Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pineoblastoma

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/p/pineoblastoma/

  Pineoblastoma is a rare, aggressive type of cancer that begins in the cells of the brain’s pineal gland. Your pineal gland, located in the center of your brain, produces a hormone (melatonin) that plays a role in your natural sleep-wake cycle. […] Pineoblastoma can be very difficult to treat. It can spread within the brain and the fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) around the brain, but it rarely spreads beyond the central nervous system. Treatment usually involves surgery to remove as much of the cancer as possible. Additional treatments may also be recommended. […] Pineoblastoma treatment options include: Surgery to relieve fluid buildup in the brain. A pineoblastoma may grow to block the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, which can cause a buildup of fluid that puts pressure on the brain (hydrocephalus). An operation to create a way for the fluid to flow out of the brain may be recommended. Sometimes this procedure can be combined with a biopsy or surgery to remove the tumor.

• #2 Pineoblastoma: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/pineoblastoma/

  The treatment of pineoblastoma typically involves a multi-disciplinary approach, including surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. […] Surgical resection is often the first step in managing pineoblastoma. The goal is to remove as much of the tumor as possible without damaging surrounding brain tissue. Complete resection can be challenging due to the tumor’s location, but even partial removal can alleviate symptoms and improve outcomes. […] Following surgery, radiation therapy is commonly employed to target residual tumor cells. Advanced techniques, such as stereotactic radiosurgery, allow for precise delivery of radiation, minimizing damage to healthy tissue. […] Chemotherapy is frequently used in conjunction with surgery and radiation to enhance treatment efficacy. Various chemotherapeutic agents can be employed, and treatment plans are typically tailored to the individual patient’s needs.

• #3 Pineoblastoma is a… – Valsangkar Hospitals II NeurosurgeonFacebookShared with Public

  https://www.facebook.com/valsangkarhospitalneurosurgeon/posts/pineoblastoma-is-a-rare-aggressive-brain-tumor-that-develops-in-the-pineal-gland/633578675726120/

  Pineoblastoma is a rare, aggressive brain tumor that develops in the pineal gland. It affects both children and adults, causing symptoms like headaches, vision problems, and balance issues. Due to its deep location, treatment often includes surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Early diagnosis is crucial for better outcomes.

• #4 Pineoblastoma – Brief information

  https://www.gpoh.de/kinderkrebsinfo/content/diseases/brain_tumours/pohpatinfomedullo120080109/literatur/index_eng.html

  Treatment of children and adolescents with pineoblastoma should take place in a children’s hospital with a paediatric oncology program. Only in such a childhood cancer centre, highly experienced and qualified staff (doctors, nurses and many more) is guaranteed, since they are specialized and focus on the diagnostics and treatment of children and teenagers with cancer according to the most advanced treatment concepts. The doctors in these centres collaborate closely with each other. Together, they treat their patients according to treatment plans (protocols) that are continuously optimised. The goal of the treatment is to achieve higher cure rates while avoiding side effects as much as possible. […] The first step in treating a pineoblastoma is surgery. Goal of surgery is gross (microsurgical) total tumour removal. This means that at the end of the surgical procedure, no tumour tissue can be identified through the surgical microscope. Frequently, however, total tumour resection cannot be achieved due to the localization of these tumours.

• #5 Pineoblastoma Treatment | St. Jude Care & Treatment

  https://www.stjude.org/care-treatment/treatment/childhood-cancer/brain-tumors/pineoblastoma.html

  Pineoblastoma care at St. Jude provides the highest quality of care for patients with pineoblastoma: […] We bring together medical experts and specially trained staff to care for your child. […] Our brain tumor clinical trials have led to the clinical use of better therapies in children such as lower-dose therapies, targeted therapy, and proton therapy. […] St. Jude offers a dedicated team of specialists to meet the needs of children with brain tumors, including: Surgeons, doctors, and nurses who treat this cancer […] The nurse-to-patient ratio at St. Jude is about 1:3 in hematology and oncology and 1:1 in the Intensive Care Unit.

• #6 Pineoblastoma – Symptoms, Diagnosis, and TreatmentSecond Opinion IconGroup 9Second Opinion IconGroup 9Group 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/pineoblastoma/

  Due to pineoblastomas’ aggressive nature and high reoccurrence rate, long-term monitoring with consistent imaging studies is crucial—even after a successful initial treatment. […] At Barrow Neurological Institute’s world-class Brain and Spine Tumor Program, we treat people with complex tumors like pineoblastomas in one robust, full-service location. Our sophisticated multidisciplinary team—neurosurgeons, head and neck surgeons, neuro-oncologists, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists, to name a few—can offer you the latest treatments for head and neck cancers, including metastatic cancers. […] We also give our patients access to various neuro-rehabilitation specialists to maximize independence. Neuro-rehabilitation can include physical therapy to help you regain strength and balance, speech therapy to support speaking, expressing thoughts, or swallowing, and occupational therapy to aid you in managing daily activities like bathing, dressing, and using the bathroom. Treating a brain or spinal cord tumor is about more than extending your life—it’s also focused on enhancing your quality of life.

• #7 Pineoblastoma – Neurosurgery | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/neurosurgery/conditions-treated/pineoblastoma

  Pineoblastoma is one of several different types of tumors that arise in the area of the pineal gland, requiring different therapies. The exact diagnosis is critical for choosing the correct therapy. […] A team of experts is needed for optimum therapy. UCLA experts in neurosurgery, neuropathology (microscopic diagnosis), radiation therapy and oncology will work together to provide the best and latest therapies. […] UCLA neurosurgeons have expertise in minimally invasive techniques (endoscopy or stereotactic needle biopsy) for obtaining biopsies. […] The surgical removal of pineal region tumors ranks among the most difficult neurosurgical operations. Patients typically are referred to major university medical centers, like UCLA, where certain neurosurgeons have specific expertise in this type of surgery.

• #8 Pineoblastoma Treatment | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/pineoblastoma/types/treatment

  Pineoblastoma is a rare, aggressive brain tumor that primarily affects children, though it can also occur in adults. Given its rapid growth and potential to spread within the brain and spinal cord, prompt and effective treatment is essential. […] Treatment for pineoblastoma often involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, designed to meet the specific needs of each patient. […] The main goal in treating pineoblastoma is to remove as much of the tumor as possible. Surgery is typically the first step, as it allows doctors to remove a significant portion of the tumor and confirm the diagnosis through a biopsy. […] After surgery, radiation therapy is often used to target any remaining cancer cells that couldn’t be removed, especially for tumors in challenging locations.

• #9 Childhood Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors (PNETs) and Pineoblastoma | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/childhood-primitive-neuroectodermal-tumors-pineoblastoma

  Childhood Brain Tumor Center […] Children with PNETs or pineoblastoma receive expert care through our Medulloblastoma Program, part of our comprehensive Childhood Brain Tumor Center. […] Your child’s physician will determine a specific course of treatment based on several factors, including their health status and the tumors characteristics. […] Beyond initial treatment, we continue to care for the physical, mental, and emotional health needs of children with brain tumors through our extensive pediatric cancer survivorship programs, including the Stop Shop Family Pediatric Neuro-Oncology Outcomes Clinic for pediatric brain tumor survivors.

• #10 Pineoblastoma – Symptoms, Diagnosis, and TreatmentSecond Opinion IconGroup 9Second Opinion IconGroup 9Group 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/pineoblastoma/

  Surgery is often one of the first steps in treating a pineoblastoma, although it’s most often combined with radiation and chemotherapy. This multimodal approach reduces overall tumor size and helps relieve symptoms, manage residual tumor cells, and reduce the risk of metastasis. […] Due to the pineal gland’s location deep within the brain, a complete removal is challenging and rare. In most cases, a partial resection, or maximal safe resection, is done to reduce the tumor’s size and alleviate pressure. […] Nonsurgical treatments for pineoblastomas are essential because they are highly aggressive and, in most cases, cannot be entirely removed through surgery. The choice and sequence of treatments will depend on your age, overall health, the tumor’s characteristics, and whether or not it has spread.

• #11 Pineoblastoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pineoblastoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20577743

  Pineoblastoma treatment usually involves surgery to remove as much of the cancer as possible. […] A brain surgeon, also called a neurosurgeon, works to remove as much of the pineoblastoma as possible. Sometimes all of the cancer can’t be removed. This is because pineoblastoma forms near important structures deep inside the brain. More treatments after surgery are usually needed. These treatments target the remaining cells. […] Radiation therapy treats cancer with powerful energy beams. The energy can come from X-rays, protons or other sources. During radiation therapy, a machine directs beams to the brain and spinal cord. Extra radiation is directed at the cancer cells. […] Chemotherapy treats cancer with strong medicines. For pineoblastoma, chemotherapy is usually used after surgery or radiation therapy. Sometimes it’s used at the same time as radiation therapy. For larger pineoblastomas, chemotherapy may be used before surgery. This might shrink the cancer and make it easier to remove.

• #12 Pineoblastoma | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20310674/

  Pineoblastoma treatment usually involves surgery to remove as much of the cancer as possible. Additional treatments also may be recommended. […] A pineoblastoma may grow big enough to block the flow of cerebrospinal fluid. This puts pressure on the brain. An operation can redirect the fluid through a drain or tube. This helps relieve the pressure. This procedure may be done at the same time as a biopsy or surgery to remove the pineoblastoma. […] A brain surgeon, also called a neurosurgeon, works to remove as much of the pineoblastoma as possible. Sometimes all of the cancer can’t be removed. This is because pineoblastoma forms near important structures deep inside the brain. More treatments after surgery are usually needed. These treatments target the remaining cells. […] Radiation therapy treats cancer with powerful energy beams. The energy can come from X-rays, protons or other sources. During radiation therapy, a machine directs beams to the brain and spinal cord. Extra radiation is directed at the cancer cells.

• #12 Pineoblastoma | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20310674/

  Chemotherapy treats cancer with strong medicines. For pineoblastoma, chemotherapy is usually used after surgery or radiation therapy. Sometimes it’s used at the same time as radiation therapy. For larger pineoblastomas, chemotherapy may be used before surgery. This might shrink the cancer and make it easier to remove. […] Stereotactic radiosurgery focuses multiple beams of radiation on exact points to kill cancer cells. Radiosurgery is sometimes used to treat pineoblastoma that comes back after treatment.

• #13 Pineoblastoma | The Brain Tumour Charity

  https://www.thebraintumourcharity.org/brain-tumour-diagnosis-treatment/types-brain-tumour-children/pineoblastoma/

  Pineoblastoma treatment can include one or more of the following: Surgery, Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy, Steroids. […] Surgery is an essential part of brain tumour treatment in general. It can aim to reduce the size of the tumour or remove it completely. […] However, due to the position of pineoblastomas deep within the brain, surgery may not always be a viable option. There could be a risk of damaging critical areas of the brain. […] Even if doctors deem that surgery is possible for a pineoblastoma, in most occasions it does not result in complete resection. This is because pineoblastomas, which are grade 4 tumours, may have already invaded other, difficult to reach parts of the brain or spine. […] Due to the swelling and pressure on the brain, you may have surgery to drain the buildup of fluid. Some neurosurgery centres offer a minimally invasive procedure called endoscopic third ventriculostomy which will not require surgery.

• #14 Pineoblastoma | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/pineoblastoma?content_id=CON-20310674

  Pineoblastoma treatment usually involves surgery to remove as much of the cancer as possible. Additional treatments also may be recommended. […] A pineoblastoma may grow big enough to block the flow of cerebrospinal fluid. This puts pressure on the brain. An operation can redirect the fluid through a drain or tube. This helps relieve the pressure. This procedure may be done at the same time as a biopsy or surgery to remove the pineoblastoma. […] A brain surgeon, also called a neurosurgeon, works to remove as much of the pineoblastoma as possible. Sometimes all of the cancer can’t be removed. This is because pineoblastoma forms near important structures deep inside the brain. More treatments after surgery are usually needed. These treatments target the remaining cells. […] Radiation therapy treats cancer with powerful energy beams. The energy can come from X-rays, protons or other sources. During radiation therapy, a machine directs beams to the brain and spinal cord. Extra radiation is directed at the cancer cells.

• #15 Contemporary Management of Pineoblastoma | Neupsy Key

  https://neupsykey.com/contemporary-management-of-pineoblastoma/

  Pineoblastomas (PBs) represent the most aggressive of the pineal parenchymal tumors. […] Standard of care in the United States includes maximal surgical resection with adjuvant craniospinal irradiation and systemic chemotherapy, resulting in a median survival of 16 to 25 months and a 5-year survival rate of 10%. […] Patients with PB most commonly present with findings of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) (headache, nausea/vomiting, and decreased level of consciousness) as a result of obstructive hydrocephalus from compression of the cerebral aqueduct by the tumor mass. […] Given that most patients with pineal tumors present with symptoms related to hydrocephalus, a common first procedure is an endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) or ventriculoperitoneal shunt.

• #16 LATEST UPDATES ON PINEOBLASTOMA – Dr Prem Pillay

  https://www.drprempillay.org/en/brain/latest-updates-pineoblastoma/

  Pineoblastoma is a pineal region tumor that are best thought of as primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) located in the pineal region and thus they closely resemble (both on imaging and on histology) medulloblastomas, retinoblastomas and supratentorial PNETs. […] Treatment is usually a combination of surgery including Stereotactic Image guided Biopsy, VP shunting or endoscopic third ventriculostomy -for hydrocephalus; Microsurgery for tumor removal, chemotherapy and radiation including Stereotactic Radiotherapy and Proton therapy stated Dr Prem Pillay , a Neurosurgeon who specializes in treating Pineal tumors including Pineoblastoma. […] Aggressive tumor resection was associated with improved survival only in older pediatric patients. Radiotherapy was more effective in patients receiving surgery. Age-stratified approaches might allow for improved disease management of pediatric pineoblastoma. […] The role of surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy on overall survival remains to be defined.

• #17 Pineoblastoma | The Brain Tumour Charity

  https://www.thebraintumourcharity.org/brain-tumour-diagnosis-treatment/types-brain-tumour-children/pineoblastoma/

  Steroids may also be prescribed to manage swelling associated with hydrocephalus. […] Radiotherapy is the gold standard of treatment for pineoblastomas. Depending on factors such as whether cancerous cells have spread to other parts of the brain, your MDT will decide the type of radiotherapy you will have and at which dose. […] Pineoblastomas may also be treated with chemotherapy.

• #18 Childhood Medulloblastoma & Other CNS Embryonal Tumors Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/patient/child-cns-embryonal-treatment-pdq

  You may want to get a second opinion. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed pineoblastoma in children aged 3 years and younger includes: Biopsy to diagnose pineoblastoma and surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible. Chemotherapy is usually given after surgery. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed pineoblastoma in children older than 3 years includes: Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible. This is followed by radiation therapy to the brain and spinal cord and chemotherapy.

• #19 Pineoblastoma

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/p/pineoblastoma/

  Surgery to remove the pineoblastoma. The brain surgeon (neurosurgeon) will work to remove the pineoblastoma with the goal of removing as much of the tumor as possible. But it’s often impossible to remove the tumor entirely because pineoblastoma forms near critical structures deep within the brain. Most children with pineoblastoma receive additional treatments after surgery to target the remaining cells. […] Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams, such as X-rays or protons, to kill cancer cells. During radiation therapy, your child lies on a table while a machine moves around him or her, directing beams to the brain and spinal cord, with additional radiation to the tumor. Because there is a high risk the tumor cells can spread beyond the initial site to other areas of the central nervous system, radiation therapy directed to the entire brain and spinal cord is recommended for children older than 3.

• #20 Pineoblastoma

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/p/pineoblastoma/

  Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy may be recommended after surgery or radiation therapy in children with pineoblastoma. In some cases, it’s used at the same time as radiation therapy. For larger tumors, chemotherapy may be used before surgery to shrink the tumor and make it easier to remove. […] Radiosurgery. Technically a type of radiation and not an operation, stereotactic radiosurgery focuses multiple beams of radiation on precise points to kill the tumor cells. Radiosurgery is sometimes used to treat pineoblastoma that recurs. […] Clinical trials. Clinical trials are studies of new treatments. These studies give you a chance to try the latest treatment options, but the risk of side effects may not be known. Ask your doctor whether your child might be eligible to participate in a clinical trial.

• #21

  https://journals.lww.com/cmj/fulltext/2023/02050/pineoblastoma__prognostic_factors_and_survival.17.aspx

  Radiotherapy was not recommended for infants due to the deleterious effects of radiotherapy on developing brains. The low treatment rate of radiotherapy may partially explain the poor survival of infants with PB. […] Our results of the role of radiotherapy in the treatment of young children with PB suggested that PB in young children is radiosensitive. […] In our study cohort, most (83.3%) patients received chemotherapy, and chemotherapy was significantly associated with improved OS (HR: 0.311, 95% CI: 0.1440.671, P = 0.003) and DSS (HR: 0.272, 95% CI: 0.1230.600, P = 0.001). […] In conclusion, the results of our study suggest that age at diagnosis, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are independent prognostic factors of OS and DSS for PB patients aged 5 years.

• #22 Pineoblastoma | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/pineoblastoma?content_id=CON-20310674

  Chemotherapy treats cancer with strong medicines. For pineoblastoma, chemotherapy is usually used after surgery or radiation therapy. Sometimes it’s used at the same time as radiation therapy. For larger pineoblastomas, chemotherapy may be used before surgery. This might shrink the cancer and make it easier to remove. […] Clinical trials are studies of new treatments. These studies offer a chance to try the latest treatment options. Side effects from these treatments may not be known. Ask your child’s healthcare professional whether your child might be able to participate in a clinical trial.

• #23 Infantile suprasellar tumor diagnosed as a pineoblastoma RB1 subgroup and treatment challenges: A pediatric SNO Molecular Tumor Board

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9268732/

  Developing a safe mechanism to incorporate RT into infant treatment plans could help improve outcomes. […] IT or IVT chemotherapy is often incorporated into pediatric brain tumor treatment regimens as a mechanism to bypass the blood-brain barrier. […] Given this efficacy and safety data in pediatrics, we treated our patient with IT topotecan. […] Maintenance chemotherapy might help delay the need for CSI in young patients with pineoblastoma. Metronomic therapy is one strategy utilized as a maintenance regimen in similar patient populations. […] Targeted molecular therapies might also help treat these aggressive infantile tumors and reduce treatment-related toxicities. […] This prompts the need for improved treatment strategies in this population of patients with PB-RB1. Strategies to improve therapy include combining highly conformal proton therapy with IVT topotecan or other therapies that prevent distant sites of recurrences or designing a maintenance therapy regimen with metronomic therapy or immunotherapy.

• #24 Living With Pineoblastoma | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/pineoblastoma/types/living-with-pineoblastoma

  A diagnosis of pineoblastoma is life-changing, impacting not only the patient but also their loved ones and caregivers. This rare, aggressive brain tumor develops in the pineal gland, a small organ deep within the brain. […] Living with pineoblastoma involves managing symptoms, undergoing treatment, and focusing on maintaining quality of life. This article will discuss how patients and caregivers can navigate the journey ahead, focusing on symptom management, emotional support, and long-term care. […] Living with pineoblastoma means dealing with symptoms like headaches, nausea, and vision changes, as well as the side effects of treatments such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. […] While treatments aim to control tumor growth and improve pineoblastoma survival rates, they can bring side effects. Physicians may prescribe medications to help manage these, and regular follow-ups are crucial to ensure any new symptoms are promptly addressed.

• #25 Living With Pineoblastoma | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/pineoblastoma/types/living-with-pineoblastoma

  Living with a serious illness impacts not just physical health but also emotional and mental well-being. Coping with feelings of fear, anxiety, or uncertainty is a natural part of this journey. […] Pineoblastoma treatment doesn’t end after initial therapy; ongoing care is essential for managing long-term health and well-being. […] Regular check-ups are necessary to monitor for any tumor recurrence and manage side effects. Imaging tests like MRIs are often part of this process, and follow-ups provide an opportunity to address any new concerns. […] Living with pineoblastoma involves managing symptoms, undergoing treatment, and maintaining quality of life through a dedicated healthcare team. […] Medical care, lifestyle adjustments, and therapies can help address pineoblastoma symptoms and improve daily living.

• #26 Living With Pineoblastoma | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/pineoblastoma/types/living-with-pineoblastoma

  Emotional support, including therapy and support groups, is vital for coping with the mental and emotional aspects of the disease. […] Long-term care involves regular monitoring to check for tumor recurrence and manage any long-term effects of treatment. […] Staying hopeful, setting realistic goals, and finding support can help make living with pineoblastoma more manageable.

• #27 Clinical Trials for Pineal-Region Tumors | Ivy Brain Tumor Center

  https://www.ivybraintumorcenter.org/brain-tumor-care/brain-tumor-types/pineal-region-tumors/

  Pineoblastomas are WHO grade IV tumors that are the most aggressive variety. […] Clinical trials for pineal-region tumors are uncommon, but since there are no proven therapies beyond surgery and radiotherapy, developing new drugs for these patients is critical. […] If you have a pineal-region tumor and have undergone MR imaging with evidence of tumor recurrence, you may be a candidate for one of our Phase 0 clinical trials. Our Phase 0 studies provide you with information you can use right now to make informed treatment decisions. This knowledge allows you to have a voice in your care and places some control back into your hands.

• #28 DNA methylation profiling from cerebrospinal fluid as a diagnostic tool for pineoblastoma | Acta Neuropathologica Communications | Full Text

  https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-025-01960-x

  Pineoblastoma is a rare and aggressive malignancy that often affects pediatric populations. Accurate diagnosis is challenging due to histological overlap with other central nervous system tumors and limited molecular data. DNA methylation profiling and analysis of circulating tumor DNA (derived from both cell dissemination as well as cell-free cfDNA) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are emerging tools for precise tumor classification, in the field of pediatric central nervous system tumors. […] This case report highlights the potential of CSF-based DNA methylation profiling as a minimally invasive yet accurate diagnostic tool for pediatric CNS tumors. The concordance between CSF and tissue profiling supports the integration of liquid biopsy into diagnostic workflows, allowing for earlier diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies.

• #29 DNA methylation profiling from cerebrospinal fluid as a diagnostic tool for pineoblastoma | Acta Neuropathologica Communications | Full Text

  https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-025-01960-x

  DNA methylation profiling has become an indispensable tool in neuro-oncology, increasingly incorporated into the diagnostic workflow for CNS tumors. It offers a robust alternative or complement to traditional histological and molecular diagnostic methods. […] Liquid biopsy, particularly the analysis of circulating tumor DNA and cell-free DNA, has also emerged as a promising non-invasive diagnostic strategy. Circulating DNA captures both genetic and epigenetic alterations of the primary tumor, making it a powerful tool for clinical applications. This is especially critical in pediatric brain tumors, where the anatomical location of the tumor often poses challenges for surgical access and obtaining sufficient tissue for biopsy. […] Our results demonstrate that CSF-based DNA methylation profiling provides diagnostic accuracy comparable to conventional tissue-based methods while significantly reducing patient risk. However, we noted discrepancies in the CNV profiles between liquid biopsy and tissue samples. […] This study underscores the potential of CSF-based DNA methylation profiling as a valuable diagnostic tool, particularly in cases where tissue samples are unavailable, while highlighting the need to account for the specific nuances of liquid biopsy in the diagnostic process.

• #30 New research helps advance how individuals with rare form of brain cancer are treated based on age group

  https://www.sickkids.ca/en/news/archive/2019/new-research-helps-advance-how-individuals-with-rare-form-of-brain-cancer-are-treated-based-on-age-group/

  A new study led by SickKids represents a critical advancement in how individuals with a rare form of cancer, pineoblastoma, are treated based on their age group. […] The new research led by the Huang Lab studied one of the largest cohorts of patients and showed pineoblastoma arising in young children is molecularly and clinically very different from the disease found in adolescents and adults. […] Our studies provide a molecular framework critical for reducing toxic treatment for some patients and for discovering new, more effective therapies for the very high-risk disease in young children. […] These findings are of utmost significance for how we evaluate, treat, and think of ways of preventing development of this rare form of brain tumour in the future.

• #31 Pineoblastoma – Brief information

  https://www.gpoh.de/kinderkrebsinfo/content/diseases/brain_tumours/pohpatinfomedullo120080109/literatur/index_eng.html

  Since pineoblastomas tend to infiltrate adjacent tissue and, furthermore, often spread into other parts of the central nervous system via the cerebrovascular fluid (CSF), treating the tumour locally only is not sufficient. Therefore, surgery is followed by additional non-surgical treatment, comprising radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. […] Important prognostic factors in case of a pineoblastoma are the type, localization, extent and spread of the tumour. Also, the biological (molecular) features of a tumour increasingly impact the choice of optimal treatment. In addition, the patients age and overall physical condition play an important role. Age at diagnosis, above all, determines whether the patient may receive radiotherapy or not. All these factors are included in treatment planning in order to achieve the best outcome possible for each patient.

• #32 Treatment outcomes for pediatric pineoblastoma: a single institute experience in Taiwan – Kang – Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology

  https://tro.amegroups.org/article/view/4422/html

  The extent of excision was recorded as gross total resection (GTR), defined as no evidence of remaining tumor, and subtotal resection (STR), and defined as any amount of residual tumor. […] Due to its aggressive behavior, pineoblastomas are usually treated in a manner similar to high-risk medulloblastomas. Operation is the first choice of treatment, and maximal safe surgical resection is expected, although technically difficult due to the deep location of the pineal gland. Adjuvant radiotherapy with CSI and a local boost are usually given, and often combined with systemic chemotherapy to control or prevent distant metastasis. […] Several factors have been examined to predict the prognosis of pineoblastoma patients, including age, sex, distant metastasis at diagnosis, hydrocephalus at diagnosis, residual tumor after operation, and initial treatment modalities. Age at diagnosis is an important prognostic factor.

• #33

  https://journals.lww.com/cmj/fulltext/2023/02050/pineoblastoma__prognostic_factors_and_survival.17.aspx

  Pineoblastoma (PB) is a rare embryonal tumor of pineal parenchymal origin, which is a World Health Organization grade IV lesion frequently diagnosed in children and adolescents. Maximal safe surgical resection followed by craniospinal irradiation and chemotherapy is recommended for the treatment of PB, and treatment protocols are highly age dependent. […] Our results showed that age, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy were independent prognostic factors in young children (age 5 years), whereas the extent of resection, tumor size, and metastasis status were not associated with survival, neither in the univariate analysis nor in the multivariate analysis. […] Age at diagnosis was the strongest prognostic factor, and several studies revealed that younger children (age 5 years or 6 years) had a significantly lower survival rate compared with older children.

• #34 Management and Survival of Pineoblastoma: An Analysis of 34 Adults From the Brain Tumor Registry of Japan

  https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/nmc/45/3/45_3_132/_article/-char/ja/

  Pineoblastoma is a rare tumor in adults, and factors influencing survival are poorly understood. […] Data were extracted on demographics, presentation, tumor characteristics, treatments, and outcomes. […] In the final multivariate model, cranial irradiation 40 Gy (p = 0.014) and gross total resection (p = 0.034) were associated with improved survival. […] Cranial irradiation therapy using at least 40 Gy and complete surgical resection are associated with improved survival.

• #35 Treatment outcomes for pediatric pineoblastoma: a single institute experience in Taiwan – Kang – Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology

  https://tro.amegroups.org/article/view/4422/html

  Our purpose was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of pediatric pineoblastoma patients after multimodality treatment. […] The medical records of children with pathologically proven pineoblastomas treated at Taipei Veterans General Hospital between 1991 and 2006 were retrospectively reviewed. […] The median overall survival was 2.3 years, with 2- and 5-year survival rates of 63.6% and 36.4%, respectively. […] Our results showed survival was associated with age at diagnosis. Long-term survival can be achieved for patients who receive radiotherapy plus chemotherapy. […] The aim of this study was to examine the clinical outcomes of pediatric pineoblastoma patients after multimodality treatment at a single medical center in Taiwan. […] The study endpoints included progression free survival and overall survival.

• #36 A rare case of pineoblastoma – Case report – IJPO

  https://www.ijpo.co.in/html-article/22228

  Pineoblastoma is a very rare and aggressive malignant tumor of pineal gland. […] Pineoblastoma accounts for 40% of parenchymal pineal tumors. […] Patients having pineoblastoma have poor prognosis with 5 year survival rate 60%. […] Pineoblastoma is a malignant supratentorial midline primitive neuroectodermal tumor of pineal gland. […] Pineoblastoma should be differentiated from Germinoma, Papillary tumor of pineal region, pineocytoma and metastatic carcinomas. […] Initial treatment for Pineoblastoma often includes a shunting procedure for obstructive hydrocephalus and removal of tumor by surgery following radiation therapy to brain and spinal cord. […] Pineoblastoma is a very rare malignant tumor of pineal gland which should be differentiated from other pineal gland region tumors by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. This information is crucial for determining the appropriate treatment approach and predicting patient outcomes.

• #37 Treatment outcomes for pediatric pineoblastoma: a single institute experience in Taiwan – Kang – Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology

  https://tro.amegroups.org/article/view/4422/html

  In summary, pediatric patients with pineoblastomas have a poor prognosis. In our study, survival was associated with age at diagnosis. Radiotherapy plus chemotherapy can provide long-term survival, and patients with distant metastasis at diagnosis may also achieve long-term survival with proper treatment.

• #38 Infantile suprasellar tumor diagnosed as a pineoblastoma RB1 subgroup and treatment challenges: A pediatric SNO Molecular Tumor Board

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9268732/

  Pineoblastomas are rare CNS embryonal tumors, accounting for 30% of pineal tumors, and often affecting infants and young children. […] This case illustrates challenges in treating PB-RB1, which harbor a poor prognosis and limited radiation options due to patients young age. We discuss strategies to limit treatment-related toxicities while improving outcomes for young children with PB-RB1. […] Treatment for infants with PB-RB1 poses several challenges illustrated in this case report. Intensive multi-modality therapy is considered a standard of care for pineoblastoma. However, PB-RB1 primarily affects infants where chemotherapy-related toxicities are more variable and often more severe than in older patients. […] This case highlights the importance of developing alternative treatment strategies for infants who cannot tolerate standard therapies.

• #39 A Case Report of Adult Pineoblastoma Occurring in a Pregnant Woman | Anticancer Research

  https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/39/5/2627

  Background/Aim: Pineoblastoma of the adult age is an uncommon tumor with only 200 cases reported. A standardized approach for an optimal adjuvant strategy is currently lacking. […] The use of adjuvant radio-chemotherapy provided excellent outcomes in our case. The advanced gestational age facilitated the choice of the therapeutic strategy. […] Consequently, pregnant patients represent a hard challenge in terms of management in the effort to provide an effective treatment keeping in mind the safety of the mother and the child. […] The role of surgery is crucial, since the extent of resection is a consolidated positive prognostic factor, and can be safely performed during the second and third trimester of pregnancy. […] The advanced gestational stage of our patient facilitated the management of this rare tumor, since adjuvant therapies were safely performed after delivery. The integration of radiotherapy and chemotherapy after maximal safe resection revealed excellent outcomes.

• #40 Pineoblastoma Treatment | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/pineoblastoma/types/treatment

  Chemotherapy is often combined with surgery and radiation therapy to treat pineoblastoma. It uses powerful drugs to kill cancer cells and prevent their growth. […] Given the aggressive nature of pineoblastoma, treatment focuses not only on the tumor but also on managing symptoms and maintaining quality of life. Palliative care offers essential support in helping patients manage pain, treatment side effects, and emotional challenges. […] Successful treatment depends on factors including the tumor’s size and location, whether it has spread, and the patient’s age and overall health. Early detection and a comprehensive treatment plan can improve the chances of a positive outcome. […] Each patient’s journey is unique and ongoing support helps those affected navigate every stage of recovery and beyond. Managing treatment for pineoblastoma can be complex, but with the right support, patients and caregivers can make informed decisions alongside their healthcare team.

• #41 Pineoblastoma Treatment | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/pineoblastoma/types/treatment

  Treatment for pineoblastoma typically involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Each approach has a unique role in removing or controlling the tumor. […] Palliative care is an important part of the overall treatment plan, focusing on symptom management and quality of life. […] Early diagnosis and a comprehensive treatment strategy are key to improving the pineoblastoma prognosis and increasing pineoblastoma life expectancy.

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