] Alcohol and tobacco use are the two most important risk factors for head and neck cancers. Moreover, infection with cancer-causing types of human papillomavirus (HPV) is another risk factor for some types of these cancers. […] According to the NCI, these cancers are nearly twice as common among men as they are among women. […] Approximately 69 percent of people diagnosed with cancer of the oral cavity or pharynx will survive five years or longer from their diagnosis, according to the NCI. For cancer of the larynx, the five-year survival rate is about 61 percent. However, the NCI cautions that survival statistics cant be used to predict exactly what will happen to an individual patient, because the estimate is based on large groups of people. No two patients are entirely alike, and treatment and responses to treatment can vary greatly, according to the NCI.
#2 2023 Throat Cancer Statistics | Top 40 Key Facts
https://www.asbestos.com/cancer/laryngeal/throat-cancer-statistics/
Throat cancers affect the lives of thousands of Americans every year. Risk factors include smoking, heavy drinking, human papillomavirus (HPV) and exposure to carcinogens like asbestos. […] Throat cancers are fairly rare when compared to all cancer diagnoses. In 2021, cancer of the larynx represented 0.7% of all new cancer cases and 0.6% of all cancer deaths. An estimated 12,470 new cases of laryngeal cancer will be diagnosed in 2022. […] Approximately 70% of oropharyngeal cancer cases are linked to HPV, the most common sexually transmitted disease in the U.S. […] Asbestos exposure has been identified as a cause of some forms of throat cancer. Asbestos exposure is a known risk factor for laryngeal and pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. […] Long-term survival rates for those with throat cancers increase the earlier the disease is diagnosed. 60.7% of patients survive 5 years or longer after a laryngeal cancer diagnosis.
#2 Updates on larynx cancer epidemiology
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7072014/
Although both incidence and prevalence of laryngeal cancer have considerably increased during the past decades, this escalating epidemiologic trend has not been reflected by a similar increase of mortality. […] Notably, although the epidemiologic trend recorded over the past 3 decades shows laryngeal cancer mortality has marginally declined during the years 2004-2009, a constant progression could be observed during the past 10 years. […] The geographical distribution of laryngeal cancer also reveals some important aspects. […] Our data shows that laryngeal cancer still poses a high clinical and societal burden, following a temporal trend that is not expected to reverse soon.
#3
https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/30456
Laryngeal cancer comprises 30%-40% of head and neck malignancies, and it is the most common malignancy in otolaryngology. […] This literature review summarizes all known data over the past decade with an assessment of the main etiological factors related to cancer incidence, general measurement issues in the cancer epidemiology and the current state of science in relation to laryngeal cancer. […] The geographical distribution of laryngeal cancer also reveals some important aspects. Europe remains the most prevalent continent for this type of malignancy, whilst the epidemiologic burden in Africa remains low. […] Overall, there are clear differences in morbidity and mortality from laryngeal cancer between urban and rural areas, with gender inequalities. […] High rates of laryngeal cancer are closely associated with both low average income and a high percentage of the population with lower-than-average education countries with higher Socio-demographic Index (SDI) have made greater improvements in the treatment of LC than countries with lower SDI. […] Epidemiological data on risk factors can provide valuable information for developing cancer prevention strategies.
#3 Updates on larynx cancer epidemiology
http://article.cjcrcn.org/en/article/doi/10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2020.01.03?viewType=HTML
Laryngeal cancer is an important oncologic entity, whose prognosis depends on establishing appropriate preventive and diagnostic measures, especially in populations at higher risk. […] Epidemiologic information including worldwide incidence, prevalence, burden of health loss (disability-adjusted life year; DALYs) and mortality of larynx cancer was obtained from the Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) database. […] The current incidence, prevalence and mortality of laryngeal cancer are estimated at 2.76 cases/year per 100,000 inhabitants, 14.33 cases/year per 100,000 inhabitants and 1.66 deaths/year per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively, averaging 3.28 million DALYs each year. Incidence and prevalence have increased by 12% and 24%, respectively during the past 3 decades, whilst mortality has declined by around 5%. The epidemiologic burden of this malignancy is approximately 5-fold higher in males and increases in parallel with ageing, peaking after 65 years of age. Both incidence and mortality rates are higher in Europe and lower in Africa, but the ratio between deaths and incidence is the highest in Africa. Incidence has gradually declined in Europe during the past 3 decades, whilst it has increased in South-East Asia and Western Pacific. Cigarette smoking and alcohol abuse contribute for about 90% of overall worldwide mortality for laryngeal cancer. […] Laryngeal cancer still poses a high clinical and societal burden, with an escalating temporal trend not expected to reverse soon.