Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Scarlet fever: a guide for general practitioners

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5649319/

  There has been an increase in the incidence of scarlet fever with most cases presenting in General Practice and Emergency Departments. […] In patients who have the typical symptoms, a prescription of a suitable antibiotic such as phenoxymethylpenicillin (Penicillin V) should be made immediately to reduce the risk of complications and the spread of infection. […] This article aims to emphasise the importance of rapid diagnosis and treatment to prevent onward transmissions and potential complications such as sepsis, abscesses and acute rheumatic fever. […] Early diagnosis by recognising the tell-tale signs of scarlet fever could help reduce the risk of complications and prevent further spread, especially in children. […] Scarlet fever is mainly a clinical diagnosis made through the history and examination. However, in cases where there is diagnostic doubt, a tonsillar swab can be taken.

• #2 Scarlet fever – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000301

  Scarlet fever should be strongly suspected in a child or adolescent who presents with the triad of sore throat, fever (100.4F [38.0C]), and a scarlatiniform abdominal rash (i.e., a diffuse, finely papular, erythematous rash that feels like sandpaper and blanches with pressure). […] A rapid antigen detection test for group A streptococcus (GAS) from a throat swab should be performed in all patients ages 3-14 years who present with GAS pharyngitis and a scarlatiniform rash. […] Antibiotics (e.g., oral penicillin V or amoxicillin) should be given only to patients with microbiologically confirmed GAS infection (i.e., positive rapid antigen detection test, polymerase chain reaction test, or throat/skin swab culture). […] Key diagnostic factors include scarlatiniform rash, fever (100.4F [38.0C]), sore throat, tonsillopharyngeal inflammation, tonsillopharyngeal exudate, palatal petechiae, anterior cervical adenitis, no cough, and pyoderma. […] The first tests to order include a rapid antigen detection test (RADT) for group A streptococcus (GAS). […] Tests to consider include bacterial culture (throat, skin, wound) and polymerase chain reaction for group A streptococcus (GAS).

• #3 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-of-scarlet-fever.aspx

  Diagnosis is usually made by clinical features of fever and a typical rash. […] The rash has typical features that the physician uses to diagnose the condition. […] For confirmation of diagnosis a sample of saliva or a throat swab is taken from the back of the throat. […] At present there are detection kits that can diagnose a Streptococcal throat infection rapidly. These are called Rapid antigen tests (RATs). […] A full blood count is advised in patients with Scarlet fever.

• #4 Scarlet fever | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/scarlet-fever/

  If you think you or your child may have scarlet fever, see your GP for a proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment. It usually clears up after about a week […] Your GP should be able to diagnose scarlet fever by examining the distinctive rash and asking about other symptoms. They may also decide to take a sample of saliva from the back of the throat so it can be tested in a laboratory to confirm the diagnosis.

• #5 Scarlet fever – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scarlet-fever/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377411

  During the physical exam, your health care provider will: […] If your health care provider suspects strep is the cause of your child’s illness, your provider will swab the tonsils and back of your child’s throat to collect material that may have the strep bacteria. […] A rapid strep test can identify the bacteria quickly, usually during your child’s appointment. If the rapid test is negative, but your health care provider still thinks strep bacteria is the cause of your child’s illness, a strep throat culture can be done. It can take longer to get the results of this test. […] Tests for the strep bacteria are important because a number of conditions can cause the signs and symptoms of scarlet fever, and these illnesses may require different treatments. If there are no strep bacteria, then some other factor is causing the illness.

• #6 Scarlet fever – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000301

  Scarlet fever should be strongly suspected in a child or adolescent who presents with the triad of sore throat, fever (100.4F [38.0C]), and a scarlatiniform abdominal rash (i.e., a diffuse, finely papular, erythematous rash that feels like sandpaper and blanches with pressure). […] A rapid antigen detection test for group A streptococcus (GAS) from a throat swab should be performed in all patients ages 3-14 years who present with GAS pharyngitis and a scarlatiniform rash. […] Antibiotics (e.g., oral penicillin V or amoxicillin) should be given only to patients with microbiologically confirmed GAS infection (i.e., positive rapid antigen detection test, polymerase chain reaction test, or throat/skin swab culture). […] Key diagnostic factors include scarlatiniform rash, fever (100.4F [38.0C]), sore throat, tonsillopharyngeal inflammation, tonsillopharyngeal exudate, palatal petechiae, anterior cervical adenitis, no cough, and pyoderma. […] The first tests to order include a rapid antigen detection test (RADT) for group A streptococcus (GAS). […] Tests to consider include bacterial culture (throat, skin, wound) and polymerase chain reaction for group A streptococcus (GAS).

• #7 Scarlet Fever – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507889/

  Scarlet fever primarily affects children and often accompanies GAS pharyngitis, although it may also arise from other GAS infections. […] This activity reviews the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of scarlet fever, emphasizing its potential complications and strategies for prevention. […] Identify the clinical signs and symptoms of scarlet fever, including the characteristic „sandpaper-like” rash and „strawberry tongue,” in patients with streptococcal pharyngitis. […] Select appropriate diagnostic tests, including throat cultures or rapid antigen tests, to confirm the presence of Streptococcus pyogenes in suspected scarlet fever cases. […] When evaluating a patient suspected of having scarlet fever due to a blanching, maculopapular, sandpaper-like rash, or other compatible physical findings, it is essential to identify the source of their GAS infection.

• #8 Scarlet fever – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000301

  Scarlet fever should be strongly suspected in a child or adolescent who presents with the triad of sore throat, fever (38.0C [100.4F]), and a scarlatiniform abdominal rash (i.e., a diffuse, finely papular, erythematous rash that feels like sandpaper and blanches with pressure). […] Diagnosis is mainly clinical. However, a throat swab for culture of group A streptococcus (GAS) can be considered in some patients (e.g., if the diagnosis is uncertain), although antibiotics should be given without waiting for the result. In some countries, microbiological confirmation of GAS infection is required via a positive rapid antigen detection test, polymerase chain reaction test, or throat/skin swab culture prior to starting antibiotics. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, scarlatiniform rash, fever (38.0C [100.4F]), sore throat, tonsillopharyngeal inflammation, tonsillopharyngeal exudate, palatal petechiae, anterior cervical adenitis, no cough, and pyoderma. […] 1st investigations to order include clinical diagnosis and rapid antigen detection test (RADT) for group A streptococcus (GAS). […] Investigations to consider include bacterial culture (throat, skin, wound) and polymerase chain reaction for group A streptococcus (GAS).

• #9 Clinical Guidance for Scarlet Fever | Group A Strep | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/hcp/clinical-guidance/scarlet-fever.html

  A scarlet fever diagnosis requires testing for group A Streptococcus. […] Confirm a negative rapid antigen detection test with a throat culture for symptomatic children aged 3 years or older. […] To confirm scarlet fever with pharyngitis, healthcare providers need to use either a rapid antigen detection test (RADT) or throat culture. […] RADTs have high specificity for group A strep bacteria but varying sensitivities when compared to throat culture. Throat culture is the gold standard diagnostic test. […] Healthcare providers can use a positive RADT or throat culture as confirmation of scarlet fever with pharyngitis. […] Healthcare providers should follow up a negative RADT with a throat culture. […] Giving antibiotics to children with confirmed scarlet fever with pharyngitis can reduce their risk of developing acute rheumatic fever. […] Throat culture after a negative RADT isn’t routinely indicated.

• #10 Scarlet fever – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000301

  Scarlet fever should be strongly suspected in a child or adolescent who presents with the triad of sore throat, fever (100.4F [38.0C]), and a scarlatiniform abdominal rash (i.e., a diffuse, finely papular, erythematous rash that feels like sandpaper and blanches with pressure). […] A rapid antigen detection test for group A streptococcus (GAS) from a throat swab should be performed in all patients ages 3-14 years who present with GAS pharyngitis and a scarlatiniform rash. […] Antibiotics (e.g., oral penicillin V or amoxicillin) should be given only to patients with microbiologically confirmed GAS infection (i.e., positive rapid antigen detection test, polymerase chain reaction test, or throat/skin swab culture). […] Key diagnostic factors include scarlatiniform rash, fever (100.4F [38.0C]), sore throat, tonsillopharyngeal inflammation, tonsillopharyngeal exudate, palatal petechiae, anterior cervical adenitis, no cough, and pyoderma. […] The first tests to order include a rapid antigen detection test (RADT) for group A streptococcus (GAS). […] Tests to consider include bacterial culture (throat, skin, wound) and polymerase chain reaction for group A streptococcus (GAS).

• #11 Testing for Strep Throat or Scarlet Fever | Group A Strep | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/testing/index.html

  Healthcare providers can do a quick test to see if someone has strep throat or scarlet fever. […] Testing for group A strep bacteria helps healthcare providers diagnose and treat the illness. […] They may need to test for strep throat or scarlet fever. There are two types of tests: a rapid strep test and throat culture. […] If healthcare providers suspect strep throat or scarlet fever, they will test for group A strep. Generally, healthcare providers will do a rapid strep test first, then decide if a throat culture is needed. […] A positive result means group A strep bacteria are likely causing the sore throat or rash. The healthcare provider will usually prescribe antibiotics. […] Healthcare providers treat strep throat and scarlet fever with antibiotics.

• #12 Scarlet Fever: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.health.com/scarlet-fever-8787446

  Healthcare providers diagnose scarlet fever by reviewing your symptoms and doing a physical exam. During the exam, your healthcare provider will look for the visible signs of scarlet fever, including a red, bumpy rash, a pale area around your mouth, a yellow-white coating on your tongue (in the early stages), or a bright red tongue (strawberry tongue). […] Because other illnesses can cause similar symptoms, healthcare providers use diagnostic tests to confirm the presence of group A strep bacteria and rule out other conditions. […] These tests include: […] Rapid antigen detection test (RADT): A rapid strep test involves swabbing your throat and testing the swab to check for group A strep bacteria. Results are ready within 15 minutes. […] Throat culture: Rapid strep test results are sometimes inaccurate, so your healthcare provider may order a throat culture to confirm the diagnosis. This involves swabbing the back of your throat and sending the swab to the lab. Results are usually ready after 2-3 days.

• #13 Clinical Guidance for Scarlet Fever | Group A Strep | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/hcp/clinical-guidance/scarlet-fever.html

  A scarlet fever diagnosis requires testing for group A Streptococcus. […] Confirm a negative rapid antigen detection test with a throat culture for symptomatic children aged 3 years or older. […] To confirm scarlet fever with pharyngitis, healthcare providers need to use either a rapid antigen detection test (RADT) or throat culture. […] RADTs have high specificity for group A strep bacteria but varying sensitivities when compared to throat culture. Throat culture is the gold standard diagnostic test. […] Healthcare providers can use a positive RADT or throat culture as confirmation of scarlet fever with pharyngitis. […] Healthcare providers should follow up a negative RADT with a throat culture. […] Giving antibiotics to children with confirmed scarlet fever with pharyngitis can reduce their risk of developing acute rheumatic fever. […] Throat culture after a negative RADT isn’t routinely indicated.

• #14 Scarlet fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_fever

  Scarlet fever develops in a small number of people who have strep throat or streptococcal skin infections. […] The diagnosis is typically confirmed by culturing swabs of the throat. […] Although the presentation of scarlet fever can be clinically diagnosed, further testing may be required to distinguish it from other illnesses. […] There are two methods used to confirm suspicion of scarlet fever; rapid antigen detection test and throat culture. […] The rapid antigen detection test is a very specific test but not very sensitive. […] In the early 21st century, the throat culture is the current „gold standard” for diagnosis. […] Serologic testing seeks evidence of the antibodies that the body produces against the streptococcal infection, including antistreptolysin-O and antideoxyribonuclease B. […] Throat cultures done after antibiotic therapy can show if the infection has been removed.

• #15 Scarlet Fever – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507889/

  Laboratory testing for GAS pharyngitis involves a throat swab and culture, which remain the gold standard for identifying GAS. […] A rapid antigen detection test (RADT) can also be used to diagnose GAS pharyngitis. […] The presence of a scarlatiniform rash accompanied by pharyngitis symptoms should strongly indicate scarlet fever as a leading diagnostic consideration. […] Diagnostic tests should be promptly performed, and treatment should be initiated without delay. […] Timely and accurate recognition of GAS infections, particularly in patients with a scarlatiniform rash, can be challenging due to the wide range of conditions that may present with similar clinical features.

• #16 Scarlet Fever Workup: Approach Considerations, Blood and Urine Studies, Throat Culture

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1053253-workup

  The diagnosis is mostly based on the clinical presentation. However, leukocytosis with left shift presentation and possibly eosinophilia a few weeks after convalescence on a standard blood test and urine tests are part of a complete medical workup. The following studies are indicated in scarlet fever: […] Throat culture remains the criterion standard for confirmation of group A streptococcal upper respiratory infection. American Heart Association guidelines for prevention and treatment of rheumatic fever state that group A streptococci virtually always are found on throat culture during acute infection. […] Throat cultures are approximately 90% sensitive for the presence of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) in the pharynx. However, because a 10-15% carriage rate exists among healthy individuals, the presence of GABHS is not proof of disease.

• #17 Scarlet Fever: Symptoms, Causes, Complications, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/scarlet-fever

  A doctor, nurse practitioner, or physicians assistant will perform a physical exam to check for signs of scarlet fever. During the exam, the doctor will check the condition of your childs tongue, throat, and tonsils. Theyll also look for enlarged lymph nodes and examine the appearance and texture of the rash. […] If the medical professional suspects your child has scarlet fever, theyll likely swab the back of your childs throat to collect a sample of their cells for analysis. This is called a throat swab and is used to create a throat culture. […] They will then send the sample to a laboratory to determine whether group A strep is present. […] They may also order a rapid antigen detection test that they can perform in the office. This may help identify a group A strep infection while you wait.

• #18 Scarlet Fever in Children | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/health-information/health-and-wellness-library/article/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/scarlet-fever-in-children

  How is scarlet fever diagnosed in a child? The healthcare provider will ask about your childs symptoms, your child’s past health, and your familys health history. Your child will also need a physical exam. The exam will include looking at the rash. The rash of scarlet fever is different from other rashes. […] Your child may also have a quick test called a rapid strep test. This is a throat swab and is done to confirm strep throat as the source of the scarlet fever. This may test positive for GABHS right away. If the test is negative, but your child’s healthcare provider still suspects scarlet fever, your child may have a throat culture. […] A throat culture takes more time than a rapid test, but sometimes find infections that the rapid test missed. A throat swab may be sent to a lab for a culture. The lab will let the bacteria grow and see if there is any GABHS in the sample. If your child has other places on their body that might be the source of the infection, these areas may also be tested for bacterial culture.

• #19 Scarlet Fever Workup: Approach Considerations, Blood and Urine Studies, Throat Culture

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1053253-workup

  Streptococcal antibody tests (eg, antideoxyribonuclease B [ADB] and antistreptolysin O [ASO] titers) are used to confirm previous group A streptococcal infection. The most commonly available streptococcal antibody test is the ASO test. An increase in ASO titers can sometimes be observed but is a late finding and usually of value only in retrospect. […] Streptococcal antibody tests can provide confirmatory evidence of recent infection but have no value in acute infection and currently are not indicated in this setting. They may be of value in patients with suspected acute renal failure or acute glomerulonephritis.

• #20 Scarlet Fever (Scarlatina) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/scarlet-fever-scarlatina/

  Most patients develop a sudden onset of fever and sore throat and appear ill. Associated symptoms include headache, malaise, lymphadenopathy, chills, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and myalgias. The erythematous eruption appears 1 to 4 days following the onset of symptoms. […] Diagnosis can usually be made on clinical grounds. Leukocytosis with a left shift is almost always present, and nasopharyngeal cultures positive for group A streptococci are confirmatory. A rapid group A streptococcus antigen test can be done and is often more convenient, although not as sensitive as a traditional culture. If the rapid test is positive, a confirmatory culture is unnecessary whereas a negative or equivocal result warrants a nasopharyngeal culture. […] Early diagnosis and completion of appropriate antibiotic therapy are essential to treating the infection and preventing any potential complications. With timely intervention the prognosis is excellent; most patients recover in less than 1 week and experience resolution of the cutaneous manifestations within several weeks without any lasting sequelae. Patients are recommended to follow up with their physician to ensure resolution of the primary infection and to evaluate for any signs of rheumatic fever or other complications. Urinalysis should also be done at follow-up to screen for the development of glomerulonephritis.

• #21 Scarlet fever – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/scarlet-fever/

  Scarlet fever can rarely occur after nonpharyngeal infection; for management in those cases, see Impetigo and/or Nonpurulent skin and soft tissue infections. […] Scarlet fever has characteristic clinical features, but the diagnosis must be confirmed with one of the following laboratory studies. For acute pharyngitis without the other clinical features of scarlet fever, see Diagnosis of acute pharyngitis. […] Throat culture for GAS (gold standard) […] Rapid antigen detection testing (rapid strep test) […] Positive test: Treat as scarlet fever. […] Negative test […] Adults: No further testing is routinely required. […] Children 3 years of age: Obtain a throat culture for GAS. […] Children 3 years of age: Consider obtaining a throat culture for GAS. […] NAAT from a throat swab […] Delayed presentation with nonsuppurative complications of GAS infection: antistreptolysin O (ASO) and anti-DNase B (ADB) titers. […] Blood tests are not routinely recommended as common findings (e.g., leukocytosis, raised inflammatory markers) are nonspecific.

• #22 Scarlet Fever 猩紅熱 | 衛教單張 – China Medical University Hospital

  https://www-test.cmuh.cmu.edu.tw/HealthEdus/Detail_EN?no=6137

  Scarlet fever is usually diagnosed by the typical symptoms and signs. Your doctor may order some blood test including complete blood count, C-reactive protein level, antistreptolysis O titer, and blood culture. Your doctor may do a throat culture because the streptococci can usually be demonstrated in throat culture.

• #23 Clinical Guidance for Scarlet Fever | Group A Strep | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/hcp/clinical-guidance/scarlet-fever.html

  A scarlet fever diagnosis requires testing for group A Streptococcus. […] Confirm a negative rapid antigen detection test with a throat culture for symptomatic children aged 3 years or older. […] To confirm scarlet fever with pharyngitis, healthcare providers need to use either a rapid antigen detection test (RADT) or throat culture. […] RADTs have high specificity for group A strep bacteria but varying sensitivities when compared to throat culture. Throat culture is the gold standard diagnostic test. […] Healthcare providers can use a positive RADT or throat culture as confirmation of scarlet fever with pharyngitis. […] Healthcare providers should follow up a negative RADT with a throat culture. […] Giving antibiotics to children with confirmed scarlet fever with pharyngitis can reduce their risk of developing acute rheumatic fever. […] Throat culture after a negative RADT isn’t routinely indicated.

• #24 Scarlet fever – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/scarlet-fever/

  Scarlet fever can rarely occur after nonpharyngeal infection; for management in those cases, see Impetigo and/or Nonpurulent skin and soft tissue infections. […] Scarlet fever has characteristic clinical features, but the diagnosis must be confirmed with one of the following laboratory studies. For acute pharyngitis without the other clinical features of scarlet fever, see Diagnosis of acute pharyngitis. […] Throat culture for GAS (gold standard) […] Rapid antigen detection testing (rapid strep test) […] Positive test: Treat as scarlet fever. […] Negative test […] Adults: No further testing is routinely required. […] Children 3 years of age: Obtain a throat culture for GAS. […] Children 3 years of age: Consider obtaining a throat culture for GAS. […] NAAT from a throat swab […] Delayed presentation with nonsuppurative complications of GAS infection: antistreptolysin O (ASO) and anti-DNase B (ADB) titers. […] Blood tests are not routinely recommended as common findings (e.g., leukocytosis, raised inflammatory markers) are nonspecific.

• #25 Scarlet fever – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scarlet-fever/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377411

  During the physical exam, your health care provider will: […] If your health care provider suspects strep is the cause of your child’s illness, your provider will swab the tonsils and back of your child’s throat to collect material that may have the strep bacteria. […] A rapid strep test can identify the bacteria quickly, usually during your child’s appointment. If the rapid test is negative, but your health care provider still thinks strep bacteria is the cause of your child’s illness, a strep throat culture can be done. It can take longer to get the results of this test. […] Tests for the strep bacteria are important because a number of conditions can cause the signs and symptoms of scarlet fever, and these illnesses may require different treatments. If there are no strep bacteria, then some other factor is causing the illness.

• #26 Scarlet Fever (Scarlatina) Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Complications

  https://www.medicinenet.com/scarlet_fever_scarlatina/article.htm

  In most cases, the patient’s history and physical exam will result in a presumptive diagnosis of scarlet fever. For example, the physical exam may reveal Pastia’s signs or Thompson’s signs where pink or red lines form in skin creases of the armpits and groin. The lines may form before the rash develops and may remain as pigmented lines after desquamation (skin peeling off). However, a healthcare professional may obtain a throat culture or swab (or rarely, swabs from a wound or other sites of infection) to determine if GABHS are present. […] Unfortunately, there are many other infections, like measles, that can cause both a skin rash and a fever. Isolation of GABHS usually is enough to confirm the diagnosis of scarlet fever. An infectious disease specialist may be consulted if complications develop. If GABHS is not identified, the symptoms and signs are likely due to another underlying problem.

• #27 Scarlet Fever: A-to-Z Guide from Diagnosis to Treatment to Prevention | DrGreene

  https://www.drgreene.com/articles/scarlet-fever

  How is scarlet fever diagnosed? A strep test can assist in the diagnosis, along with the appropriate history and physical findings. In the absence of the test, scarlet fever is sometimes confused with the other classic childhood exanthems (measles, rubella, fifth disease, roseola) or with mononucleosis, Staphylococcus infection, enteroviral infections, or Kawasaki disease.

• #28 Scarlet fever: a guide for general practitioners

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5649319/

  There has been an increase in the incidence of scarlet fever with most cases presenting in General Practice and Emergency Departments. […] In patients who have the typical symptoms, a prescription of a suitable antibiotic such as phenoxymethylpenicillin (Penicillin V) should be made immediately to reduce the risk of complications and the spread of infection. […] This article aims to emphasise the importance of rapid diagnosis and treatment to prevent onward transmissions and potential complications such as sepsis, abscesses and acute rheumatic fever. […] Early diagnosis by recognising the tell-tale signs of scarlet fever could help reduce the risk of complications and prevent further spread, especially in children. […] Scarlet fever is mainly a clinical diagnosis made through the history and examination. However, in cases where there is diagnostic doubt, a tonsillar swab can be taken.

• #29 Scarlet fever: a guide for general practitioners

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5649319/

  Because scarlet fever presents with such a wide variation in severity, it is difficult to diagnose in its early stages. […] The risks from these complications provide strong support for an early diagnosis and immediate treatment. […] It is important for patients to be informed to complete the prescribed course and contact their clinician if they have any concerns to minimise likelihood of antibiotic resistance. […] The early treatment of scarlet fever is important, both to rectify symptoms and to prevent further spread of infection.

• #30 Scarlet Fever and Invasive Group A Streptococcus (iGAS) Infection – GP Gateway

  https://www.coventryrugbygpgateway.nhs.uk/pages/scarlet-fever-and-invasive-group-a-streptococcus-igas/

  Clinicians should be aware of the unusually high seasonal pattern and maintain a high index of suspicion, especially in relevant patients (such as those with chickenpox, and women in the puerperal period). […] Early recognition and prompt initiation of specific and supportive therapy for patients with iGAS infection can be lifesaving. […] Suspected scarlet fever can be confirmed by taking a throat swab for culture of group A streptococcus, although a negative throat swab does not exclude the diagnosis. […] Prescribe antibiotics without waiting for the culture result if scarlet fever is clinically suspected.

• #31

  https://dmp.umw.edu.pl/pl/article/2020/57/4/455/

  Scarlet fever is an infectious disease caused by group A streptococcal bacteria, transmitted mainly through direct contact with the saliva and nasal fluids of infected people. […] The early diagnosis and treatment of scarlet fever are important in order to avoid the development of complications, both local and systemic. […] Due to the characteristic oral presentation of this disease, it is very important for dentists to be able to recognize and correctly diagnose patients with scarlet fever, which will facilitate proper treatment. […] A diagnosis of scarlet fever is most commonly based on a detailed history and a characteristic clinical presentation. The recommended confirmation of the diagnosis is the culturing of a throat swab. […] Currently, no vaccine is available to prevent scarlet fever, although the antibiotic treatment allows the complete resolution of the disease and prevents the development of complications. That is why a prompt diagnosis is so important.

• #32 Scarlet fever: a guide for general practitioners

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5649319/

  Because scarlet fever presents with such a wide variation in severity, it is difficult to diagnose in its early stages. […] The risks from these complications provide strong support for an early diagnosis and immediate treatment. […] It is important for patients to be informed to complete the prescribed course and contact their clinician if they have any concerns to minimise likelihood of antibiotic resistance. […] The early treatment of scarlet fever is important, both to rectify symptoms and to prevent further spread of infection.

• #33 Scarlet Fever – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507889/

  Scarlet fever primarily affects children and often accompanies GAS pharyngitis, although it may also arise from other GAS infections. […] This activity reviews the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of scarlet fever, emphasizing its potential complications and strategies for prevention. […] Identify the clinical signs and symptoms of scarlet fever, including the characteristic „sandpaper-like” rash and „strawberry tongue,” in patients with streptococcal pharyngitis. […] Select appropriate diagnostic tests, including throat cultures or rapid antigen tests, to confirm the presence of Streptococcus pyogenes in suspected scarlet fever cases. […] When evaluating a patient suspected of having scarlet fever due to a blanching, maculopapular, sandpaper-like rash, or other compatible physical findings, it is essential to identify the source of their GAS infection.

• #34 Scarlet Fever Workup: Approach Considerations, Blood and Urine Studies, Throat Culture

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1053253-workup

  The diagnosis is mostly based on the clinical presentation. However, leukocytosis with left shift presentation and possibly eosinophilia a few weeks after convalescence on a standard blood test and urine tests are part of a complete medical workup. The following studies are indicated in scarlet fever: […] Throat culture remains the criterion standard for confirmation of group A streptococcal upper respiratory infection. American Heart Association guidelines for prevention and treatment of rheumatic fever state that group A streptococci virtually always are found on throat culture during acute infection. […] Throat cultures are approximately 90% sensitive for the presence of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) in the pharynx. However, because a 10-15% carriage rate exists among healthy individuals, the presence of GABHS is not proof of disease.

• #35 Scarlet Fever | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/scarlet-fever-pro

  The diagnosis is usually made clinically. However, investigations may be required in cases of diagnostic difficulty. These may include: […] Throat swab and culture: This has 90% sensitivity for presence of GpA BHS. However, it is less specific, as there is a 10-15% carrier rate in healthy subjects. […] Antigen detection kits: Various kits are available for near patient testing. Rapid antigen tests (RATs) and 'strep tests’ use latex agglutination. […] Streptococcal antibody tests: Prove recent infection but are of no value in acute infection. […] FBC: A polymorphonuclear lymphocytosis is typical.

• #36 Testing for Strep Throat or Scarlet Fever | Group A Strep | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/testing/index.html

  Healthcare providers can do a quick test to see if someone has strep throat or scarlet fever. […] Testing for group A strep bacteria helps healthcare providers diagnose and treat the illness. […] They may need to test for strep throat or scarlet fever. There are two types of tests: a rapid strep test and throat culture. […] If healthcare providers suspect strep throat or scarlet fever, they will test for group A strep. Generally, healthcare providers will do a rapid strep test first, then decide if a throat culture is needed. […] A positive result means group A strep bacteria are likely causing the sore throat or rash. The healthcare provider will usually prescribe antibiotics. […] Healthcare providers treat strep throat and scarlet fever with antibiotics.

• #37

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/scarlet-fever-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/scarlet-fever-factsheet

  Most mild cases of scarlet fever will clear up on their own, but it is still best to see your GP if you, or your child, are showing symptoms. Having treatment for the illness speeds recovery and reduces the risk of complications. You will also become non-contagious more quickly. […] In most cases, doctors can diagnose scarlet fever from the symptoms alone. The diagnosis can be confirmed by taking a throat swab, which is then sent to a laboratory to identify the bacteria causing the infection. In some cases, a throat swab is not enough and a blood test may be needed. […] The usual treatment for scarlet fever is a 10-day course of antibiotics. The fever will usually subside within 24 hours of starting this, but it is important to take the whole course to completely clear these bacteria from your throat and protect others from becoming infected.

• #38 Scarlet Fever Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23108-scarlet-fever

  Healthcare providers diagnose scarlet fever by looking at the rash and performing a strep test. This means swabbing your throat with a stick that looks like a long Q-tip to test it for bacteria. […] Healthcare providers treat scarlet fever with antibiotics. These could include types of penicillin (like amoxicillin), cephalosporins or macrolides (like erythromycin, azithromycin or clindamycin). You might have to take antibiotics in pill or liquid form for about 10 days. Take the full course of medication as prescribed, even if you feel better. In some cases, you might get a single injection of antibiotics. […] You should call your healthcare provider if you or your child develops a rash. Its also important to contact them if you or your child develops additional symptoms of scarlet fever, especially fever, a sore throat or swollen glands. […] After you start on antibiotics, call your healthcare provider if: Your symptoms dont improve within 24 hours after starting treatment; You develop new or worsening symptoms after starting treatment.

• #39

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/scarlet-fever-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/scarlet-fever-factsheet

  Most mild cases of scarlet fever will clear up on their own, but it is still best to see your GP if you, or your child, are showing symptoms. Having treatment for the illness speeds recovery and reduces the risk of complications. You will also become non-contagious more quickly. […] In most cases, doctors can diagnose scarlet fever from the symptoms alone. The diagnosis can be confirmed by taking a throat swab, which is then sent to a laboratory to identify the bacteria causing the infection. In some cases, a throat swab is not enough and a blood test may be needed. […] The usual treatment for scarlet fever is a 10-day course of antibiotics. The fever will usually subside within 24 hours of starting this, but it is important to take the whole course to completely clear these bacteria from your throat and protect others from becoming infected.

• #40 Scarlet fever: a guide for general practitioners

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5649319/

  There has been an increase in the incidence of scarlet fever with most cases presenting in General Practice and Emergency Departments. […] In patients who have the typical symptoms, a prescription of a suitable antibiotic such as phenoxymethylpenicillin (Penicillin V) should be made immediately to reduce the risk of complications and the spread of infection. […] This article aims to emphasise the importance of rapid diagnosis and treatment to prevent onward transmissions and potential complications such as sepsis, abscesses and acute rheumatic fever. […] Early diagnosis by recognising the tell-tale signs of scarlet fever could help reduce the risk of complications and prevent further spread, especially in children. […] Scarlet fever is mainly a clinical diagnosis made through the history and examination. However, in cases where there is diagnostic doubt, a tonsillar swab can be taken.

• #41 Scarlet fever Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/scarlet-fever.html

  Your doctor will suspect scarlet fever based on the appearance of your rash and its timing in relation to other symptoms. During the physical examination, your doctor will check for the symptoms of scarlet fever. To confirm the diagnosis of a strep infection, your doctor will take a swab of throat secretions. If no sore throat is present, then the exam will focus on other possible sources of strep infection, such as impetigo. […] Scarlet fever is treated with antibiotics, usually penicillin or azithromycin. However, other antibiotics may be effective as well.

• #42

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/scarlet-fever-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/scarlet-fever-factsheet

  Most mild cases of scarlet fever will clear up on their own, but it is still best to see your GP if you, or your child, are showing symptoms. Having treatment for the illness speeds recovery and reduces the risk of complications. You will also become non-contagious more quickly. […] In most cases, doctors can diagnose scarlet fever from the symptoms alone. The diagnosis can be confirmed by taking a throat swab, which is then sent to a laboratory to identify the bacteria causing the infection. In some cases, a throat swab is not enough and a blood test may be needed. […] The usual treatment for scarlet fever is a 10-day course of antibiotics. The fever will usually subside within 24 hours of starting this, but it is important to take the whole course to completely clear these bacteria from your throat and protect others from becoming infected.

• #43 Scarlet Fever Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23108-scarlet-fever

  Healthcare providers diagnose scarlet fever by looking at the rash and performing a strep test. This means swabbing your throat with a stick that looks like a long Q-tip to test it for bacteria. […] Healthcare providers treat scarlet fever with antibiotics. These could include types of penicillin (like amoxicillin), cephalosporins or macrolides (like erythromycin, azithromycin or clindamycin). You might have to take antibiotics in pill or liquid form for about 10 days. Take the full course of medication as prescribed, even if you feel better. In some cases, you might get a single injection of antibiotics. […] You should call your healthcare provider if you or your child develops a rash. Its also important to contact them if you or your child develops additional symptoms of scarlet fever, especially fever, a sore throat or swollen glands. […] After you start on antibiotics, call your healthcare provider if: Your symptoms dont improve within 24 hours after starting treatment; You develop new or worsening symptoms after starting treatment.

• #44 Scarlet Fever (Scarlatina) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/scarlet-fever-scarlatina/

  Most patients develop a sudden onset of fever and sore throat and appear ill. Associated symptoms include headache, malaise, lymphadenopathy, chills, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and myalgias. The erythematous eruption appears 1 to 4 days following the onset of symptoms. […] Diagnosis can usually be made on clinical grounds. Leukocytosis with a left shift is almost always present, and nasopharyngeal cultures positive for group A streptococci are confirmatory. A rapid group A streptococcus antigen test can be done and is often more convenient, although not as sensitive as a traditional culture. If the rapid test is positive, a confirmatory culture is unnecessary whereas a negative or equivocal result warrants a nasopharyngeal culture. […] Early diagnosis and completion of appropriate antibiotic therapy are essential to treating the infection and preventing any potential complications. With timely intervention the prognosis is excellent; most patients recover in less than 1 week and experience resolution of the cutaneous manifestations within several weeks without any lasting sequelae. Patients are recommended to follow up with their physician to ensure resolution of the primary infection and to evaluate for any signs of rheumatic fever or other complications. Urinalysis should also be done at follow-up to screen for the development of glomerulonephritis.

• #45 Scarlet fever and Group A Strep | Belfast Health & Social Care Trust website

  https://belfasttrust.hscni.net/hospitals/childrens/childrens-symptom-checker/scarlet-fever-and-group-a-strep/

  There are currently high rates of Group A Strep and scarlet Fever in NI. Scarlet fever, which is caused by the bacteria Group A Streptococcus, is usually a mild illness but it is highly infectious. It is much more common in children than in adults; it is important that children with scarlet fever should be assessed by a Doctor so that they can be started on antibiotics. […] If your child has a runny nose with their tonsillitis, it makes a diagnosis of scarlet fever / Group A strep less likely. Most children with Group A Strep throat infection or scarlet fever will get better with antibiotics. […] As a parent if you feel that your child seems seriously unwell or is becoming more unwell even if they are on treatment or have recently finished antibiotics, you should trust your judgement. […] If you think your child has scarlet fever, they should be assessed by by their GP. They may need treatment with antibiotics. […] A sore throat and fever often last about 3-6 days and the rash usually improves within a week. […] Your child is no longer infectious to others (contagious) after 24 hours of starting antibiotics and can go back to school / nursery if they feel well enough.

• #46

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/scarlet-fever-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/scarlet-fever-factsheet

  If scarlet fever is not treated with antibiotics, it can be infectious for 2 to 3 weeks after the symptoms appear. Provided all prescribed antibiotics are taken as directed, most cases will not infect other people after 24 hours of treatment. Current guidance advises that children should not return to nursery or school, and adults to work, until a minimum of 24 hours after starting antibiotic treatment.

• #47 Scarlet Fever in Children

  https://healthlibrary.vidanthealth.com/Library/TestsProcedures/Gynecology/90,P02544

  If not treated, scarlet fever can lead to several serious conditions of the heart, kidneys, and liver. When the heart or joints are involved, the condition is often called rheumatic fever. […] There is no vaccine to prevent strep throat or scarlet fever. Children who have strep throat or scarlet fever should not go to school or to daycare for at least 24 hours after starting antibiotics. […] The best way to prevent scarlet fever is to wash your hands often. Don’t share eating utensils, linens, towels, or other personal items. Anyone who has a sore throat should wash their hands often. […] Call the healthcare provider if your child has: Symptoms that dont get better, or get worse, New symptoms. […] Scarlet fever is an infectious disease that causes a rash. It is caused by the same kind of bacteria that causes strep throat.

• #48 Scarlet Fever | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/scarlet-fever

  The rash of scarlet fever is unique and may be recognized by your child’s doctor. In addition, your child’s doctor may order a throat swab to confirm the diagnosis of strep throat as the source of the scarlet fever. […] Treatment for scarlet fever is the same as for strep throat. It’s important not to send your child back to school or daycare until she has been on antibiotics for at least 24 hours. Also, be sure to notify others who may have been exposed. Your child’s doctor will prescribe an antibiotic to treat the infection. Other treatment options may include: Warm saline mouth gargles (to relieve the sore throat) Increased fluid intake Acetaminophen for fever (do not give aspirin)

• #49 Scarlet fever: a guide for general practitioners

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5649319/

  There has been an increase in the incidence of scarlet fever with most cases presenting in General Practice and Emergency Departments. […] In patients who have the typical symptoms, a prescription of a suitable antibiotic such as phenoxymethylpenicillin (Penicillin V) should be made immediately to reduce the risk of complications and the spread of infection. […] This article aims to emphasise the importance of rapid diagnosis and treatment to prevent onward transmissions and potential complications such as sepsis, abscesses and acute rheumatic fever. […] Early diagnosis by recognising the tell-tale signs of scarlet fever could help reduce the risk of complications and prevent further spread, especially in children. […] Scarlet fever is mainly a clinical diagnosis made through the history and examination. However, in cases where there is diagnostic doubt, a tonsillar swab can be taken.

• #50 Scarlet fever: how to recognize and treat it | Hôpital de La Tour

  https://www.la-tour.ch/en/advices/scarlet-fever-how-recognize-and-treat-it

  Scarlet fever is a bacterial disease that mainly affects children but it can occur at any age. […] However, early diagnosis and treatment remain essential to avoid complications. […] Scarlet fever can be detected by a throat smear taken by the doctor (streptotest). Treatment for children may include a course of antibiotics lasting 6 to 10 days, which must be continued even if symptoms subside after a few days, to avoid any relapse. […] Scarlet fever is a treatable disease, but early diagnosis is essential to prevent complications. If you or a family member is showing symptoms, see a doctor to start treatment as soon as possible.

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