Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Scarlet fever | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/scarlet-fever?content_id=CON-20377388

  Scarlet fever is caused by the same type of bacteria that causes strep throat group A streptococcus (strep-toe-KOK-us), also called group A strep. In scarlet fever, the bacteria release a toxin that produces the rash and red tongue. […] The infection spreads from person to person by droplets released when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The incubation period the time between exposure and illness is usually 2 to 4 days.

• #2 Scarlet Fever – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507889/

  Scarlet fever is an infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus or „GAS”), which is a bacterium specific to humans. […] Scarlet fever is caused by streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins, a type of superantigen produced by GAS. […] GAS is a gram-positive, non-sporeforming, and catalase- and oxidase-negative bacterium that grows in pairs and chains. […] GAS commonly causes a wide range of infections in the upper respiratory tract and skin, such as pharyngitis, scarlet fever, impetigo, cellulitis, and erysipelas. […] Many virulence determinants have been identified in GAS, enabling it to perform key processes such as adhesion, colonization, immune evasion, invasion, and dissemination within the host. […] Notable toxins, such as pyrogenic toxins (also known as scarlatina toxins or erythrogenic toxins), are responsible for the rash in scarlet fever.

• #3 About Scarlet Fever | Group A Strep | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/about/scarlet-fever.html

  Scarlet fever is a bacterial infection. […] Group A Streptococcus (group A strep bacteria) cause scarlet fever and are contagious. […] Group A strep bacteria can cause many different types of infections including strep throat, scarlet fever, necrotizing fasciitis, and more.

• #4 Scarlet Fever: A Deadly History and How it Prevails

  https://asm.org/articles/2023/january/scarlet-fever-a-deadly-history-and-how-it-prevails

  Scarlet fever is a disease that has significantly evolved in definition and management over the last several hundred years. The disease, which is caused by a toxin produced by the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes, was once enormously prevalent amongst the global population and associated with high mortality rates. […] In 1924, American bacteriologists Gladys and George Dick demonstrated that the cause of scarlet fever was the beta-hemolytic organism Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes, also called group A streptococci) and that a toxin produced by the organism could cause this severe downstream disease, or even progress to the development of rheumatic fever later in life. […] While the reasons for the increase in scarlet fever are unclear, hypotheses include macrolide resistance, weakened herd immunity, environmental factors and the absence of a vaccine for the bacteria that cause the disease (group A strep). Additionally, rates of scarlet fever increase with the start of the school year and as winter approaches.

• #5 Scarlet fever: Causes, symptoms, treatment, and complications

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/176242

  Scarlet fever is caused by a toxin released by the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyrogenes), the same organism that causes strep throat. […] Scarlet fever is caused by the bacterium S. pyogenes, or group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus, the same bacterium that causes strep throat. […] When the bacteria release toxins, scarlet fever symptoms occur.

• #6 Scarlet Fever – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507889/

  Scarlet fever is an infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus or „GAS”), which is a bacterium specific to humans. […] Scarlet fever is caused by streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins, a type of superantigen produced by GAS. […] GAS is a gram-positive, non-sporeforming, and catalase- and oxidase-negative bacterium that grows in pairs and chains. […] GAS commonly causes a wide range of infections in the upper respiratory tract and skin, such as pharyngitis, scarlet fever, impetigo, cellulitis, and erysipelas. […] Many virulence determinants have been identified in GAS, enabling it to perform key processes such as adhesion, colonization, immune evasion, invasion, and dissemination within the host. […] Notable toxins, such as pyrogenic toxins (also known as scarlatina toxins or erythrogenic toxins), are responsible for the rash in scarlet fever.

• #7 Scarlet Fever – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507889/

  Scarlet fever is an infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus or „GAS”), which is a bacterium specific to humans. […] Scarlet fever is caused by streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins, a type of superantigen produced by GAS. […] GAS is a gram-positive, non-sporeforming, and catalase- and oxidase-negative bacterium that grows in pairs and chains. […] GAS commonly causes a wide range of infections in the upper respiratory tract and skin, such as pharyngitis, scarlet fever, impetigo, cellulitis, and erysipelas. […] Many virulence determinants have been identified in GAS, enabling it to perform key processes such as adhesion, colonization, immune evasion, invasion, and dissemination within the host. […] Notable toxins, such as pyrogenic toxins (also known as scarlatina toxins or erythrogenic toxins), are responsible for the rash in scarlet fever.

• #8 Scarlet Fever: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1053253-overview

  Scarlet fever is a streptococcal disease. Streptococci are gram-positive cocci that grow in chains. They are classified by their ability to produce a zone of hemolysis on blood agar and by differences in carbohydrate cell wall components (A-H and K-T). They may be alpha-hemolytic (partial hemolysis), beta-hemolytic (complete hemolysis), or gamma-hemolytic (no hemolysis). […] Most streptococci excrete hemolyzing enzymes and toxins. The erythrogenic toxins produced by GABHS are the cause of the rash of scarlet fever. The erythema-producing toxin was discovered by Dick and Dick in 1924. Scarlet fever is usually associated with pharyngitis; however, in rare cases, it follows streptococcal infections at other sites. […] Although infections may occur year-round, the incidence of pharyngeal disease is highest in school-aged children during winter and spring and in a setting of crowding and close contact. Person-to-person spread by means of respiratory droplets is the most common mode of transmission. It can rarely be spread through contaminated food, as seen in an outbreak in China.

• #9 Scarlet fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_fever

  Scarlet fever, also known as scarlatina, is an infectious disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, a Group A streptococcus (GAS). […] The bacteria are usually spread by people coughing or sneezing. […] One in ten children who are infected with group A streptococcal pharyngitis will develop scarlet fever. […] The rash occurs as a result of capillary damage by exotoxins produced by S.pyogenes. […] The rash of scarlet fever, which is what differentiates this disease from an isolated group A strep pharyngitis (or strep throat), is caused by specific strains of group A streptococcus that produce a streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin, which is mainly responsible for the skin manifestation of the infection. […] Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins SPEs A, B, C. and F have been identified. […] The strains of group A streptococcus that cause scarlet fever need specific bacteriophages for there to be pyrogenic exotoxin production.

• #10 Scarlet Fever: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/skin-conditions/viral-rashes/scarlet-fever

  Scarlet fever is due to a throat infection caused by a germ (bacterium) called streptococcus, usually group A streptococcus. […] Scarlet fever is caused by a tiny germ (bacterium) called Streptococcus pyogenes. The germ is sometimes called 'group A Strep’ or GAS. […] But in scarlet fever, the streptococcus bacterium releases toxins that spread through the body. The toxins cause the rash and, if untreated, can cause problems in the kidneys and heart even years later.

• #11 Scarlet fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_fever

  Scarlet fever, also known as scarlatina, is an infectious disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, a Group A streptococcus (GAS). […] The bacteria are usually spread by people coughing or sneezing. […] One in ten children who are infected with group A streptococcal pharyngitis will develop scarlet fever. […] The rash occurs as a result of capillary damage by exotoxins produced by S.pyogenes. […] The rash of scarlet fever, which is what differentiates this disease from an isolated group A strep pharyngitis (or strep throat), is caused by specific strains of group A streptococcus that produce a streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin, which is mainly responsible for the skin manifestation of the infection. […] Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins SPEs A, B, C. and F have been identified. […] The strains of group A streptococcus that cause scarlet fever need specific bacteriophages for there to be pyrogenic exotoxin production.

• #12 Scarlet fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_fever

  Scarlet fever, also known as scarlatina, is an infectious disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, a Group A streptococcus (GAS). […] The bacteria are usually spread by people coughing or sneezing. […] One in ten children who are infected with group A streptococcal pharyngitis will develop scarlet fever. […] The rash occurs as a result of capillary damage by exotoxins produced by S.pyogenes. […] The rash of scarlet fever, which is what differentiates this disease from an isolated group A strep pharyngitis (or strep throat), is caused by specific strains of group A streptococcus that produce a streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin, which is mainly responsible for the skin manifestation of the infection. […] Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins SPEs A, B, C. and F have been identified. […] The strains of group A streptococcus that cause scarlet fever need specific bacteriophages for there to be pyrogenic exotoxin production.

• #13 Scarlet Fever: A Deadly History and How it Prevails

  https://asm.org/articles/2023/january/scarlet-fever-a-deadly-history-and-how-it-prevails

  The extent to which a person will become ill due to a group A strep infection relies on the production of a type of exotoxin called bacterial superantigens (SAgs) and how the patient’s body responds to them. […] The superantigens SpeA, SpeC and SSA have been directly associated with scarlet fever. The development of scarlet fever depends on both the strain of Group A Strep a patient gets, and how their body responds to the infection. […] Importantly, while the scarlet fever rash itself is not harmful, it is an indicator of Group A Strep disease, which can progress to invasive disease (i.e., necrotizing fasciitis or toxic shock syndrome) and be fatal, if left untreated.

• #14 Scarlet fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_fever

  Scarlet fever, also known as scarlatina, is an infectious disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, a Group A streptococcus (GAS). […] The bacteria are usually spread by people coughing or sneezing. […] One in ten children who are infected with group A streptococcal pharyngitis will develop scarlet fever. […] The rash occurs as a result of capillary damage by exotoxins produced by S.pyogenes. […] The rash of scarlet fever, which is what differentiates this disease from an isolated group A strep pharyngitis (or strep throat), is caused by specific strains of group A streptococcus that produce a streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin, which is mainly responsible for the skin manifestation of the infection. […] Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins SPEs A, B, C. and F have been identified. […] The strains of group A streptococcus that cause scarlet fever need specific bacteriophages for there to be pyrogenic exotoxin production.

• #15 1.1: Scarlet Fever – Biology LibreTexts

  https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Boundless)/15%3A_Diseases/15.03%3A_Bacterial_Diseases_of_the_Respiratory_System/15.3A%3A_Pharyngitis/1.01%3A_Scarlet_Fever

  Scarlet fever is caused by an erythrogenic toxin, a substance produced by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes (group A strep.) when it is infected by a certain bacteriophage. […] Scarlet fever is caused by secretion of pyrogenic (fever inducing) exotoxins by the infected Streptococcus. […] While antibiotics are effective against scarlet fever, the illness is actually caused by a bacteriophage infecting Streptococcus that has infected a person. […] The bacteriophage T12 inserts into the genome of Streptococcus. This leads to the expression of an exotoxin, which causes scarlet fever.

• #16 Scarlet Fever – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507889/

  GAS is one of the few bacteria capable of producing superantigen exotoxins, which are among the most potent activators of T cells. […] Specific emm types, including M1, M2, M3, M4, M6, M12, and M22, have been linked to scarlet fever outbreaks. […] The resurgence of GAS infections in the 1980s was attributed to the emergence of emm1 as the predominant cause of iGAS infections following genetic changes. […] A global resurgence of scarlet fever has been reported in countries such as the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, mainland China, and Korea, and it is often linked to the emergence of novel emm clones.

• #17 Scarlet Fever: A Deadly History and How it Prevails

  https://asm.org/articles/2023/january/scarlet-fever-a-deadly-history-and-how-it-prevails

  The extent to which a person will become ill due to a group A strep infection relies on the production of a type of exotoxin called bacterial superantigens (SAgs) and how the patient’s body responds to them. […] The superantigens SpeA, SpeC and SSA have been directly associated with scarlet fever. The development of scarlet fever depends on both the strain of Group A Strep a patient gets, and how their body responds to the infection. […] Importantly, while the scarlet fever rash itself is not harmful, it is an indicator of Group A Strep disease, which can progress to invasive disease (i.e., necrotizing fasciitis or toxic shock syndrome) and be fatal, if left untreated.

• #18 Scarlet Fever – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507889/

  GAS is one of the few bacteria capable of producing superantigen exotoxins, which are among the most potent activators of T cells. […] Specific emm types, including M1, M2, M3, M4, M6, M12, and M22, have been linked to scarlet fever outbreaks. […] The resurgence of GAS infections in the 1980s was attributed to the emergence of emm1 as the predominant cause of iGAS infections following genetic changes. […] A global resurgence of scarlet fever has been reported in countries such as the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, mainland China, and Korea, and it is often linked to the emergence of novel emm clones.

• #19 Scarlet Fever – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507889/

  GAS is one of the few bacteria capable of producing superantigen exotoxins, which are among the most potent activators of T cells. […] Specific emm types, including M1, M2, M3, M4, M6, M12, and M22, have been linked to scarlet fever outbreaks. […] The resurgence of GAS infections in the 1980s was attributed to the emergence of emm1 as the predominant cause of iGAS infections following genetic changes. […] A global resurgence of scarlet fever has been reported in countries such as the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, mainland China, and Korea, and it is often linked to the emergence of novel emm clones.

• #20 Scarlet Fever – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507889/

  GAS is one of the few bacteria capable of producing superantigen exotoxins, which are among the most potent activators of T cells. […] Specific emm types, including M1, M2, M3, M4, M6, M12, and M22, have been linked to scarlet fever outbreaks. […] The resurgence of GAS infections in the 1980s was attributed to the emergence of emm1 as the predominant cause of iGAS infections following genetic changes. […] A global resurgence of scarlet fever has been reported in countries such as the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, mainland China, and Korea, and it is often linked to the emergence of novel emm clones.

• #21 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-scarlet-fever.aspx

  Scarlet fever is extremely contagious. It is caused by a specific strain of bacteria Group A beta hemolytic Streptococcus. […] The strain of Streptococci releases a variety of enzymes and toxins including the erythrogenic toxins. These serve to break down blood cells (hemolysing) and cause the characteristic rash of Scarlet fever. […] Predisposing factors that may cause Scarlet fever include: Age Scarlet fever is essentially a disease of childhood. Children up to two years are not susceptible and those over 10 are mostly protected. The disease commonly affects children between 4 and 8 years of age.

• #22 Scarlet fever | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/scarlet-fever?content_id=CON-20377388

  Scarlet fever is caused by the same type of bacteria that causes strep throat group A streptococcus (strep-toe-KOK-us), also called group A strep. In scarlet fever, the bacteria release a toxin that produces the rash and red tongue. […] The infection spreads from person to person by droplets released when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The incubation period the time between exposure and illness is usually 2 to 4 days.

• #23

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/scarlet-fever-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/scarlet-fever-factsheet

  Scarlet fever (sometimes called scarlatina) is an infectious disease caused by bacteria called Streptococcus pyogenes, or group A streptococcus (GAS). […] Scarlet fever is highly contagious and is spread by close contact with someone carrying the bacteria. It takes around 2 to 5 days to develop symptoms after exposure to these bacteria. […] Scarlet fever is highly contagious. Bacteria are present in the mouth, throat or nose of an infected person, or someone carrying the bacteria without symptoms, and are spread by contact with that persons mucus or saliva. […] You can also catch the disease by breathing infected airborne droplets produced through an infected persons coughing, sneezing or normal breathing. […] The usual treatment for scarlet fever is a 10-day course of antibiotics. The fever will usually subside within 24 hours of starting this, but it is important to take the whole course to completely clear these bacteria from your throat and protect others from becoming infected.

• #24

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/scarlet-fever-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/scarlet-fever-factsheet

  Scarlet fever (sometimes called scarlatina) is an infectious disease caused by bacteria called Streptococcus pyogenes, or group A streptococcus (GAS). […] Scarlet fever is highly contagious and is spread by close contact with someone carrying the bacteria. It takes around 2 to 5 days to develop symptoms after exposure to these bacteria. […] Scarlet fever is highly contagious. Bacteria are present in the mouth, throat or nose of an infected person, or someone carrying the bacteria without symptoms, and are spread by contact with that persons mucus or saliva. […] You can also catch the disease by breathing infected airborne droplets produced through an infected persons coughing, sneezing or normal breathing. […] The usual treatment for scarlet fever is a 10-day course of antibiotics. The fever will usually subside within 24 hours of starting this, but it is important to take the whole course to completely clear these bacteria from your throat and protect others from becoming infected.

• #25 Scarlet Fever: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1053253-overview

  The organism is able to survive extremes of temperature and humidity, which allows spread by fomites. Geographic distribution of skin infections tends to favor warmer or tropical climates and occurs mainly in summer or early fall in temperate climates. […] The incubation period for scarlet fever ranges from 12 hours to 7 days. Patients are contagious during the acute illness and during the subclinical phase.

• #26 Scarlet Fever: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1053253-overview

  Scarlet fever is a streptococcal disease. Streptococci are gram-positive cocci that grow in chains. They are classified by their ability to produce a zone of hemolysis on blood agar and by differences in carbohydrate cell wall components (A-H and K-T). They may be alpha-hemolytic (partial hemolysis), beta-hemolytic (complete hemolysis), or gamma-hemolytic (no hemolysis). […] Most streptococci excrete hemolyzing enzymes and toxins. The erythrogenic toxins produced by GABHS are the cause of the rash of scarlet fever. The erythema-producing toxin was discovered by Dick and Dick in 1924. Scarlet fever is usually associated with pharyngitis; however, in rare cases, it follows streptococcal infections at other sites. […] Although infections may occur year-round, the incidence of pharyngeal disease is highest in school-aged children during winter and spring and in a setting of crowding and close contact. Person-to-person spread by means of respiratory droplets is the most common mode of transmission. It can rarely be spread through contaminated food, as seen in an outbreak in China.

• #27 Scarlet Fever (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/scarlet-fever.html

  Scarlet fever is an illness that can happen in kids, usually 5-15 years old, who also have strep throat or strep skin infections. The strep bacteria make a toxin (poison) that causes a bright red, bumpy rash. […] In rare cases, scarlet fever may develop from a streptococcal skin infection like impetigo or a cut that gets infected. In these cases, the child may not get a sore throat. […] The bacterial infection that causes scarlet fever is contagious. Kids with scarlet fever can spread the bacteria to others through sneezing and coughing. A skin infection caused by strep bacteria, like impetigo, can pass to others through contact with the skin.

• #28 Scarlet Fever – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/scarlet-fever-a-to-z

  Scarlet fever is an infection caused by Group A Streptococcus („strep”) bacteria. […] The rash of scarlet fever is caused by a toxin that the strep bacteria produce. […] The reason for this remains a mystery, especially because there has been no decrease in the number of cases of strep throat or strep skin infections. […] Occasionally, scarlet fever follows a streptococcal skin infection, such as an infection of burns or wounds, or impetigo. […] Scarlet fever is treated with antibiotics, usually penicillin or azithromycin. However, other antibiotics may be effective as well. […] However, because scarlet fever is a strep infection, patients with this illness have the same risk of strep complications (otitis media, pneumonia, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis, etc.) as patients without a rash.

• #29 Scarlet Fever (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/scarlet-fever.html

  Scarlet fever is an illness that can happen in kids, usually 5-15 years old, who also have strep throat or strep skin infections. The strep bacteria make a toxin (poison) that causes a bright red, bumpy rash. […] In rare cases, scarlet fever may develop from a streptococcal skin infection like impetigo or a cut that gets infected. In these cases, the child may not get a sore throat. […] The bacterial infection that causes scarlet fever is contagious. Kids with scarlet fever can spread the bacteria to others through sneezing and coughing. A skin infection caused by strep bacteria, like impetigo, can pass to others through contact with the skin.

• #30 Scarlet fever | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/scarlet-fever?content_id=CON-20377388

  Scarlet fever is caused by the same type of bacteria that causes strep throat group A streptococcus (strep-toe-KOK-us), also called group A strep. In scarlet fever, the bacteria release a toxin that produces the rash and red tongue. […] The infection spreads from person to person by droplets released when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The incubation period the time between exposure and illness is usually 2 to 4 days.

• #31 Scarlet Fever: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1053253-overview

  The organism is able to survive extremes of temperature and humidity, which allows spread by fomites. Geographic distribution of skin infections tends to favor warmer or tropical climates and occurs mainly in summer or early fall in temperate climates. […] The incubation period for scarlet fever ranges from 12 hours to 7 days. Patients are contagious during the acute illness and during the subclinical phase.

• #32

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/scarlet-fever-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/scarlet-fever-factsheet

  Scarlet fever (sometimes called scarlatina) is an infectious disease caused by bacteria called Streptococcus pyogenes, or group A streptococcus (GAS). […] Scarlet fever is highly contagious and is spread by close contact with someone carrying the bacteria. It takes around 2 to 5 days to develop symptoms after exposure to these bacteria. […] Scarlet fever is highly contagious. Bacteria are present in the mouth, throat or nose of an infected person, or someone carrying the bacteria without symptoms, and are spread by contact with that persons mucus or saliva. […] You can also catch the disease by breathing infected airborne droplets produced through an infected persons coughing, sneezing or normal breathing. […] The usual treatment for scarlet fever is a 10-day course of antibiotics. The fever will usually subside within 24 hours of starting this, but it is important to take the whole course to completely clear these bacteria from your throat and protect others from becoming infected.

• #33 Scarlet Fever: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1053253-overview

  The organism is able to survive extremes of temperature and humidity, which allows spread by fomites. Geographic distribution of skin infections tends to favor warmer or tropical climates and occurs mainly in summer or early fall in temperate climates. […] The incubation period for scarlet fever ranges from 12 hours to 7 days. Patients are contagious during the acute illness and during the subclinical phase.

• #34 Scarlet fever Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/scarlet-fever

  Scarlet fever is caused by an infection with bacteria called group A streptococcus. This is the same bacteria that cause strep throat. […] The main risk factor for getting scarlet fever is infection with the bacteria that cause strep throat. An outbreak of strep throat or scarlet fever in the community, neighborhood, or school may increase the risk of infection. […] Antibiotics are used to kill the bacteria that cause the throat infection. This is crucial to prevent rheumatic fever, a serious complication of strep throat and scarlet fever.

• #35 Scarlet fever: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000974.htm

  Scarlet fever is caused by an infection with bacteria called group A streptococcus. This is the same bacteria that cause strep throat. […] The group A strep bacteria produce a toxin that causes a distinctive red rash, which led to the name. […] The main risk factor for getting scarlet fever is infection with the bacteria that cause strep throat. An outbreak of strep throat or scarlet fever in the community, neighborhood, or school may increase the risk of infection.

• #36 Scarlet fever Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/scarlet-fever

  Scarlet fever is caused by an infection with bacteria called group A streptococcus. This is the same bacteria that cause strep throat. […] The main risk factor for getting scarlet fever is infection with the bacteria that cause strep throat. An outbreak of strep throat or scarlet fever in the community, neighborhood, or school may increase the risk of infection. […] Antibiotics are used to kill the bacteria that cause the throat infection. This is crucial to prevent rheumatic fever, a serious complication of strep throat and scarlet fever.

• #37 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-scarlet-fever.aspx

  Scarlet fever is extremely contagious. It is caused by a specific strain of bacteria Group A beta hemolytic Streptococcus. […] The strain of Streptococci releases a variety of enzymes and toxins including the erythrogenic toxins. These serve to break down blood cells (hemolysing) and cause the characteristic rash of Scarlet fever. […] Predisposing factors that may cause Scarlet fever include: Age Scarlet fever is essentially a disease of childhood. Children up to two years are not susceptible and those over 10 are mostly protected. The disease commonly affects children between 4 and 8 years of age.

• #38 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-scarlet-fever.aspx

  Scarlet fever is extremely contagious. It is caused by a specific strain of bacteria Group A beta hemolytic Streptococcus. […] The strain of Streptococci releases a variety of enzymes and toxins including the erythrogenic toxins. These serve to break down blood cells (hemolysing) and cause the characteristic rash of Scarlet fever. […] Predisposing factors that may cause Scarlet fever include: Age Scarlet fever is essentially a disease of childhood. Children up to two years are not susceptible and those over 10 are mostly protected. The disease commonly affects children between 4 and 8 years of age.

• #39 Scarlet fever – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000301

  Scarlet fever (scarlatina) is an exotoxin-mediated infectious disease associated with a characteristic erythematous rash of the skin and tongue. It commonly results from group A streptococcus (GAS) infection of the throat or, less commonly, the skin. […] Scarlet fever can occur at any age but mainly affects children ages 1-10 years and is most common in those ages 3-6 years. It is uncommon in children 1 year old or in adults. […] Risk factors include group A streptococcus (GAS) pharyngitis, close contact with a person with scarlet fever or other group A streptococcus (GAS) presentation, age 1-10 years, winter and spring seasons, crowded environment, close contact with children ages 1-10 years, and nonpharyngitis group A streptococcus (GAS) infection.

• #40 Scarlet fever – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000301

  Scarlet fever (scarlatina) is an exotoxin-mediated infectious disease associated with a characteristic erythematous rash of the skin and tongue. It commonly results from group A streptococcus (GAS) infection of the throat or, less commonly, the skin. […] Scarlet fever can occur at any age but mainly affects children ages 1-10 years and is most common in those ages 3-6 years. It is uncommon in children 1 year old or in adults. […] Risk factors include group A streptococcus (GAS) pharyngitis, close contact with a person with scarlet fever or other group A streptococcus (GAS) presentation, age 1-10 years, winter and spring seasons, crowded environment, close contact with children ages 1-10 years, and nonpharyngitis group A streptococcus (GAS) infection.

• #41 Scarlet fever – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000301

  Scarlet fever (scarlatina) is an exotoxin-mediated infectious disease associated with a characteristic erythematous rash of the skin and tongue. It commonly results from group A streptococcus (GAS) infection of the throat or, less commonly, the skin. […] Scarlet fever can occur at any age but mainly affects children ages 1-10 years and is most common in those ages 3-6 years. It is uncommon in children 1 year old or in adults. […] Risk factors include group A streptococcus (GAS) pharyngitis, close contact with a person with scarlet fever or other group A streptococcus (GAS) presentation, age 1-10 years, winter and spring seasons, crowded environment, close contact with children ages 1-10 years, and nonpharyngitis group A streptococcus (GAS) infection.

• #42 Scarlet Fever (Scarlatina) Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Complications

  https://www.medicinenet.com/scarlet_fever_scarlatina/article.htm

  Scarlet fever is a bacterial infection caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria. […] Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) bacteria are the cause of scarlet fever. […] Researchers have shown that about 80% of children who reach age 10 have developed lifelong protective antibodies against Streptococcus exotoxin. […] The primary strep infection is the contagious aspect. […] Risk factors for scarlet fever are overcrowded conditions (schools, dormitories, institutional settings). […] Scarlet fever is rare in children younger than 2 years old because of maternal antibodies. […] A recent outbreak in China showed GABHS resistance to the common antibiotics used to treat scarlet fever. […] Complications from scarlet fever may include kidney disease (termed post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis) and rheumatic fever (an inflammatory disease caused by antibody cross-reactivity that affects the heart, joints, skin, and brain). […] The prognosis for scarlet fever, when treated appropriately with antibiotics, is usually excellent. […] The best way to prevent or lessen the chance of getting a scarlet fever is hand washing. […] No vaccine is available for humans to prevent scarlet fever.

• #43 Scarlet fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_fever

  Scarlet fever, also known as scarlatina, is an infectious disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, a Group A streptococcus (GAS). […] The bacteria are usually spread by people coughing or sneezing. […] One in ten children who are infected with group A streptococcal pharyngitis will develop scarlet fever. […] The rash occurs as a result of capillary damage by exotoxins produced by S.pyogenes. […] The rash of scarlet fever, which is what differentiates this disease from an isolated group A strep pharyngitis (or strep throat), is caused by specific strains of group A streptococcus that produce a streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin, which is mainly responsible for the skin manifestation of the infection. […] Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins SPEs A, B, C. and F have been identified. […] The strains of group A streptococcus that cause scarlet fever need specific bacteriophages for there to be pyrogenic exotoxin production.

• #44 About Scarlet Fever | Group A Strep | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/about/scarlet-fever.html

  Scarlet fever is a bacterial infection. […] Group A Streptococcus (group A strep bacteria) cause scarlet fever and are contagious. […] Group A strep bacteria can cause many different types of infections including strep throat, scarlet fever, necrotizing fasciitis, and more.

• #45 Scarlet Fever: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1053253-overview

  Scarlet fever is a streptococcal disease. Streptococci are gram-positive cocci that grow in chains. They are classified by their ability to produce a zone of hemolysis on blood agar and by differences in carbohydrate cell wall components (A-H and K-T). They may be alpha-hemolytic (partial hemolysis), beta-hemolytic (complete hemolysis), or gamma-hemolytic (no hemolysis). […] Most streptococci excrete hemolyzing enzymes and toxins. The erythrogenic toxins produced by GABHS are the cause of the rash of scarlet fever. The erythema-producing toxin was discovered by Dick and Dick in 1924. Scarlet fever is usually associated with pharyngitis; however, in rare cases, it follows streptococcal infections at other sites. […] Although infections may occur year-round, the incidence of pharyngeal disease is highest in school-aged children during winter and spring and in a setting of crowding and close contact. Person-to-person spread by means of respiratory droplets is the most common mode of transmission. It can rarely be spread through contaminated food, as seen in an outbreak in China.

• #46 Scarlet Fever: Symptoms, Causes, Complications, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/scarlet-fever

  Scarlet fever, also known as scarlatina, is an infection that can develop in people who have strep throat. It results when the bacteria release a toxin that causes a rash. […] Scarlet fever is an infection by the bacteria Group A streptococcus (Group A strep). This is the same bacteria that causes strep throat. […] Group A Streptococcus or Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria causes scarlet fever. Normally, Group A strep causes the typical sore throat or, in some cases, fever. […] However, the bacteria can sometimes produce a toxin that causes a bright red rash on the body. This is an endotoxin, which means that it is a toxin released when the bacterial cell disintegrates. This is when the disease becomes scarlet fever. […] Not everyone who gets group A strep will get scarlet fever. Some people are more susceptible to the toxin than others. […] Scarlet fever occurs due to a toxin released by the Group A bacteria. Though it is most common in children, anyone can develop the infection.

• #47 The Causes, Treatment, and Complications of Scarlet Fever

  https://alamocityuc.com/the-causes-treatment-and-complications-of-scarlet-fever/

  Scarlet fever refers to a bacterial infection that develops in people who have strep throat or strep skin infections. […] The bacterium called group A Streptococcus or group A Strep is the cause of this disease. The bacteria release a toxin that causes a red rash and red tongue. The group A Strep lives in the nose and the tongue and can be easily spread to other people. […] Although some individuals do not react to the toxin, they carry and pass on the infection without showing any symptoms.

• #48 Scarlet Fever Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23108-scarlet-fever

  Scarlet fever is a bacterial infection that causes a rough, bumpy rash over much of your body. The bacteria that cause it (strep A) also cause strep throat and skin infections. […] Group A Streptococcus (strep A) bacteria cause scarlet fever. Its the same bacteria that cause strep throat and impetigo, a skin infection. But not everyone who gets infected with the bacteria will get the rash. […] Yes, the bacteria that cause scarlet fever are contagious (spread from person to person). People who are infected can easily spread it by coughing or sneezing, which sends tiny droplets that contain the bacteria into the air. […] Kids between the ages of 5 and 15 are at the highest risk for scarlet fever. Experts arent sure why some people develop a rash from strep A and others dont. […] The bacteria that cause scarlet fever can lead to other infections and serious complications. These include: Abscesses (pockets of pus) around your tonsils or brain, Arthritis or osteomyelitis, Ear, sinus or skin infections, Kidney damage, Mastoiditis, Meningitis, Necrotizing fasciitis, PANDAS (pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcus), Pneumonia, Rheumatic fever, Septicemia, Toxic shock syndrome, Death.

• #49 Factsheet – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/other/scarletfever/factsheet/

  Scarlet fever is one of a number of infections caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A streptococci (GAS). […] The GAS bacteria which causes scarlet fever is a common bacteria which often lives on peoples skin and in their throat. For most people, the bacteria do not cause any problems. However, occasionally they cause diseases such as scarlet fever, sore throat (strep throat), and skin infections like impetigo. Rarely, the GAS bacteria can become invasive and cause more severe, sometimes life-threatening, infections. This is known as invasive GAS (iGAS) disease and occurs when the bacteria get into parts of the body where it shouldnt be found, such as the lungs or bloodstream. iGAS can cause streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, necrotising fasciitis, and sepsis.

• #50 Scarlet Fever Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23108-scarlet-fever

  Scarlet fever is a bacterial infection that causes a rough, bumpy rash over much of your body. The bacteria that cause it (strep A) also cause strep throat and skin infections. […] Group A Streptococcus (strep A) bacteria cause scarlet fever. Its the same bacteria that cause strep throat and impetigo, a skin infection. But not everyone who gets infected with the bacteria will get the rash. […] Yes, the bacteria that cause scarlet fever are contagious (spread from person to person). People who are infected can easily spread it by coughing or sneezing, which sends tiny droplets that contain the bacteria into the air. […] Kids between the ages of 5 and 15 are at the highest risk for scarlet fever. Experts arent sure why some people develop a rash from strep A and others dont. […] The bacteria that cause scarlet fever can lead to other infections and serious complications. These include: Abscesses (pockets of pus) around your tonsils or brain, Arthritis or osteomyelitis, Ear, sinus or skin infections, Kidney damage, Mastoiditis, Meningitis, Necrotizing fasciitis, PANDAS (pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcus), Pneumonia, Rheumatic fever, Septicemia, Toxic shock syndrome, Death.

• #51 Rheumatic fever – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rheumatic-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20354588

  Rheumatic fever can happen after a throat infection from group A streptococcus bacteria, also called strep bacteria. The bacteria cause strep throat and scarlet fever. Improperly treated strep throat or scarlet fever infections cause rheumatic fever. […] How a strep infection causes rheumatic fever isn’t clear. It may be that the bacteria trick the body’s immune system into attacking healthy tissue. This usually happens in the heart, joints, skin and central nervous system. The incorrect immune system reaction causes swelling of joints and tissues. This swelling is called inflammation.

• #52 Clinical Guidance for Scarlet Fever | Group A Strep | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/hcp/clinical-guidance/scarlet-fever.html

  Scarlet fever, also called scarlatina, is caused by pyrogenic exotoxin-producing Streptococcus pyogenes (group A strep bacteria). […] The differential diagnosis of scarlet fever with pharyngitis includes multiple viral pathogens that can cause acute pharyngitis with a viral exanthema. […] Patients with scarlet fever, regardless of age, who have a positive RADT or throat culture need antibiotics. […] There’s never been a report of a clinical isolate of group A strep bacteria that’s resistant to penicillin. However, resistance to azithromycin, clarithromycin, and clindamycin can occur and varies geographically and temporally. […] These complications occur after the original infection resolves and involve sites distant to the initial group A strep infection site. They’re thought to be the result of the immune response and not of direct group A strep infection. […] Group A strep bacteria can cause many different types of infections including strep throat, scarlet fever, necrotizing fasciitis, and more.

• #53 Scarlet Fever Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23108-scarlet-fever

  Healthcare providers treat scarlet fever with antibiotics. These could include types of penicillin (like amoxicillin), cephalosporins or macrolides (like erythromycin, azithromycin or clindamycin). You might have to take antibiotics in pill or liquid form for about 10 days. […] With early treatment, scarlet fever usually isnt serious. But without treatment, the bacteria can spread to other parts of your body and cause severe complications.

• #54 Scarlet Fever Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23108-scarlet-fever

  Healthcare providers treat scarlet fever with antibiotics. These could include types of penicillin (like amoxicillin), cephalosporins or macrolides (like erythromycin, azithromycin or clindamycin). You might have to take antibiotics in pill or liquid form for about 10 days. […] With early treatment, scarlet fever usually isnt serious. But without treatment, the bacteria can spread to other parts of your body and cause severe complications.

• #55 Clinical Guidance for Scarlet Fever | Group A Strep | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/hcp/clinical-guidance/scarlet-fever.html

  Scarlet fever, also called scarlatina, is caused by pyrogenic exotoxin-producing Streptococcus pyogenes (group A strep bacteria). […] The differential diagnosis of scarlet fever with pharyngitis includes multiple viral pathogens that can cause acute pharyngitis with a viral exanthema. […] Patients with scarlet fever, regardless of age, who have a positive RADT or throat culture need antibiotics. […] There’s never been a report of a clinical isolate of group A strep bacteria that’s resistant to penicillin. However, resistance to azithromycin, clarithromycin, and clindamycin can occur and varies geographically and temporally. […] These complications occur after the original infection resolves and involve sites distant to the initial group A strep infection site. They’re thought to be the result of the immune response and not of direct group A strep infection. […] Group A strep bacteria can cause many different types of infections including strep throat, scarlet fever, necrotizing fasciitis, and more.

• #56 Scarlet Fever Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23108-scarlet-fever

  Healthcare providers treat scarlet fever with antibiotics. These could include types of penicillin (like amoxicillin), cephalosporins or macrolides (like erythromycin, azithromycin or clindamycin). You might have to take antibiotics in pill or liquid form for about 10 days. […] With early treatment, scarlet fever usually isnt serious. But without treatment, the bacteria can spread to other parts of your body and cause severe complications.

• #57 Scarlet Fever Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23108-scarlet-fever

  Healthcare providers treat scarlet fever with antibiotics. These could include types of penicillin (like amoxicillin), cephalosporins or macrolides (like erythromycin, azithromycin or clindamycin). You might have to take antibiotics in pill or liquid form for about 10 days. […] With early treatment, scarlet fever usually isnt serious. But without treatment, the bacteria can spread to other parts of your body and cause severe complications.

• #58

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/scarlet-fever-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/scarlet-fever-factsheet

  Scarlet fever (sometimes called scarlatina) is an infectious disease caused by bacteria called Streptococcus pyogenes, or group A streptococcus (GAS). […] Scarlet fever is highly contagious and is spread by close contact with someone carrying the bacteria. It takes around 2 to 5 days to develop symptoms after exposure to these bacteria. […] Scarlet fever is highly contagious. Bacteria are present in the mouth, throat or nose of an infected person, or someone carrying the bacteria without symptoms, and are spread by contact with that persons mucus or saliva. […] You can also catch the disease by breathing infected airborne droplets produced through an infected persons coughing, sneezing or normal breathing. […] The usual treatment for scarlet fever is a 10-day course of antibiotics. The fever will usually subside within 24 hours of starting this, but it is important to take the whole course to completely clear these bacteria from your throat and protect others from becoming infected.

• #59 Clinical Guidance for Scarlet Fever | Group A Strep | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/hcp/clinical-guidance/scarlet-fever.html

  Scarlet fever, also called scarlatina, is caused by pyrogenic exotoxin-producing Streptococcus pyogenes (group A strep bacteria). […] The differential diagnosis of scarlet fever with pharyngitis includes multiple viral pathogens that can cause acute pharyngitis with a viral exanthema. […] Patients with scarlet fever, regardless of age, who have a positive RADT or throat culture need antibiotics. […] There’s never been a report of a clinical isolate of group A strep bacteria that’s resistant to penicillin. However, resistance to azithromycin, clarithromycin, and clindamycin can occur and varies geographically and temporally. […] These complications occur after the original infection resolves and involve sites distant to the initial group A strep infection site. They’re thought to be the result of the immune response and not of direct group A strep infection. […] Group A strep bacteria can cause many different types of infections including strep throat, scarlet fever, necrotizing fasciitis, and more.

• #60 Scarlet Fever (Scarlatina) Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Complications

  https://www.medicinenet.com/scarlet_fever_scarlatina/article.htm

  Scarlet fever is a bacterial infection caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria. […] Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) bacteria are the cause of scarlet fever. […] Researchers have shown that about 80% of children who reach age 10 have developed lifelong protective antibodies against Streptococcus exotoxin. […] The primary strep infection is the contagious aspect. […] Risk factors for scarlet fever are overcrowded conditions (schools, dormitories, institutional settings). […] Scarlet fever is rare in children younger than 2 years old because of maternal antibodies. […] A recent outbreak in China showed GABHS resistance to the common antibiotics used to treat scarlet fever. […] Complications from scarlet fever may include kidney disease (termed post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis) and rheumatic fever (an inflammatory disease caused by antibody cross-reactivity that affects the heart, joints, skin, and brain). […] The prognosis for scarlet fever, when treated appropriately with antibiotics, is usually excellent. […] The best way to prevent or lessen the chance of getting a scarlet fever is hand washing. […] No vaccine is available for humans to prevent scarlet fever.

• #61 Scarlet Fever Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23108-scarlet-fever

  Healthcare providers treat scarlet fever with antibiotics. These could include types of penicillin (like amoxicillin), cephalosporins or macrolides (like erythromycin, azithromycin or clindamycin). You might have to take antibiotics in pill or liquid form for about 10 days. […] With early treatment, scarlet fever usually isnt serious. But without treatment, the bacteria can spread to other parts of your body and cause severe complications.

• #62 Scarlet Fever (Scarlatina) Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Complications

  https://www.medicinenet.com/scarlet_fever_scarlatina/article.htm

  Scarlet fever is a bacterial infection caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria. […] Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) bacteria are the cause of scarlet fever. […] Researchers have shown that about 80% of children who reach age 10 have developed lifelong protective antibodies against Streptococcus exotoxin. […] The primary strep infection is the contagious aspect. […] Risk factors for scarlet fever are overcrowded conditions (schools, dormitories, institutional settings). […] Scarlet fever is rare in children younger than 2 years old because of maternal antibodies. […] A recent outbreak in China showed GABHS resistance to the common antibiotics used to treat scarlet fever. […] Complications from scarlet fever may include kidney disease (termed post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis) and rheumatic fever (an inflammatory disease caused by antibody cross-reactivity that affects the heart, joints, skin, and brain). […] The prognosis for scarlet fever, when treated appropriately with antibiotics, is usually excellent. […] The best way to prevent or lessen the chance of getting a scarlet fever is hand washing. […] No vaccine is available for humans to prevent scarlet fever.

• #63 Scarlet Fever in Children

  https://healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org/library/preventionguidelines/90,P02544

  Scarlet fever most commonly occurs in children between 5 and 12 years old. A child is more at risk for scarlet fever if they are around a person who is infected with GABHS bacteria. […] If not treated, scarlet fever can lead to several serious conditions of the heart, kidneys, and liver. When the heart or joints are involved, the condition is often called rheumatic fever. […] There is no vaccine to prevent strep throat or scarlet fever. The best way to prevent scarlet fever is to wash your hands often. Don’t share eating utensils, linens, towels, or other personal items.

• #64 Scarlet Fever in Children

  https://healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org/library/preventionguidelines/90,P02544

  Scarlet fever most commonly occurs in children between 5 and 12 years old. A child is more at risk for scarlet fever if they are around a person who is infected with GABHS bacteria. […] If not treated, scarlet fever can lead to several serious conditions of the heart, kidneys, and liver. When the heart or joints are involved, the condition is often called rheumatic fever. […] There is no vaccine to prevent strep throat or scarlet fever. The best way to prevent scarlet fever is to wash your hands often. Don’t share eating utensils, linens, towels, or other personal items.

• #65 Scarlet Fever in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/s/scarlet-fever-in-children.html

  Scarlet fever is caused by bacteria called group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS). […] These bacteria release a poison (toxin) that travels through your child’s bloodstream and causes a rash. […] Scarlet fever is an infectious disease that causes a rash. It is caused by the same kind of bacteria that causes strep throat. […] If not treated, scarlet fever can lead to several serious conditions of the heart, kidneys, and liver. When the bacteria affect the heart or joints, it is often called rheumatic fever. […] There is no vaccine to prevent strep throat or scarlet fever.

• #66 Scarlet Fever (Scarlatina) Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Complications

  https://www.medicinenet.com/scarlet_fever_scarlatina/article.htm

  Scarlet fever is a bacterial infection caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria. […] Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) bacteria are the cause of scarlet fever. […] Researchers have shown that about 80% of children who reach age 10 have developed lifelong protective antibodies against Streptococcus exotoxin. […] The primary strep infection is the contagious aspect. […] Risk factors for scarlet fever are overcrowded conditions (schools, dormitories, institutional settings). […] Scarlet fever is rare in children younger than 2 years old because of maternal antibodies. […] A recent outbreak in China showed GABHS resistance to the common antibiotics used to treat scarlet fever. […] Complications from scarlet fever may include kidney disease (termed post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis) and rheumatic fever (an inflammatory disease caused by antibody cross-reactivity that affects the heart, joints, skin, and brain). […] The prognosis for scarlet fever, when treated appropriately with antibiotics, is usually excellent. […] The best way to prevent or lessen the chance of getting a scarlet fever is hand washing. […] No vaccine is available for humans to prevent scarlet fever.

• #67 Scarlet Fever: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1053253-overview

  Scarlet fever is a streptococcal disease. Streptococci are gram-positive cocci that grow in chains. They are classified by their ability to produce a zone of hemolysis on blood agar and by differences in carbohydrate cell wall components (A-H and K-T). They may be alpha-hemolytic (partial hemolysis), beta-hemolytic (complete hemolysis), or gamma-hemolytic (no hemolysis). […] Most streptococci excrete hemolyzing enzymes and toxins. The erythrogenic toxins produced by GABHS are the cause of the rash of scarlet fever. The erythema-producing toxin was discovered by Dick and Dick in 1924. Scarlet fever is usually associated with pharyngitis; however, in rare cases, it follows streptococcal infections at other sites. […] Although infections may occur year-round, the incidence of pharyngeal disease is highest in school-aged children during winter and spring and in a setting of crowding and close contact. Person-to-person spread by means of respiratory droplets is the most common mode of transmission. It can rarely be spread through contaminated food, as seen in an outbreak in China.

• #68 Scarlet Fever: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1053253-overview

  The organism is able to survive extremes of temperature and humidity, which allows spread by fomites. Geographic distribution of skin infections tends to favor warmer or tropical climates and occurs mainly in summer or early fall in temperate climates. […] The incubation period for scarlet fever ranges from 12 hours to 7 days. Patients are contagious during the acute illness and during the subclinical phase.

• #69 Scarlet Fever: A Deadly History and How it Prevails

  https://asm.org/articles/2023/january/scarlet-fever-a-deadly-history-and-how-it-prevails

  Scarlet fever is a disease that has significantly evolved in definition and management over the last several hundred years. The disease, which is caused by a toxin produced by the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes, was once enormously prevalent amongst the global population and associated with high mortality rates. […] In 1924, American bacteriologists Gladys and George Dick demonstrated that the cause of scarlet fever was the beta-hemolytic organism Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes, also called group A streptococci) and that a toxin produced by the organism could cause this severe downstream disease, or even progress to the development of rheumatic fever later in life. […] While the reasons for the increase in scarlet fever are unclear, hypotheses include macrolide resistance, weakened herd immunity, environmental factors and the absence of a vaccine for the bacteria that cause the disease (group A strep). Additionally, rates of scarlet fever increase with the start of the school year and as winter approaches.

• #70 Scarlet Fever: A Deadly History and How it Prevails

  https://asm.org/articles/2023/january/scarlet-fever-a-deadly-history-and-how-it-prevails

  Scarlet fever is a disease that has significantly evolved in definition and management over the last several hundred years. The disease, which is caused by a toxin produced by the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes, was once enormously prevalent amongst the global population and associated with high mortality rates. […] In 1924, American bacteriologists Gladys and George Dick demonstrated that the cause of scarlet fever was the beta-hemolytic organism Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes, also called group A streptococci) and that a toxin produced by the organism could cause this severe downstream disease, or even progress to the development of rheumatic fever later in life. […] While the reasons for the increase in scarlet fever are unclear, hypotheses include macrolide resistance, weakened herd immunity, environmental factors and the absence of a vaccine for the bacteria that cause the disease (group A strep). Additionally, rates of scarlet fever increase with the start of the school year and as winter approaches.

• #71 Scarlet Fever: A Deadly History and How it Prevails

  https://asm.org/articles/2023/january/scarlet-fever-a-deadly-history-and-how-it-prevails

  Scarlet fever is a disease that has significantly evolved in definition and management over the last several hundred years. The disease, which is caused by a toxin produced by the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes, was once enormously prevalent amongst the global population and associated with high mortality rates. […] In 1924, American bacteriologists Gladys and George Dick demonstrated that the cause of scarlet fever was the beta-hemolytic organism Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes, also called group A streptococci) and that a toxin produced by the organism could cause this severe downstream disease, or even progress to the development of rheumatic fever later in life. […] While the reasons for the increase in scarlet fever are unclear, hypotheses include macrolide resistance, weakened herd immunity, environmental factors and the absence of a vaccine for the bacteria that cause the disease (group A strep). Additionally, rates of scarlet fever increase with the start of the school year and as winter approaches.

• #72 Scarlet Fever: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/scarlet-fever/why-not-to-worry/

  In its heyday, in the 1800s, scarlet fever an infection caused by toxins produced by Group A streptococcus, the same bacterium that causes strep throat was so dreaded it was a plot point in several famous novels, including Louisa May Alcotts bestselling 1868 novel, Little Women (the infection claimed the beloved character Beth March), and The Velveteen Rabbit, a classic 1922 childrens book in which a boys toys have to be burned after he contracts the infection. […] The exact cause of this slight increase is unknown, but global travel, overcrowding (which leads to more person-to-person contact in day care centers, schools, and cities), plus better reporting are possible factors. […] Another intriguing explanation for the increase in cases is pollution. Research published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health found that short-term exposure to certain respiratory irritants raised the risk of scarlet fever.

• #73 Scarlet Fever: A Deadly History and How it Prevails

  https://asm.org/articles/2023/january/scarlet-fever-a-deadly-history-and-how-it-prevails

  Scarlet fever is a disease that has significantly evolved in definition and management over the last several hundred years. The disease, which is caused by a toxin produced by the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes, was once enormously prevalent amongst the global population and associated with high mortality rates. […] In 1924, American bacteriologists Gladys and George Dick demonstrated that the cause of scarlet fever was the beta-hemolytic organism Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes, also called group A streptococci) and that a toxin produced by the organism could cause this severe downstream disease, or even progress to the development of rheumatic fever later in life. […] While the reasons for the increase in scarlet fever are unclear, hypotheses include macrolide resistance, weakened herd immunity, environmental factors and the absence of a vaccine for the bacteria that cause the disease (group A strep). Additionally, rates of scarlet fever increase with the start of the school year and as winter approaches.

• #74 Scarlet Fever: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/scarlet-fever/why-not-to-worry/

  In its heyday, in the 1800s, scarlet fever an infection caused by toxins produced by Group A streptococcus, the same bacterium that causes strep throat was so dreaded it was a plot point in several famous novels, including Louisa May Alcotts bestselling 1868 novel, Little Women (the infection claimed the beloved character Beth March), and The Velveteen Rabbit, a classic 1922 childrens book in which a boys toys have to be burned after he contracts the infection. […] The exact cause of this slight increase is unknown, but global travel, overcrowding (which leads to more person-to-person contact in day care centers, schools, and cities), plus better reporting are possible factors. […] Another intriguing explanation for the increase in cases is pollution. Research published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health found that short-term exposure to certain respiratory irritants raised the risk of scarlet fever.

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