Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Avian influenza: What nurses need to know | National Nurses United

  https://www.nationalnursesunited.org/avian-influenza-what-nurses-need-to-know

  Avian influenza, also known as bird flu, is caused by influenza Type A viruses that occur naturally among different bird species. […] Human illness may range from asymptomatic or mild infections (e.g., subconjunctival hemorrhage) to severe disease and death. […] The first documented cow-to-human transmission occurred in a dairy worker, occupationally infected via contaminated hands and/or through infectious aerosols from infected cows or activities in the dairy farm environment. […] Farmworkers are at high risk of occupational exposure to avian influenza. […] Investment in preparedness, active surveillance and response, data sharing, vaccine preparedness and personal protective equipment (PPE) stockpiles is urgently needed to control the spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) in animals. Nurses know that preparedness is paramount to pandemic response.

• #1 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/pages/Bird-Flu.aspx

  Contact your local health department if you think you’ve been exposed to Bird Flu. […] The current risk to the public remains low. […] No person-to-person spread of bird flu has been detected in California. […] People rarely get bird flu, but those who interact with infected dairy cows, poultry, or wildlife have a greater risk of infection. […] CDPH is working to protect public health related to bird flu. We monitor infection data, evolving science, and the people affected. Our knowledge will change as we learn more. We are committed to reducing the impact to those at highest risk. […] California has distributed protective gear to dairy farms and workers. People who work with infected dairy cows or raw milk should use protective gear to reduce the risk of getting bird flu. […] Public health leaders are helping ensure individuals with symptoms of bird flu have access to testing and treatment, if needed. […] CDPH has provided PPE for dairy farm workers and others handling raw dairy products, as well as slaughterhouse and poultry farm workers.

• #1 Avian Influenza (HPAI A(H5N1) or Bird Flu)

  https://www.schsa.org/publicHealth/pages/birdflu/

  Avian influenza, also known as bird flu, is caused by strains of the flu virus that primarily infect birds and can spread quickly among them. […] People working with infected birds, cattle, or other animals are most at risk of becoming infected with bird flu. […] Bird flu primarily spreads through contact with infected livestock, birds, their feces, or environments contaminated by the virus. The risk to the general public is low, but people who work with infected animals are at increased risk. […] If you believe you have been exposed to bird flu, either through contact with infected livestock, poultry, or a symptomatic individual, and are experiencing flu-like symptoms, follow these steps: Contact a Healthcare Provider: Inform your provider about your exposure and symptoms. Wear a mask if you go into a healthcare facility.

• #1 Bird flu (avian influenza) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bird-flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20568390

  Bird flu, also called avian influenza, is caused by influenza type A virus infections in bird species. Depending on the strain, bird flu may cause the bird to have no symptoms, mild illness, serious illness or lead to the death of the bird. […] In humans, flu is a viral infection of the nose, throat and lungs, which are part of the respiratory system. Symptoms of bird flu in humans are similar to flu symptoms and may be mild to serious. […] Bird flu symptoms can be mild to serious in a person. Symptoms typically show up within seven days of contact with the virus but can take as long as two weeks. A person can get infected from direct contact with an infected animal, or the bedding or stool of the animal. […] Common bird flu symptoms include: Fever. Problems breathing. Pink eye, also called conjunctivitis. Upset stomach and vomiting. Loose stool, called diarrhea.

• #1 Avian Influenza (H5N1) | Department of Health | Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

  https://www.pa.gov/agencies/health/diseases-conditions/infectious-disease/respiratory-viruses/flu/h5n1.html

  Bird flu, or avian influenza, can make wild birds, chickens, turkeys, goats, cows, foxes, cats, and other animals sick. […] People can catch bird flu by touching sick or dead animals, their secretions, or contaminated objects. […] Symptoms for people with bird flu can include: Fever or chills, Sore throat, Cough, Muscle or body aches, Runny or stuffy nose, Tiredness, Headache, Diarrhea, vomiting, or stomach pain, Difficulty breathing, Eye irritation, redness, or discharge (conjunctivitis). […] Protect yourself against bird flu by washing hands and wearing protective gear. […] Sick birds or cows should be reported immediately. […] What to do if you think that you might be sick with the bird flu: Protect Yourself from H5N1 Bird Flu – What to do if you feel sick. […] Bird Flu Guidance for Dairy Workers.

• #1 Bird flu (avian influenza) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bird-flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20568390

  Bird flu may cause breathing problems more often than other kinds of flu. And during bird flu pandemics, the risk that a person with flu will need a machine to help them breathe is higher. […] If you have been exposed to bird flu and have any symptoms of illness, see a healthcare professional right away. […] If your work, travel or hobbies may have exposed you to bird flu, consider your symptoms. If you have symptoms of bird flu and may have been exposed, contact your healthcare professional. […] To prevent bird flu, follow all recommended actions to protect yourself if you work with animals as a job. […] If you are traveling to a place where bird flu is spreading, avoid poultry farms and bird markets if possible. Cook food fully and wash hands with soap and water after handling food and animals.

• #1 Bird Flu: Outbreak, Symptoms, Treatment, Types, Spread & Risks

  https://www.medicinenet.com/avian_influenza_bird_flu/article.htm

  Bird flu (avian flu or avian influenza) refers to strains of influenza that primarily affect wild and domesticated birds but can occasionally and sporadically infect humans. Bird flu symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, and nausea. Symptoms often progress to severe breathing problems, pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Treatment may include antiviral medication and often requires intensive supportive care. The complications of bird flu are frequently dire and include shortness of breath or difficulty breathing, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), abdominal pain, lung collapse, shock, altered mental status, seizures, organ system failure, and death. The prognosis in human cases of bird flu remains poor. Many cases occur in people who are poor, live in rural areas in underdeveloped countries, and do not have access to modern intensive-care units or antiviral therapy. Approximately 55% of people diagnosed with H5N1 bird flu eventually die from the disease; the H7N9 strain has a similar death rate of about 37%.

• #1 Avian Flu – NYC Health

  https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/avian-flu.page

  Most people with H5N1 in the US have had conjunctivitis (red or inflamed eyes) and fever. […] However, a small number of severe cases of illness and death have been reported. […] If you own or care for chickens or other poultry, follow these tips: Wear personal protective equipment or clothing and shoes that you use only when caring for your poultry. […] Wash your hands before and after handling poultry. […] Cats can get very sick and sometimes die from bird flu. […] Signs of illness in cats may include seizures, trouble walking, fever, difficulty breathing, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea and behavior changes. […] Follow these tips for protecting cats: Do not feed cats raw food diets or raw milk. […] Contact your veterinarian if your cat becomes sick. […] Getting sick with bird flu from cats is unlikely, but pet owners should always make sure to avoid close contact with sick cats.

• #1 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/BirdFluHP.aspx

  Healthcare providers should consider avian influenza A in persons with acute respiratory symptoms and/or conjunctivitis and recent exposure to animals or humans suspected or confirmed to have avian influenza A OR recent consumption of raw dairy products. Of note, all cases among California dairy workers have had conjunctivitis. […] Providers should immediately report any suspected human avian influenza A infections to their local health departments. […] Antiviral treatment is recommended for patients suspected or confirmed to have avian influenza A infection and antiviral prophylaxis is recommended for their close (e.g., household) contacts. […] Healthcare providers should follow standard, contact, and airborne precautions when caring for patients suspected of having avian influenza A infection.

• #1 H5N1 bird flu: Questions patients may have and how to answer | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/h5n1-bird-flu-questions-patients-may-have-and-how-answer

  Concerns swirl across the country as highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus commonly known as avian influenza or H5 bird flu once again takes flight. […] While bird flu is rare in humans, three cases have been reported in the U.S. […] Both patients only reported eye symptoms associated with conjunctivitis. […] In a third case, another dairy worker in Michigan had eye symptoms as well as respiratory symptoms congestion, sore throat, cough, fatigue, and runny and burning eyes that are more typical of human influenza infections. […] The A(H5N1) virus infection in people cannot be diagnosed by clinical signs and symptoms alone. Laboratory testing is needed to confirm A(H5N1) virus infection in humans. […] Physicians and other health professionals should notify their state and local health departments to arrange testing for influenza A(H5N1) virus.

• #1 Avian Influenza – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553072/

  Early recognition, timely laboratory confirmation, and appropriate management are critical for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of further transmission. […] The treatment of avian influenza primarily focuses on supportive care and antiviral medications. Management mainly addresses the complications and sequelae of the infection. […] Patients with respiratory compromise should receive supplemental oxygen and be closely monitored for signs of deterioration, as they are at high risk of requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation. […] Neuraminidase inhibitors are the primary antiviral medications used to treat avian influenza, and early administration is essential for effectiveness. […] The use of corticosteroids in avian influenza remains controversial and is not routinely recommended due to potential adverse effects, such as prolonged viral shedding and an increased risk of secondary infections.

• #1 Bird flu (avian influenza) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bird-flu/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20568430

  To diagnose bird flu, a healthcare professional takes a sample of fluid from your nose and throat to test for evidence of bird flu infection. […] If you could have been exposed to bird flu through work, travel or your hobbies and you have symptoms of illness, see your healthcare professional right away. […] Medicines that stop the flu virus from spreading in the body, called antivirals, work to treat bird flu. […] These medicines work best when started as soon as you have symptoms. […] For this reason, your healthcare professional may prescribe a medicine for you before your flu lab test results comes back. […] If you have bird flu, stay in an area away from other people, including those you live with if possible. That will help prevent spreading the illness. […] It’s important to avoid people if you’re waiting for lab results. […] If you do have bird flu, healthcare professionals may suggest testing for people who had close contact with you when you had symptoms. They may give antiviral medicine to people who were exposed to bird flu and are at high risk of serious illness.

• #1 Avian Influenza (HPAI A(H5N1) or Bird Flu)

  https://www.schsa.org/publicHealth/pages/birdflu/

  Healthcare professionals should be aware of the risk of bird flu in patients presenting with flu-like symptoms and recent bird or animal exposure. […] Initiate antiviral treatment (oseltamivir, zanamivir, or baloxavir) as soon as possible, ideally within 48 hours of symptom onset, even before test results are confirmed. […] Poultry and dairy facilities can take proactive steps to prevent the spread of bird flu among their employees.

• #1 Health Care Professionals

  https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/sdc/hhsa/programs/phs/community_epidemiology/dc/avianinfluenza/hcp.html

  Testing for other potential causes of acute respiratory illness should also be considered depending upon the local epidemiology of circulating respiratory pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2. […] Specimen Collection and Testing […] If a person develops symptoms that could be consistent with avian influenza infection within 10 days of exposure, they should be tested. […] Specimens should ideally be collected within 24-72 hours of symptom onset and no later than 10 days after symptom onset. […] Swabs with cotton tips and wooden shafts are NOT recommended. […] Specimens collected with swabs made of calcium alginate are NOT acceptable. […] Swabs should be placed in specimen collection vials containing 2-3 ml of viral transport media (VTM) or universal transport media (UTM). […] Specimens should be refrigerated or frozen after collection.

• #1 Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Consultations, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500029-treatment

  Antiviral medication The cornerstone of treatment involves the administration of antiviral medication. It is crucial to tailor antiviral therapy to the patient’s age and the resistance profile of the virus, based on the area of exposure. Therapy should be initiated promptly, even if the presentation is late. […] Supportive care Patients may require supportive care measures, including oxygen therapy, intravenous fluids, and parenteral nutrition to manage symptoms and support bodily functions. […] Ventilatory support In severe cases, ventilatory support may be necessary. This includes intubation and the use of low-volume (high-frequency) ventilation to assist with breathing. […] Infection control and prevention To prevent transmission to other patients and healthcare workers, droplet precautions, including eye protection, should be implemented. While there is no evidence of airborne spread, the use of a particulate respirator is recommended during procedures likely to generate fine aerosols. […] Consultation with an infectious disease expert is recommended. Intensive care specialists need to be involved to manage severe disease. […] Ultimately, the WHO and/or CDC should be contacted; the CDC can safely perform testing for suspected avian influenza strains.

• #1 Avian Influenza (Bird Flu): H5N1, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22401-bird-flu

  Bird flu symptoms include fever, sore throat, cough, stuffy or runny nose, fatigue, muscle aches, digestive issues and more. Bird flu symptoms are sometimes mild, but many people develop severe respiratory complications. […] If identified early, you can treat bird flu with antiviral medications. A provider might prescribe: Oseltamivir (Tamiflu), Peramivir (Rapivab), Zanamivir (Relenza). […] Ways to reduce your risk of bird flu include: Wear protective clothing like gloves, a mask and goggles when working with birds, wild animals and livestock. Wash your hands frequently when handling birds, wild animals and livestock or after being in areas where they live. This includes visiting petting zoos, farms or areas with water features that geese or ducks frequent. Don’t work with animals who are sick or who’ve been exposed to avian influenza. In case of an outbreak, follow public health guidelines to limit the spread. […] If you’re at a higher risk for avian influenza, talk to your provider about prevention and when you should seek care if you have symptoms. See a provider if you think you’ve been exposed to bird flu.

• #1 Bird Flu: Outbreak, Symptoms, Treatment, Types, Spread & Risks

  https://www.medicinenet.com/avian_influenza_bird_flu/article.htm

  The CDC and the World Health Organization (WHO) currently recommend antiviral drugs oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) for the treatment and prevention of avian influenza A viruses along with supportive care. […] Although the U.S. government has a stockpile of vaccine against H5N1 bird flu, there is no commercially available vaccine for humans against any bird flu strains. However, bird flu can be prevented by avoiding contact with sick poultry originating in countries known to be affected by the virus.

• #1 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/BirdFluHP.aspx

  If you encounter patients who work with infected animals, please encourage them to use personal protective equipment (PPE) and suggest they receive seasonal influenza vaccine during influenza season. […] Healthcare providers who suspect influenza A (H5N1) virus infection should immediately reach out to their local health department (LHD). The LHD can help determine if testing is warranted, recommend appropriate specimens to collect based on symptomatology, and coordinate testing at a public health or commercial laboratory that can perform H5 subtyping (if appropriate). […] Antiviral treatment is recommended as soon as possible for patients with suspected or confirmed influenza A(H5N1) virus infection. Antiviral treatment should not be delayed while waiting for laboratory test results. […] Prophylaxis is recommended for household contacts of confirmed cases and can be considered in workers to infected or potentially infected cows who have had an unprotected discrete high-risk exposure such as a milk splash to the eye.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/nursing/fulltext/2005/09000/avian_influenza__are_you_ready_for_a_pandemic_.14.aspx

  Mainly supportive, treatment for patients with avian flu includes administering antiviral medications such as oseltamivir, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, and providing respiratory support (including supplemental oxygen or endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation). Patients are monitored for signs and symptoms of secondary bacterial infections and treated with antibiotics as indicated. […] To prevent the spread of infection, observe standard precautions and use good hand hygiene practices. In addition, the CDC makes the following recommendations for the care of a patient who may have avian flu. […] Teach the patient and family about isolation precautions, respiratory hygiene, and cough etiquette (such as covering the nose and mouth when coughing or sneezing, and disposing of used tissues properly). Stress the importance of good hand hygiene. […] Advise your patients to get an annual flu vaccination, which may help reduce this risk. Explain that while the standard flu vaccine won’t protect them from avian flu, it will help them resist other potentially dangerous flu strains.

• #1 Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.avian-influenza-bird-flu.tp23638spec

  Bird flu is an infection caused by a certain kind of avian influenza virus. […] The bird flu virus can make people sicker than other kinds of flu viruses. […] Experts worry because the bird flu virus is so different from other flu viruses that our bodies do not have immunity against it. […] If you have bird flu, you will stay in a private hospital room (isolation room) to reduce the chances of spreading the virus to others. When your doctors and nurses are caring for you, they will wear gloves and gowns. […] Some people who have bird flu may need a machine called a ventilator to help them breathe better. Other people may need a machine to help the kidneys work better (dialysis).

• #1 Avian Flu – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/influenza-flu-in-virginia/avian-flu/

  Human infections with influenza A viruses from animals are uncommon. […] People with close, prolonged, and unprotected (without eye or respiratory protection) exposure to infected birds, livestock, or other animals; or exposure to contaminated products (e.g., raw milk) or environments have a greater risk of getting sick with bird flu viruses. […] People with job- or recreational-related exposures to birds or infected animals should wear recommended personal protective equipment (PPE). […] See a healthcare provider if you become ill (even if symptoms are mild) after coming into contact with sick birds, poultry, cattle, or other animals. Let your healthcare provider know of your recent exposure. […] Antiviral drugs that are used to treat seasonal flu are also used to treat bird flu infections. They are most effective when taken within 48 hours of when symptoms start.

• #1 Notice: Interim recommendations for infection prevention and control of avian influenza in healthcare settings – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/avian-influenza-h5n1/health-professionals/interim-recommendations-infection-prevention-control-avian-influenza-healthcare-settings.html

  Outbreaks of avian influenza, such as A(H5N1), in domestic and wild birds and some mammals, have become widespread globally. […] The purpose of this document is to provide updated guidance on IPC measures in healthcare settings in the event that a person under investigation, with probable or confirmed avian influenza is identified within a Canadian healthcare facility. […] In addition to routine practices, patients under investigation and patients with probable or confirmed avian influenza should be placed on airborne, droplet, and contact precautions. […] A patient under investigation or with probable or confirmed avian influenza should preferably be placed in an airborne infection isolation room (AIIR). […] Recommended personal protective equipment (PPE) when caring for patients under investigation, with probable or confirmed avian influenza includes: a fit-tested N95 (or an equivalent or higher protection) respirator, eye protection (i.e., goggles or face shield), gown, gloves. […] The duration and discontinuation of additional precautions for an individual patient should be determined in consultation with the IPC program and in accordance with local, provincial or territorial public health guidance and organizational policies.

• #1 Avian influenza A(H5N1): For health professionals – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/avian-influenza-h5n1/health-professionals.html

  In addition to antivirals, some cases may require respiratory support. Presently, there is insufficient evidence to suggest added benefit from adjunctive therapies in patients with avian influenza A(H5N1) (i.e., corticosteroids, macrolide antibiotics, and passive immune therapy). […] To limit any potential foodborne risks: all poultry, beef and other meat, organs and eggs should be thoroughly cooked to kill potential viruses, parasites and bacteria; all milk and milk products should be pasteurized before consumption; safe food handling practices should be followed, such as handwashing and keeping raw meat, organs and eggs separate from other food products to avoid cross contamination. […] It is important for people who hunt and eat wild birds and other wild animals or gather wild eggs to take precautions to help reduce any risk.

• #1 Avian influenza Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/avian-influenza

  Oseltamivir may also be prescribed for people who live in the same house as people with avian flu. This may prevent them from getting the illness. […] People with severe infection may need to be hospitalized and, sometimes, placed on a breathing machine. People infected with the virus also should be kept separate from non-infected people. […] Providers recommend that people get an influenza (flu) shot. This may cut down the chance that the avian flu virus will mix with a human flu virus. This might create a new virus that may easily spread. […] Contact your provider if you develop flu-like symptoms within 10 days of handling infected birds, being around infected cattle, or being in an area with a known avian flu outbreak. […] There is an approved vaccine to protect humans from the H5N1 avian flu virus. This vaccine could be used if the current H5N1 virus starts spreading among people. The US government keeps a stockpile of the vaccine.

• #1 Avian influenza: What nurses need to know | National Nurses United

  https://www.nationalnursesunited.org/avian-influenza-what-nurses-need-to-know

  Health care employers are responsible for providing a safe work and patient care environment. […] Patients with suspected or confirmed avian influenza should be isolated promptly in an airborne infection isolation room (AIIR). […] Health care workers caring for patients with suspected or confirmed avian influenza infections should wear a powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR), coveralls impervious to viral penetration with head and shoe coverings and gloves. […] Employers should conduct contact tracing and immediately notify staff who were potentially exposed. […] Employers should provide paid precautionary medical removal for any health care worker who is removed from the workplace due to occupational exposure or infection with avian influenza.

• #1 Health Care Professionals

  https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/sdc/hhsa/programs/phs/community_epidemiology/dc/avianinfluenza/hcp.html

  Treatment […] Healthcare providers who suspect influenza A (H5N1) virus infection should refer to the CDC’s Interim Guidance on the Use of Antiviral Medications for Treatment of Human Infections with Novel Influenza A Viruses Associated with Severe Human Disease and the CDC Emergency Use Instructions for Oseltamivir. […] Antiviral treatment is recommended as soon as possible for patients with suspected or confirmed influenza A (H5N1) virus infection. […] Antiviral treatment should not be delayed while waiting for laboratory test results. […] Infection Prevention and Control […] If a case is suspected, immediately mask the patient and place them in an airborne infection isolation room (AIIR) with the door closed. While in an AIIR, the patient’s mask may be removed. […] If an AIIR is not available, place the patient in a single-patient room with the door closed and have the patient remain masked.

• #1 Health Care Professionals

  https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/sdc/hhsa/programs/phs/community_epidemiology/dc/avianinfluenza/hcp.html

  Use PPE that includes respiratory protection (fit-tested N95 respirator or higher level of protection), eye protection (goggles or face shield), and gown and gloves. […] Use diligent hand hygiene before and after contact with the patient. […] Limit room entry to essential personnel. Limit transport of patient outside their room. […] For additional infection control recommendations, see CDC Interim Guidance for Infection Control Within Healthcare Settings When Caring for Confirmed Cases, Probable Cases, and Cases Under Investigation for Infection with Novel Influenza A Viruses Associated with Severe Disease. […] For applicable Cal/OSHA requirements in healthcare settings, please see California’s Aerosol Transmissible Diseases standard. […] Resources […] California Health Alert Network (CAHAN) San Diego

• #1 Avian influenza (H5N1): implications for intensive care

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7095211/

  The infectious nature, severity and clinical manifestations of the disease and its potential for pandemic spread have considerable implications for intensive care in terms of infection control, patient management, staff morale and intensive care expansion. […] The high incidence of ARDS and pneumothorax has implications for the type of ventilators that should be stockpiled for use in an epidemic and ventilatory management. […] Given the high incidence of ARDS, it is unlikely that non-invasive ventilation (NIV) would provide substantial benefit. […] A disproportionately large number of children are affected by avian influenza, making it likely that paediatric ICU services will be rapidly overwhelmed. […] The short time between hospital and ICU admission (median 2 days) and the high requirement for advanced organ support (63% of all reported patients) means that there will be limited time for preparation in the event of an epidemic. […] Staff morale is important in an epidemic and has been addressed previously. […] The already high mortality and high incidence of multiorgan failure calls into question the usefulness of providing large numbers of ICU beds at a lower standard of care.

• #1 Avian Influenza – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553072/

  Effective infection control measures, including isolating infected patients, using personal protective equipment (PPE), and ensuring proper hand hygiene, are crucial to preventing nosocomial transmission. […] The management of avian influenza requires collaboration among healthcare professionals from various disciplines. Effective collaboration, clear communication, and adherence to evidence-based interventions are essential for optimizing patient outcomes, improving team performance, and minimizing disease transmission.

• #1 H5N1 Avian Influenza Update for Nurses and Other Health Providers – AJN Off the Charts (blog of the American Journal of Nursing)

  https://ajnoffthecharts.com/h5n1-avian-influenza-bird-flu-update-for-nurses-and-other-health-providers/

  Nurses should also be aware that influenza and other respiratory viruses are transmitted through the act of breathing and can be transmitted to us during patient care activities. […] Use of respiratory protection as a barrier to prevent contact with respiratory secretions should be part of our standard practices. This is included in the CDC-recommended standard precautions. If caring for a patient who is coughing, you should protect yourself from contact with respiratory droplets and secretions. […] Most importantly, we must be devoted to our own safety, as we are one of the most critical resources for our communities. We should be knowledgeable about disease transmission and practice infection prevention and control at every point in our patient care activities. If we have questions, we should consult those with expertise in infection control.

• #1 H5N1 Avian Influenza Update for Nurses and Other Health Providers – AJN Off the Charts (blog of the American Journal of Nursing)

  https://ajnoffthecharts.com/h5n1-avian-influenza-bird-flu-update-for-nurses-and-other-health-providers/

  Influenza is a clever virus and one that deserves respect. Current concerns with the H5N1 avian influenza virus strain demonstrate why public health around the world continues to watch and monitor for impact on human health. […] Our patients, families and community members continue to recognize nurses as the most trusted and ethical profession. That means they may rely upon us for timely and accurate information regarding H5N1, so we should be ready to answer questions and help clarify or correct inaccurate information or perceptions. […] It is important that we realize that presently H5N1 alone is not easily transmissible among humans, but if it reassorts with a seasonal flu virus, it could evolve into a strain where we lack immunity. Although that is a big IF, it is important that we recognize the importance of public healths continuous monitoring, biosecurity, and research into flu transmission.

• #1 Notice to providers: Avian flu 2025 (bird flu) – Norton Healthcare Provider Louisville, Ky.

  https://nortonhealthcareprovider.com/news/avian-flu-2025/

  Notify the Kentucky Department of Fish & Wildlife Resources (KDFWR) of unusual illness or deaths in wild animals or birds. Report sick, injured or dead birds to KDFWR. Owners concerned about pets exposed to avian influenza should seek veterinary care. […] KDPH is working closely with agriculture, wildlife and federal partners to monitor the current avian influenza situation. KDPH is monitoring persons exposed to infected birds or animals for symptoms of avian influenza for 10 days after their last exposure.

• #1

  https://www.kanehealth.com/Pages/H5N1.aspx

  bird flu is widespread in wild birds worldwide and is causing outbreaks in poultry and U.S. dairy cows with two cases of H5 in U.S. dairy workers. […] While the current public health risk is low, CDC is watching the situation carefully and working with states to monitor people with animal exposures. […] CDC is using its flu surveillance systems to monitor for H5N1 activity in people. […] Avoid unprotected exposure to infected live or dead animals or surfaces contaminated by them. […] Avoid unprotected direct physical contact or close exposure with cows and materials potentially infected or confirmed to be infected with HPAI A(H5N1) virus. […] People should not eat or drink raw milk or products made with raw milk. Choosing pasteurized milk is the best way to keep you and your family safe. […] It is safe to eat properly handled and cooked poultry in the United States. […] Seasonal flu vaccination will not prevent infection with bird flu viruses, but can reduce the risk of getting sick with human influenza viruses and thus the risk for seasonal and bird flu co-infection.

• #1 Avian Influenza | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/avian-influenza

  HPAI can cause a variety of clinical signs including respiratory illness, blue combs and wattles, decreased feed consumption and decreased egg production. In some cases, sudden death has been the only sign. […] Any unexpected deaths or other signs of sick birds should be reported immediately to the Division of Animal Health at 617-626-1795 or through this online reporting form. Increased numbers of wild bird deaths (5 or more at any one location) should be reported to the Division of Fisheries and Wildlife using the online form found at mass.gov/reportbirds. Prompt reporting will expedite rapid testing and diagnosis. […] HPAI is a deadly disease for poultry. It can infect chickens, turkeys, domestic waterfowl, and game birds. HPAI can strike suddenly and spread quickly. Infected poultry may become sick and/or die within hours of becoming infected. The virus can be spread by contact with infected birds or contaminated materials. Cattle movements and shared equipment and personnel can also spread the virus. Poultry are highly susceptible to all strains of the virus.

• #1 Bird flu (avian influenza) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bird-flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20568390

  And make sure to get your seasonal flu vaccine every year. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends annual flu vaccination for everyone age 6 months or older. It doesn’t prevent bird flu, but the seasonal flu vaccine can help you avoid having two flu viruses at the same time. […] People can take actions to further lower the risk of getting bird flu in many ways. […] Avoid contact with animals who are sick or may be sick. Wild or domestic, keep birds at a distance to avoid any germs they may carry. […] Wear eye, nose and mouth protective gear when needed. Flu viruses get in the body through the mouth, nose or eyes. Wear eye protection, a face mask and gloves to help keep the virus out if you’re in an area where it might be present. […] Wash your hands with soap and water. This is especially important after touching animals or surfaces that may be dirty with animal mucus, saliva or stool.

• #1 ASPR’s Response to H5N1 Bird Flu

  https://aspr.hhs.gov/H5N1/Pages/default.aspx

  H5N1 bird flu is widespread in wild birds worldwide and is causing outbreaks in poultry and U.S. dairy cows. […] The SNS maintains a large inventory of PPE that may be requested to protect health care professionals. […] The NPIVS maintains sufficient raw materials to rapidly formulate enough vaccine doses to immunize critical care workers and at-risk populations during the early phases of a response. […] The SNS contains millions of treatment courses of antiviral drugs, including Tamiflu (oseltamivir), an antiviral drug that treats seasonal flu and is expected to work against H5N1. […] ASPR will make Tamiflu available upon request to jurisdictions that do not have their own stockpiles and are providing resources to support the treatment of symptomatic persons with exposure to birds, cattle, or other animals with confirmed or suspected H5N1 infection.

• #2 Avian Influenza (HPAI A(H5N1) or Bird Flu)

  https://www.schsa.org/publicHealth/pages/birdflu/

  Avian influenza, also known as bird flu, is caused by strains of the flu virus that primarily infect birds and can spread quickly among them. […] People working with infected birds, cattle, or other animals are most at risk of becoming infected with bird flu. […] Bird flu primarily spreads through contact with infected livestock, birds, their feces, or environments contaminated by the virus. The risk to the general public is low, but people who work with infected animals are at increased risk. […] If you believe you have been exposed to bird flu, either through contact with infected livestock, poultry, or a symptomatic individual, and are experiencing flu-like symptoms, follow these steps: Contact a Healthcare Provider: Inform your provider about your exposure and symptoms. Wear a mask if you go into a healthcare facility.

• #2 Health: Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention Division: Avian Influenza

  https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/respiratory-disease/influenza/avian-influenza/

  Avian influenza (AI) viruses (sometimes referred to as bird flu) infect wild birds, poultry, and other mammals. AI viruses are divided into two groups based on the severity of the disease they produce in poultry: low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). While human illness to AI viruses are rare, both LPAI and HPAI viruses can cause human illness ranging from mild to severe. […] AI viruses can cause mild to severe illness and are concerning because of their pandemic potential. Symptoms can include fever, chills, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, shortness of breath, eye irritation or redness, fatigue, muscle or body aches, headaches, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting, and rash. […] If you get sick after being exposed to sick or potentially infected birds, a healthcare provider may write you a prescription for an antiviral drug that is used for treatment of seasonal flu. These drugs can also treat avian influenza virus infection. It is important to start antiviral treatment as soon as possible and to follow the directions for taking all of the medication that is prescribed. Treatment should not be delayed while awaiting test results.

• #2 Avian Influenza (Bird Flu): H5N1, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22401-bird-flu

  Bird flu symptoms include fever, sore throat, cough, stuffy or runny nose, fatigue, muscle aches, digestive issues and more. Bird flu symptoms are sometimes mild, but many people develop severe respiratory complications. […] If identified early, you can treat bird flu with antiviral medications. A provider might prescribe: Oseltamivir (Tamiflu), Peramivir (Rapivab), Zanamivir (Relenza). […] Ways to reduce your risk of bird flu include: Wear protective clothing like gloves, a mask and goggles when working with birds, wild animals and livestock. Wash your hands frequently when handling birds, wild animals and livestock or after being in areas where they live. This includes visiting petting zoos, farms or areas with water features that geese or ducks frequent. Don’t work with animals who are sick or who’ve been exposed to avian influenza. In case of an outbreak, follow public health guidelines to limit the spread. […] If you’re at a higher risk for avian influenza, talk to your provider about prevention and when you should seek care if you have symptoms. See a provider if you think you’ve been exposed to bird flu.

• #2 Health: Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention Division: Avian Influenza

  https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/respiratory-disease/influenza/avian-influenza/

  Human infections with avian influenza viruses are rare, and those with job-related or recreational exposures to infected bird or other animals are at higher risk of infection. […] If you develop any of the signs or symptoms after an exposure, immediately call the health department of the state you are in at the time. Your health department wants to hear from you, even if it turns out to be a 'false alarm’. Your health department will give you further instructions and might ask you to get tested for avian influenza virus infection. […] To test for avian influenza virus, a healthcare provider will collect a sample from you by swabbing your nose and/or throat and possibly your eyes if you have eye redness or discomfort. […] Clinical Overview of Evaluating and Managing Patients Exposed to Birds Infected with Avian Influenza A Viruses of Public Health Concern. […] Interim Guidance for Infection Control within Healthcare Settings when Caring for Confirmed or Probable Cases and Cases Under Investigation for Infection with Novel Influenza A Viruses Associated with Severe Disease.

• #2 Avian influenza Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/avian-influenza

  Avian influenza A viruses cause the influenza (flu) infection in birds. These viruses occur in wild birds and can infect domestic poultry. The viruses that cause the disease in birds can change their genes (mutate) so they can spread to other animals and humans. […] As of May 2024, H5N1 bird flu has spread to poultry and dairy cows in the United States and has infected some poultry and dairy workers. […] Currently, the risk for infection in people is low. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention continues to monitor the situation. […] Health care workers and people who live in the same house as people with bird flu may also be at higher risk for infection. […] The treatment varies and is based on your symptoms. Treatment with the antiviral medicine oseltamivir (Tamiflu) or zanamivir (Relenza) may make the disease less severe. For the medicine to work, you need to start taking it within 48 hours after your symptoms start.

• #2 Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Consultations, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500029-treatment

  Antiviral medication The cornerstone of treatment involves the administration of antiviral medication. It is crucial to tailor antiviral therapy to the patient’s age and the resistance profile of the virus, based on the area of exposure. Therapy should be initiated promptly, even if the presentation is late. […] Supportive care Patients may require supportive care measures, including oxygen therapy, intravenous fluids, and parenteral nutrition to manage symptoms and support bodily functions. […] Ventilatory support In severe cases, ventilatory support may be necessary. This includes intubation and the use of low-volume (high-frequency) ventilation to assist with breathing. […] Infection control and prevention To prevent transmission to other patients and healthcare workers, droplet precautions, including eye protection, should be implemented. While there is no evidence of airborne spread, the use of a particulate respirator is recommended during procedures likely to generate fine aerosols. […] Consultation with an infectious disease expert is recommended. Intensive care specialists need to be involved to manage severe disease. […] Ultimately, the WHO and/or CDC should be contacted; the CDC can safely perform testing for suspected avian influenza strains.

• #2 Avian Influenza – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553072/

  Early recognition, timely laboratory confirmation, and appropriate management are critical for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of further transmission. […] The treatment of avian influenza primarily focuses on supportive care and antiviral medications. Management mainly addresses the complications and sequelae of the infection. […] Patients with respiratory compromise should receive supplemental oxygen and be closely monitored for signs of deterioration, as they are at high risk of requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation. […] Neuraminidase inhibitors are the primary antiviral medications used to treat avian influenza, and early administration is essential for effectiveness. […] The use of corticosteroids in avian influenza remains controversial and is not routinely recommended due to potential adverse effects, such as prolonged viral shedding and an increased risk of secondary infections.

• #2 Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) – Cecil County Health Department

  https://cecilcountyhealth.org/birdflu/

  Bird flu is a disease caused by avian influenza A viruses that usually spread between birds, not people. […] The reported signs and symptoms of avian influenza A virus infections in humans have ranged from no symptoms or mild symptoms to moderate to severe disease and complications, including resulting in death. […] People with job-related or recreational exposures to birds or infected mammals should take precautions to protect against bird flu. […] The best way to prevent bird flu is to avoid sources of exposure whenever possible. […] There are tests that can detect avian influenza virus infections. […] Flu antiviral drugs can treat avian influenza A virus infections. People who develop bird flu symptoms following exposure to infected animals should receive treatment with flu antivirals (oseltamivir) as soon as possible. […] Use personal protective equipment (PPE) like gloves, an N95 respirator if available, or, if not available, a well-fitting facemask (e.g., a surgical mask), and eye protection. […] Wear the proper PPE when working with animals you think may be sick.

• #2 Bird flu (avian influenza) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bird-flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20568390

  And make sure to get your seasonal flu vaccine every year. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends annual flu vaccination for everyone age 6 months or older. It doesn’t prevent bird flu, but the seasonal flu vaccine can help you avoid having two flu viruses at the same time. […] People can take actions to further lower the risk of getting bird flu in many ways. […] Avoid contact with animals who are sick or may be sick. Wild or domestic, keep birds at a distance to avoid any germs they may carry. […] Wear eye, nose and mouth protective gear when needed. Flu viruses get in the body through the mouth, nose or eyes. Wear eye protection, a face mask and gloves to help keep the virus out if you’re in an area where it might be present. […] Wash your hands with soap and water. This is especially important after touching animals or surfaces that may be dirty with animal mucus, saliva or stool.

• #2 Notice: Interim recommendations for infection prevention and control of avian influenza in healthcare settings – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/avian-influenza-h5n1/health-professionals/interim-recommendations-infection-prevention-control-avian-influenza-healthcare-settings.html

  Outbreaks of avian influenza, such as A(H5N1), in domestic and wild birds and some mammals, have become widespread globally. […] The purpose of this document is to provide updated guidance on IPC measures in healthcare settings in the event that a person under investigation, with probable or confirmed avian influenza is identified within a Canadian healthcare facility. […] In addition to routine practices, patients under investigation and patients with probable or confirmed avian influenza should be placed on airborne, droplet, and contact precautions. […] A patient under investigation or with probable or confirmed avian influenza should preferably be placed in an airborne infection isolation room (AIIR). […] Recommended personal protective equipment (PPE) when caring for patients under investigation, with probable or confirmed avian influenza includes: a fit-tested N95 (or an equivalent or higher protection) respirator, eye protection (i.e., goggles or face shield), gown, gloves. […] The duration and discontinuation of additional precautions for an individual patient should be determined in consultation with the IPC program and in accordance with local, provincial or territorial public health guidance and organizational policies.

• #2 Avian flu in humans | Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment

  https://cdphe.colorado.gov/animal-related-diseases/hpai-h5n1

  The Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment is supporting the Colorado Department of Agriculture in the states response to H5N1 avian flu. The virus has spread among poultry and dairy cattle in the state. Colorado health officials have also identified it in farm workers directly exposed to infected cattle and poultry. At this time, there is no evidence of person-to-person spread. […] According to CDC, people who work with infected animals are at higher risk for getting avian flu, such as people who work on dairy farms and have contact with sick cows or their milk, or people who work on poultry farms affected by avian flu. Farm workers can protect themselves by: […] If you work with dairy cows or poultry suspected or confirmed to have avian flu and you start to feel sick, call CDPHE at 303-692-2700 (after normal business hours: 303-370-9395). The Department can help you get a flu test and medicine if you need it.

• #2 Avian Influenza Outbreak: Should You Take Down Your Bird Feeders? | All About Birds

  https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/avian-influenza-outbreak-should-you-take-down-your-bird-feeders/

  We do always recommend that you clean bird feeders and birdbaths regularly as a way to keep many kinds of diseases at bay. […] If you monitor waterfowl or raptor nests, we suggest you wear gloves, change or wash gloves and disinfect equipment between nest boxes, wear a mask when cleaning out nest boxes, and change clothes and footwear before visiting any domestic poultry. […] Avian influenza is only rarely transmitted to humans, according to the USDA. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention considers the general public health risk from avian flu to be low. […] Bird flu is generally not a risk to food safety. Poultry, meat, and eggs that are safely handled and cooked to an internal temperature of 165F are safe to eat.

• #3 Bird Flu: Outbreak, Symptoms, Treatment, Types, Spread & Risks

  https://www.medicinenet.com/avian_influenza_bird_flu/article.htm

  The CDC and the World Health Organization (WHO) currently recommend antiviral drugs oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) for the treatment and prevention of avian influenza A viruses along with supportive care. […] Although the U.S. government has a stockpile of vaccine against H5N1 bird flu, there is no commercially available vaccine for humans against any bird flu strains. However, bird flu can be prevented by avoiding contact with sick poultry originating in countries known to be affected by the virus.

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