Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/laryngeal-cancer/diagnosis/

  If you have symptoms of laryngeal cancer, such as a hoarse voice and pain when swallowing, your GP will ask about your symptoms and recent medical history. […] If laryngeal cancer is suspected, you’ll probably be referred to the ear, nose and throat (ENT) department of your local hospital for further testing. […] The main tests that may be carried out in hospital are described below. […] During a nasendoscopy or laryngoscopy, your doctor may use small instruments to remove a sample of cells from your larynx so it can be examined for signs of cancer. This is known as a biopsy. […] If the results of the biopsy show you have cancer and there’s a risk it may have spread, you’ll probably be referred for further testing to assess how widespread the cancer is. […] After these tests have been completed, your doctor should be able to tell you the extent of the cancer. This is known as the stage and grade of the cancer.

• #1 Throat Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23136-throat-cancer

  Throat cancer can form in any part of your throat (pharynx) or voice box (larynx). In the U.S., most throat cancers start in the middle part of the throat (oropharynx). […] Throat cancer doesn’t usually cause symptoms right away. When symptoms do become noticeable, they’re often like those in less serious conditions, like a sore throat or earache. This can make it easy to delay seeing a healthcare provider. […] But it’s important not to ignore potential signs of throat cancer, especially if symptoms last two weeks or more. Most throat cancers are treatable. Some are curable. But getting diagnosed and treated as soon as possible is key. […] Healthcare providers use several tests to diagnose throat cancer. Tests include: Physical exam. Your provider will check for signs of throat cancer, like a lump in your neck. They’ll ask about any activities you participate in that may increase your risk, like smoking.

• #1 Throat Cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/throat-cancer

  Tests to diagnose pharyngeal or laryngeal cancer may include: […] Your doctor will examine your mouth, throat and neck and may insert a gloved finger into your mouth to examine areas that are difficult to see. […] Samples may be taken to check your general health. […] The doctor will remove a small sample of tissue or cells for examination under a microscope to see if cancer cells are present. […] A thin tube with a light on its end (endoscope) will be inserted through the nose to look for abnormalities in the throat. […] A small device called a transducer is used to send out soundwaves that echo when they hit something dense such as an organ or tumour. […] You may have a chest x-ray to check your overall health or to see if cancer has spread to the lungs. […] A CT (computerised tomography) scan uses x-ray beams to create detailed cross-sectional images of inside your body.

• #1 Throat cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/throat-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20366496

  In order to diagnose throat cancer, your doctor may recommend: […] Using a scope to get a closer look at your throat. Your doctor may use a special lighted scope (endoscope) to get a close look at your throat during a procedure called endoscopy. A camera at the end of the endoscope transmits images to a video screen that your doctor watches for signs of abnormalities in your throat. […] Removing a tissue sample for testing. If abnormalities are found during an endoscopy or laryngoscopy, your doctor can pass surgical instruments through the scope to collect a tissue sample (biopsy). The sample is sent to a laboratory for testing. […] Imaging tests, including computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), may help your doctor determine the extent of your cancer beyond the surface of your throat or voice box.

• #1 Tests for Oral Cavity (Mouth) and Oropharyngeal (Throat) Cancers | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  To make sure there are no other cancers in the esophagus or lung, a panendoscopy might be done. […] During a panendoscopy, the doctor uses different types of endoscopes passed down the mouth or nose to do a laryngoscopy/pharyngoscopy, esophagoscopy, and (at times) bronchoscopy. […] A biopsy is the only way to know for sure that oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer is present. […] For cancers of the throat, the biopsy samples are often tested (for the p16 protein) to see if HPV infection is present. […] Imaging tests are not used to diagnose oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancers, but they may be done for a number of reasons before and after a cancer diagnosis. […] No blood test can diagnose cancer in the oral cavity or oropharynx. […] If surgery is planned, you might also have an electrocardiogram (EKG) to make sure your heart is working well.

• #1 Diagnosis of laryngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/laryngeal/diagnosis

  Diagnosis is the process of finding out the cause of a health problem. Diagnosing laryngeal cancer usually begins with a visit to your family doctor. Your doctor will ask you about any symptoms you have and do a physical exam. Based on this information, your doctor will refer you to a specialist or order tests to check for laryngeal cancer or other health problems. […] The following tests are usually used to rule out or diagnose laryngeal cancer. Many of the same tests used to diagnose cancer are used to find out the stage (how far the cancer has progressed). Your doctor may also order other tests to check your general health and to help plan your treatment. […] A laryngostroboscopy may be done to diagnosis laryngeal cancer. […] Blood tests are not used to diagnose or stage laryngeal cancer, but they may be used to check liver and kidney function and overall health before treatment.

• #1 Throat Cancer Diagnosis | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/throat/throat-cancer-diagnosis

  As part of making a diagnosis, a radiologist takes special x-rays of your throat, such as CT scans, MRIs, or a Panorex. […] These imaging tests provide more details about the tissue. If cancer is found, the scans can show how deep the cancer is and if it has spread. […] At Memorial Sloan Kettering, HPV testing is routine for many throat cancers. HPV-positive throat cancer has a better prognosis than other forms of the disease, so we may be able to offer you a less-intensive treatment plan that reduces your side effects without affecting your chances for a cure. […] Genomic testing is also called tumor sequencing or molecular profiling. It involves looking at the cells obtained from the tumor to see if there are any genetic mutations that could be linked to the type of cancer you have.

• #1 Diagnosis & Staging | Head & Neck Cancer Alliance

  https://www.headandneck.org/types/diagnosis-staging/

  In a biopsy, a sample of tissue is removed from the suspected tumor. The tissue is then examined for the presence of cancer or dysplasia (precancerous changes). Biopsies are examined in a lab by a pathologist who is specialized in cancer diagnosis. He or she is trained to distinguish between cancer cells and normal cells, as well as the type of cancer, based on the cells appearance. Depending on the specific situation, one or more types of biopsy may be used. […] Tissues from a biopsy that are shown to be squamous cell carcinoma, especially when taken from the tonsil or the base of the tongue, are often tested for a genomic marker called p16, which is a sign that the cancer may be related to an HPV infection. HPV-related (p16+) cancers have been found to be significantly more responsive to treatment than those lacking p16.

• #1 Throat cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/throat-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20366496

  Once throat cancer is diagnosed, the next step is to determine the extent (stage) of the cancer. Knowing the stage helps determine your treatment options. […] The stage of throat cancer is characterized with the Roman numerals I through IV. Each subtype of throat cancer has its own criteria for each stage. In general, stage I throat cancer indicates a smaller tumor confined to one area of the throat. Later stages indicate more advanced cancer, with stage IV being the most advanced.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/laryngeal-cancer/diagnosis/

  Healthcare professionals use a system called the TNM system to stage laryngeal cancer. T describes the size of the tumour, N describes whether cancer has spread to the lymph nodes and M gives an indication of whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. […] There are also 3 different grades (1 to 3) used to describe laryngeal cancer.

• #1 Diagnosis & Staging | Head & Neck Cancer Alliance

  https://www.headandneck.org/types/diagnosis-staging/

  Your doctor may order imaging tests at different times during your diagnosis and treatment to look for a suspect tumor, to see if cancer has spread, to see if treatment is working, or to look for recurrence of cancer after treatment. Many different types of imaging can be used, including: […] During the process of diagnosing your cancer, the cancer will be staged. Cancer staging is a way of describing the cancer. Diagnosis and staging tell us several things including where in the body the cancer is located, the severity of the cancer (for example, by indicating the size of the primary tumor), and how far the cancer may have spread from its original location. Staging helps your medical team determine your prognosis (the predicted outcome of the disease) and identify the best treatment option for your particular cancer.

• #1 Laryngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16611-laryngeal-cancer

  Part of a diagnosis involves staging the cancer. Your care team will figure out how severe the disease is how far the tumor has grown and if and where it has invaded tissues in your body. […] Stages of laryngeal cancer include: Early laryngeal cancer: In stages 0, 1 and 2, the tumor is small. Cancer hasnt spread beyond your larynx. […] Advanced laryngeal cancer: In stages 3 and 4, the tumor has grown larger. Its affected your vocal cords or invaded your lymph nodes or other areas of your body. […] Treatment for laryngeal cancer includes: Radiation therapy: Radiation oncologists deliver high-energy radiation beams to kill cancer cells. The radiation targets only the tumor to minimize damage to surrounding healthy tissue. […] Chemotherapy: Medical oncologists use medications to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells.

• #1 Throat Cancer Detection & Diagnosis | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/locations/head-neck-institute/cancer/throat/detection-diagnosis

  Your doctor might be able to see a tumor in your pharynx without special equipment but may need special mirrors or fiberoptic telescopes. Your doctor may also need to feel the back of your throat with a gloved finger. A biopsy will confirm the diagnosis. Biopsies are usually performed with the patient under general anesthesia. […] Once the T, N, and M categories are assigned, this information is combined by a process called stage grouping to assign an overall stage of 0, I, II, III, or IV. Stage IV is further divided into A, B, and C. […] Stage IVC: Any T, Any N, M1. The tumor is any size and may or may not have spread to the lymph nodes. It has spread to distant sites, most commonly the lungs.

• #1 Head and neck cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/head-and-neck-cancer

  If tests show you have a head and neck cancer, your specialist will arrange further tests. These can help find out more about the size and position of the cancer and whether it has spread. This is called staging. […] If you have oropharyngeal cancer, tests are done on the cancer cells to check if it is linked to the human papilloma virus (HPV). The results help your doctor plan the most effective treatments for you. HPV-related head and neck cancers usually have a good outlook. […] The stage of a cancer describes its size and if it has spread from where it started. Staging is slightly different for each type of head and neck cancer. Oropharyngeal cancer that are HPV-positive have a separate staging system. […] Because head and neck cancer is not common, you are usually treated in a specialist head and neck unit. A team of specialists will meet to discuss the best possible treatment for you. This is called a multidisciplinary team (MDT).

• #1 Qualitative and Quantitative Diagnosis in Head and Neck Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8466857/

  The diagnosis is the art of determining the nature of a disease, and an accurate diagnosis is the true cornerstone on which rational treatment should be built. […] The purpose of this work is to point out the differences and the aims of the different types of diagnoses and to highlight their importance in the management of patients with head and neck tumours. Qualitative diagnosis is performed by a pathologist and is essential in determining the management and can provide guidance on prognosis. […] The accurate establishment of both diagnoses plays an essential role in treatment planning. Getting the right diagnosis is a key aspect of health care, and it provides an explanation of a patients health problem and informs subsequent decision. […] An accurate diagnosis of the type of malignancy is a key component of effective management.

• #1 Qualitative and Quantitative Diagnosis in Head and Neck Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8466857/

  The pathologist is also responsible for providing many of the more specific data elements that will guide treatment decisions: examples include evidence of virally driven malignancy, margin status, and the precise depth to which a tumour invades surrounding normal tissue. […] The purpose of this work is to point out the differences between both types of diagnoses and to highlight the importance of each in the management of patients with HNC. […] The quantitative diagnosis is the identification of a mass lesion and estimation of the tumour volume, which is mainly provided by the radiologist using imaging techniques. […] Advances in diagnostic imaging have been continuous in recent years with the introduction of new technologies. […] The aim of imaging in HNC is to establish the extent and size of the tumour and to distinguish the recurrent tumour from post-treatment changes.

• #1 Laryngeal cancer – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1115

  Laryngeal cancer is frequently associated with smoking and alcohol consumption. […] Hoarseness, dysphonia, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, referred otalgia, vocal cord lesions on indirect laryngoscopy, and neck mass/adenopathy that persists for 3 weeks are sentinel signs that should be evaluated by an otolaryngologist. […] Diagnostic tests include neck CT with contrast, chest CT with or without contrast, MRI with and without contrast, fine needle aspiration of neck mass, and flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy. […] Tests to consider include rigid videostroboscopy, rigid direct laryngoscopy, immunohistochemistry testing, laryngeal biopsy, whole-body PET/CT scan, and fluorescence endoscopy.

• #1 Diagnosis – Laryngeal Advanced Cancer – THE VOICE FOUNDATION

  https://voicefoundation.org/health-science/voice-disorders/voice-disorders/laryngeal-advanced-cancer/diagnosis-laryngeal-advanced-cancer/

  Several innovations are currently in practice or are being tested to improve our ability to diagnose laryngeal cancer. […] Molecular margin analysis is one promising technique now being examined in a large, multi-center study. Molecular margin analysis involves a very sensitive laboratory technique that can detect altered or cancerous DNA in cells.

• #1 Towards laryngeal cancer diagnosis using Dandelion Optimizer Algorithm with ensemble learning on biomedical throat region images | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-70525-0

  Laryngeal cancer diagnosis on throat region images is a pivotal application of computer vision (CV) and medical image diagnoses in the medical sector. […] This article introduces an automated Laryngeal Cancer Diagnosis using the Dandelion Optimizer Algorithm with Ensemble Learning (LCD-DOAEL) method on Biomedical Throat Region Image. […] The LCD-DOAEL method aims to investigate the images of the throat region for the presence of laryngeal cancer. […] A comprehensive set of simulations is conducted on the biomedical image dataset to highlight the efficient performance of the LCD-DOAEL technique. […] The comparison analysis of the LCD-DOAEL method exhibited a superior accuracy outcome of 97.54% over other existing techniques. […] The LCD-DOAEL method aims to investigate the throat region images for the presence of laryngeal cancer.

• #1 Symptoms to check for throat cancer at home

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-to-check-for-throat-cancer-at-home

  It is not possible to check for throat cancer at home. However, understanding the symptoms of the disease can help a person recognize the condition and consult a doctor as early as possible. […] If a person experiences any of these symptoms, it is best that they contact a doctor for an accurate diagnosis. The doctor may order tests to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other possible causes.

• #1 Qualitative and Quantitative Diagnosis in Head and Neck Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8466857/

  The final diagnosis of HNC cancer is based on the clinical, radiological, and pathological assessment of the tumour. […] To avoid patient mismanagement and unnecessary complications, it is mandatory to establish the correct diagnosis before initiating definitive treatment. […] A precise cancer diagnosis provides an accurate assessment of the tumour, including the cell type and stage, and helps physicians determine the most appropriate plan for treatment.

• #2 Throat Cancer > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/throat-cancer

  Throat cancer, a type of head and neck cancer, can be found in the pharynx or larynx. […] The majority of people diagnosed with throat cancer are tobacco users and/or alcohol consumers. […] While people over the age of 55 are at highest risk for developing throat cancer, its growing more common in younger people due to the increased prevalence of HPV. […] The most common treatments for throat cancers include surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. […] Diagnosis of throat cancer typically begins with a physical exam conducted by your doctor to check for any signs of abnormality, such as a sore or lump in your mouth or swollen lymph nodes in your neck. […] If an abnormality is spotted, your doctor will recommend a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer. […] If throat cancer is diagnosed, you will likely need imaging tests (usually CT and PET scans) to determine whether the throat cancer has spread to other areas of the body.

• #2 Diagnosing Head & Neck Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/head-neck-cancer/diagnosis

  To detect oral and oropharyngeal head and neck cancer as early as possible, Perlmutter Cancer Center doctors may encourage screening during annual medical and dental visits. Your dentist or primary care doctor should examine your mouth, lips, tongue, and gums for any open sores or growths. He or she should also examine your head and neck for lumps or swollen lymph nodes. […] If your doctor suspects you may have head and neck cancer, he or she asks about your symptoms and medical history and performs a physical exam. Your doctor may also perform imaging tests to help diagnose the condition. He or she provides customized treatment based on the location of the tumor and how advanced it is. […] Your doctor may perform a laryngoscopy if you have symptoms of laryngeal or pharyngeal cancer, such as a persistent sore throat, a noticeable lump in your throat or neck, or difficulty swallowing.

• #2 Diagnosis & Staging | Head & Neck Cancer Alliance

  https://www.headandneck.org/types/diagnosis-staging/

  Head and neck cancers may be discovered in multiple ways. A doctor or dentist may find the first evidence during a routine exam or oral, head and neck screening. For example, a swollen lymph node in the neck or an unexplainable red or white patch in the mouth may be seen. Most often, however, head and neck cancers are discovered only after a patient has sought treatment for symptoms that have become problematic. When you see your primary care doctor, you should discuss any past medical history as well as risk factors you have for head and neck cancer such as tobacco or regular alcohol use, and the specific symptoms that you’re experiencing. Your doctor will examine your mouth, head, and neck for lumps, bumps, changes to your mouth or throat, or any problems with the nerves in and around these areas. If he or she feels you need further evaluation, you will likely be referred to an ear, nose and throat specialist (also called an otolaryngologist) or head and neck surgeon. The ear, nose and throat specialist (ENT) will perform a thorough head and neck exam. Because some parts of your throat are difficult to see, he or she may perform a pharyngoscopy. This procedure can be done in the office and does not require anesthesia. The ENT may use small, long-handled mirrors to see the deeper portions of your throat, the base of your tongue, and portions of the voice box. Alternatively, a tiny, flexible fiber-optic scope may be passed through your nose to examine areas that cannot be seen by eyes or mirrors, including the area behind the nose or the rest of your throat and voice box. If further investigation is required, your ENT will perform additional tests which may include:

• #2 Throat Cancer Diagnosis | Throat Cancer Tests | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  Laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers are usually found because of signs or symptoms a person is having. If cancer is suspected, tests will be needed to confirm the diagnosis. […] If your doctor suspects a cancer of the larynx or hypopharynx, you will be referred to an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) doctor, also called an otolaryngologist. This doctor will more completely examine your head and neck. […] This exam is usually done in an operating room where you are given drugs through an intravenous (IV) line to put you in a deep sleep (under general anesthesia). The doctor uses a rigid laryngoscope to look for tumors in the larynx and hypopharynx. […] In a biopsy, the doctor removes a sample of tissue which is looked at closely in the lab. It’s the only way to be sure that cancer is present.

• #2 Laryngeal Cancer: Diagnosis

  https://johnshopkinshealthcare.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Wellness/Cholesterol/34,BLarD1

  Direct laryngoscopy. Your healthcare provider puts a thin, flexible, lighted tube called a laryngoscope through your nose or mouth. This tube lets your provider see areas that cant be seen with a simple mirror. Local anesthesia will be used to ease discomfort. Or you might be given a mild sedative to help you relax. You may have this test done in your healthcare provider’s office, an outpatient clinic, or a hospital. Sometimes, this test is done in the operating room, using a general anesthesia to put you to sleep during the test. Biopsies might be done during this test. […] This test is like a direct laryngoscopy. But many different parts of the head are checked for cancer. These include the nose, nasal cavity, mouth, throat, windpipe (trachea), and food pipe (esophagus). General anesthesia is used to do this test. So you’re asleep and do not feel pain. If any changes are seen, tissue may be taken out for testing (biopsied).

• #2 Throat Cancer Diagnosis | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/throat/throat-cancer-diagnosis

  Before you begin treatment, your care team will need to diagnose which type of throat cancer you have. This is a key first step in developing the best treatment plan for you. […] At MSK, we have a team of pathologists whose sole focus is diagnosing cancers of the head and neck. This specialization allows them to make the most precise diagnosis possible. A more precise diagnosis can improve the effectiveness of your treatment or spare you from treatment that wont work against the disease. […] A throat biopsy is the first step in diagnosing throat cancer. During the biopsy, your surgeon removes a small amount of abnormal tissue from the area where the cancer is suspected. The tissue sample is sent to a pathologist, who examines it under a microscope and works with the other members of your care team to make a diagnosis.

• #2

  https://www.gleneagles.com.sg/conditions-diseases/throat-cancer/diagnosis-treatment

  How is throat cancer diagnosed? […] Your doctor will perform a physical examination on lumps that appear on the outside of the neck. […] Diagnosis tests include: […] Fine needle aspiration, which uses a thin needle to remove a sample of throat tissue to test for cancer cells […] Laryngoscopy, which uses a thin, lighted tube called an endoscope inserted through the mouth to examine the inside of the throat […] Incisional biopsy, the surgical removal of a sample of throat tissue to test for cancer cells […] Chest X-ray to see if cancer has spread to the lungs […] Computerised tomography (CT), a type of X-ray that uses a computer to make detailed images of the inside of the throat […] Positron emission tomography (PET), an imaging test that uses a special dye to check for areas suspicious for cancer involvement […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a scan using magnets rather than X-rays to make detailed images of the inside of the throat.

• #2 Diagnosing Head & Neck Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/head-neck-cancer/diagnosis

  If your doctor finds a suspicious growth during a nasal endoscopy or a laryngoscopy, he or she may perform a biopsy. During a biopsy, the doctor removes a small piece of tissue from the tumor, which is examined for signs of cancer under a microscope. […] At Perlmutter Cancer Center, pathologists also examine tumor tissue in the throat to determine whether it contains human papillomavirus, or HPV. People who have throat cancer that tests positive for HPV often respond to radiation therapy better than those whose cancer does not contain HPV. The reason for this is not entirely understood. […] We test throat tissue for human papillomavirus, or HPV, because throat cancer that tests positive for HPV may respond to radiation therapy better than HPV-negative tumors. […] After diagnosing a head and neck cancer, doctors may order a CT or MRI scan. In a CT scan, X-rays and a computer are used to create two- or three-dimensional, cross-sectional images of the body. This can help determine if the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, bones, or other parts of the body.

• #2 Throat Cancer Diagnosis | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/throat/throat-cancer-diagnosis

  As part of making a diagnosis, a radiologist takes special x-rays of your throat, such as CT scans, MRIs, or a Panorex. […] These imaging tests provide more details about the tissue. If cancer is found, the scans can show how deep the cancer is and if it has spread. […] At Memorial Sloan Kettering, HPV testing is routine for many throat cancers. HPV-positive throat cancer has a better prognosis than other forms of the disease, so we may be able to offer you a less-intensive treatment plan that reduces your side effects without affecting your chances for a cure. […] Genomic testing is also called tumor sequencing or molecular profiling. It involves looking at the cells obtained from the tumor to see if there are any genetic mutations that could be linked to the type of cancer you have.

• #2 Throat Cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/throat-cancer

  An MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan uses magnet and radio waves to create detailed images of the inside of your body. […] A PET (positron emission tomography) scan combined with a CT scan, is often recommended. Radioactive material is injected into the body to help show cancer cells. […] Tests for throat cancers will confirm if you have cancer and how far it has spread. This is called staging and will help your doctors determine the best treatment options for you.

• #2 Blood tests for throat cancer: Are they useful?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/blood-test-for-throat-cancer

  Blood tests cannot detect throat cancer. However, they can help indicate a persons overall health. […] Doctors may use a range of tests to diagnose throat cancer. Diagnosis usually begins with a complete head and neck examination. […] As the American Cancer Society explains, no blood test can detect mouth or throat cancers. […] A biopsy involves removing a sample of cells or a small piece of tissue for further analysis under a microscope. This procedure is the only way for doctors to confirm a diagnosis of cancer of the mouth or throat. […] When diagnosing throat cancer, doctors typically start with a complete examination of the head and neck. They may then request additional tests, such as an endoscopy and biopsy. A biopsy is necessary to make a diagnosis of throat cancer.

• #2 Laryngeal Cancer: Diagnosis

  https://johnshopkinshealthcare.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Wellness/Cholesterol/34,BLarD1

  If your healthcare provider finds changed (abnormal) tissue, you’ll need a biopsy. A biopsy is the only way to know if you have cancer in your larynx. During a biopsy, your provider takes out a tiny piece of the abnormal tissue while you are under local or general anesthesia. A healthcare provider called a pathologist then tests the tissue for cancer cells. […] Your healthcare provider will do tests to check blood counts and make sure your liver and kidneys are working well. The levels of certain substances, such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium, will also be checked. […] When the results of your tests are ready, your healthcare provider will contact you. Your healthcare provider will talk with you about other tests you may need if cancer is found. Ask questions if you don’t understand the results and make sure you know what your next steps should be.

• #2 Diagnosis of oropharyngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/oropharyngeal/diagnosis

  Diagnosis is the process of finding out the cause of a health problem. Diagnosing oropharyngeal cancer usually begins with a visit to your family doctor. Your doctor will ask you about any symptoms you have and may do a physical exam. Based on this information, your doctor may refer you to a specialist or order tests to check for oropharyngeal cancer or other health problems. […] The following tests are usually used to rule out or diagnose oropharyngeal cancer. Many of the same tests used to diagnose cancer are used to find out the stage (how far the cancer has progressed). Your doctor may also order other tests to check your general health and to help plan your treatment. […] A human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA test is a lab test that looks for the DNA of high-risk types of HPV linked to oropharyngeal cancer. The HPV DNA test can be done using a sample of cells collected during a biopsy.

• #2 Tests for Oral Cavity (Mouth) and Oropharyngeal (Throat) Cancers | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  To make sure there are no other cancers in the esophagus or lung, a panendoscopy might be done. […] During a panendoscopy, the doctor uses different types of endoscopes passed down the mouth or nose to do a laryngoscopy/pharyngoscopy, esophagoscopy, and (at times) bronchoscopy. […] A biopsy is the only way to know for sure that oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer is present. […] For cancers of the throat, the biopsy samples are often tested (for the p16 protein) to see if HPV infection is present. […] Imaging tests are not used to diagnose oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancers, but they may be done for a number of reasons before and after a cancer diagnosis. […] No blood test can diagnose cancer in the oral cavity or oropharynx. […] If surgery is planned, you might also have an electrocardiogram (EKG) to make sure your heart is working well.

• #2 Advanced Cancer Diagnostics – Head & Neck Cancer | UCLA Health Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center

  https://www.uclahealth.org/cancer/cancer-services/head-neck-cancer/preserving-you/advanced-cancer-diagnostics

  The pathway to conquering cancer starts with correctly evaluating the type and extent of the disease. This often requires considerable clinical experience and latest technologies. […] UCLA Medical Center ranks among the top 20 technologically advanced hospitals in the world (#1 in California), with access to the state-of-the-art technology for cancer diagnostics. […] Our specialized head and neck pathologists review tissue samples obtained from biopsy or surgery. We perform special tests to see if the tumors express special biomarkers such as Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and p16. We also consider the proliferation index, which is a measure of how many times cancerous cells have divided. […] Our goal is for all cancer patients at the HNCP to have their tumors analyzed to determine their unique fingerprint, a specific combination of genetic changes. This progress will change the way we study new drugs and use old ones. […] Instead of trying medications on all head and neck cancer patients, we can use those that target the specific genetic change associated with their cancer. This precision will ensure that the best treatments get to the right patients.

• #2 Throat Cancer Stages 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/throat/throat-cancer-diagnosis/throat-cancer-stages

  Your doctor will tell you what stage of throat cancer you have as part of the diagnosis process. […] Determining the stage helps doctors explain the extent of the cancer to you. It also helps them determine how to move forward with treatment, including surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. […] Your doctor will assign a stage to the cancer after your biopsy results or imaging test results are in. […] Stage IV is the most-advanced stage of throat cancer. […] Throat cancer may be stage IV when it is first diagnosed. […] Stage III and stage IV throat cancers are more likely to come back after initial treatment than earlier-stage cancers.

• #2 Overview of the diagnosis and staging of head and neck cancer – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-diagnosis-and-staging-of-head-and-neck-cancer

  The staging of head and neck cancer is based on a combination of physical exam, imaging, and pathologic findings. […] Evaluation of the neck nodes is an essential part of staging patients with head and neck cancer. […] The eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer and the Union for International Cancer Control Tumor, Node, Metastasis (TNM) staging system is used to classify cancers of the head and neck.

• #2 Diagnosis & Staging | Head & Neck Cancer Alliance

  https://www.headandneck.org/types/diagnosis-staging/

  Cancer may be staged at multiple points during the processes of diagnosis and treatment. Your medical team may use one or more of the following types of staging: […] It is important to note that each type of cancer has its own classification system. Within head and neck cancer, the numbers and letters for one type do not mean the same as those for another type. For example, in salivary gland cancer a T1 classification means the tumor is smaller than 2cm and does not involve the soft tissues, but in sinus cancers, the same classification means the tumor is confined to one site with no destruction of bone. To better understand your specific cancer stage, ask your doctor to explain it you in terms you and your family understand. […] As our understanding of cancer evolves, so does the way oncologists stage cancers. As of January 1, 2018, a new staging methodology was put into place by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC), and the way head and neck cancers are now staged has changed significantly. The most dramatic changes have been made to staging for mucosal melanoma, oropharyngeal cancer, cancer with an unknown primary, and oral cancer. For example, prior to the changes instituted in 2018, most oropharyngeal cancers were classified as stage IV. Today, many of those would be considered stage I or II. We also now know that oropharyngeal cancers that are HPV positive (also called p16 positive) that is, they contain DNA from the human papillomavirus (HPV) have a better prognosis than those that are HPV negative. Under the recent changes to the TNM system, there are different staging criteria for HPV positive and HPV negative oropharyngeal cancer.

• #2 Towards laryngeal cancer diagnosis using Dandelion Optimizer Algorithm with ensemble learning on biomedical throat region images | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-70525-0

  Laryngeal cancer diagnosis on throat region images is a pivotal application of computer vision (CV) and medical image diagnoses in the medical sector. […] This article introduces an automated Laryngeal Cancer Diagnosis using the Dandelion Optimizer Algorithm with Ensemble Learning (LCD-DOAEL) method on Biomedical Throat Region Image. […] The LCD-DOAEL method aims to investigate the images of the throat region for the presence of laryngeal cancer. […] A comprehensive set of simulations is conducted on the biomedical image dataset to highlight the efficient performance of the LCD-DOAEL technique. […] The comparison analysis of the LCD-DOAEL method exhibited a superior accuracy outcome of 97.54% over other existing techniques. […] The LCD-DOAEL method aims to investigate the throat region images for the presence of laryngeal cancer.

• #2 Diagnosis – Laryngeal Advanced Cancer – THE VOICE FOUNDATION

  https://voicefoundation.org/health-science/voice-disorders/voice-disorders/laryngeal-advanced-cancer/diagnosis-laryngeal-advanced-cancer/

  Several innovations are currently in practice or are being tested to improve our ability to diagnose laryngeal cancer. […] Molecular margin analysis is one promising technique now being examined in a large, multi-center study. Molecular margin analysis involves a very sensitive laboratory technique that can detect altered or cancerous DNA in cells.

• #2 Towards laryngeal cancer diagnosis using Dandelion Optimizer Algorithm with ensemble learning on biomedical throat region images | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-70525-0

  The significant contributions of the LCD-DOAEL technique are listed as follows: […] The novelty of the LCD-DOAEL technique is in incorporating BiLSTM, regularized ELM, and BPNN classifiers for biomedical image classification. […] The experimental validation inspects the LC detection outcomes of the LCD-DOAEL technique on the throat image datasets, containing 1320 samples with four classes. […] The LC detection results of the LCD-DOAEL technique with 80%TRAPH/20%TESPH are reported in Table 3 and Fig. 5. […] The findings affirm that the LCD-DOAEL model with 80%TRAPH/20%TESPH constantly obtains high PR values over all the classes regarding the PR curve given in Fig. 8. […] Thus, the LCD-DOAEL technique can enhance cancer detection of throat region images.

• #2

  https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/head-and-neck-cancer/diagnosis.php

  The most effective treatment plan begins with an accurate and precise head and neck cancer diagnosis. Thats because your specific diagnosis will help us determine the most effective way to treat your cancer. […] Winship Cancer Institute has a team of radiologists and pathologists dedicated solely to otolaryngologic cancers, meaning they are experts at head and neck cancer diagnosis and staging. Thats important because the stage of your disease indicates whether it has spread to your lymph nodes and other parts of the body. […] If you have symptoms of head and neck cancer, your physician will order tests to detect, analyze and stage your cancer. At Winship, we take a multi-stage approach to ensure every patient gets a thorough and accurate head and neck cancer diagnosis. […] At Winship, we use the latest imaging technologies to make an accurate head and neck cancer diagnosis. Depending on the location being examined, you may receive positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or high-resolution computed tomography (CT) imaging to help us identify cancerous growth and determine whether or how far the disease has spread within the body.

• #2 Throat Cancer: Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/cancer/head-and-neck-cancer/throat-cancer/treatment

  If you have throat cancer, you may have a persistent sore throat, trouble swallowing, or a lump in your neck. The earliest signs of throat cancer may be similar to those of a cold, including a sore throat and hoarse voice. If it is cold, these symptoms will go away. Throat cancer symptoms will not go away on their own and require a visit to a doctor. Throat cancer may develop fairly quickly. See a doctor if you’ve had symptoms for more than two weeks.

• #2 Throat cancer treatment centers: signs and early detection

  https://sunriseoncocare.com/blog/diagnosis-throat-cancer-treatment-centers/

  A biopsy is perhaps the most definitive way to diagnose head and neck cancer. […] The biopsy results will determine if cancer cells are present and, if so, the type of cancer and its stage. […] Diagnosing head and neck cancer early significantly increases the chances of successful treatment. […] Understanding how head and neck cancer is diagnosed is the first step toward getting the care you need.

• #3 Throat Cancer Diagnosis | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/throat/throat-cancer-diagnosis

  Before you begin treatment, your care team will need to diagnose which type of throat cancer you have. This is a key first step in developing the best treatment plan for you. […] At MSK, we have a team of pathologists whose sole focus is diagnosing cancers of the head and neck. This specialization allows them to make the most precise diagnosis possible. A more precise diagnosis can improve the effectiveness of your treatment or spare you from treatment that wont work against the disease. […] A throat biopsy is the first step in diagnosing throat cancer. During the biopsy, your surgeon removes a small amount of abnormal tissue from the area where the cancer is suspected. The tissue sample is sent to a pathologist, who examines it under a microscope and works with the other members of your care team to make a diagnosis.

• #3 Head and neck cancers – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/head-and-neck-cancers/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20558359

  Head and neck cancer diagnosis often begins with an exam of the head and neck area. Other tests might include imaging tests and a procedure to remove some cells for testing. The tests used for diagnosis may depend on the cancer’s location. […] A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. How the cells are collected depends on the cancer’s location. If the cancer is easy to access, a healthcare professional might cut out some of the tissue with a cutting tool. Sometimes a needle can go through the skin and into the cancer to draw out some cells. Special tools can collect cells from inside the throat or inside the nose. […] The tissue sample collected during a biopsy goes to a lab for testing. Tests can show if the cells are cancerous. Other special tests give more details about the cancer cells. For instance, the cells might be tested for signs of HPV infection. Your healthcare team uses this information to make a treatment plan.

• #3 Head and Neck Cancers – Diagnosis, Evaluation and Treatment

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/head-neck-cancer

  Your doctor will likely perform a physical exam to evaluate your condition. […] To confirm a diagnosis of cancer and determine if it has spread, you may undergo endoscopy, head MRI, CT of the sinuses, head CT, panoramic dental x-ray, dental cone beam CT, PET/CT or chest imaging. […] Your doctor may order one or more of the following imaging tests to help determine if you have a cancer and whether it has spread: […] Nasopharyngolaryngoscopy: This endoscopy exam uses a flexible, illuminated optical instrument called an endoscope to examine the nasal cavity, voice box and throat. […] Head MRI: During head MRI, a powerful magnetic field, radio frequency pulses and a computer will be are used to produce detailed pictures of the inside of the head and neck. […] CT of the Sinuses: This diagnostic medical test produces multiple images or pictures of a patient’s paranasal sinus cavities.

• #4 Head and Neck Cancers – Diagnosis, Evaluation and Treatment

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/head-neck-cancer

  CT of the Head: Much like CT of the sinuses, CT of the head can help detect abnormalities of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity. […] Panoramic Dental X-ray: Also called panoramic radiography, this two-dimensional (2-D) dental x-ray examination captures the entire mouth in a single image, including the teeth, upper and lower jaws, surrounding structures and tissues. […] Dental Cone Beam CT: This type of CT scan uses special technology to generate three dimensional (3-D) images of dental structures, soft tissues, nerve paths and bone in the craniofacial region in a single scan. […] PET/CT: This nuclear medicine exam combines positron emission tomography (PET) and CT scans to create images that pinpoint the anatomic location of abnormal metabolic activity. […] If these tests do not clearly show that an abnormality is benign, a biopsy may be necessary. […] A biopsy is the removal of tissue in order to examine it for disease. […] Biopsies can be safely performed with image guidance such as ultrasound, x-ray, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

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