Materiały źródłowe

• #1 H5 Bird Flu: Current Situation | Bird Flu | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/situation-summary/index.html

  H5 bird flu is widespread in wild birds worldwide and is causing outbreaks in poultry and U.S. dairy cows with several recent human cases in U.S. dairy and poultry workers. […] While the current public health risk is low, CDC is watching the situation carefully and working with states to monitor people with animal exposures. […] CDC is using its flu surveillance systems to monitor for H5 bird flu activity in people. […] CDC influenza (flu) surveillance systems show no indicators of unusual influenza activity in people, including avian influenza A(H5). […] Cumulative data on humans in the U.S. have been collected since April 28, 2022.

• #2 H5N1 InfluenzaLockBack to top

  https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections

  The H5N1 strain of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is present in wild birds worldwide and is causing outbreaks in U.S. domestic birds and dairy cattle. Many other species are also susceptible to this virus. APHIS is working with our Federal, State, and industry partners to combat outbreaks, support producers, and strengthen prevention. […] The United States has the strongest avian influenza surveillance program in the world. APHIS monitors for the virus in commercial and backyard birds, wild birds, and dairy cattle. We also conduct confirmatory testing for HPAI in other domestic and wild animals. View the latest updates on detections of HPAI by species.

• #3

  https://wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Laboratories/Wildlife-Health/Monitoring/HPAI

  Avian influenza is an infectious disease of birds caused by type A influenza viruses. These viruses naturally circulate among waterfowl and other waterbirds. […] In December 2021, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 of Eurasian-lineage was detected in domestic poultry and wild birds along the Atlantic coast of Canada. In January and February 2022, detections were made for the first time in wild birds and domestic poultry in the eastern United States. Following its initial detection, the virus has spread to nearly every state with numerous detections in both domestic poultry and wild birds. […] The Wildlife Health Lab in coordination with regional staff and other partners are monitoring wild bird populations for signs of illness. The Wildlife Health Lab continues to investigate mortality events, especially those involving 5 or more wild birds, and conduct surveillance testing for avian influenza. Additionally, CDFW supports the national HPAI surveillance plan for avian influenza testing in hunter-harvested waterfowl and live-birds led by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. […] Although avian influenza viruses naturally circulate among waterbirds, the strain of H5N1 currently in circulation in the U.S. and Canada has been causing illness and death in a higher diversity of wild bird species than during previous avian influenza outbreaks.

• #4 Avian Influenza Surveillance | U.S. Geological Survey

  https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nwhc/science/avian-influenza-surveillance

  The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) conducts surveillance in wild birds to facilitate early detection and situational awareness for high consequence pathogens, including highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. […] Surveillance activities conducted by NWHC, in support of national HPAI surveillance objectives, provide critical information regarding avian influenza strains currently circulating in the U.S. and enhance our understanding of disease impacts on wild birds. Wild bird surveillance also provides early warning for the agricultural sector and helps inform the need for increased biosecurity at poultry facilities. […] Highly pathogenic avian influenza was detected in North American wild birds in December 2021 for the first time since 2015. […] The NWHC serves on the U.S. Interagency Steering Committee for Surveillance for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Wild Birds and conducts morbidity and mortality event investigations in support of the Interagency Strategic Plan for Early Detection and Monitoring for Avian Influenzas of Significance in Wild Birds.

• #5

  https://wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Laboratories/Wildlife-Health/Monitoring/HPAI

  Avian influenza is an infectious disease of birds caused by type A influenza viruses. These viruses naturally circulate among waterfowl and other waterbirds. […] In December 2021, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 of Eurasian-lineage was detected in domestic poultry and wild birds along the Atlantic coast of Canada. In January and February 2022, detections were made for the first time in wild birds and domestic poultry in the eastern United States. Following its initial detection, the virus has spread to nearly every state with numerous detections in both domestic poultry and wild birds. […] The Wildlife Health Lab in coordination with regional staff and other partners are monitoring wild bird populations for signs of illness. The Wildlife Health Lab continues to investigate mortality events, especially those involving 5 or more wild birds, and conduct surveillance testing for avian influenza. Additionally, CDFW supports the national HPAI surveillance plan for avian influenza testing in hunter-harvested waterfowl and live-birds led by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. […] Although avian influenza viruses naturally circulate among waterbirds, the strain of H5N1 currently in circulation in the U.S. and Canada has been causing illness and death in a higher diversity of wild bird species than during previous avian influenza outbreaks.

• #6 Investigation of Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus in Dairy Cattle | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/food/alerts-advisories-safety-information/investigation-avian-influenza-h5n1-virus-dairy-cattle

  The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), along with state partners, continue to investigate an outbreak of Avian Influenza A (H5N1) impacting poultry, dairy cows, and people in multiple states. […] The FDA is continuing to work with Federal and state partners to address the ongoing outbreak of HPAI A (H5N1) in dairy cattle. The FDA has sampled a total of 464 pasteurized dairy products, including milk, cheese, butter, and ice cream, all were negative for viable H5N1. In addition, multiple research studies have confirmed that pasteurization inactivates the virus. […] The FDA continues to recommend that dairy producers monitor herds for H5N1 infection by enrolling in USDA or state testing programs. If a herd becomes infected with H5N1, the USDA recommends that dairy producers segregate clinically ill cows from the rest of the milking herd. The FDA recommends dairy processors not use milk from infected cows in the production of raw milk products, such as raw milk cheese, and reminds manufacturers that heat treating or pasteurization are both effective measures that inactivate H5N1.

• #7 H5 Bird Flu: Current Situation | Bird Flu | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/situation-summary/index.html

  H5 bird flu is widespread in wild birds worldwide and is causing outbreaks in poultry and U.S. dairy cows with several recent human cases in U.S. dairy and poultry workers. […] While the current public health risk is low, CDC is watching the situation carefully and working with states to monitor people with animal exposures. […] CDC is using its flu surveillance systems to monitor for H5 bird flu activity in people. […] CDC influenza (flu) surveillance systems show no indicators of unusual influenza activity in people, including avian influenza A(H5). […] Cumulative data on humans in the U.S. have been collected since April 28, 2022.

• #8 Human H5N1 Cases – Avian Influenza – MSK Library Guides at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://libguides.mskcc.org/BirdFlu/H5N1/Humans

  As of February 24, CDC has confirmed three human cases of H5 bird flu in people who became ill in 2025: a dairy worker with exposure to infected dairy cows (Nevada), a poultry worker with exposure to infected commercial poultry (Ohio), and the owner of an infected backyard poultry flock (Wyoming). […] Although the ongoing global outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus has primarily affected dairy cows, poultry, and other animals, 66 human cases (including one death) have been identified in the United States in 2024. […] CDC’s analysis of the genetic sequence of the virus isolated from the patient in Nevada identified the virus as an avian influenza A(H5N1) virus from clade 2.3.4.4.b (genotype D1.1). […] CDC numbers are based on weekly state aggregate reports since 2022. CDC defers to states for updated information on people being monitored and tested.

• #9 Avian Influenza A(H5) Outbreak | Center for Outbreak Response Innovation

  https://cori.centerforhealthsecurity.org/resources/avian-influenza-ah5-outbreak

  Global experts call on world leaders to take immediate action on the threat of bird flu. […] A recent publication in Science has summarized the introduction and evolution of H5N1 in North America based on genomic sequencing. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is reporting 70 confirmed human cases of H5 in the United States Outbreak as of April 29, 2025. […] CDC reports that for the duration of the outbreak, 218 tests have been conducted for individuals with exposure to dairy cows, and 670 tests have been conducted for individuals exposed to birds and other animals, resulting in a positivity rate of 18.81% (41/218) and 3.58% (24/670) respectively. […] Commercial and backyard flocks continue to be impacted by H5N1, with 2 commercial poultry flocks and 16 backyard flocks affected in the last 30 days. […] The United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA APHIS) has reported 33 new infected cattle herds from three states in the last 30 days, bringing the total for the outbreak to 1,032 cattle herds in 17 states as of April 29.

• #10 Avian Influenza – WOAH – World Organisation for Animal Health

  https://www.woah.org/en/disease/avian-influenza/

  In recent years, the changes in the ecology and epidemiology of specific avian influenza lineages led to infection of numerous wild bird species. […] Consequently, this facilitated the spread of the virus along established migratory routes, resulting in death of many wild birds, including endangered species, and serving as a source for transmission to poultry and wild mammals. […] Historically, HPAI viruses have not been transferred back into wild aquatic birds, and wild aquatic birds have not had significant involvement in the spread of HPAI to poultry or other domestic birds. […] In recent years, the epidemiology of HPAI virus has changed, being endemic in domestic birds in a number of countries causing major outbreaks among domestic but also wild birds worldwide. […] Avian influenza outbreaks can have heavy consequences for the poultry industry, the health of wild birds, farmers livelihoods as well as international trade.

• #11 Investigation of Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus in Dairy Cattle | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/food/alerts-advisories-safety-information/investigation-avian-influenza-h5n1-virus-dairy-cattle

  The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), along with state partners, continue to investigate an outbreak of Avian Influenza A (H5N1) impacting poultry, dairy cows, and people in multiple states. […] The FDA is continuing to work with Federal and state partners to address the ongoing outbreak of HPAI A (H5N1) in dairy cattle. The FDA has sampled a total of 464 pasteurized dairy products, including milk, cheese, butter, and ice cream, all were negative for viable H5N1. In addition, multiple research studies have confirmed that pasteurization inactivates the virus. […] The FDA continues to recommend that dairy producers monitor herds for H5N1 infection by enrolling in USDA or state testing programs. If a herd becomes infected with H5N1, the USDA recommends that dairy producers segregate clinically ill cows from the rest of the milking herd. The FDA recommends dairy processors not use milk from infected cows in the production of raw milk products, such as raw milk cheese, and reminds manufacturers that heat treating or pasteurization are both effective measures that inactivate H5N1.

• #12 Avian Influenza A(H5) Outbreak | Center for Outbreak Response Innovation

  https://cori.centerforhealthsecurity.org/resources/avian-influenza-ah5-outbreak

  Global experts call on world leaders to take immediate action on the threat of bird flu. […] A recent publication in Science has summarized the introduction and evolution of H5N1 in North America based on genomic sequencing. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is reporting 70 confirmed human cases of H5 in the United States Outbreak as of April 29, 2025. […] CDC reports that for the duration of the outbreak, 218 tests have been conducted for individuals with exposure to dairy cows, and 670 tests have been conducted for individuals exposed to birds and other animals, resulting in a positivity rate of 18.81% (41/218) and 3.58% (24/670) respectively. […] Commercial and backyard flocks continue to be impacted by H5N1, with 2 commercial poultry flocks and 16 backyard flocks affected in the last 30 days. […] The United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA APHIS) has reported 33 new infected cattle herds from three states in the last 30 days, bringing the total for the outbreak to 1,032 cattle herds in 17 states as of April 29.

• #13

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(avian-and-other-zoonotic)

  Humans can be infected with avian, swine and other influenza viruses. […] Direct contact with infected animals (through handling, culling, slaughtering or processing) or indirect contact (through environments contaminated with bodily fluids from infected animals) represent a risk for human infection. […] Currently circulating zoonotic influenza viruses have not yet demonstrated sustained person-to-person transmission. […] To minimize public health risk, quality surveillance in both animal and human populations, thorough investigation of every human infection, and risk-based pandemic planning are essential. […] Human infections with avian and other zoonotic influenza viruses, though rare, have been reported sporadically. […] Current zoonotic influenza viruses have not demonstrated sustained person-to-person transmission.

• #14 Avian influenza

  https://wildlife.utah.gov/avian-influenza.html

  Avian influenza viruses naturally occur in wild birds, especially waterfowl and shorebirds, and infections typically cause few, if any, symptoms. The virus is spread among birds through nasal and oral discharges and fecal droppings, and can persist in the environment for long periods of time. Avian influenza viruses have many different strains, and are categorized as low pathogenic (LPAI) and highly pathogenic (HPAI) based on their infectivity to domestic poultry. […] Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses are very contagious among birds and can cause rapid and high mortality in domestic poultry, such as chickens and domestic ducks. Highly pathogenic avian influenza can occasionally also cause mortality in wild birds, including waterfowl, shorebirds, raptors and scavengers. […] The Utah Division of Wildlife Resources is continuing to monitor for unusual mortality events in wild birds, especially in waterfowl and other water birds; gallinaceous birds such as quail and turkeys; scavenger birds such as crows and ravens; and birds of prey such as eagles, owls and other raptors.

• #15 Avian Influenza – WOAH – World Organisation for Animal Health

  https://www.woah.org/en/disease/avian-influenza/

  The presence of HPAI restricts international trade in live birds and poultry meat. […] The transmission of avian influenza from birds to humans is usually sporadic and happens in a specific context. […] However, due to ongoing circulation of various subtypes, outbreaks of avian influenza continue to be a global public health concern. […] The first line of defense against avian influenza is early detection. […] Because of its capacity to rapidly spread across regions, early detection and timely reporting of cases are key to enable countries to anticipate and get prepared for potential new outbreaks of avian influenza. […] Avian influenza is a WOAH-listed disease. […] As such, national Veterinary Authorities must report: Infection with high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses, irrespective of their subtypes, detected in birds (domestic and wild).

• #16

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(avian-and-other-zoonotic)

  Humans can be infected with avian, swine and other influenza viruses. […] Direct contact with infected animals (through handling, culling, slaughtering or processing) or indirect contact (through environments contaminated with bodily fluids from infected animals) represent a risk for human infection. […] Currently circulating zoonotic influenza viruses have not yet demonstrated sustained person-to-person transmission. […] To minimize public health risk, quality surveillance in both animal and human populations, thorough investigation of every human infection, and risk-based pandemic planning are essential. […] Human infections with avian and other zoonotic influenza viruses, though rare, have been reported sporadically. […] Current zoonotic influenza viruses have not demonstrated sustained person-to-person transmission.

• #17 Avian Influenza | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/you-and-your-family/illness-and-disease-z/avian-influenza

  Public health officials work closely with local, state, and federal partners to monitor avian influenza in Washington state. Public health officials identify people exposed to infected animals to provide prevention recommendations, conduct symptom monitoring, and provide testing and treatment when indicated. The first human cases of H5 avian influenza were reported in Washington state in October 2024. To date, there is no evidence of person-to-person transmission of avian influenza in Washington state. […] Birds and other animals infected with avian influenza shed the virus in their saliva, mucous and feces. Infected dairy cattle also shed the virus in milk. People can become infected if the virus gets into a persons eyes, nose or mouth or if it is breathed in. […] Bird flu infections in people are rare and most commonly occur after prolonged contact with infected birds or other animals while not wearing appropriate personal protective equipment.

• #18

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(avian-and-other-zoonotic)

  Humans can be infected with avian, swine and other influenza viruses. […] Direct contact with infected animals (through handling, culling, slaughtering or processing) or indirect contact (through environments contaminated with bodily fluids from infected animals) represent a risk for human infection. […] Currently circulating zoonotic influenza viruses have not yet demonstrated sustained person-to-person transmission. […] To minimize public health risk, quality surveillance in both animal and human populations, thorough investigation of every human infection, and risk-based pandemic planning are essential. […] Human infections with avian and other zoonotic influenza viruses, though rare, have been reported sporadically. […] Current zoonotic influenza viruses have not demonstrated sustained person-to-person transmission.

• #19 Avian Influenza – WOAH – World Organisation for Animal Health

  https://www.woah.org/en/disease/avian-influenza/

  The presence of HPAI restricts international trade in live birds and poultry meat. […] The transmission of avian influenza from birds to humans is usually sporadic and happens in a specific context. […] However, due to ongoing circulation of various subtypes, outbreaks of avian influenza continue to be a global public health concern. […] The first line of defense against avian influenza is early detection. […] Because of its capacity to rapidly spread across regions, early detection and timely reporting of cases are key to enable countries to anticipate and get prepared for potential new outbreaks of avian influenza. […] Avian influenza is a WOAH-listed disease. […] As such, national Veterinary Authorities must report: Infection with high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses, irrespective of their subtypes, detected in birds (domestic and wild).

• #20 Avian influenza – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_influenza

  The Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) is a global network of laboratories that monitor the spread of influenza with the aim to provide the World Health Organization with influenza control information and to inform vaccine development. Several millions of specimens are tested by the GISRS network annually through a network of laboratories in 127 countries.

• #21

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(avian-and-other-zoonotic)

  There is no evidence to suggest that A(H5), A(H7N9) or other avian influenza viruses can be transmitted to humans through properly prepared and cooked poultry or eggs. […] The diversity of zoonotic influenza viruses that have caused human infections necessitates strengthened surveillance in both animal and human populations, thorough investigation of every zoonotic infection and pandemic preparedness planning. […] Influenza viruses are impossible to eradicate and zoonotic infections will continue to occur. […] To minimize public health risk, quality surveillance in both animal and human populations, thorough investigation of every human infection and risk-based pandemic planning are essential. […] WHO continuously monitors avian and other zoonotic influenza viruses closely through its Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS).

• #22 Avian Influenza – WOAH – World Organisation for Animal Health

  https://www.woah.org/en/disease/avian-influenza/

  To support countries in the fight against this disease, WOAH developed international standards on avian influenza, which provide the framework for the implementation of effective surveillance and control measures. […] Additionally, the World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS) provides a window on the disease situation worldwide. […] Through its online platform, the system disseminates information about avian influenza outbreaks and sends alerts on events in real time.

• #23

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(avian-and-other-zoonotic)

  WHO, in collaboration with the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), conducts surveillance at the human-animal interface, assesses the associated risks and coordinates response to zoonotic influenza outbreaks and other threats to public health.

• #24

  https://www.who.int/westernpacific/wpro-emergencies/surveillance/avian-influenza

  Avian influenza subtype A(HxNy) normally spreads in birds but can also infect humans. Human infections are primarily acquired through direct contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments. While avian influenza viruses do not currently transmit easily from person to person, the ongoing circulation of these viruses in poultry is concerning, as these viruses can result in mild to severe illness and death, and also have the potential to mutate to become more contagious. […] Member States in the WHOs Western Pacific Region (WPR) communicate and notify the World Health Organization of any human cases of A(HxNy) through the International Health Regulations (IHR 2005) mechanism. WHOs Western Pacific Regional Office therefore monitors human cases of avian influenza on an ongoing basis and produces a weekly summary report of the situation in the region. […] An epidemiological overview of human infections with HxNy avian influenza in the Western Pacific Region, 20032022 From H5N1 to HxNy: An epidemiologic overview of human infections with avian influenza in the Western Pacific Region, 20032017

• #25 Guidelines for surveillance of avian influenza

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/infectious-disease-topics/avian-influenza/strategies-and-guidelines/guidelines-surveillance-avian

  Primary and secondary healthcare sentinel systems, as well as molecular surveillance, have been strengthened during the COVID-19 pandemic to integrate different respiratory viruses e.g. monitoring influenza seasonal activity or the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants. […] This document is also relevant for zoonotic influenza virus infections in humans including avian influenza. […] Sharing of influenza viruses is done through the Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS). […] Human infections with avian influenza viruses are notifiable under EU legislation within 24 hours through the Early Warning and Response System (EWRS), according to the regulation on serious cross-border threats to health (2022/2371). […] Systematic data about the number of tested people, number of positive cases, as well as case-based data about avian influenza is collected at The European Surveillance System (TESSy) in a standardised format according to the EU case definition. […] Enhanced surveillance of severe avian influenza virus infections in hospital settings in the EU/EEA.

• #26 H5 Bird Flu: Current Situation | Bird Flu | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/situation-summary/index.html

  H5 bird flu is widespread in wild birds worldwide and is causing outbreaks in poultry and U.S. dairy cows with several recent human cases in U.S. dairy and poultry workers. […] While the current public health risk is low, CDC is watching the situation carefully and working with states to monitor people with animal exposures. […] CDC is using its flu surveillance systems to monitor for H5 bird flu activity in people. […] CDC influenza (flu) surveillance systems show no indicators of unusual influenza activity in people, including avian influenza A(H5). […] Cumulative data on humans in the U.S. have been collected since April 28, 2022.

• #27 Human H5N1 Cases – Avian Influenza – MSK Library Guides at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://libguides.mskcc.org/BirdFlu/H5N1/Humans

  Confirmed and probable cases are typically updated by 5 PM EST on Mondays (for cases confirmed by CDC on Friday, Saturday, or Sunday), Wednesdays (for cases confirmed by CDC on Monday or Tuesday), and Fridays (for cases confirmed by CDC on Wednesday and Thursday). Affected states may report cases more frequently. […] CDC has multiple surveillance systems that monitor national, state, and local level influenza data, including: […] Human cases of novel influenza, which are human infections with non-human influenza A viruses that are different from currently spreading seasonal human influenza viruses, are nationally notifiable. Every identified case is investigated and reported to CDC. […] CDC is actively looking at multiple flu indicators during the current situation to monitor for influenza A(H5N1) viruses, including looking for spread of the virus to, or among people, in jurisdictions where the virus has been identified in people or animals.

• #28 H5N1 InfluenzaLockBack to top

  https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections

  The H5N1 strain of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is present in wild birds worldwide and is causing outbreaks in U.S. domestic birds and dairy cattle. Many other species are also susceptible to this virus. APHIS is working with our Federal, State, and industry partners to combat outbreaks, support producers, and strengthen prevention. […] The United States has the strongest avian influenza surveillance program in the world. APHIS monitors for the virus in commercial and backyard birds, wild birds, and dairy cattle. We also conduct confirmatory testing for HPAI in other domestic and wild animals. View the latest updates on detections of HPAI by species.

• #29 Avian Influenza Surveillance | U.S. Geological Survey

  https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nwhc/science/avian-influenza-surveillance

  The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) conducts surveillance in wild birds to facilitate early detection and situational awareness for high consequence pathogens, including highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. […] Surveillance activities conducted by NWHC, in support of national HPAI surveillance objectives, provide critical information regarding avian influenza strains currently circulating in the U.S. and enhance our understanding of disease impacts on wild birds. Wild bird surveillance also provides early warning for the agricultural sector and helps inform the need for increased biosecurity at poultry facilities. […] Highly pathogenic avian influenza was detected in North American wild birds in December 2021 for the first time since 2015. […] The NWHC serves on the U.S. Interagency Steering Committee for Surveillance for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Wild Birds and conducts morbidity and mortality event investigations in support of the Interagency Strategic Plan for Early Detection and Monitoring for Avian Influenzas of Significance in Wild Birds.

• #30 Avian Influenza | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

  https://www.fws.gov/avian-influenza

  Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses can severely affect domestic animal, wildlife, and sometimes human health. […] Outbreaks of Eurasian lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses have been impacting domestic poultry and wild bird populations in Europe and Asia since August 2020. […] HPAI cases have now been confirmed in both domestic and wild birds in numerous locations throughout Canada and the United States. […] Because both trade in HPAI-infected poultry products and wild bird migration likely contribute to the local and long-distance spread of HPAI viruses, proactive measures to detect and limit the potential for of virus introduction and spread in all sectors are imperative. […] The Interagency Steering Committee for Avian Influenza Surveillance in Wild Migratory Birds, currently chaired by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, has increased avian influenza surveillance of wild birds across the country.

• #31 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Response | Minnesota Board of Animal Health

  http://www.bah.state.mn.us/hpai

  The United States has the strongest AI surveillance program in the world, and USDA is working with its partners to actively look for the disease in poultry operations, live bird markets, and in migratory wild bird populations. […] When a Minnesota premises is identified with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), on-the-ground response efforts begin immediately. Animal health officials carry out a number of activities according to protocols established by the U. S. Department of Agriculture in order to manage the disease and reduce any potential risk of its spread. […] The control area is a 10 km (6.2 miles) zone established around infected flocks. Within this zone, officials work to identify all premises with commercial and backyard poultry. Commercial flocks are placed under quarantine and cannot move poultry or poultry products on or off their premises without negative testing and under an approved permit. Commercial flocks must undergo surveillance in accordance with USDA protocols. All testing must be negative before quarantines can be lifted. […] The surveillance zone is a 10 km zone surrounding the control area. Animal health officials identify all premises within this zone and have commercial flocks conduct surveillance testing in accordance with protocols established by the USDA.

• #32

  https://www.fao.org/animal-health/situation-updates/global-aiv-with-zoonotic-potential/en

  In Egypt, FAO supported the Veterinary services in implementation of the risk-based surveillance to understand the prevalence of avian influenza sub-types currently circulating in Egypt and to detect incursion of new subtypes as early as possible. […] FAO ECTAD continues supporting annual proficiency testing schemes of national and sub-national level laboratories for AI diagnosis in Central East, and West African countries through USAID funded GHSA programme.

• #33 Reporting Avian Influenza surveillance

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7009584/

  Avian influenza viruses infect domestic poultry and wild birds as well as humans. In order to ensure early detection of avian influenza viruses, surveillance in poultry and wild birds is considered essential. […] Surveillance in poultry and wild birds is crucial in order to early detect the occurrence of new avian influenza viruses in the EU that pose a risk to animal and potentially to human health. […] The surveillance programmes must comply with guidelines laid down by the Commission. These describe the strategies and methods for surveillance in poultry and wild birds, as well as sampling and testing procedures. […] In order to harmonise and streamline data collection and analysis of results of surveillance in poultry and wild birds, EFSA shall be mandated to carry out the above tasks.

• #34 Avian Influenza | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

  https://www.fws.gov/avian-influenza

  Key elements in effective surveillance include early detection, rapid communications, quick and accurate laboratory diagnosis, relay of diagnostic findings back to the field, to decision makers, and the public, as well as implementation of prevention and management actions where necessary. […] Monitoring wild bird populations for the earliest possible detection of HPAI by conducting morbidity and mortality investigations and submitting specimens for laboratory testing. […] Ensuring biosecurity and biosafety on the Service-managed lands and waters to limit spread of the virus. […] Report bird mortalities to your state wildlife management agency immediately so that bird die-offs can be investigated and tested for avian influenza. […] Prevent contact of domestic or captive birds with wild birds. […] Avian influenza surveillance.

• #35 Avian influenza surveillance in domestic waterfowl and environment of live bird markets in Bangladesh, 2007–2012 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-27515-w

  Avian influenza viruses, including highly pathogenic strains, pose severe economic, animal and public health concerns. We implemented live bird market surveillance in Bangladesh to identify the subtypes of avian influenza A viruses in domestic waterfowl and market environments. […] Live bird markets could be high-risk sites for harboring the viruses and have the potential to infect naive birds and humans exposed to them. […] The steady supply of poultry in the LBM provides susceptible avian hosts for the avian influenza A viruses and may serve as a point for spreading infection between poultry. […] Waterfowl brought in to live-bird markets are particularly important in the transmission pathway among domestic poultry because, once infected, they may shed influenza viruses for days through fecal and respiratory droppings usually without showing clinical signs of disease.

• #36 Global Virus Network Issues Urgent Call to Action to Mitigate the Rising Threat of H5N1 Avian Influenza – Global Virus Network

  https://gvn.org/global-virus-network-issues-urgent-call-to-action-to-mitigate-the-rising-threat-of-h5n1-avian-influenza/

  Today, the Global Virus Network (GVN), representing eminent human and animal virologists from 80+ Centers of Excellence and Affiliates in 40+ countries, published a comprehensive analysis and call-to-action in The Lancet Regional HealthAmericas on the North American avian influenza virus, or H5N1, outbreak. The GVN calls on world governments to address the threat of H5N1 avian influenza by enhancing surveillance, implementing biosecurity measures, and preparing for potential human-to-human transmission. […] „Genomic surveillance is pivotal in tracking viral evolution and informing response strategies,” said Marion Koopmans, DVM, PhD, center of excellence director at the GVN and head of the department of viroscience at Erasmus Medical Center, Netherlands. Continued investment in surveillance at the human-animal interface, and immediate sharing of unusual field observations and sequence data is essential for researchers worldwide to monitor virus dynamics effectively.

• #37 Avian Influenza A Virus | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/influenza/avian.htm

  The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) confirmed that humans in the U.S. have tested positive for highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1), also known as bird flu. The CDC says risk to the general public remains low. […] Currently, there is no imminent threat to Wisconsin since there is little evidence of sustained human-to-human spread of the bird flu in other parts of the world. […] Avian influenza has not mutated to a point where it could easily spread from person-to-person. It’s difficult to predict if or when that might happen, or if it will result in an influenza pandemic. […] The Wisconsin Wastewater Monitoring Program works with wastewater treatment plants across the state to regularly test samples for a variety of diseases including COVID-19 and the flu (influenza). In order to be vigilant for avian influenza, the program recently began testing samples for influenza A(H5), the virus that causes highly pathogenic avian influenza.

• #38 Avian Influenza | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

  https://www.fws.gov/avian-influenza

  Key elements in effective surveillance include early detection, rapid communications, quick and accurate laboratory diagnosis, relay of diagnostic findings back to the field, to decision makers, and the public, as well as implementation of prevention and management actions where necessary. […] Monitoring wild bird populations for the earliest possible detection of HPAI by conducting morbidity and mortality investigations and submitting specimens for laboratory testing. […] Ensuring biosecurity and biosafety on the Service-managed lands and waters to limit spread of the virus. […] Report bird mortalities to your state wildlife management agency immediately so that bird die-offs can be investigated and tested for avian influenza. […] Prevent contact of domestic or captive birds with wild birds. […] Avian influenza surveillance.

• #39 WHO: Limited surveillance hampers bird flu risk assessment

  https://www.voanews.com/a/who-limited-surveillance-hampers-bird-flu-risk-assessment-/7694342.html

  Patchy monitoring of bird flu cases makes it difficult to manage the risk to humans, the World Health Organization warned on July 11, 2024. […] The World Health Organization said its ability to assess and manage the risk posed by H5N1 avian influenza bird flu cases around the world is hampered by limited surveillance of animal and human cases of the disease. […] He said the WHO continues to assess the risk of bird flu to the public as low but said it is difficult to make accurate assessments when surveillance for influenza viruses in animals is so limited globally. […] Understanding how these viruses are spreading and changing in animals is essential for identifying any changes that might increase the risk of outbreaks in humans, or the potential for a pandemic, Tedros said. […] He called on all countries to strengthen influenza surveillance and reporting in animals and humans and to share virus samples with the WHO.

• #40 Bird Flu is Spreading in New Ways— Insights from CPH Epidemiology | College of Public Health | College of Public Health

  https://cph.temple.edu/news/2025/02/bird-flu-spreading-new-ways-insights-cph-epidemiology

  According to Dr. Kirsten Wiens, an infectious disease epidemiologist at Temple University, while mutations that allow H5N1 to infect humans are becoming more common, those enabling sustained human-to-human transmission remain much less likely. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has emphasized that there is no evidence of human-to-human transmission (CDC, 2024). […] The spread of H5N1 among wild birds, poultry, and cows complicates monitoring efforts. Human cases are managed by state health departments with CDC coordination, while agricultural outbreaks fall under the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). […] Coordination challenges between agencies can slow outbreak response, delay resource allocation, and lead to conflicting or unclear public messaging, warns Dr. Wiens.

• #41 Real-time epidemiological surveillance data: tracking the occurrences of avian influenza outbreaks around the world | BMC Research Notes | Full Text

  https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-024-07042-w

  This study aims to provide real-time surveillance of epidemiological outbreaks of avian influenza in humans and mammals. The primary objective is to understand and track the dynamics of outbreaks as they develop, facilitating timely interventions and informed public health decisions. […] The dataset includes comprehensive and up-to-date information on epidemiological patterns, including geographic spread, incidence rates, and demographic factors. […] Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) pose a serious threat to humans and other mammalian species because of their ability to change and adapt across species boundaries. […] Recent avian influenza outbreaks have involved not only birds but also various mammals, demonstrating the adaptability of the virus to new hosts. […] In particular, there have been relevant cases of infection among mammals such as mink in Spain in 2022, which were a warning sign for the zoonotic potential of the virus.

• #42 Real-time epidemiological surveillance data: tracking the occurrences of avian influenza outbreaks around the world | BMC Research Notes | Full Text

  https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-024-07042-w

  In 2023, outbreaks were reported among mink and foxes in Finland, highlighting transmissibility among different species of carnivores. […] In addition, outbreaks among sea lions in South America in 2023 further confirmed the risk that marine wildlife may act as a reservoir for the spread of virus. […] The objective of this dataset is to provide public health officials, researchers, and policymakers with a valuable resource for evidence-based decision-making and intervention strategies to contribute to the ongoing efforts in real-time surveillance of epidemiological outbreaks of avian influenza. […] By openly sharing these data, we aim to stimulate collaboration and contribute to the ability of the global scientific community to proactively respond to the emerging threat of avian influenza worldwide.

• #43 Global Virus Network Issues Urgent Call to Action to Mitigate the Rising Threat of H5N1 Avian Influenza – Global Virus Network

  https://gvn.org/global-virus-network-issues-urgent-call-to-action-to-mitigate-the-rising-threat-of-h5n1-avian-influenza/

  While some surveillance of H5N1 has been carried out, the GVN highlights the lack of comprehensive testing and monitoring to assess the virus’s spread and risks to public health. […] A robust nationwide monitoring system is essential to quickly detect, and quarantine affected animals and implement preventive measures to curb further spread and human infections, said Elyse Stachler, PhD, member of the GVN and a research scientist at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, USA. Further, we believe it is crucial to maintain trust and stakeholder buy-in for monitoring programs, particularly from farm workers.

• #44 Avian Influenza | Disease Outbreak Control Division

  https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/avian-influenza/

  The CDC continues to partner with state and local health departments in epidemiologic investigations to evaluate the public health impact of H5 cases. […] Collaborate with state and local health departments to implement active surveillance. […] Monitor potential changes that could indicate H5 viruses are becoming better adapted to mammals, which might increase their ability to spread more easily between animals-to-humans and/or human-to-human or possibly lead to more severe illnesses. […] Monitor for any viral changes that could reduce the effectiveness of flu antiviral medications or the current candidate vaccine strains. […] Influenza viruses undergo genetic reassortment, or change, as they spread between different animal species and humans. There is a risk that the H5N1 or other avian influenza viruses might change to spread more easily between humans, potentially leading to a pandemic. Therefore, practicing avian influenza prevention practices, monitoring for animal and human infections, and detecting any person-to-person spread early is extremely important for public health. […] HDOH, in partnership with the Department of Agriculture and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), is reinforcing long-standing efforts to detect avian influenza disease in birds, cattle, and humans in Hawaii.

• #45 Avian Influenza – WOAH – World Organisation for Animal Health

  https://www.woah.org/en/disease/avian-influenza/

  The presence of HPAI restricts international trade in live birds and poultry meat. […] The transmission of avian influenza from birds to humans is usually sporadic and happens in a specific context. […] However, due to ongoing circulation of various subtypes, outbreaks of avian influenza continue to be a global public health concern. […] The first line of defense against avian influenza is early detection. […] Because of its capacity to rapidly spread across regions, early detection and timely reporting of cases are key to enable countries to anticipate and get prepared for potential new outbreaks of avian influenza. […] Avian influenza is a WOAH-listed disease. […] As such, national Veterinary Authorities must report: Infection with high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses, irrespective of their subtypes, detected in birds (domestic and wild).

• #46 Avian Influenza – WOAH – World Organisation for Animal Health

  https://www.woah.org/en/disease/avian-influenza/

  The presence of HPAI restricts international trade in live birds and poultry meat. […] The transmission of avian influenza from birds to humans is usually sporadic and happens in a specific context. […] However, due to ongoing circulation of various subtypes, outbreaks of avian influenza continue to be a global public health concern. […] The first line of defense against avian influenza is early detection. […] Because of its capacity to rapidly spread across regions, early detection and timely reporting of cases are key to enable countries to anticipate and get prepared for potential new outbreaks of avian influenza. […] Avian influenza is a WOAH-listed disease. […] As such, national Veterinary Authorities must report: Infection with high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses, irrespective of their subtypes, detected in birds (domestic and wild).

• #47 Avian Influenza Surveillance | U.S. Geological Survey

  https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nwhc/science/avian-influenza-surveillance

  The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) conducts surveillance in wild birds to facilitate early detection and situational awareness for high consequence pathogens, including highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. […] Surveillance activities conducted by NWHC, in support of national HPAI surveillance objectives, provide critical information regarding avian influenza strains currently circulating in the U.S. and enhance our understanding of disease impacts on wild birds. Wild bird surveillance also provides early warning for the agricultural sector and helps inform the need for increased biosecurity at poultry facilities. […] Highly pathogenic avian influenza was detected in North American wild birds in December 2021 for the first time since 2015. […] The NWHC serves on the U.S. Interagency Steering Committee for Surveillance for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Wild Birds and conducts morbidity and mortality event investigations in support of the Interagency Strategic Plan for Early Detection and Monitoring for Avian Influenzas of Significance in Wild Birds.

• #48 Avian influenza surveillance in domestic waterfowl and environment of live bird markets in Bangladesh, 2007–2012 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-27515-w

  To determine which avian influenza A viruses were circulating among domestic poultry in Bangladesh, we conducted surveillance in domestic waterfowl brought to the live-bird markets. […] The magnitude and variety of influenza viruses in domestic poultry is an economic, food security and health concern. […] The circulation of influenza A viruses throughout the year could be due to poultry-to-poultry transmission leading to entry into the poultry marketing chain and subsequent spread of disease at a national scale. […] Avian influenza circulation in the urban live bird markets could become sustained as urban live bird market closures and cleaning are not routinely practiced in Bangladesh. […] Identification of influenza viruses in market environmental samples highlights the persistence influenza viruses in the market environment throughout the year. […] Market surveillance of waterfowl and environmental sampling might be a more efficient method to identify circulating highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strains when compared to waiting for passive reports of poultry outbreaks among backyard flocks and small-scale operations.

• #49 H5 Bird Flu: Current Situation | Bird Flu | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/situation-summary/index.html

  H5 bird flu is widespread in wild birds worldwide and is causing outbreaks in poultry and U.S. dairy cows with several recent human cases in U.S. dairy and poultry workers. […] While the current public health risk is low, CDC is watching the situation carefully and working with states to monitor people with animal exposures. […] CDC is using its flu surveillance systems to monitor for H5 bird flu activity in people. […] CDC influenza (flu) surveillance systems show no indicators of unusual influenza activity in people, including avian influenza A(H5). […] Cumulative data on humans in the U.S. have been collected since April 28, 2022.

• #50 Avian Influenza | Disease Outbreak Control Division

  https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/avian-influenza/

  The CDC continues to partner with state and local health departments in epidemiologic investigations to evaluate the public health impact of H5 cases. […] Collaborate with state and local health departments to implement active surveillance. […] Monitor potential changes that could indicate H5 viruses are becoming better adapted to mammals, which might increase their ability to spread more easily between animals-to-humans and/or human-to-human or possibly lead to more severe illnesses. […] Monitor for any viral changes that could reduce the effectiveness of flu antiviral medications or the current candidate vaccine strains. […] Influenza viruses undergo genetic reassortment, or change, as they spread between different animal species and humans. There is a risk that the H5N1 or other avian influenza viruses might change to spread more easily between humans, potentially leading to a pandemic. Therefore, practicing avian influenza prevention practices, monitoring for animal and human infections, and detecting any person-to-person spread early is extremely important for public health. […] HDOH, in partnership with the Department of Agriculture and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), is reinforcing long-standing efforts to detect avian influenza disease in birds, cattle, and humans in Hawaii.

• #51 Avian Influenza | Disease Outbreak Control Division

  https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/avian-influenza/

  The CDC continues to partner with state and local health departments in epidemiologic investigations to evaluate the public health impact of H5 cases. […] Collaborate with state and local health departments to implement active surveillance. […] Monitor potential changes that could indicate H5 viruses are becoming better adapted to mammals, which might increase their ability to spread more easily between animals-to-humans and/or human-to-human or possibly lead to more severe illnesses. […] Monitor for any viral changes that could reduce the effectiveness of flu antiviral medications or the current candidate vaccine strains. […] Influenza viruses undergo genetic reassortment, or change, as they spread between different animal species and humans. There is a risk that the H5N1 or other avian influenza viruses might change to spread more easily between humans, potentially leading to a pandemic. Therefore, practicing avian influenza prevention practices, monitoring for animal and human infections, and detecting any person-to-person spread early is extremely important for public health. […] HDOH, in partnership with the Department of Agriculture and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), is reinforcing long-standing efforts to detect avian influenza disease in birds, cattle, and humans in Hawaii.

• #52 Avian Influenza | Disease Outbreak Control Division

  https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/avian-influenza/

  The CDC continues to partner with state and local health departments in epidemiologic investigations to evaluate the public health impact of H5 cases. […] Collaborate with state and local health departments to implement active surveillance. […] Monitor potential changes that could indicate H5 viruses are becoming better adapted to mammals, which might increase their ability to spread more easily between animals-to-humans and/or human-to-human or possibly lead to more severe illnesses. […] Monitor for any viral changes that could reduce the effectiveness of flu antiviral medications or the current candidate vaccine strains. […] Influenza viruses undergo genetic reassortment, or change, as they spread between different animal species and humans. There is a risk that the H5N1 or other avian influenza viruses might change to spread more easily between humans, potentially leading to a pandemic. Therefore, practicing avian influenza prevention practices, monitoring for animal and human infections, and detecting any person-to-person spread early is extremely important for public health. […] HDOH, in partnership with the Department of Agriculture and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), is reinforcing long-standing efforts to detect avian influenza disease in birds, cattle, and humans in Hawaii.

• #53 WHO: Limited surveillance hampers bird flu risk assessment

  https://www.voanews.com/a/who-limited-surveillance-hampers-bird-flu-risk-assessment-/7694342.html

  Patchy monitoring of bird flu cases makes it difficult to manage the risk to humans, the World Health Organization warned on July 11, 2024. […] The World Health Organization said its ability to assess and manage the risk posed by H5N1 avian influenza bird flu cases around the world is hampered by limited surveillance of animal and human cases of the disease. […] He said the WHO continues to assess the risk of bird flu to the public as low but said it is difficult to make accurate assessments when surveillance for influenza viruses in animals is so limited globally. […] Understanding how these viruses are spreading and changing in animals is essential for identifying any changes that might increase the risk of outbreaks in humans, or the potential for a pandemic, Tedros said. […] He called on all countries to strengthen influenza surveillance and reporting in animals and humans and to share virus samples with the WHO.

• #54 Real-time epidemiological surveillance data: tracking the occurrences of avian influenza outbreaks around the world | BMC Research Notes | Full Text

  https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-024-07042-w

  The Open Avian Flu Dataset, referred to as Dataset 1 in Table 1, is a comprehensive collection of unstructured information related to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) cases in humans, wild birds, and domestic poultry. […] In addition to the Open Avian Flu Dataset, the AVIAN-MAMM Dataset, namely Dataset 2 in Table 1, is a curated global dataset of HPAI events in mammals. […] Dataset 2 we have made available represents a comprehensive collection of geocoded and enriched data, including essential information such as: details of avian influenza cases in mammals, including start and end of events, geographic locations, and detailed characterization of events, enabling users to track the spread of infection and identify epidemiological patterns. […] Control measures specific to each reported event, allowing users to assess the effectiveness of the management strategies implemented and identify any gaps or areas for improvement in the response to avian influenza events in mammals.

• #55 Real-time epidemiological surveillance data: tracking the occurrences of avian influenza outbreaks around the world | BMC Research Notes | Full Text

  https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-024-07042-w

  In 2023, outbreaks were reported among mink and foxes in Finland, highlighting transmissibility among different species of carnivores. […] In addition, outbreaks among sea lions in South America in 2023 further confirmed the risk that marine wildlife may act as a reservoir for the spread of virus. […] The objective of this dataset is to provide public health officials, researchers, and policymakers with a valuable resource for evidence-based decision-making and intervention strategies to contribute to the ongoing efforts in real-time surveillance of epidemiological outbreaks of avian influenza. […] By openly sharing these data, we aim to stimulate collaboration and contribute to the ability of the global scientific community to proactively respond to the emerging threat of avian influenza worldwide.

• #56 Guidelines for surveillance of avian influenza

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/infectious-disease-topics/avian-influenza/strategies-and-guidelines/guidelines-surveillance-avian

  Primary and secondary healthcare sentinel systems, as well as molecular surveillance, have been strengthened during the COVID-19 pandemic to integrate different respiratory viruses e.g. monitoring influenza seasonal activity or the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants. […] This document is also relevant for zoonotic influenza virus infections in humans including avian influenza. […] Sharing of influenza viruses is done through the Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS). […] Human infections with avian influenza viruses are notifiable under EU legislation within 24 hours through the Early Warning and Response System (EWRS), according to the regulation on serious cross-border threats to health (2022/2371). […] Systematic data about the number of tested people, number of positive cases, as well as case-based data about avian influenza is collected at The European Surveillance System (TESSy) in a standardised format according to the EU case definition. […] Enhanced surveillance of severe avian influenza virus infections in hospital settings in the EU/EEA.

• #57 Avian Influenza – WOAH – World Organisation for Animal Health

  https://www.woah.org/en/disease/avian-influenza/

  With devastating consequences for the poultry industry, farmers livelihoods, international trade, and the health of wild birds, avian influenza, also known as bird flu, has captured the attention of the international community over the years. […] Where outbreaks occur in domestic birds, it is often the policy to cull all poultry, whether infected or healthy, to contain the spread of avian influenza. […] This represents heavy economic losses for farmers and a long-lasting impact on their livelihoods. […] Migratory wild birds especially waterfowl, are natural reservoir of avian influenza viruses and they play a role in the spread the viruses across large geographical areas and also becomes victims of the disease. […] Avian influenza is also a major concern for public health. […] Whenever avian influenza viruses circulate in poultry, sporadic cases of avian influenza in humans are sometimes identified.

• #58 Avian Influenza – WOAH – World Organisation for Animal Health

  https://www.woah.org/en/disease/avian-influenza/

  With devastating consequences for the poultry industry, farmers livelihoods, international trade, and the health of wild birds, avian influenza, also known as bird flu, has captured the attention of the international community over the years. […] Where outbreaks occur in domestic birds, it is often the policy to cull all poultry, whether infected or healthy, to contain the spread of avian influenza. […] This represents heavy economic losses for farmers and a long-lasting impact on their livelihoods. […] Migratory wild birds especially waterfowl, are natural reservoir of avian influenza viruses and they play a role in the spread the viruses across large geographical areas and also becomes victims of the disease. […] Avian influenza is also a major concern for public health. […] Whenever avian influenza viruses circulate in poultry, sporadic cases of avian influenza in humans are sometimes identified.

• #59 Avian Influenza – WOAH – World Organisation for Animal Health

  https://www.woah.org/en/disease/avian-influenza/

  The presence of HPAI restricts international trade in live birds and poultry meat. […] The transmission of avian influenza from birds to humans is usually sporadic and happens in a specific context. […] However, due to ongoing circulation of various subtypes, outbreaks of avian influenza continue to be a global public health concern. […] The first line of defense against avian influenza is early detection. […] Because of its capacity to rapidly spread across regions, early detection and timely reporting of cases are key to enable countries to anticipate and get prepared for potential new outbreaks of avian influenza. […] Avian influenza is a WOAH-listed disease. […] As such, national Veterinary Authorities must report: Infection with high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses, irrespective of their subtypes, detected in birds (domestic and wild).

• #60

  https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/how-penn-helping-bird-flu-research-and-disease-surveillance

  School of Veterinary Medicine faculty and students are researching transmission dynamics and assisting the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture and the Pennsylvania Game Commission with disease surveillance. […] The PADLS lab at New Bolton Center has tested more than 20,000 samples from domestic birds, wild birds, and wild mammals since the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreak began in the United States, says Penn Vet assistant pathobiology professor Eman Anis, section head of molecular diagnostics and avian serology at the lab. […] The implications of this outbreak extend beyond animal health, Anis says. The economic impact of this virus on the poultry and dairy industries is particularly concerning. […] Anna Jaeger, a postdoctoral fellow in the lab of Penn Vet assistant pathobiology professor Louise Moncla, says she has collaborated with Anis group to sequence HPAI samples from wild and commercial birds in Pennsylvania, to investigate evolutionary and transmission dynamics within and between hosts.

• #61 Reporting Avian Influenza surveillance

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7009584/

  From 1 January 2019, EFSA will take on the task to collate, validate, analyse and summarise the data generated by the surveillance activities on AI as regards of poultry and wild birds and to produce annual reports. […] The analysis of AI surveillance data from poultry and wild birds carry out by MSs is essential in order to monitor the AI situation at a MS level. This timely analysis carry out by MSs is crucial to allow risk managers to raise awareness, increase preparedness and ultimately deal with ongoing outbreaks. […] The scientific annual report produced by EFSA will provide an overview of the surveillance activities carried out at an EU level during the year previous to its publication. A descriptive analysis of the data showing the sampling, and the results of this sampling, in poultry and wild birds will be presented. The aim of the annual report will be to inform MSs (and other interested third parties) of the intensity of the AI surveillance taking place in the EU.

• #62 New virus pandemic 2025 spreading in US: What is H5N1 avian bird flu?

  https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/2025/05/06/new-virus-2025-new-pandemic-2025-spreads-what-is-h5n1-avian-bird-flu-new-virus-is-spreading-in-cows/83475800007/

  Experts warn about the possibility of a new pandemic in 2025 as the H5N1 bird flu virus spreads across all 50 states, impacting cows at US dairy farms, leading to human infections and raising concerns about impacts to milk and beef supply. […] The Global Virus Network (GVN) has issued warning to world governments to address the threat of the H5N1 outbreak by improving surveillance, implementing biosecurity measures, and preparing for potential human-to-human transmission. […] „Understanding the current landscape of H5N1 infections is critical for effective prevention and response,” said Sten H. Vermund, MD, PhD, chief medical officer of the GVN. „The virus’ ability to infect both animals and humans, combined with recent genetic changes, underscores the importance of proactive surveillance and rapid response measures.”

• #63 New virus pandemic 2025 spreading in US: What is H5N1 avian bird flu?

  https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/2025/05/06/new-virus-2025-new-pandemic-2025-spreads-what-is-h5n1-avian-bird-flu-new-virus-is-spreading-in-cows/83475800007/

  Experts warn about the possibility of a new pandemic in 2025 as the H5N1 bird flu virus spreads across all 50 states, impacting cows at US dairy farms, leading to human infections and raising concerns about impacts to milk and beef supply. […] The Global Virus Network (GVN) has issued warning to world governments to address the threat of the H5N1 outbreak by improving surveillance, implementing biosecurity measures, and preparing for potential human-to-human transmission. […] „Understanding the current landscape of H5N1 infections is critical for effective prevention and response,” said Sten H. Vermund, MD, PhD, chief medical officer of the GVN. „The virus’ ability to infect both animals and humans, combined with recent genetic changes, underscores the importance of proactive surveillance and rapid response measures.”

• #64 DashFLUboard – Avian Influenza Tracker | Center for Animal Health and Food Safety – University of Minnesota

  https://cahfs.umn.edu/dashfluboard-avian-influenza-tracker

  DashFLUboard is an open-source dashboard that offers near real-time tracking and analysis of avian influenza outbreaks. Developed as a collaboration between researchers in the US and Spain, this tool enables proactive surveillance and design of preventative measures in the poultry industry. […] Avian influenza, also known as HPAI, H5N1, bird flu, and a myriad of other names, is an ongoing concern for both birds and humans. […] Using a combination of real-time disease data, historical wild bird movements, environmental variables, and locations of susceptible domestic populations DashFLUboard creates a comprehensive and accessible visualization. DashFLUboard is unique in that it enables both retrospective and prospective analyses of avian influenza dynamics, allowing users to assess the risk to their bird populations. […] Revolutionizing the battle against avian influenza, a cutting-edge dashboard developed by Esri takes center stage, empowering researchers and health professionals with unprecedented tools to analyze and predict the spread of bird flu.

• #65 Novel bird flu strain continues to threaten animal, public health | American Veterinary Medical Associationmultiple-users-1

  https://www.avma.org/news/novel-bird-flu-strain-continues-threaten-animal-public-health

  According to the California Department of Food and Agriculture, „Bird flu virus levels have been demonstrated to be high in raw milk from infected cows, and sporadic human cases identified in workers in close contact with infected dairy cows and their milk indicate that raw milk is infectious to humans.” […] The complexity of H5N1 outbreaks requires a coordinated, One Health response that integrates animal health, human health, and environmental stewardship, according to Dr. Sims. He advocated for continued and stepped-up research to fill in knowledge gaps, such as transmission pathways, host adaptation, and environmental stability, as well monitoring of wild bird populations, poultry farms, and high-risk mammalian hosts. […] The virus has fundamentally changed the way we need to think about managing avian influenza.

• #66 Novel bird flu strain continues to threaten animal, public health | American Veterinary Medical Associationmultiple-users-1

  https://www.avma.org/news/novel-bird-flu-strain-continues-threaten-animal-public-health

  According to the California Department of Food and Agriculture, „Bird flu virus levels have been demonstrated to be high in raw milk from infected cows, and sporadic human cases identified in workers in close contact with infected dairy cows and their milk indicate that raw milk is infectious to humans.” […] The complexity of H5N1 outbreaks requires a coordinated, One Health response that integrates animal health, human health, and environmental stewardship, according to Dr. Sims. He advocated for continued and stepped-up research to fill in knowledge gaps, such as transmission pathways, host adaptation, and environmental stability, as well monitoring of wild bird populations, poultry farms, and high-risk mammalian hosts. […] The virus has fundamentally changed the way we need to think about managing avian influenza.

• #67 Novel bird flu strain continues to threaten animal, public health | American Veterinary Medical Associationmultiple-users-1

  https://www.avma.org/news/novel-bird-flu-strain-continues-threaten-animal-public-health

  According to the California Department of Food and Agriculture, „Bird flu virus levels have been demonstrated to be high in raw milk from infected cows, and sporadic human cases identified in workers in close contact with infected dairy cows and their milk indicate that raw milk is infectious to humans.” […] The complexity of H5N1 outbreaks requires a coordinated, One Health response that integrates animal health, human health, and environmental stewardship, according to Dr. Sims. He advocated for continued and stepped-up research to fill in knowledge gaps, such as transmission pathways, host adaptation, and environmental stability, as well monitoring of wild bird populations, poultry farms, and high-risk mammalian hosts. […] The virus has fundamentally changed the way we need to think about managing avian influenza.

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