Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/patent-ductus-arteriosus

  While still in the mother’s womb, a baby does not need their lungs to supply oxygen because they receive oxygen from their mother. […] Sometimes, the ductus arteriosus does not close on its own. This is known as a patent („open”) ductus arteriosus. […] Even if there are no symptoms, the turbulent flow of blood through the patent ductus arteriosus puts a person at a higher risk for a serious infection, known as endocarditis. […] The murmur, along with symptoms of heart failure in a premature infant, most often lead to the diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus. […] If a newborns symptoms are severe or it is unlikely to close on its own, medical or surgical treatment is needed. […] In some heart defects, such as pulmonary atresia (an underdeveloped or blocked pulmonary valve), the patent ductus arteriosus supplies the only adequate source of blood flow to the lungs so that oxygen can be delivered to the blood. […] In other defects, such as underdeveloped or severely narrowed aorta (like that seen in hypoplastic left heart syndrome), the patent ductus arteriosus is crucial to allow adequate blood flow to the body.

• #2 Patent Ductus Arteriosus: An Overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3462096/

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is one of the most common congenital heart defects, accounting for 5%10% of all congenital heart disease in term infants. The occurrence of PDA is inversely related to gestational age and weight, with an even greater incidence in preterm infants. […] Potential complications of a persistently patent DA after birth include heart failure, renal dysfunction, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), intraventricular hemorrhage, and altered postnatal nutrition and growth. […] The increased incidence of PDA in the preterm infant is attributable to the lack of normal closure mechanisms due to immaturity. […] Several birth factors have been shown to increase the incidence of PDA, including high altitude at birth, genetic factors, and in utero exposure to rubella. […] The patency of the DA is primarily controlled by low fetal oxygen tension and the circulation of prostanoids produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid by COX, with PGE2 producing the most profound ductal relaxation among the prostanoids.

• #3 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/patent-ductus-arteriosus/symptoms-causes/syc-20376145

  Patent ductus arteriosus is a persistent opening between the two main blood vessels leaving the heart. Those vessels are the aorta and the pulmonary artery. The condition is present at birth, which means it is a congenital heart defect. […] The exact causes of patent ductus arteriosus and other congenital heart defects are not clear. During the first six weeks of pregnancy, an unborn baby’s heart starts to form and beat. The major blood vessels to and from the heart grow. It’s during this time that certain congenital heart defects may begin to develop. […] After birth, the ductus arteriosus is no longer needed. It usually closes within 2 to 3 days. But in some infants, the opening doesn’t close. When it stays open, it’s called a patent ductus arteriosus. […] The constant opening causes too much blood to flow to the baby’s lungs and heart. Untreated, the blood pressure in the baby’s lungs might increase. The baby’s heart might grow larger and get weak.

• #4 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/patent-ductus-arteriosus-pda

  The ductus arteriosus is a normal fetal artery connecting the aorta and the main lung artery (pulmonary artery). The ductus allows blood to detour away from the lungs before birth. […] Sometimes, the ductus doesn’t close after birth. Failure of the ductus to close is common in premature infants but rare in full-term babies, and the cause is usually not known. Some patients can have other heart defects along with the PDA. […] Patients with a moderate- or large-sized PDA may develop problems related to the increased blood flow to the lungs. These patients may have improvement if the PDA is closed. Closing the PDA can now usually be performed by catheter coil placement or other device insertion to plug the abnormal communication (referred to as interventional or therapeutic catheterization.) […] The cause of PDA isn’t known in most children.

• #5 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430758/

  During fetal life, the oxygen tension is low, and the pulmonary vascular system is not functioning. Coupled with circulating levels of prostaglandins from the placenta, this keeps the ductus patent. At birth, the placenta is removed and thus the source of prostaglandins is also diminished, this allows blood to flow into the lungs where the remaining prostaglandins are broken down. In addition, with birth, as the infant takes its first breaths, the oxygen tension increases, which also drops the pulmonary vascular resistance. […] A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is rare in healthy term newborns. As gestational age decreases, the incidence of PDA increases. In extremely premature infants, especially those with respiratory distress syndrome, up to 80% may have a PDA at 3 days of age. Some genetic conditions are associated with PDA: Trisomy 13, 18, 21; Holt-Oram, Noonan, CHARGE, TAAD/PDA, DiGeorge, and familial PDA, many forms of congenital heart disease. Maternal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include maternal diabetes, magnesium exposure, cocaine, and calcium channel blockers. Neonatal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include extreme prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal sepsis, birth at high altitude, excess fluid administration, loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, cimetidine, and heparin.

• #6 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430758/

  During fetal life, the oxygen tension is low, and the pulmonary vascular system is not functioning. Coupled with circulating levels of prostaglandins from the placenta, this keeps the ductus patent. At birth, the placenta is removed and thus the source of prostaglandins is also diminished, this allows blood to flow into the lungs where the remaining prostaglandins are broken down. In addition, with birth, as the infant takes its first breaths, the oxygen tension increases, which also drops the pulmonary vascular resistance. […] A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is rare in healthy term newborns. As gestational age decreases, the incidence of PDA increases. In extremely premature infants, especially those with respiratory distress syndrome, up to 80% may have a PDA at 3 days of age. Some genetic conditions are associated with PDA: Trisomy 13, 18, 21; Holt-Oram, Noonan, CHARGE, TAAD/PDA, DiGeorge, and familial PDA, many forms of congenital heart disease. Maternal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include maternal diabetes, magnesium exposure, cocaine, and calcium channel blockers. Neonatal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include extreme prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal sepsis, birth at high altitude, excess fluid administration, loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, cimetidine, and heparin.

• #7 Patent Ductus Arteriosus: An Overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3462096/

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is one of the most common congenital heart defects, accounting for 5%10% of all congenital heart disease in term infants. The occurrence of PDA is inversely related to gestational age and weight, with an even greater incidence in preterm infants. […] Potential complications of a persistently patent DA after birth include heart failure, renal dysfunction, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), intraventricular hemorrhage, and altered postnatal nutrition and growth. […] The increased incidence of PDA in the preterm infant is attributable to the lack of normal closure mechanisms due to immaturity. […] Several birth factors have been shown to increase the incidence of PDA, including high altitude at birth, genetic factors, and in utero exposure to rubella. […] The patency of the DA is primarily controlled by low fetal oxygen tension and the circulation of prostanoids produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid by COX, with PGE2 producing the most profound ductal relaxation among the prostanoids.

• #8 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430758/

  During fetal life, the oxygen tension is low, and the pulmonary vascular system is not functioning. Coupled with circulating levels of prostaglandins from the placenta, this keeps the ductus patent. At birth, the placenta is removed and thus the source of prostaglandins is also diminished, this allows blood to flow into the lungs where the remaining prostaglandins are broken down. In addition, with birth, as the infant takes its first breaths, the oxygen tension increases, which also drops the pulmonary vascular resistance. […] A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is rare in healthy term newborns. As gestational age decreases, the incidence of PDA increases. In extremely premature infants, especially those with respiratory distress syndrome, up to 80% may have a PDA at 3 days of age. Some genetic conditions are associated with PDA: Trisomy 13, 18, 21; Holt-Oram, Noonan, CHARGE, TAAD/PDA, DiGeorge, and familial PDA, many forms of congenital heart disease. Maternal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include maternal diabetes, magnesium exposure, cocaine, and calcium channel blockers. Neonatal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include extreme prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal sepsis, birth at high altitude, excess fluid administration, loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, cimetidine, and heparin.

• #9 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430758/

  During fetal life, the oxygen tension is low, and the pulmonary vascular system is not functioning. Coupled with circulating levels of prostaglandins from the placenta, this keeps the ductus patent. At birth, the placenta is removed and thus the source of prostaglandins is also diminished, this allows blood to flow into the lungs where the remaining prostaglandins are broken down. In addition, with birth, as the infant takes its first breaths, the oxygen tension increases, which also drops the pulmonary vascular resistance. […] A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is rare in healthy term newborns. As gestational age decreases, the incidence of PDA increases. In extremely premature infants, especially those with respiratory distress syndrome, up to 80% may have a PDA at 3 days of age. Some genetic conditions are associated with PDA: Trisomy 13, 18, 21; Holt-Oram, Noonan, CHARGE, TAAD/PDA, DiGeorge, and familial PDA, many forms of congenital heart disease. Maternal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include maternal diabetes, magnesium exposure, cocaine, and calcium channel blockers. Neonatal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include extreme prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal sepsis, birth at high altitude, excess fluid administration, loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, cimetidine, and heparin.

• #10 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430758/

  During fetal life, the oxygen tension is low, and the pulmonary vascular system is not functioning. Coupled with circulating levels of prostaglandins from the placenta, this keeps the ductus patent. At birth, the placenta is removed and thus the source of prostaglandins is also diminished, this allows blood to flow into the lungs where the remaining prostaglandins are broken down. In addition, with birth, as the infant takes its first breaths, the oxygen tension increases, which also drops the pulmonary vascular resistance. […] A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is rare in healthy term newborns. As gestational age decreases, the incidence of PDA increases. In extremely premature infants, especially those with respiratory distress syndrome, up to 80% may have a PDA at 3 days of age. Some genetic conditions are associated with PDA: Trisomy 13, 18, 21; Holt-Oram, Noonan, CHARGE, TAAD/PDA, DiGeorge, and familial PDA, many forms of congenital heart disease. Maternal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include maternal diabetes, magnesium exposure, cocaine, and calcium channel blockers. Neonatal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include extreme prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal sepsis, birth at high altitude, excess fluid administration, loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, cimetidine, and heparin.

• #11 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430758/

  During fetal life, the oxygen tension is low, and the pulmonary vascular system is not functioning. Coupled with circulating levels of prostaglandins from the placenta, this keeps the ductus patent. At birth, the placenta is removed and thus the source of prostaglandins is also diminished, this allows blood to flow into the lungs where the remaining prostaglandins are broken down. In addition, with birth, as the infant takes its first breaths, the oxygen tension increases, which also drops the pulmonary vascular resistance. […] A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is rare in healthy term newborns. As gestational age decreases, the incidence of PDA increases. In extremely premature infants, especially those with respiratory distress syndrome, up to 80% may have a PDA at 3 days of age. Some genetic conditions are associated with PDA: Trisomy 13, 18, 21; Holt-Oram, Noonan, CHARGE, TAAD/PDA, DiGeorge, and familial PDA, many forms of congenital heart disease. Maternal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include maternal diabetes, magnesium exposure, cocaine, and calcium channel blockers. Neonatal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include extreme prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal sepsis, birth at high altitude, excess fluid administration, loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, cimetidine, and heparin.

• #12 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430758/

  During fetal life, the oxygen tension is low, and the pulmonary vascular system is not functioning. Coupled with circulating levels of prostaglandins from the placenta, this keeps the ductus patent. At birth, the placenta is removed and thus the source of prostaglandins is also diminished, this allows blood to flow into the lungs where the remaining prostaglandins are broken down. In addition, with birth, as the infant takes its first breaths, the oxygen tension increases, which also drops the pulmonary vascular resistance. […] A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is rare in healthy term newborns. As gestational age decreases, the incidence of PDA increases. In extremely premature infants, especially those with respiratory distress syndrome, up to 80% may have a PDA at 3 days of age. Some genetic conditions are associated with PDA: Trisomy 13, 18, 21; Holt-Oram, Noonan, CHARGE, TAAD/PDA, DiGeorge, and familial PDA, many forms of congenital heart disease. Maternal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include maternal diabetes, magnesium exposure, cocaine, and calcium channel blockers. Neonatal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include extreme prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal sepsis, birth at high altitude, excess fluid administration, loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, cimetidine, and heparin.

• #13 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430758/

  During fetal life, the oxygen tension is low, and the pulmonary vascular system is not functioning. Coupled with circulating levels of prostaglandins from the placenta, this keeps the ductus patent. At birth, the placenta is removed and thus the source of prostaglandins is also diminished, this allows blood to flow into the lungs where the remaining prostaglandins are broken down. In addition, with birth, as the infant takes its first breaths, the oxygen tension increases, which also drops the pulmonary vascular resistance. […] A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is rare in healthy term newborns. As gestational age decreases, the incidence of PDA increases. In extremely premature infants, especially those with respiratory distress syndrome, up to 80% may have a PDA at 3 days of age. Some genetic conditions are associated with PDA: Trisomy 13, 18, 21; Holt-Oram, Noonan, CHARGE, TAAD/PDA, DiGeorge, and familial PDA, many forms of congenital heart disease. Maternal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include maternal diabetes, magnesium exposure, cocaine, and calcium channel blockers. Neonatal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include extreme prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal sepsis, birth at high altitude, excess fluid administration, loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, cimetidine, and heparin.

• #14 Patent ductus arteriosus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_ductus_arteriosus

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a medical condition in which the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth: this allows a portion of oxygenated blood from the left heart to flow back to the lungs from the aorta, which has a higher blood pressure, to the pulmonary artery, which has a lower blood pressure. […] Causes Idiopathic […] PDA is common in newborns with persistent respiratory problems such as hypoxia, and has a high occurrence in premature newborns. Premature newborns are more likely to be hypoxic and have PDA due to underdevelopment of the heart and lungs. […] In full-term newborns, PDA occurs in 1 in 2,000 births, and accounts for 510% of congenital heart disease cases. PDA occurs in 2060% of all premature newborns, where its incidence is inversely linked with gestational age and weight.

• #15 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/congenital-heart-disease/patent-ductus-arteriosus-pda

  Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) is a condition where the tube of the ductus arteriosus, a fetal artery in the heart, remains open at birth and does not close. […] There is no known cause of PDA other than prematurity and some genetic abnormalities like Down Syndrome. In premature infants, the muscles lining the inside of the ductus arteriosus tube may not be fully formed. In that case, the tube will be unable to close on its own after the baby is born. […] PDA occurs in less than one-tenth of one percent in full-term (40 weeks) babies but may occur in about 20 percent of babies born at 32 weeks, and in 90 percent of those born at 26 weeks. […] PDA is about twice as common in girls than in boys. […] Mothers who have German measles during their pregnancy are more likely to have a baby with a heart defect, including PDA. […] Newborns, particularly premature infants, with lung complications after birth are more likely to have a PDA.

• #16 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/patent-ductus-arteriosus-pda

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a persistence of the fetal connection (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and pulmonary artery after birth. […] Patent ductus arteriosus accounts for 5 to 10% of congenital heart anomalies; the male:female ratio is 1:3. […] PDA is very common among preterm infants (present in about 45% with birth weight 1750 g and in 70 to 80% with birth weight 1200 g). […] When persistent in preterm infants, a significant PDA can result in heart failure, exacerbation of lung disease of prematurity, pulmonary hemorrhage, renal insufficiency, feeding intolerance, necrotizing enterocolitis, and even death. […] If this normal process does not occur, the ductus arteriosus will remain patent. […] Physiologic consequences depend on ductal size. […] A large ductus causes a large left-to-right shunt.

• #17 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/patent-ductus-arteriosus-pda

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a persistence of the fetal connection (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and pulmonary artery after birth. […] Patent ductus arteriosus accounts for 5 to 10% of congenital heart anomalies; the male:female ratio is 1:3. […] PDA is very common among preterm infants (present in about 45% with birth weight 1750 g and in 70 to 80% with birth weight 1200 g). […] When persistent in preterm infants, a significant PDA can result in heart failure, exacerbation of lung disease of prematurity, pulmonary hemorrhage, renal insufficiency, feeding intolerance, necrotizing enterocolitis, and even death. […] If this normal process does not occur, the ductus arteriosus will remain patent. […] Physiologic consequences depend on ductal size. […] A large ductus causes a large left-to-right shunt.

• #18 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430758/

  During fetal life, the oxygen tension is low, and the pulmonary vascular system is not functioning. Coupled with circulating levels of prostaglandins from the placenta, this keeps the ductus patent. At birth, the placenta is removed and thus the source of prostaglandins is also diminished, this allows blood to flow into the lungs where the remaining prostaglandins are broken down. In addition, with birth, as the infant takes its first breaths, the oxygen tension increases, which also drops the pulmonary vascular resistance. […] A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is rare in healthy term newborns. As gestational age decreases, the incidence of PDA increases. In extremely premature infants, especially those with respiratory distress syndrome, up to 80% may have a PDA at 3 days of age. Some genetic conditions are associated with PDA: Trisomy 13, 18, 21; Holt-Oram, Noonan, CHARGE, TAAD/PDA, DiGeorge, and familial PDA, many forms of congenital heart disease. Maternal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include maternal diabetes, magnesium exposure, cocaine, and calcium channel blockers. Neonatal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include extreme prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal sepsis, birth at high altitude, excess fluid administration, loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, cimetidine, and heparin.

• #19 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) – Kauvery Hospital

  https://www.kauveryhospital.com/nightingale/patent-ductus-arteriosus-pda/

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a heart condition commonly seen in pediatrics. It happens when a blood vessel called the ductus arteriosus does not close, as it should after birth. PDA occurs when the opening between the aorta (the artery that carries oxygen-rich blood to the body) and the pulmonary artery (the artery that carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs) does not close as it should. The persistent opening causes too much blood to flow to the babys lungs and heart. Untreated, the blood pressure in the babys lungs might increase. The babys heart might grow larger and get weak. […] Causes of this condition is not sure. Patent ductus arteriosus causes may include genetic disorders or a family history of the condition. This is much more common in premature infants (babies born more than three weeks before the projected due date). Studies suggest PDA affects about 65% of infants born before the 28th week of pregnancy. It is rare in full-term babies and is twice as common in girls than in boys.

• #20 Patent Ductus Arteriosus: An Overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3462096/

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is one of the most common congenital heart defects, accounting for 5%10% of all congenital heart disease in term infants. The occurrence of PDA is inversely related to gestational age and weight, with an even greater incidence in preterm infants. […] Potential complications of a persistently patent DA after birth include heart failure, renal dysfunction, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), intraventricular hemorrhage, and altered postnatal nutrition and growth. […] The increased incidence of PDA in the preterm infant is attributable to the lack of normal closure mechanisms due to immaturity. […] Several birth factors have been shown to increase the incidence of PDA, including high altitude at birth, genetic factors, and in utero exposure to rubella. […] The patency of the DA is primarily controlled by low fetal oxygen tension and the circulation of prostanoids produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid by COX, with PGE2 producing the most profound ductal relaxation among the prostanoids.

• #21 Patent Ductus Arteriosus: An Overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3462096/

  The main provider of nutrients to the DA is the lumen; however, the vasa vasorum is also a substantial provider to the outer wall of the ductus. […] If the levels of circulating PGE2 and other prostaglandins are decreased through COX inhibition, closure is facilitated. […] Preterm infants are at an increased risk of PDA compared to term neonates; incidence is inversely correlated with gestational age and weight. […] The increased sensitivity of the DA to PGE2, in addition to high levels of circulating PGE2, contributes to ductal patency in preterm infants.

• #22 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/891096-overview

  Prematurity or immaturity of the infant at the time of delivery contributes to the patency of the ductus. Several factors are involved, including immaturity of the smooth muscle within the structure or the inability of the immature lungs to clear the circulating prostaglandins that remain from gestation. These mechanisms are not fully understood. Conditions that contribute to low oxygen tension in the blood, such as immature lungs, coexisting congenital heart defects, and high altitude, are associated with persistent patency of the ductus. […] Other causes include low birth weight (LBW), prostaglandins, high altitude and low atmospheric oxygen tension, and hypoxia.

• #23 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/891096-overview

  Prematurity or immaturity of the infant at the time of delivery contributes to the patency of the ductus. Several factors are involved, including immaturity of the smooth muscle within the structure or the inability of the immature lungs to clear the circulating prostaglandins that remain from gestation. These mechanisms are not fully understood. Conditions that contribute to low oxygen tension in the blood, such as immature lungs, coexisting congenital heart defects, and high altitude, are associated with persistent patency of the ductus. […] Other causes include low birth weight (LBW), prostaglandins, high altitude and low atmospheric oxygen tension, and hypoxia.

• #24 Patent Ductus Arteriosus: An Overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3462096/

  The main provider of nutrients to the DA is the lumen; however, the vasa vasorum is also a substantial provider to the outer wall of the ductus. […] If the levels of circulating PGE2 and other prostaglandins are decreased through COX inhibition, closure is facilitated. […] Preterm infants are at an increased risk of PDA compared to term neonates; incidence is inversely correlated with gestational age and weight. […] The increased sensitivity of the DA to PGE2, in addition to high levels of circulating PGE2, contributes to ductal patency in preterm infants.

• #25 Patent Ductus Arteriosus: An Overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3462096/

  The main provider of nutrients to the DA is the lumen; however, the vasa vasorum is also a substantial provider to the outer wall of the ductus. […] If the levels of circulating PGE2 and other prostaglandins are decreased through COX inhibition, closure is facilitated. […] Preterm infants are at an increased risk of PDA compared to term neonates; incidence is inversely correlated with gestational age and weight. […] The increased sensitivity of the DA to PGE2, in addition to high levels of circulating PGE2, contributes to ductal patency in preterm infants.

• #26 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/891096-overview

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), in which there is a persistent communication between the descending thoracic aorta and the pulmonary artery that results from failure of normal physiologic closure of the fetal ductus, is one of the more common congenital heart defects. […] Familial cases of PDA have been recorded, but a genetic cause has not been determined. In infants born at term who have a persistent PDA, the recurrence rate among siblings is 5%. Some early evidence suggests that as many as one third of cases are caused by a recessive trait labeled PDA1, located on chromosome 12, at least in some populations. […] Several chromosomal abnormalities are associated with persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus. Implicated teratogens include congenital rubella infection in the first trimester of pregnancy, particularly through 4 weeks’ gestation (associated with PDA and pulmonary artery branch stenosis), fetal alcohol syndrome, maternal amphetamine use, and maternal phenytoin use.

• #27 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/891096-overview

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), in which there is a persistent communication between the descending thoracic aorta and the pulmonary artery that results from failure of normal physiologic closure of the fetal ductus, is one of the more common congenital heart defects. […] Familial cases of PDA have been recorded, but a genetic cause has not been determined. In infants born at term who have a persistent PDA, the recurrence rate among siblings is 5%. Some early evidence suggests that as many as one third of cases are caused by a recessive trait labeled PDA1, located on chromosome 12, at least in some populations. […] Several chromosomal abnormalities are associated with persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus. Implicated teratogens include congenital rubella infection in the first trimester of pregnancy, particularly through 4 weeks’ gestation (associated with PDA and pulmonary artery branch stenosis), fetal alcohol syndrome, maternal amphetamine use, and maternal phenytoin use.

• #28 Patent ductus arteriosus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_ductus_arteriosus

  Known risk factors include: Preterm birth, Congenital rubella syndrome, Chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., Down syndrome), Genetic conditions such as LoeysDietz syndrome (would also present with other heart defects), WiedemannSteiner syndrome, and CHARGE syndrome. […] Some evidence suggests that intravenous NSAIDs, such as indomethacin, administration on the first day of life to all preterm infants reduces the risk of developing a PDA and the complications associated with PDA. […] While indometacin can be used to close a PDA, some neonates require their PDA be kept open. Keeping a ductus arteriosus patent is indicated in neonates born with concurrent heart malformations, such as transposition of the great vessels.

• #29 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430758/

  During fetal life, the oxygen tension is low, and the pulmonary vascular system is not functioning. Coupled with circulating levels of prostaglandins from the placenta, this keeps the ductus patent. At birth, the placenta is removed and thus the source of prostaglandins is also diminished, this allows blood to flow into the lungs where the remaining prostaglandins are broken down. In addition, with birth, as the infant takes its first breaths, the oxygen tension increases, which also drops the pulmonary vascular resistance. […] A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is rare in healthy term newborns. As gestational age decreases, the incidence of PDA increases. In extremely premature infants, especially those with respiratory distress syndrome, up to 80% may have a PDA at 3 days of age. Some genetic conditions are associated with PDA: Trisomy 13, 18, 21; Holt-Oram, Noonan, CHARGE, TAAD/PDA, DiGeorge, and familial PDA, many forms of congenital heart disease. Maternal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include maternal diabetes, magnesium exposure, cocaine, and calcium channel blockers. Neonatal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include extreme prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal sepsis, birth at high altitude, excess fluid administration, loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, cimetidine, and heparin.

• #30 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430758/

  During fetal life, the oxygen tension is low, and the pulmonary vascular system is not functioning. Coupled with circulating levels of prostaglandins from the placenta, this keeps the ductus patent. At birth, the placenta is removed and thus the source of prostaglandins is also diminished, this allows blood to flow into the lungs where the remaining prostaglandins are broken down. In addition, with birth, as the infant takes its first breaths, the oxygen tension increases, which also drops the pulmonary vascular resistance. […] A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is rare in healthy term newborns. As gestational age decreases, the incidence of PDA increases. In extremely premature infants, especially those with respiratory distress syndrome, up to 80% may have a PDA at 3 days of age. Some genetic conditions are associated with PDA: Trisomy 13, 18, 21; Holt-Oram, Noonan, CHARGE, TAAD/PDA, DiGeorge, and familial PDA, many forms of congenital heart disease. Maternal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include maternal diabetes, magnesium exposure, cocaine, and calcium channel blockers. Neonatal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include extreme prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal sepsis, birth at high altitude, excess fluid administration, loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, cimetidine, and heparin.

• #31 Patent ductus arteriosus Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/patent-ductus-arteriosus

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a condition in which the ductus arteriosus does not close. The word „patent” means open. […] PDA is more common in girls than boys. The condition is more common in premature infants and those with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Infants with genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, or babies whose mothers had rubella during pregnancy are at higher risk for PDA. […] PDA is common in babies with congenital heart problems, such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome, transposition of the great vessels, and pulmonary stenosis.

• #32 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430758/

  During fetal life, the oxygen tension is low, and the pulmonary vascular system is not functioning. Coupled with circulating levels of prostaglandins from the placenta, this keeps the ductus patent. At birth, the placenta is removed and thus the source of prostaglandins is also diminished, this allows blood to flow into the lungs where the remaining prostaglandins are broken down. In addition, with birth, as the infant takes its first breaths, the oxygen tension increases, which also drops the pulmonary vascular resistance. […] A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is rare in healthy term newborns. As gestational age decreases, the incidence of PDA increases. In extremely premature infants, especially those with respiratory distress syndrome, up to 80% may have a PDA at 3 days of age. Some genetic conditions are associated with PDA: Trisomy 13, 18, 21; Holt-Oram, Noonan, CHARGE, TAAD/PDA, DiGeorge, and familial PDA, many forms of congenital heart disease. Maternal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include maternal diabetes, magnesium exposure, cocaine, and calcium channel blockers. Neonatal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include extreme prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal sepsis, birth at high altitude, excess fluid administration, loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, cimetidine, and heparin.

• #33 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430758/

  During fetal life, the oxygen tension is low, and the pulmonary vascular system is not functioning. Coupled with circulating levels of prostaglandins from the placenta, this keeps the ductus patent. At birth, the placenta is removed and thus the source of prostaglandins is also diminished, this allows blood to flow into the lungs where the remaining prostaglandins are broken down. In addition, with birth, as the infant takes its first breaths, the oxygen tension increases, which also drops the pulmonary vascular resistance. […] A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is rare in healthy term newborns. As gestational age decreases, the incidence of PDA increases. In extremely premature infants, especially those with respiratory distress syndrome, up to 80% may have a PDA at 3 days of age. Some genetic conditions are associated with PDA: Trisomy 13, 18, 21; Holt-Oram, Noonan, CHARGE, TAAD/PDA, DiGeorge, and familial PDA, many forms of congenital heart disease. Maternal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include maternal diabetes, magnesium exposure, cocaine, and calcium channel blockers. Neonatal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include extreme prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal sepsis, birth at high altitude, excess fluid administration, loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, cimetidine, and heparin.

• #34 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430758/

  During fetal life, the oxygen tension is low, and the pulmonary vascular system is not functioning. Coupled with circulating levels of prostaglandins from the placenta, this keeps the ductus patent. At birth, the placenta is removed and thus the source of prostaglandins is also diminished, this allows blood to flow into the lungs where the remaining prostaglandins are broken down. In addition, with birth, as the infant takes its first breaths, the oxygen tension increases, which also drops the pulmonary vascular resistance. […] A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is rare in healthy term newborns. As gestational age decreases, the incidence of PDA increases. In extremely premature infants, especially those with respiratory distress syndrome, up to 80% may have a PDA at 3 days of age. Some genetic conditions are associated with PDA: Trisomy 13, 18, 21; Holt-Oram, Noonan, CHARGE, TAAD/PDA, DiGeorge, and familial PDA, many forms of congenital heart disease. Maternal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include maternal diabetes, magnesium exposure, cocaine, and calcium channel blockers. Neonatal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include extreme prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal sepsis, birth at high altitude, excess fluid administration, loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, cimetidine, and heparin.

• #35 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430758/

  During fetal life, the oxygen tension is low, and the pulmonary vascular system is not functioning. Coupled with circulating levels of prostaglandins from the placenta, this keeps the ductus patent. At birth, the placenta is removed and thus the source of prostaglandins is also diminished, this allows blood to flow into the lungs where the remaining prostaglandins are broken down. In addition, with birth, as the infant takes its first breaths, the oxygen tension increases, which also drops the pulmonary vascular resistance. […] A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is rare in healthy term newborns. As gestational age decreases, the incidence of PDA increases. In extremely premature infants, especially those with respiratory distress syndrome, up to 80% may have a PDA at 3 days of age. Some genetic conditions are associated with PDA: Trisomy 13, 18, 21; Holt-Oram, Noonan, CHARGE, TAAD/PDA, DiGeorge, and familial PDA, many forms of congenital heart disease. Maternal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include maternal diabetes, magnesium exposure, cocaine, and calcium channel blockers. Neonatal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include extreme prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal sepsis, birth at high altitude, excess fluid administration, loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, cimetidine, and heparin.

• #36 Patent ductus arteriosus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_ductus_arteriosus

  Known risk factors include: Preterm birth, Congenital rubella syndrome, Chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., Down syndrome), Genetic conditions such as LoeysDietz syndrome (would also present with other heart defects), WiedemannSteiner syndrome, and CHARGE syndrome. […] Some evidence suggests that intravenous NSAIDs, such as indomethacin, administration on the first day of life to all preterm infants reduces the risk of developing a PDA and the complications associated with PDA. […] While indometacin can be used to close a PDA, some neonates require their PDA be kept open. Keeping a ductus arteriosus patent is indicated in neonates born with concurrent heart malformations, such as transposition of the great vessels.

• #37 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430758/

  During fetal life, the oxygen tension is low, and the pulmonary vascular system is not functioning. Coupled with circulating levels of prostaglandins from the placenta, this keeps the ductus patent. At birth, the placenta is removed and thus the source of prostaglandins is also diminished, this allows blood to flow into the lungs where the remaining prostaglandins are broken down. In addition, with birth, as the infant takes its first breaths, the oxygen tension increases, which also drops the pulmonary vascular resistance. […] A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is rare in healthy term newborns. As gestational age decreases, the incidence of PDA increases. In extremely premature infants, especially those with respiratory distress syndrome, up to 80% may have a PDA at 3 days of age. Some genetic conditions are associated with PDA: Trisomy 13, 18, 21; Holt-Oram, Noonan, CHARGE, TAAD/PDA, DiGeorge, and familial PDA, many forms of congenital heart disease. Maternal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include maternal diabetes, magnesium exposure, cocaine, and calcium channel blockers. Neonatal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include extreme prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal sepsis, birth at high altitude, excess fluid administration, loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, cimetidine, and heparin.

• #38 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430758/

  During fetal life, the oxygen tension is low, and the pulmonary vascular system is not functioning. Coupled with circulating levels of prostaglandins from the placenta, this keeps the ductus patent. At birth, the placenta is removed and thus the source of prostaglandins is also diminished, this allows blood to flow into the lungs where the remaining prostaglandins are broken down. In addition, with birth, as the infant takes its first breaths, the oxygen tension increases, which also drops the pulmonary vascular resistance. […] A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is rare in healthy term newborns. As gestational age decreases, the incidence of PDA increases. In extremely premature infants, especially those with respiratory distress syndrome, up to 80% may have a PDA at 3 days of age. Some genetic conditions are associated with PDA: Trisomy 13, 18, 21; Holt-Oram, Noonan, CHARGE, TAAD/PDA, DiGeorge, and familial PDA, many forms of congenital heart disease. Maternal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include maternal diabetes, magnesium exposure, cocaine, and calcium channel blockers. Neonatal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include extreme prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal sepsis, birth at high altitude, excess fluid administration, loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, cimetidine, and heparin.

• #39 Patent ductus arteriosus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_ductus_arteriosus

  Known risk factors include: Preterm birth, Congenital rubella syndrome, Chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., Down syndrome), Genetic conditions such as LoeysDietz syndrome (would also present with other heart defects), WiedemannSteiner syndrome, and CHARGE syndrome. […] Some evidence suggests that intravenous NSAIDs, such as indomethacin, administration on the first day of life to all preterm infants reduces the risk of developing a PDA and the complications associated with PDA. […] While indometacin can be used to close a PDA, some neonates require their PDA be kept open. Keeping a ductus arteriosus patent is indicated in neonates born with concurrent heart malformations, such as transposition of the great vessels.

• #40 Patent ductus arteriosus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_ductus_arteriosus

  Known risk factors include: Preterm birth, Congenital rubella syndrome, Chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., Down syndrome), Genetic conditions such as LoeysDietz syndrome (would also present with other heart defects), WiedemannSteiner syndrome, and CHARGE syndrome. […] Some evidence suggests that intravenous NSAIDs, such as indomethacin, administration on the first day of life to all preterm infants reduces the risk of developing a PDA and the complications associated with PDA. […] While indometacin can be used to close a PDA, some neonates require their PDA be kept open. Keeping a ductus arteriosus patent is indicated in neonates born with concurrent heart malformations, such as transposition of the great vessels.

• #41 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/891096-overview

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), in which there is a persistent communication between the descending thoracic aorta and the pulmonary artery that results from failure of normal physiologic closure of the fetal ductus, is one of the more common congenital heart defects. […] Familial cases of PDA have been recorded, but a genetic cause has not been determined. In infants born at term who have a persistent PDA, the recurrence rate among siblings is 5%. Some early evidence suggests that as many as one third of cases are caused by a recessive trait labeled PDA1, located on chromosome 12, at least in some populations. […] Several chromosomal abnormalities are associated with persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus. Implicated teratogens include congenital rubella infection in the first trimester of pregnancy, particularly through 4 weeks’ gestation (associated with PDA and pulmonary artery branch stenosis), fetal alcohol syndrome, maternal amphetamine use, and maternal phenytoin use.

• #42 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/891096-overview

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), in which there is a persistent communication between the descending thoracic aorta and the pulmonary artery that results from failure of normal physiologic closure of the fetal ductus, is one of the more common congenital heart defects. […] Familial cases of PDA have been recorded, but a genetic cause has not been determined. In infants born at term who have a persistent PDA, the recurrence rate among siblings is 5%. Some early evidence suggests that as many as one third of cases are caused by a recessive trait labeled PDA1, located on chromosome 12, at least in some populations. […] Several chromosomal abnormalities are associated with persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus. Implicated teratogens include congenital rubella infection in the first trimester of pregnancy, particularly through 4 weeks’ gestation (associated with PDA and pulmonary artery branch stenosis), fetal alcohol syndrome, maternal amphetamine use, and maternal phenytoin use.

• #43 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/congenital-heart-disease/patent-ductus-arteriosus-pda

  Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) is a condition where the tube of the ductus arteriosus, a fetal artery in the heart, remains open at birth and does not close. […] There is no known cause of PDA other than prematurity and some genetic abnormalities like Down Syndrome. In premature infants, the muscles lining the inside of the ductus arteriosus tube may not be fully formed. In that case, the tube will be unable to close on its own after the baby is born. […] PDA occurs in less than one-tenth of one percent in full-term (40 weeks) babies but may occur in about 20 percent of babies born at 32 weeks, and in 90 percent of those born at 26 weeks. […] PDA is about twice as common in girls than in boys. […] Mothers who have German measles during their pregnancy are more likely to have a baby with a heart defect, including PDA. […] Newborns, particularly premature infants, with lung complications after birth are more likely to have a PDA.

• #44 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) | Dayton Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrensdayton.org/kidshealth/a/patent-ductus-arteriosus

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is an extra blood vessel found in babies before birth and just after birth. […] The cause of PDA is not known, but genetics might play a role. PDA is more common in premature babies and affects twice as many girls as boys. It’s also common among babies with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, babies with genetic disorders (such as Down syndrome), and babies whose mothers had rubella (German measles) during pregnancy.

• #45 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430758/

  During fetal life, the oxygen tension is low, and the pulmonary vascular system is not functioning. Coupled with circulating levels of prostaglandins from the placenta, this keeps the ductus patent. At birth, the placenta is removed and thus the source of prostaglandins is also diminished, this allows blood to flow into the lungs where the remaining prostaglandins are broken down. In addition, with birth, as the infant takes its first breaths, the oxygen tension increases, which also drops the pulmonary vascular resistance. […] A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is rare in healthy term newborns. As gestational age decreases, the incidence of PDA increases. In extremely premature infants, especially those with respiratory distress syndrome, up to 80% may have a PDA at 3 days of age. Some genetic conditions are associated with PDA: Trisomy 13, 18, 21; Holt-Oram, Noonan, CHARGE, TAAD/PDA, DiGeorge, and familial PDA, many forms of congenital heart disease. Maternal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include maternal diabetes, magnesium exposure, cocaine, and calcium channel blockers. Neonatal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include extreme prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal sepsis, birth at high altitude, excess fluid administration, loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, cimetidine, and heparin.

• #46 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430758/

  During fetal life, the oxygen tension is low, and the pulmonary vascular system is not functioning. Coupled with circulating levels of prostaglandins from the placenta, this keeps the ductus patent. At birth, the placenta is removed and thus the source of prostaglandins is also diminished, this allows blood to flow into the lungs where the remaining prostaglandins are broken down. In addition, with birth, as the infant takes its first breaths, the oxygen tension increases, which also drops the pulmonary vascular resistance. […] A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is rare in healthy term newborns. As gestational age decreases, the incidence of PDA increases. In extremely premature infants, especially those with respiratory distress syndrome, up to 80% may have a PDA at 3 days of age. Some genetic conditions are associated with PDA: Trisomy 13, 18, 21; Holt-Oram, Noonan, CHARGE, TAAD/PDA, DiGeorge, and familial PDA, many forms of congenital heart disease. Maternal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include maternal diabetes, magnesium exposure, cocaine, and calcium channel blockers. Neonatal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include extreme prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal sepsis, birth at high altitude, excess fluid administration, loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, cimetidine, and heparin.

• #47 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/891096-overview

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), in which there is a persistent communication between the descending thoracic aorta and the pulmonary artery that results from failure of normal physiologic closure of the fetal ductus, is one of the more common congenital heart defects. […] Familial cases of PDA have been recorded, but a genetic cause has not been determined. In infants born at term who have a persistent PDA, the recurrence rate among siblings is 5%. Some early evidence suggests that as many as one third of cases are caused by a recessive trait labeled PDA1, located on chromosome 12, at least in some populations. […] Several chromosomal abnormalities are associated with persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus. Implicated teratogens include congenital rubella infection in the first trimester of pregnancy, particularly through 4 weeks’ gestation (associated with PDA and pulmonary artery branch stenosis), fetal alcohol syndrome, maternal amphetamine use, and maternal phenytoin use.

• #48 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430758/

  During fetal life, the oxygen tension is low, and the pulmonary vascular system is not functioning. Coupled with circulating levels of prostaglandins from the placenta, this keeps the ductus patent. At birth, the placenta is removed and thus the source of prostaglandins is also diminished, this allows blood to flow into the lungs where the remaining prostaglandins are broken down. In addition, with birth, as the infant takes its first breaths, the oxygen tension increases, which also drops the pulmonary vascular resistance. […] A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is rare in healthy term newborns. As gestational age decreases, the incidence of PDA increases. In extremely premature infants, especially those with respiratory distress syndrome, up to 80% may have a PDA at 3 days of age. Some genetic conditions are associated with PDA: Trisomy 13, 18, 21; Holt-Oram, Noonan, CHARGE, TAAD/PDA, DiGeorge, and familial PDA, many forms of congenital heart disease. Maternal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include maternal diabetes, magnesium exposure, cocaine, and calcium channel blockers. Neonatal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include extreme prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal sepsis, birth at high altitude, excess fluid administration, loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, cimetidine, and heparin.

• #49 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430758/

  During fetal life, the oxygen tension is low, and the pulmonary vascular system is not functioning. Coupled with circulating levels of prostaglandins from the placenta, this keeps the ductus patent. At birth, the placenta is removed and thus the source of prostaglandins is also diminished, this allows blood to flow into the lungs where the remaining prostaglandins are broken down. In addition, with birth, as the infant takes its first breaths, the oxygen tension increases, which also drops the pulmonary vascular resistance. […] A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is rare in healthy term newborns. As gestational age decreases, the incidence of PDA increases. In extremely premature infants, especially those with respiratory distress syndrome, up to 80% may have a PDA at 3 days of age. Some genetic conditions are associated with PDA: Trisomy 13, 18, 21; Holt-Oram, Noonan, CHARGE, TAAD/PDA, DiGeorge, and familial PDA, many forms of congenital heart disease. Maternal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include maternal diabetes, magnesium exposure, cocaine, and calcium channel blockers. Neonatal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include extreme prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal sepsis, birth at high altitude, excess fluid administration, loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, cimetidine, and heparin.

• #50 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430758/

  During fetal life, the oxygen tension is low, and the pulmonary vascular system is not functioning. Coupled with circulating levels of prostaglandins from the placenta, this keeps the ductus patent. At birth, the placenta is removed and thus the source of prostaglandins is also diminished, this allows blood to flow into the lungs where the remaining prostaglandins are broken down. In addition, with birth, as the infant takes its first breaths, the oxygen tension increases, which also drops the pulmonary vascular resistance. […] A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is rare in healthy term newborns. As gestational age decreases, the incidence of PDA increases. In extremely premature infants, especially those with respiratory distress syndrome, up to 80% may have a PDA at 3 days of age. Some genetic conditions are associated with PDA: Trisomy 13, 18, 21; Holt-Oram, Noonan, CHARGE, TAAD/PDA, DiGeorge, and familial PDA, many forms of congenital heart disease. Maternal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include maternal diabetes, magnesium exposure, cocaine, and calcium channel blockers. Neonatal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include extreme prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal sepsis, birth at high altitude, excess fluid administration, loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, cimetidine, and heparin.

• #51 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/891096-overview

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), in which there is a persistent communication between the descending thoracic aorta and the pulmonary artery that results from failure of normal physiologic closure of the fetal ductus, is one of the more common congenital heart defects. […] Familial cases of PDA have been recorded, but a genetic cause has not been determined. In infants born at term who have a persistent PDA, the recurrence rate among siblings is 5%. Some early evidence suggests that as many as one third of cases are caused by a recessive trait labeled PDA1, located on chromosome 12, at least in some populations. […] Several chromosomal abnormalities are associated with persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus. Implicated teratogens include congenital rubella infection in the first trimester of pregnancy, particularly through 4 weeks’ gestation (associated with PDA and pulmonary artery branch stenosis), fetal alcohol syndrome, maternal amphetamine use, and maternal phenytoin use.

• #52 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430758/

  During fetal life, the oxygen tension is low, and the pulmonary vascular system is not functioning. Coupled with circulating levels of prostaglandins from the placenta, this keeps the ductus patent. At birth, the placenta is removed and thus the source of prostaglandins is also diminished, this allows blood to flow into the lungs where the remaining prostaglandins are broken down. In addition, with birth, as the infant takes its first breaths, the oxygen tension increases, which also drops the pulmonary vascular resistance. […] A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is rare in healthy term newborns. As gestational age decreases, the incidence of PDA increases. In extremely premature infants, especially those with respiratory distress syndrome, up to 80% may have a PDA at 3 days of age. Some genetic conditions are associated with PDA: Trisomy 13, 18, 21; Holt-Oram, Noonan, CHARGE, TAAD/PDA, DiGeorge, and familial PDA, many forms of congenital heart disease. Maternal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include maternal diabetes, magnesium exposure, cocaine, and calcium channel blockers. Neonatal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include extreme prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal sepsis, birth at high altitude, excess fluid administration, loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, cimetidine, and heparin.

• #53 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/891096-overview

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), in which there is a persistent communication between the descending thoracic aorta and the pulmonary artery that results from failure of normal physiologic closure of the fetal ductus, is one of the more common congenital heart defects. […] Familial cases of PDA have been recorded, but a genetic cause has not been determined. In infants born at term who have a persistent PDA, the recurrence rate among siblings is 5%. Some early evidence suggests that as many as one third of cases are caused by a recessive trait labeled PDA1, located on chromosome 12, at least in some populations. […] Several chromosomal abnormalities are associated with persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus. Implicated teratogens include congenital rubella infection in the first trimester of pregnancy, particularly through 4 weeks’ gestation (associated with PDA and pulmonary artery branch stenosis), fetal alcohol syndrome, maternal amphetamine use, and maternal phenytoin use.

• #54 Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Banner

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/heart/heart-disease/congenital-heart-defects/types/patent-ductus-arteriosus

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital heart defect (CHD). This means it is a problem with the hearts structure that is present at birth. PDA causes problems with blood flow between the heart and lungs. […] Children are born with PDAs. They happen when the babys heart grows during pregnancy. While the exact cause isnt always clear, it is most common in premature infants (babies born before 37 weeks). PDAs may be passed down in families (genetic/inherited family history). […] Some things may increase the risk of a baby having PDA. Other risk factors include: […] Drinking alcohol or smoking during pregnancy […] Having a virus during pregnancy, like German measles (rubella) […] Babies who have another genetic condition, like Down syndrome […] Babies born at high altitudes.

• #55 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/891096-overview

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), in which there is a persistent communication between the descending thoracic aorta and the pulmonary artery that results from failure of normal physiologic closure of the fetal ductus, is one of the more common congenital heart defects. […] Familial cases of PDA have been recorded, but a genetic cause has not been determined. In infants born at term who have a persistent PDA, the recurrence rate among siblings is 5%. Some early evidence suggests that as many as one third of cases are caused by a recessive trait labeled PDA1, located on chromosome 12, at least in some populations. […] Several chromosomal abnormalities are associated with persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus. Implicated teratogens include congenital rubella infection in the first trimester of pregnancy, particularly through 4 weeks’ gestation (associated with PDA and pulmonary artery branch stenosis), fetal alcohol syndrome, maternal amphetamine use, and maternal phenytoin use.

• #56

  https://step2.medbullets.com/cardiovascular/120004/patent-ductus-arteriosus-pda

  Etiology […] Pathogenesis […] the ductus arteriosus is normal in utero and typically closes hours after birth […] patency of PDA is maintained by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis and low oxygen tension […] if unfixed, a large PDA can cause left-to-right shunting in the heart, which increases pulmonary blood flow and causes alterations in the pulmonary vasculature […] shifting of blood from systemic circulation can cause cyanosis […] over time, with severe defects, this eventually results in pulmonary hypertension and Eisenmenger syndrome […] […] […] Risk factors […] maternal rubella infection […] premature infants […] in utero alcohol exposure

• #57 Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Banner

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/heart/heart-disease/congenital-heart-defects/types/patent-ductus-arteriosus

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital heart defect (CHD). This means it is a problem with the hearts structure that is present at birth. PDA causes problems with blood flow between the heart and lungs. […] Children are born with PDAs. They happen when the babys heart grows during pregnancy. While the exact cause isnt always clear, it is most common in premature infants (babies born before 37 weeks). PDAs may be passed down in families (genetic/inherited family history). […] Some things may increase the risk of a baby having PDA. Other risk factors include: […] Drinking alcohol or smoking during pregnancy […] Having a virus during pregnancy, like German measles (rubella) […] Babies who have another genetic condition, like Down syndrome […] Babies born at high altitudes.

• #58 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/891096-overview

  Prematurity or immaturity of the infant at the time of delivery contributes to the patency of the ductus. Several factors are involved, including immaturity of the smooth muscle within the structure or the inability of the immature lungs to clear the circulating prostaglandins that remain from gestation. These mechanisms are not fully understood. Conditions that contribute to low oxygen tension in the blood, such as immature lungs, coexisting congenital heart defects, and high altitude, are associated with persistent patency of the ductus. […] Other causes include low birth weight (LBW), prostaglandins, high altitude and low atmospheric oxygen tension, and hypoxia.

• #59 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/congenital-heart-disease/patent-ductus-arteriosus-pda

  Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) is a condition where the tube of the ductus arteriosus, a fetal artery in the heart, remains open at birth and does not close. […] There is no known cause of PDA other than prematurity and some genetic abnormalities like Down Syndrome. In premature infants, the muscles lining the inside of the ductus arteriosus tube may not be fully formed. In that case, the tube will be unable to close on its own after the baby is born. […] PDA occurs in less than one-tenth of one percent in full-term (40 weeks) babies but may occur in about 20 percent of babies born at 32 weeks, and in 90 percent of those born at 26 weeks. […] PDA is about twice as common in girls than in boys. […] Mothers who have German measles during their pregnancy are more likely to have a baby with a heart defect, including PDA. […] Newborns, particularly premature infants, with lung complications after birth are more likely to have a PDA.

• #60 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/patent-ductus-arteriosus-pda

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a persistence of the fetal connection (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and pulmonary artery after birth. […] Patent ductus arteriosus accounts for 5 to 10% of congenital heart anomalies; the male:female ratio is 1:3. […] PDA is very common among preterm infants (present in about 45% with birth weight 1750 g and in 70 to 80% with birth weight 1200 g). […] When persistent in preterm infants, a significant PDA can result in heart failure, exacerbation of lung disease of prematurity, pulmonary hemorrhage, renal insufficiency, feeding intolerance, necrotizing enterocolitis, and even death. […] If this normal process does not occur, the ductus arteriosus will remain patent. […] Physiologic consequences depend on ductal size. […] A large ductus causes a large left-to-right shunt.

• #61 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/patent-ductus-arteriosus-pda

  A family history of heart conditions present at birth may increase the risk of PDA. […] Having German measles, also called rubella, during pregnancy can cause changes in an unborn baby’s heart. […] Babies born above 8,200 feet (2,499 meters) have a greater risk of PDA than babies born at lower altitudes. […] Patent ductus arteriosus is twice as common in girls.

• #62 Patent Ductus Arteriosus: An Overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3462096/

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is one of the most common congenital heart defects, accounting for 5%10% of all congenital heart disease in term infants. The occurrence of PDA is inversely related to gestational age and weight, with an even greater incidence in preterm infants. […] Potential complications of a persistently patent DA after birth include heart failure, renal dysfunction, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), intraventricular hemorrhage, and altered postnatal nutrition and growth. […] The increased incidence of PDA in the preterm infant is attributable to the lack of normal closure mechanisms due to immaturity. […] Several birth factors have been shown to increase the incidence of PDA, including high altitude at birth, genetic factors, and in utero exposure to rubella. […] The patency of the DA is primarily controlled by low fetal oxygen tension and the circulation of prostanoids produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid by COX, with PGE2 producing the most profound ductal relaxation among the prostanoids.

• #63 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/891096-overview

  Prematurity or immaturity of the infant at the time of delivery contributes to the patency of the ductus. Several factors are involved, including immaturity of the smooth muscle within the structure or the inability of the immature lungs to clear the circulating prostaglandins that remain from gestation. These mechanisms are not fully understood. Conditions that contribute to low oxygen tension in the blood, such as immature lungs, coexisting congenital heart defects, and high altitude, are associated with persistent patency of the ductus. […] Other causes include low birth weight (LBW), prostaglandins, high altitude and low atmospheric oxygen tension, and hypoxia.

• #64 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/patent-ductus-arteriosus-pda

  A family history of heart conditions present at birth may increase the risk of PDA. […] Having German measles, also called rubella, during pregnancy can cause changes in an unborn baby’s heart. […] Babies born above 8,200 feet (2,499 meters) have a greater risk of PDA than babies born at lower altitudes. […] Patent ductus arteriosus is twice as common in girls.

• #65 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/891096-overview

  Prematurity or immaturity of the infant at the time of delivery contributes to the patency of the ductus. Several factors are involved, including immaturity of the smooth muscle within the structure or the inability of the immature lungs to clear the circulating prostaglandins that remain from gestation. These mechanisms are not fully understood. Conditions that contribute to low oxygen tension in the blood, such as immature lungs, coexisting congenital heart defects, and high altitude, are associated with persistent patency of the ductus. […] Other causes include low birth weight (LBW), prostaglandins, high altitude and low atmospheric oxygen tension, and hypoxia.

• #66 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430758/

  During fetal life, the oxygen tension is low, and the pulmonary vascular system is not functioning. Coupled with circulating levels of prostaglandins from the placenta, this keeps the ductus patent. At birth, the placenta is removed and thus the source of prostaglandins is also diminished, this allows blood to flow into the lungs where the remaining prostaglandins are broken down. In addition, with birth, as the infant takes its first breaths, the oxygen tension increases, which also drops the pulmonary vascular resistance. […] A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is rare in healthy term newborns. As gestational age decreases, the incidence of PDA increases. In extremely premature infants, especially those with respiratory distress syndrome, up to 80% may have a PDA at 3 days of age. Some genetic conditions are associated with PDA: Trisomy 13, 18, 21; Holt-Oram, Noonan, CHARGE, TAAD/PDA, DiGeorge, and familial PDA, many forms of congenital heart disease. Maternal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include maternal diabetes, magnesium exposure, cocaine, and calcium channel blockers. Neonatal conditions and exposures associated with PDA include extreme prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal sepsis, birth at high altitude, excess fluid administration, loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, cimetidine, and heparin.

• #67 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) – Kauvery Hospital

  https://www.kauveryhospital.com/nightingale/patent-ductus-arteriosus-pda/

  Sometimes PDA occurs with other heart defects. The risk of congenital heart defects like PDA may also increase due to: Certain genetic conditions, Family history of congenital heart conditions, Fetal distress in the womb, Infections in the mother or fetus during pregnancy, such as rubella, Other pregnancy-related risk factors, such as smoking or taking certain medications, German measles during pregnancy: Babies born to mothers who had rubella (German measles) during pregnancy may have a higher risk of a PDA, Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: Babies whose lungs didnt get enough lubricating substance (surfactant) before birth may develop neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, a breathing problem. These babies may also develop a PDA.

• #68 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/891096-overview

  Prematurity or immaturity of the infant at the time of delivery contributes to the patency of the ductus. Several factors are involved, including immaturity of the smooth muscle within the structure or the inability of the immature lungs to clear the circulating prostaglandins that remain from gestation. These mechanisms are not fully understood. Conditions that contribute to low oxygen tension in the blood, such as immature lungs, coexisting congenital heart defects, and high altitude, are associated with persistent patency of the ductus. […] Other causes include low birth weight (LBW), prostaglandins, high altitude and low atmospheric oxygen tension, and hypoxia.

• #69 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – TeachMePaediatrics

  https://teachmepaediatrics.com/cardiology/congenital-heart-defects/patent-ductus-arteriosus/

  In healthy term neonates, the ductus arteriosus (DA) should close within a few days. When it does not close it is called a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). […] PDA is associated with preterm neonates (gestational age 30 weeks) and low birth weight (1000 grams) and accounts for around 5-10% of all congenital heart diseases (CHD), occurring in 1 in 2000 term neonates. PDA is twice as common in females (excluding those associated with congenital rubella infection). PDA coexists in around 10% of other congenital heart diseases (CHD). […] The exact mechanism causing PDA is currently unknown, but prematurity has been found to increase the risk of PDA.

• #70 Patent ductus arteriosus Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/patent-ductus-arteriosus

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a condition in which the ductus arteriosus does not close. The word „patent” means open. […] PDA is more common in girls than boys. The condition is more common in premature infants and those with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Infants with genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, or babies whose mothers had rubella during pregnancy are at higher risk for PDA. […] PDA is common in babies with congenital heart problems, such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome, transposition of the great vessels, and pulmonary stenosis.

• #71 Patent ductus arteriosus Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/patent-ductus-arteriosus

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a condition in which the ductus arteriosus does not close. The word „patent” means open. […] PDA is more common in girls than boys. The condition is more common in premature infants and those with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Infants with genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, or babies whose mothers had rubella during pregnancy are at higher risk for PDA. […] PDA is common in babies with congenital heart problems, such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome, transposition of the great vessels, and pulmonary stenosis.

• #72 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/patent-ductus-arteriosus

  While still in the mother’s womb, a baby does not need their lungs to supply oxygen because they receive oxygen from their mother. […] Sometimes, the ductus arteriosus does not close on its own. This is known as a patent („open”) ductus arteriosus. […] Even if there are no symptoms, the turbulent flow of blood through the patent ductus arteriosus puts a person at a higher risk for a serious infection, known as endocarditis. […] The murmur, along with symptoms of heart failure in a premature infant, most often lead to the diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus. […] If a newborns symptoms are severe or it is unlikely to close on its own, medical or surgical treatment is needed. […] In some heart defects, such as pulmonary atresia (an underdeveloped or blocked pulmonary valve), the patent ductus arteriosus supplies the only adequate source of blood flow to the lungs so that oxygen can be delivered to the blood. […] In other defects, such as underdeveloped or severely narrowed aorta (like that seen in hypoplastic left heart syndrome), the patent ductus arteriosus is crucial to allow adequate blood flow to the body.

• #73 Patent ductus arteriosus Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/patent-ductus-arteriosus

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a condition in which the ductus arteriosus does not close. The word „patent” means open. […] PDA is more common in girls than boys. The condition is more common in premature infants and those with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Infants with genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, or babies whose mothers had rubella during pregnancy are at higher risk for PDA. […] PDA is common in babies with congenital heart problems, such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome, transposition of the great vessels, and pulmonary stenosis.

• #74 Patent ductus arteriosus Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/patent-ductus-arteriosus

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a condition in which the ductus arteriosus does not close. The word „patent” means open. […] PDA is more common in girls than boys. The condition is more common in premature infants and those with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Infants with genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, or babies whose mothers had rubella during pregnancy are at higher risk for PDA. […] PDA is common in babies with congenital heart problems, such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome, transposition of the great vessels, and pulmonary stenosis.

• #75 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/patent-ductus-arteriosus

  While still in the mother’s womb, a baby does not need their lungs to supply oxygen because they receive oxygen from their mother. […] Sometimes, the ductus arteriosus does not close on its own. This is known as a patent („open”) ductus arteriosus. […] Even if there are no symptoms, the turbulent flow of blood through the patent ductus arteriosus puts a person at a higher risk for a serious infection, known as endocarditis. […] The murmur, along with symptoms of heart failure in a premature infant, most often lead to the diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus. […] If a newborns symptoms are severe or it is unlikely to close on its own, medical or surgical treatment is needed. […] In some heart defects, such as pulmonary atresia (an underdeveloped or blocked pulmonary valve), the patent ductus arteriosus supplies the only adequate source of blood flow to the lungs so that oxygen can be delivered to the blood. […] In other defects, such as underdeveloped or severely narrowed aorta (like that seen in hypoplastic left heart syndrome), the patent ductus arteriosus is crucial to allow adequate blood flow to the body.

• #76 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/patent-ductus-arteriosus

  While still in the mother’s womb, a baby does not need their lungs to supply oxygen because they receive oxygen from their mother. […] Sometimes, the ductus arteriosus does not close on its own. This is known as a patent („open”) ductus arteriosus. […] Even if there are no symptoms, the turbulent flow of blood through the patent ductus arteriosus puts a person at a higher risk for a serious infection, known as endocarditis. […] The murmur, along with symptoms of heart failure in a premature infant, most often lead to the diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus. […] If a newborns symptoms are severe or it is unlikely to close on its own, medical or surgical treatment is needed. […] In some heart defects, such as pulmonary atresia (an underdeveloped or blocked pulmonary valve), the patent ductus arteriosus supplies the only adequate source of blood flow to the lungs so that oxygen can be delivered to the blood. […] In other defects, such as underdeveloped or severely narrowed aorta (like that seen in hypoplastic left heart syndrome), the patent ductus arteriosus is crucial to allow adequate blood flow to the body.

• #77 Patent ductus arteriosus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_ductus_arteriosus

  Known risk factors include: Preterm birth, Congenital rubella syndrome, Chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., Down syndrome), Genetic conditions such as LoeysDietz syndrome (would also present with other heart defects), WiedemannSteiner syndrome, and CHARGE syndrome. […] Some evidence suggests that intravenous NSAIDs, such as indomethacin, administration on the first day of life to all preterm infants reduces the risk of developing a PDA and the complications associated with PDA. […] While indometacin can be used to close a PDA, some neonates require their PDA be kept open. Keeping a ductus arteriosus patent is indicated in neonates born with concurrent heart malformations, such as transposition of the great vessels.

• #78 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

  https://www.healio.com/cardiology/learn-the-heart/cardiology-review/topic-reviews/patent-ductus-arteriosus-pda

  A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a persistent connection between the aorta and the pulmonary artery resulting in left to right shunting. […] This connection is supposed to close shortly after birth, however if it is large and remains open, significant hemodynamic consequences can ensue and heart failure can develop. […] Prostaglandin E1 is responsible for keeping the ductus open and thus in certain cyanotic congenital heart defects where the only mixing of arterial and venous blood is through a PDA, prostaglandin analogs are infused to keep the PDA from closing. […] A patent ductus arteriosus causes a continuous murmur since there is a constant pressure gradient in both systole and diastole forcing blood from the aorta into the pulmonary artery.

• #79 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/patent-ductus-arteriosus-pda

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a persistence of the fetal connection (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and pulmonary artery after birth. […] Patent ductus arteriosus accounts for 5 to 10% of congenital heart anomalies; the male:female ratio is 1:3. […] PDA is very common among preterm infants (present in about 45% with birth weight 1750 g and in 70 to 80% with birth weight 1200 g). […] When persistent in preterm infants, a significant PDA can result in heart failure, exacerbation of lung disease of prematurity, pulmonary hemorrhage, renal insufficiency, feeding intolerance, necrotizing enterocolitis, and even death. […] If this normal process does not occur, the ductus arteriosus will remain patent. […] Physiologic consequences depend on ductal size. […] A large ductus causes a large left-to-right shunt.

• #80 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/birth-defects-of-the-heart/patent-ductus-arteriosus

  In patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), the blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery and the aorta (ductus arteriosus) fails to close as it usually does shortly after birth. […] Patent ductus arteriosus is a heart defect that occurs when the normal channel between the pulmonary artery and the aorta in the fetus does not close at birth. […] A patent ductus arteriosus that is moderate or large also causes high blood pressure in the lungs, which may eventually damage the blood vessels of the lungs. […] A patent ductus increases the risk of developing endocarditis, a serious heart infection. […] In patent ductus arteriosus, this connection does not close, allowing some oxygenated blood, intended for the body, to return to the lungs. As a result, the blood vessels in the lungs may be overloaded and the body may not receive enough oxygenated blood.

• #81 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/birth-defects-of-the-heart/patent-ductus-arteriosus

  In patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), the blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery and the aorta (ductus arteriosus) fails to close as it usually does shortly after birth. […] Patent ductus arteriosus is a heart defect that occurs when the normal channel between the pulmonary artery and the aorta in the fetus does not close at birth. […] A patent ductus arteriosus that is moderate or large also causes high blood pressure in the lungs, which may eventually damage the blood vessels of the lungs. […] A patent ductus increases the risk of developing endocarditis, a serious heart infection. […] In patent ductus arteriosus, this connection does not close, allowing some oxygenated blood, intended for the body, to return to the lungs. As a result, the blood vessels in the lungs may be overloaded and the body may not receive enough oxygenated blood.

• #82 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/patent-ductus-arteriosus/symptoms-causes/syc-20376145

  Patent ductus arteriosus is a persistent opening between the two main blood vessels leaving the heart. Those vessels are the aorta and the pulmonary artery. The condition is present at birth, which means it is a congenital heart defect. […] The exact causes of patent ductus arteriosus and other congenital heart defects are not clear. During the first six weeks of pregnancy, an unborn baby’s heart starts to form and beat. The major blood vessels to and from the heart grow. It’s during this time that certain congenital heart defects may begin to develop. […] After birth, the ductus arteriosus is no longer needed. It usually closes within 2 to 3 days. But in some infants, the opening doesn’t close. When it stays open, it’s called a patent ductus arteriosus. […] The constant opening causes too much blood to flow to the baby’s lungs and heart. Untreated, the blood pressure in the baby’s lungs might increase. The baby’s heart might grow larger and get weak.

• #83 Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Animals – Circulatory System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/circulatory-system/congenital-and-inherited-anomalies-of-the-cardiovascular-system/patent-ductus-arteriosus-in-animals

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a common congenital defect of dogs, and it occurs less commonly in cats. […] Persistence of a normal fetal structure (ductus arteriosus) after birth allows for shunting of blood from the descending aorta to the pulmonary artery, leading to volume overload and subsequently left heart failure. […] Chronic volume overload and dilatation of the left-side cardiac chambers usually result in development of left-side CHF in most untreated cases within the first 12 years of life. […] In some animals with a large PDA, increased pulmonary blood flow may induce pulmonary vasoconstriction and development of pulmonary hypertension. […] In cases of severe pulmonary hypertension in which pulmonary pressures exceed systemic pressures, blood flow through the ductus can reverse and result in right-to-left shunting.

• #84 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/patent-ductus-arteriosus/symptoms-causes/syc-20376145

  Patent ductus arteriosus is a persistent opening between the two main blood vessels leaving the heart. Those vessels are the aorta and the pulmonary artery. The condition is present at birth, which means it is a congenital heart defect. […] The exact causes of patent ductus arteriosus and other congenital heart defects are not clear. During the first six weeks of pregnancy, an unborn baby’s heart starts to form and beat. The major blood vessels to and from the heart grow. It’s during this time that certain congenital heart defects may begin to develop. […] After birth, the ductus arteriosus is no longer needed. It usually closes within 2 to 3 days. But in some infants, the opening doesn’t close. When it stays open, it’s called a patent ductus arteriosus. […] The constant opening causes too much blood to flow to the baby’s lungs and heart. Untreated, the blood pressure in the baby’s lungs might increase. The baby’s heart might grow larger and get weak.

• #85 Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Animals – Circulatory System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/circulatory-system/congenital-and-inherited-anomalies-of-the-cardiovascular-system/patent-ductus-arteriosus-in-animals

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a common congenital defect of dogs, and it occurs less commonly in cats. […] Persistence of a normal fetal structure (ductus arteriosus) after birth allows for shunting of blood from the descending aorta to the pulmonary artery, leading to volume overload and subsequently left heart failure. […] Chronic volume overload and dilatation of the left-side cardiac chambers usually result in development of left-side CHF in most untreated cases within the first 12 years of life. […] In some animals with a large PDA, increased pulmonary blood flow may induce pulmonary vasoconstriction and development of pulmonary hypertension. […] In cases of severe pulmonary hypertension in which pulmonary pressures exceed systemic pressures, blood flow through the ductus can reverse and result in right-to-left shunting.

• #86 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/patent-ductus-arteriosus-pda

  If uncorrected, over time, a large shunt results in left heart enlargement, pulmonary artery hypertension, and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, ultimately leading to Eisenmenger syndrome. […] Preterm infants may have respiratory distress or other serious complications (eg, necrotizing enterocolitis). […] Over time, a large shunt causes left heart enlargement, pulmonary artery hypertension, and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, ultimately leading to Eisenmenger syndrome if untreated. […] For preterm infants with hemodynamically significant PDA, give a cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitor (eg, ibuprofen lysine or indomethacin). […] For full-term infants and older children, COX inhibitors are usually ineffective, but a catheter-delivered occlusion device or surgery typically provides long-term correction of this anomaly.

• #87 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/patent-ductus-arteriosus-pda

  If uncorrected, over time, a large shunt results in left heart enlargement, pulmonary artery hypertension, and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, ultimately leading to Eisenmenger syndrome. […] Preterm infants may have respiratory distress or other serious complications (eg, necrotizing enterocolitis). […] Over time, a large shunt causes left heart enlargement, pulmonary artery hypertension, and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, ultimately leading to Eisenmenger syndrome if untreated. […] For preterm infants with hemodynamically significant PDA, give a cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitor (eg, ibuprofen lysine or indomethacin). […] For full-term infants and older children, COX inhibitors are usually ineffective, but a catheter-delivered occlusion device or surgery typically provides long-term correction of this anomaly.

• #88 Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Animals – Circulatory System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/circulatory-system/congenital-and-inherited-anomalies-of-the-cardiovascular-system/patent-ductus-arteriosus-in-animals

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a common congenital defect of dogs, and it occurs less commonly in cats. […] Persistence of a normal fetal structure (ductus arteriosus) after birth allows for shunting of blood from the descending aorta to the pulmonary artery, leading to volume overload and subsequently left heart failure. […] Chronic volume overload and dilatation of the left-side cardiac chambers usually result in development of left-side CHF in most untreated cases within the first 12 years of life. […] In some animals with a large PDA, increased pulmonary blood flow may induce pulmonary vasoconstriction and development of pulmonary hypertension. […] In cases of severe pulmonary hypertension in which pulmonary pressures exceed systemic pressures, blood flow through the ductus can reverse and result in right-to-left shunting.

• #89 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/patent-ductus-arteriosus-pda

  If uncorrected, over time, a large shunt results in left heart enlargement, pulmonary artery hypertension, and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, ultimately leading to Eisenmenger syndrome. […] Preterm infants may have respiratory distress or other serious complications (eg, necrotizing enterocolitis). […] Over time, a large shunt causes left heart enlargement, pulmonary artery hypertension, and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, ultimately leading to Eisenmenger syndrome if untreated. […] For preterm infants with hemodynamically significant PDA, give a cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitor (eg, ibuprofen lysine or indomethacin). […] For full-term infants and older children, COX inhibitors are usually ineffective, but a catheter-delivered occlusion device or surgery typically provides long-term correction of this anomaly.

• #90 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/birth-defects-of-the-heart/patent-ductus-arteriosus

  In patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), the blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery and the aorta (ductus arteriosus) fails to close as it usually does shortly after birth. […] Patent ductus arteriosus is a heart defect that occurs when the normal channel between the pulmonary artery and the aorta in the fetus does not close at birth. […] A patent ductus arteriosus that is moderate or large also causes high blood pressure in the lungs, which may eventually damage the blood vessels of the lungs. […] A patent ductus increases the risk of developing endocarditis, a serious heart infection. […] In patent ductus arteriosus, this connection does not close, allowing some oxygenated blood, intended for the body, to return to the lungs. As a result, the blood vessels in the lungs may be overloaded and the body may not receive enough oxygenated blood.

• #91 Patent Ductus Arteriosus | The Texas Heart Institute®

  https://www.texasheart.org/heart-health/heart-information-center/topics/patent-ductus-arteriosus/

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a defect in which the temporary blood vessel connecting the left pulmonary artery to the aorta in the fetal heart fails to close after birth. […] While this problem is rare, it is sometimes associated with mothers who have had German measles (rubella) during pregnancy and with infants born before their due date (prematurely). […] It is important to correct PDA because it can lead to congestive heart failure and a disease of the right side of the heart (called cor pulmonale) later in life. PDA also increases the risk of endocarditis, a life-threatening infection of the lining that covers the heart chambers, valves, and main arteries.

• #92 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/patent-ductus-arteriosus-pda

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a persistence of the fetal connection (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and pulmonary artery after birth. […] Patent ductus arteriosus accounts for 5 to 10% of congenital heart anomalies; the male:female ratio is 1:3. […] PDA is very common among preterm infants (present in about 45% with birth weight 1750 g and in 70 to 80% with birth weight 1200 g). […] When persistent in preterm infants, a significant PDA can result in heart failure, exacerbation of lung disease of prematurity, pulmonary hemorrhage, renal insufficiency, feeding intolerance, necrotizing enterocolitis, and even death. […] If this normal process does not occur, the ductus arteriosus will remain patent. […] Physiologic consequences depend on ductal size. […] A large ductus causes a large left-to-right shunt.

• #93 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/patent-ductus-arteriosus-pda

  If uncorrected, over time, a large shunt results in left heart enlargement, pulmonary artery hypertension, and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, ultimately leading to Eisenmenger syndrome. […] Preterm infants may have respiratory distress or other serious complications (eg, necrotizing enterocolitis). […] Over time, a large shunt causes left heart enlargement, pulmonary artery hypertension, and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, ultimately leading to Eisenmenger syndrome if untreated. […] For preterm infants with hemodynamically significant PDA, give a cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitor (eg, ibuprofen lysine or indomethacin). […] For full-term infants and older children, COX inhibitors are usually ineffective, but a catheter-delivered occlusion device or surgery typically provides long-term correction of this anomaly.

• #94 Patent Ductus Arteriosus: An Overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3462096/

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is one of the most common congenital heart defects, accounting for 5%10% of all congenital heart disease in term infants. The occurrence of PDA is inversely related to gestational age and weight, with an even greater incidence in preterm infants. […] Potential complications of a persistently patent DA after birth include heart failure, renal dysfunction, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), intraventricular hemorrhage, and altered postnatal nutrition and growth. […] The increased incidence of PDA in the preterm infant is attributable to the lack of normal closure mechanisms due to immaturity. […] Several birth factors have been shown to increase the incidence of PDA, including high altitude at birth, genetic factors, and in utero exposure to rubella. […] The patency of the DA is primarily controlled by low fetal oxygen tension and the circulation of prostanoids produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid by COX, with PGE2 producing the most profound ductal relaxation among the prostanoids.

• #95 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/patent-ductus-arteriosus-pda

  If uncorrected, over time, a large shunt results in left heart enlargement, pulmonary artery hypertension, and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, ultimately leading to Eisenmenger syndrome. […] Preterm infants may have respiratory distress or other serious complications (eg, necrotizing enterocolitis). […] Over time, a large shunt causes left heart enlargement, pulmonary artery hypertension, and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, ultimately leading to Eisenmenger syndrome if untreated. […] For preterm infants with hemodynamically significant PDA, give a cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitor (eg, ibuprofen lysine or indomethacin). […] For full-term infants and older children, COX inhibitors are usually ineffective, but a catheter-delivered occlusion device or surgery typically provides long-term correction of this anomaly.

• #96 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/patent-ductus-arteriosus-pda

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a persistence of the fetal connection (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and pulmonary artery after birth. […] Patent ductus arteriosus accounts for 5 to 10% of congenital heart anomalies; the male:female ratio is 1:3. […] PDA is very common among preterm infants (present in about 45% with birth weight 1750 g and in 70 to 80% with birth weight 1200 g). […] When persistent in preterm infants, a significant PDA can result in heart failure, exacerbation of lung disease of prematurity, pulmonary hemorrhage, renal insufficiency, feeding intolerance, necrotizing enterocolitis, and even death. […] If this normal process does not occur, the ductus arteriosus will remain patent. […] Physiologic consequences depend on ductal size. […] A large ductus causes a large left-to-right shunt.

• #97 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/patent-ductus-arteriosus-pda

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a persistence of the fetal connection (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and pulmonary artery after birth. […] Patent ductus arteriosus accounts for 5 to 10% of congenital heart anomalies; the male:female ratio is 1:3. […] PDA is very common among preterm infants (present in about 45% with birth weight 1750 g and in 70 to 80% with birth weight 1200 g). […] When persistent in preterm infants, a significant PDA can result in heart failure, exacerbation of lung disease of prematurity, pulmonary hemorrhage, renal insufficiency, feeding intolerance, necrotizing enterocolitis, and even death. […] If this normal process does not occur, the ductus arteriosus will remain patent. […] Physiologic consequences depend on ductal size. […] A large ductus causes a large left-to-right shunt.

• #98 Patent Ductus Arteriosus: An Overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3462096/

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is one of the most common congenital heart defects, accounting for 5%10% of all congenital heart disease in term infants. The occurrence of PDA is inversely related to gestational age and weight, with an even greater incidence in preterm infants. […] Potential complications of a persistently patent DA after birth include heart failure, renal dysfunction, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), intraventricular hemorrhage, and altered postnatal nutrition and growth. […] The increased incidence of PDA in the preterm infant is attributable to the lack of normal closure mechanisms due to immaturity. […] Several birth factors have been shown to increase the incidence of PDA, including high altitude at birth, genetic factors, and in utero exposure to rubella. […] The patency of the DA is primarily controlled by low fetal oxygen tension and the circulation of prostanoids produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid by COX, with PGE2 producing the most profound ductal relaxation among the prostanoids.

• #99 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/patent-ductus-arteriosus-pda

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a persistence of the fetal connection (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and pulmonary artery after birth. […] Patent ductus arteriosus accounts for 5 to 10% of congenital heart anomalies; the male:female ratio is 1:3. […] PDA is very common among preterm infants (present in about 45% with birth weight 1750 g and in 70 to 80% with birth weight 1200 g). […] When persistent in preterm infants, a significant PDA can result in heart failure, exacerbation of lung disease of prematurity, pulmonary hemorrhage, renal insufficiency, feeding intolerance, necrotizing enterocolitis, and even death. […] If this normal process does not occur, the ductus arteriosus will remain patent. […] Physiologic consequences depend on ductal size. […] A large ductus causes a large left-to-right shunt.

• #100 Patent Ductus Arteriosus: An Overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3462096/

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is one of the most common congenital heart defects, accounting for 5%10% of all congenital heart disease in term infants. The occurrence of PDA is inversely related to gestational age and weight, with an even greater incidence in preterm infants. […] Potential complications of a persistently patent DA after birth include heart failure, renal dysfunction, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), intraventricular hemorrhage, and altered postnatal nutrition and growth. […] The increased incidence of PDA in the preterm infant is attributable to the lack of normal closure mechanisms due to immaturity. […] Several birth factors have been shown to increase the incidence of PDA, including high altitude at birth, genetic factors, and in utero exposure to rubella. […] The patency of the DA is primarily controlled by low fetal oxygen tension and the circulation of prostanoids produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid by COX, with PGE2 producing the most profound ductal relaxation among the prostanoids.

• #101 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/patent-ductus-arteriosus-pda

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a persistence of the fetal connection (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and pulmonary artery after birth. […] Patent ductus arteriosus accounts for 5 to 10% of congenital heart anomalies; the male:female ratio is 1:3. […] PDA is very common among preterm infants (present in about 45% with birth weight 1750 g and in 70 to 80% with birth weight 1200 g). […] When persistent in preterm infants, a significant PDA can result in heart failure, exacerbation of lung disease of prematurity, pulmonary hemorrhage, renal insufficiency, feeding intolerance, necrotizing enterocolitis, and even death. […] If this normal process does not occur, the ductus arteriosus will remain patent. […] Physiologic consequences depend on ductal size. […] A large ductus causes a large left-to-right shunt.

• #102 Patent Ductus Arteriosus: An Overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3462096/

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is one of the most common congenital heart defects, accounting for 5%10% of all congenital heart disease in term infants. The occurrence of PDA is inversely related to gestational age and weight, with an even greater incidence in preterm infants. […] Potential complications of a persistently patent DA after birth include heart failure, renal dysfunction, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), intraventricular hemorrhage, and altered postnatal nutrition and growth. […] The increased incidence of PDA in the preterm infant is attributable to the lack of normal closure mechanisms due to immaturity. […] Several birth factors have been shown to increase the incidence of PDA, including high altitude at birth, genetic factors, and in utero exposure to rubella. […] The patency of the DA is primarily controlled by low fetal oxygen tension and the circulation of prostanoids produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid by COX, with PGE2 producing the most profound ductal relaxation among the prostanoids.

• #103 Patent Ductus Arteriosus: An Overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3462096/

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is one of the most common congenital heart defects, accounting for 5%10% of all congenital heart disease in term infants. The occurrence of PDA is inversely related to gestational age and weight, with an even greater incidence in preterm infants. […] Potential complications of a persistently patent DA after birth include heart failure, renal dysfunction, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), intraventricular hemorrhage, and altered postnatal nutrition and growth. […] The increased incidence of PDA in the preterm infant is attributable to the lack of normal closure mechanisms due to immaturity. […] Several birth factors have been shown to increase the incidence of PDA, including high altitude at birth, genetic factors, and in utero exposure to rubella. […] The patency of the DA is primarily controlled by low fetal oxygen tension and the circulation of prostanoids produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid by COX, with PGE2 producing the most profound ductal relaxation among the prostanoids.

• #104 Patent Ductus Arteriosus: An Overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3462096/

  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is one of the most common congenital heart defects, accounting for 5%10% of all congenital heart disease in term infants. The occurrence of PDA is inversely related to gestational age and weight, with an even greater incidence in preterm infants. […] Potential complications of a persistently patent DA after birth include heart failure, renal dysfunction, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), intraventricular hemorrhage, and altered postnatal nutrition and growth. […] The increased incidence of PDA in the preterm infant is attributable to the lack of normal closure mechanisms due to immaturity. […] Several birth factors have been shown to increase the incidence of PDA, including high altitude at birth, genetic factors, and in utero exposure to rubella. […] The patency of the DA is primarily controlled by low fetal oxygen tension and the circulation of prostanoids produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid by COX, with PGE2 producing the most profound ductal relaxation among the prostanoids.

• #105 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/birth-defects-of-the-heart/patent-ductus-arteriosus

  Indomethacin or ibuprofen can be given to close a patent ductus arteriosus. These medications are most effective if given within the first 10 days after birth and are more effective in premature newborns than in full-term ones. […] If the PDA does not close after several doses, catheter intervention or surgery may be done if there are signs that the PDA is harming the lungs and heart. […] If the ductus arteriosus is still open by the time infants are 1 or 2 years of age, it is extremely unlikely to close on its own. At that time, doctors usually recommend a procedure to close the PDA to eliminate the risk of endocarditis.

• #106 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/patent-ductus-arteriosus-pda

  If uncorrected, over time, a large shunt results in left heart enlargement, pulmonary artery hypertension, and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, ultimately leading to Eisenmenger syndrome. […] Preterm infants may have respiratory distress or other serious complications (eg, necrotizing enterocolitis). […] Over time, a large shunt causes left heart enlargement, pulmonary artery hypertension, and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, ultimately leading to Eisenmenger syndrome if untreated. […] For preterm infants with hemodynamically significant PDA, give a cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitor (eg, ibuprofen lysine or indomethacin). […] For full-term infants and older children, COX inhibitors are usually ineffective, but a catheter-delivered occlusion device or surgery typically provides long-term correction of this anomaly.

• #107 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/birth-defects-of-the-heart/patent-ductus-arteriosus

  Indomethacin or ibuprofen can be given to close a patent ductus arteriosus. These medications are most effective if given within the first 10 days after birth and are more effective in premature newborns than in full-term ones. […] If the PDA does not close after several doses, catheter intervention or surgery may be done if there are signs that the PDA is harming the lungs and heart. […] If the ductus arteriosus is still open by the time infants are 1 or 2 years of age, it is extremely unlikely to close on its own. At that time, doctors usually recommend a procedure to close the PDA to eliminate the risk of endocarditis.

• #108 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/patent-ductus-arteriosus-pda

  If uncorrected, over time, a large shunt results in left heart enlargement, pulmonary artery hypertension, and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, ultimately leading to Eisenmenger syndrome. […] Preterm infants may have respiratory distress or other serious complications (eg, necrotizing enterocolitis). […] Over time, a large shunt causes left heart enlargement, pulmonary artery hypertension, and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, ultimately leading to Eisenmenger syndrome if untreated. […] For preterm infants with hemodynamically significant PDA, give a cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitor (eg, ibuprofen lysine or indomethacin). […] For full-term infants and older children, COX inhibitors are usually ineffective, but a catheter-delivered occlusion device or surgery typically provides long-term correction of this anomaly.

• #109 Patent ductus arteriosus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_ductus_arteriosus

  Known risk factors include: Preterm birth, Congenital rubella syndrome, Chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., Down syndrome), Genetic conditions such as LoeysDietz syndrome (would also present with other heart defects), WiedemannSteiner syndrome, and CHARGE syndrome. […] Some evidence suggests that intravenous NSAIDs, such as indomethacin, administration on the first day of life to all preterm infants reduces the risk of developing a PDA and the complications associated with PDA. […] While indometacin can be used to close a PDA, some neonates require their PDA be kept open. Keeping a ductus arteriosus patent is indicated in neonates born with concurrent heart malformations, such as transposition of the great vessels.

• #110 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/patent-ductus-arteriosus-pda

  If uncorrected, over time, a large shunt results in left heart enlargement, pulmonary artery hypertension, and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, ultimately leading to Eisenmenger syndrome. […] Preterm infants may have respiratory distress or other serious complications (eg, necrotizing enterocolitis). […] Over time, a large shunt causes left heart enlargement, pulmonary artery hypertension, and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, ultimately leading to Eisenmenger syndrome if untreated. […] For preterm infants with hemodynamically significant PDA, give a cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitor (eg, ibuprofen lysine or indomethacin). […] For full-term infants and older children, COX inhibitors are usually ineffective, but a catheter-delivered occlusion device or surgery typically provides long-term correction of this anomaly.

• #111 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/birth-defects-of-the-heart/patent-ductus-arteriosus

  Indomethacin or ibuprofen can be given to close a patent ductus arteriosus. These medications are most effective if given within the first 10 days after birth and are more effective in premature newborns than in full-term ones. […] If the PDA does not close after several doses, catheter intervention or surgery may be done if there are signs that the PDA is harming the lungs and heart. […] If the ductus arteriosus is still open by the time infants are 1 or 2 years of age, it is extremely unlikely to close on its own. At that time, doctors usually recommend a procedure to close the PDA to eliminate the risk of endocarditis.

• #112 Patent Ductus Arteriosus – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/birth-defects-of-the-heart/patent-ductus-arteriosus

  Indomethacin or ibuprofen can be given to close a patent ductus arteriosus. These medications are most effective if given within the first 10 days after birth and are more effective in premature newborns than in full-term ones. […] If the PDA does not close after several doses, catheter intervention or surgery may be done if there are signs that the PDA is harming the lungs and heart. […] If the ductus arteriosus is still open by the time infants are 1 or 2 years of age, it is extremely unlikely to close on its own. At that time, doctors usually recommend a procedure to close the PDA to eliminate the risk of endocarditis.

• #113 Patent ductus arteriosus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_ductus_arteriosus

  Known risk factors include: Preterm birth, Congenital rubella syndrome, Chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., Down syndrome), Genetic conditions such as LoeysDietz syndrome (would also present with other heart defects), WiedemannSteiner syndrome, and CHARGE syndrome. […] Some evidence suggests that intravenous NSAIDs, such as indomethacin, administration on the first day of life to all preterm infants reduces the risk of developing a PDA and the complications associated with PDA. […] While indometacin can be used to close a PDA, some neonates require their PDA be kept open. Keeping a ductus arteriosus patent is indicated in neonates born with concurrent heart malformations, such as transposition of the great vessels.

• #114 Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Animals – Circulatory System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/circulatory-system/congenital-and-inherited-anomalies-of-the-cardiovascular-system/patent-ductus-arteriosus-in-animals

  Occlusion or ligation of the ductus is contraindicated with reverse PDA due to the risk of worsening pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure. […] Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a common congenital disease in dogs, and it also occurs in cats. […] Left heart failure (pulmonary edema) is the most common sequelae of PDA, commonly occurring within the first year of life.

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