Pierwotne stwardnienie boczne
Etiologia i przyczyny

Pierwotne stwardnienie boczne (PLS) to rzadka choroba neurodegeneracyjna charakteryzująca się selektywnym uszkodzeniem górnych neuronów ruchowych, prowadzącym do postępującego osłabienia mięśni, spastyczności i zaburzeń koordynacji ruchowej. Etiologia PLS jest heterogenna i obejmuje dwie główne formy: sporadyczną postać dorosłych, rozwijającą się zwykle między 40 a 60 rokiem życia, oraz dziedziczną postać młodzieńczą związaną z mutacjami w genie ALS2 (autosomalnie recesywna). W badaniu genetycznym 139 pacjentów z PLS wykazano obecność patogennych wariantów genów związanych z ALS-FTD (C9Orf72, TBK1), HSP (SPAST, SPG7) oraz genów nakładających się na ALS-HSP-Charcot-Marie-Tooth (NEFL, SPG11) u 7% pacjentów, co sugeruje istotny udział czynników genetycznych w patogenezie choroby. Czynniki środowiskowe, takie jak ekspozycja na neurotoksyny, infekcje wirusowe, urazy fizyczne, wstrząsy elektryczne oraz palenie tytoniu, również mogą modulować ryzyko rozwoju PLS.

Etiologia pierwotnego stwardnienia bocznego

Pierwotne stwardnienie boczne (ang. Primary Lateral Sclerosis, PLS) to rzadka choroba neurodegeneracyjna, charakteryzująca się selektywnym uszkodzeniem górnych neuronów ruchowych, co prowadzi do postępującego osłabienia mięśni, spastyczności i zaburzeń koordynacji ruchowej.12 W tej jednostce chorobowej dochodzi do powolnego zaniku i dysfunkcji neuronów ruchowych w korze mózgu, które kontrolują ruchy dowolne – są to tak zwane górne neurony ruchowe.34

Etiologia PLS nie została w pełni wyjaśniona, a przyczyny schorzenia różnią się w zależności od postaci choroby. Możemy wyróżnić dwie główne formy PLS: postać dorosłych (sporadyczną) oraz postać młodzieńczą (dziedziczną).56

Postać dorosła PLS

Pierwotne stwardnienie boczne u dorosłych jest najczęściej chorobą sporadyczną, której dokładna przyczyna pozostaje nieznana.78 W większości przypadków nie jest to choroba dziedziczna, a jej początek nie ma jednoznacznie określonej przyczyny.9 Choroba ta zwykle rozwija się u osób między 40 a 60 rokiem życia.1011

Chociaż PLS tradycyjnie uważane jest za chorobę sporadyczną, niedawne badania genetyczne sugerują możliwy udział czynników genetycznych w jej patogenezie. W największym do tej pory badaniu genetycznym obejmującym 139 pacjentów z PLS, zidentyfikowano prawdopodobnie patogenne lub patogenne warianty genów związanych z ALS-FTD (C9Orf72; TBK1), HSP (SPAST; SPG7) oraz w genach związanych z nakładaniem się ALS-HSP-Charcot-Marie-Tooth (NEFL; SPG11) u 7% badanej grupy.1213 Wyniki te podkreślają możliwy istotny udział genetyki w diagnostyce PLS.

Aktualnie uważa się, że etiologia PLS u dorosłych może być związana z interakcją czynników genetycznych i środowiskowych.1415 Wśród potencjalnych czynników środowiskowych wymienia się:

Warto zaznaczyć, że u niektórych pacjentów spełniających kliniczne kryteria PLS stwierdzono w badaniach patologicznych obecność ciałek Lewy’ego, co sugeruje, że więcej niż jeden proces patologiczny może być odpowiedzialny za kliniczną prezentację choroby.21

Postać młodzieńcza PLS

W przeciwieństwie do postaci dorosłej, młodzieńcze pierwotne stwardnienie boczne ma dobrze udokumentowane podłoże genetyczne. Jest to choroba dziedziczona autosomalnie recesywnie, spowodowana mutacjami w genie ALS2.2223

Gen ALS2 dostarcza instrukcji do tworzenia białka zwanego alsiną, które jest obecne w komórkach neuronów ruchowych.24 Chociaż dokładna funkcja alsiny nie jest w pełni poznana, wiadomo, że mutacje w genie ALS2 powodują, że białko to staje się niestabilne i szybko ulega degradacji lub nie może prawidłowo funkcjonować.25

Mechanizm, w którym uszkodzona alsina prowadzi do rozwoju młodzieńczego PLS, nie jest w pełni wyjaśniony. Jednak uważa się, że jednym z mechanizmów dysfunkcji górnych neuronów ruchowych są problemy z wewnątrzkomórkowym transportem, spowodowane brakiem ekspresji alsiny.26 Ta dysfunkcja białka alsiny prowadzi do zaburzenia normalnej funkcji mięśni i rozwoju objawów charakterystycznych dla PLS.27

Oprócz mutacji w genie ALS2, z młodzieńczą postacią PLS związane są również mutacje w genie ERLIN2, który jest komponentem tratwy lipidowej siateczki śródplazmatycznej.28

Ponieważ jest to choroba dziedziczona autosomalnie recesywnie, oboje rodziców musi być nosicielami zmutowanego genu, aby przekazać go dziecku, nawet jeśli sami nie mają objawów choroby.2930

Procesy patofizjologiczne w PLS

Niezależnie od przyczyny, PLS charakteryzuje się specyficznymi zmianami patofizjologicznymi w ośrodkowym układzie nerwowym. Główne cechy patologiczne obejmują:

W PLS dochodzi do zwyrodnienia zstępujących dróg korowo-rdzeniowych, chociaż dokładne mechanizmy molekularne i komórkowe tego procesu pozostają niejasne.36 Degeneracja ta prowadzi do zaburzeń przekazywania impulsów nerwowych do dolnych neuronów ruchowych i mięśni, co skutkuje osłabieniem mięśni i spastycznością.37

Niedawne badania autopsyjne siedmiu przypadków spełniających kryteria konsensusu z 2020 roku dla PLS wykazały obecność inkluzji cytoplazmatycznych TDP-43 (TAR DNA-binding protein 43) w neuronach kory ruchowej pierwotnej.3839 Liczba inkluzji cytoplazmatycznych w neuronach dolnych neuronów ruchowych w przypadkach PLS oszacowano na mniej niż 1%, w porównaniu do średnio około 20% komórek wykazujących inkluzje w przypadkach ALS.40 Obecność patologii TDP-43 w PLS wskazuje, że PLS i ALS są blisko powiązanymi schorzeniami.41

PLS a inne choroby neurodegeneracyjne

Istnieje znaczne nakładanie się kliniczne między PLS a innymi chorobami neurodegeneracyjnymi, takimi jak dziedziczne parapareza spastyczna (HSP) czy tauopatie glejowe globularne.42 Trwa debata, czy klinicznie rozpoznane PLS można uznać za chorobę będącą częścią spektrum ALS, czy raczej za zespół obejmujący różne choroby neurodegeneracyjne.43

Niedawne badania sugerują, że klinicznie zdefiniowane PLS jest zespołem obejmującym różne choroby neurodegeneracyjne.44 W przypadkach PLS z nietypowymi cechami, należy rozważyć wykorzystanie biomarkerów specyficznych dla amyloidu. Ponadto, ponieważ mutacje de novo lub autosomalnie recesywne mogą powodować zespół podobny do PLS, badania przesiewowe genów zaangażowanych w choroby neurodegeneracyjne powinny prawdopodobnie być częścią diagnostyki pacjentów z PLS, nawet przy braku wywiadu rodzinnego.45

Ważne jest również, że pierwotne stwardnienie boczne może w niektórych przypadkach progresować do stwardnienia zanikowego bocznego (ALS), gdy dołączają się objawy uszkodzenia dolnych neuronów ruchowych.4647

Rzadkie przyczyny PLS

Oprócz głównych przyczyn PLS, opisano również rzadkie przypadki tego schorzenia, które mogą mieć odmienną etiologię:

  • Zespół paraneoplastyczny – opisano kilka przypadków PLS występujących jako zespół paraneoplastyczny, wtórny do raka piersi48
  • Rodzinne występowanie PLS – opisano jedną rodzinę z trzema dotkniętymi braćmi z PLS49
  • Mutacje w genie SYNE2 – zidentyfikowano przewidywaną patogenną mutację w tym genie50
  • Warianty genu SPG7 – zostały powiązane z prezentacją podobną do PLS w kilku badaniach51
  • Warianty genu TBK1 – zgłoszono w rodzinie z PLS52
  • Mutacje presenilin-1 – mogą być przyczyną zespołu podobnego do PLS53

Konkluzje

Etiologia pierwotnego stwardnienia bocznego pozostaje w dużej mierze niewyjaśniona, szczególnie w odniesieniu do postaci dorosłej. Podczas gdy młodzieńcza postać PLS ma dobrze udokumentowane podłoże genetyczne związane z mutacjami w genie ALS2, większość przypadków PLS u dorosłych wydaje się być sporadyczna, bez wyraźnej przyczyny genetycznej.54

Coraz więcej dowodów sugeruje jednak, że czynniki genetyczne mogą odgrywać większą rolę w rozwoju PLS niż pierwotnie sądzono, a choroba może być wynikiem interakcji między predyspozycją genetyczną a czynnikami środowiskowymi.55

Trwające badania nad przyczynami PLS, w tym analizy genetyczne i badania patologiczne, mogą przyczynić się do lepszego zrozumienia tej choroby i rozwoju skuteczniejszych metod diagnostycznych i terapeutycznych. Obecnie diagnostyka PLS opiera się głównie na rozpoznawaniu charakterystycznych cech klinicznych i wykluczaniu innych potencjalnych przyczyn, co podkreśla potrzebę dalszych badań nad biomarkerami specyficznymi dla tej choroby.56

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  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Primary Lateral Sclerosis: An Overview
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10816328/
    Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder which causes the selective deterioration of the upper motor neurons (UMNs), sparing the lower motor neuron (LMN) system. […] Although classically considered a sporadic disease, some familiar cases and possible causative genes have been reported. […] The main histopathological features of PLS consist of diffuse brain atrophy, the loss of pyramidal neurons in the fifth layer of the precentral gyrus, the degeneration of the white matter associated with cortico-spinal tract, and the relative sparing of lower motor neurons. […] The precise molecular and cellular mechanisms of UMN degeneration in PLS remain mostly unknown. […] Interestingly, recessive loss-of-function mutations in the ALS2 gene have been identified in atypical forms of PLS with infantile or juvenile onset.
  • #2 Primary Lateral Sclerosis (PLS): Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17986-primary-lateral-sclerosis
    Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a rare neuromuscular condition. […] PLS is a progressive neuromuscular (nerves and muscles) condition that causes worsening muscle weakness and/or stiffness. […] We dont know what causes most cases of PLS. […] A change that happens in your DNA during conception causes a very rare form of PLS that affects children and teenagers (juvenile primary lateral sclerosis). […] PLS is a neuromuscular condition. It affects your nerves and muscles, specifically the motor neurons (nerve cells) in your brain and their fibers (projections) that extend from the cells to your spinal cord. […] PLS isnt hereditary. This means that it doesnt pass down in your biological family. […] Anyone can develop PLS. […] As the cause isnt known, theres no way to prevent primary lateral sclerosis. […] Unfortunately, theres no cure available for primary lateral sclerosis. […] PLS doesnt directly affect your life expectancy.
  • #3 Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/primary-lateral-sclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353968
    Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a type of motor neuron disease. […] In primary lateral sclerosis, the nerve cells in the brain that control movement slowly break down and stop working. These nerve cells are called upper motor neurons. […] The cause of PLS that begins in adulthood is not known. In most people, the disease is not inherited. It’s not known why or how it begins. […] Juvenile PLS is caused by changes in a gene called ALS2. […] Researchers don’t understand how this gene causes the disease. But they know that the ALS2 gene gives instructions for creating a protein called alsin. Alsin is present in motor neuron cells. When the instructions are changed in someone with juvenile PLS, the protein alsin becomes unstable and doesn’t work properly. This affects the function of the muscle. […] Juvenile PLS is an autosomal recessive inherited disease. This means both parents have to be carriers of the gene to pass it to their child. However, they don’t need to have the disease themselves.
  • #4 Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS)
    https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/p/primary-lateral-sclerosis-pls/
    Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a type of motor neuron disease that causes the nerve cells in the brain that control movement to fail over time. PLS causes weakness in your voluntary muscles, such as those you use to control your legs, arms and tongue. […] In primary lateral sclerosis, the nerve cells in the brain that control movement (upper motor neurons) slowly break down and fail over time. This makes the nerves unable to activate the motor neurons in the spinal cord, which control voluntary muscles. This loss causes movement problems, such as difficulty with balance, weakness, slowed movement and clumsiness, and problems with speech and swallowing. […] The cause of PLS that begins in adulthood is unknown. In most cases, it’s not an inherited disease, and it’s not known why or how it begins.
  • #5 Primary Lateral Sclerosis: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1171782-overview
    The cause of sporadic primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is unknown. The term pathophysiology refers at this time to histologic consequences of unknown etiologic factors, which result, in turn, in the clinical manifestation of PLS. […] Five reports that include autopsy findings in 6 patients with PLS differ in the pathologic changes they describe. Two major factors may account for the different pathologic findings. First, uncertainties exist regarding the diagnosis in some of the series. This is discussed below in regard to one of the patients in the series described by Pringle et al in 1992. […] Most reports (combining imaging and autopsy series) indicate neuronal loss in the precentral gyrus. However, more than 1 pathologic process may be responsible for the clinical presentation. For example, diffuse Lewy body disease was the underlying pathology in 1 patient who presented with PLS by clinical criteria.
  • #6 Primary Lateral Sclerosis: Symptoms, Causes, Progression
    https://www.healthline.com/health/primary-lateral-sclerosis
    Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a rare neurological disorder. […] We dont know exactly what causes PLS. Most cases happen without any family history or other identifiable root cause. […] In general, motor neuron diseases are caused by issues with the nerve cells that send information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles in the body. […] With adult-onset PLS, these issues typically begin somewhere between ages of 40 and 60. […] Juvenile primary lateral sclerosis is caused by a gene mutation. […] The ALS2 gene is responsible for producing a protein called alsin in the body that makes motor neuron cells function.
  • #7 Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/primary-lateral-sclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353968
    Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a type of motor neuron disease. […] In primary lateral sclerosis, the nerve cells in the brain that control movement slowly break down and stop working. These nerve cells are called upper motor neurons. […] The cause of PLS that begins in adulthood is not known. In most people, the disease is not inherited. It’s not known why or how it begins. […] Juvenile PLS is caused by changes in a gene called ALS2. […] Researchers don’t understand how this gene causes the disease. But they know that the ALS2 gene gives instructions for creating a protein called alsin. Alsin is present in motor neuron cells. When the instructions are changed in someone with juvenile PLS, the protein alsin becomes unstable and doesn’t work properly. This affects the function of the muscle. […] Juvenile PLS is an autosomal recessive inherited disease. This means both parents have to be carriers of the gene to pass it to their child. However, they don’t need to have the disease themselves.
  • #8 Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS)
    https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/p/primary-lateral-sclerosis-pls/
    Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a type of motor neuron disease that causes the nerve cells in the brain that control movement to fail over time. PLS causes weakness in your voluntary muscles, such as those you use to control your legs, arms and tongue. […] In primary lateral sclerosis, the nerve cells in the brain that control movement (upper motor neurons) slowly break down and fail over time. This makes the nerves unable to activate the motor neurons in the spinal cord, which control voluntary muscles. This loss causes movement problems, such as difficulty with balance, weakness, slowed movement and clumsiness, and problems with speech and swallowing. […] The cause of PLS that begins in adulthood is unknown. In most cases, it’s not an inherited disease, and it’s not known why or how it begins.
  • #9 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) | Swiss Medical Network
    https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20197155
    In primary lateral sclerosis, the nerve cells in the brain that control movement slowly break down and stop working. These nerve cells are called upper motor neurons. […] The cause of PLS that begins in adulthood is not known. In most people, the disease is not inherited. It’s not known why or how it begins. […] Juvenile PLS is caused by changes in a gene called ALS2. […] Researchers don’t understand how this gene causes the disease. But they know that the ALS2 gene gives instructions for creating a protein called alsin. Alsin is present in motor neuron cells. When the instructions are changed in someone with juvenile PLS, the protein alsin becomes unstable and doesn’t work properly. This affects the function of the muscle. […] Juvenile PLS is an autosomal recessive inherited disease. This means both parents have to be carriers of the gene to pass it to their child. However, they don’t need to have the disease themselves.
  • #10 Primary Lateral Sclerosis: Symptoms, Causes, Progression
    https://www.healthline.com/health/primary-lateral-sclerosis
    Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a rare neurological disorder. […] We dont know exactly what causes PLS. Most cases happen without any family history or other identifiable root cause. […] In general, motor neuron diseases are caused by issues with the nerve cells that send information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles in the body. […] With adult-onset PLS, these issues typically begin somewhere between ages of 40 and 60. […] Juvenile primary lateral sclerosis is caused by a gene mutation. […] The ALS2 gene is responsible for producing a protein called alsin in the body that makes motor neuron cells function.
  • #11 Motor Neuron Disease (MND): 7 Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/brain/what-are-motor-neuron-diseases
    PLS is similar to ALS, but it affects only upper motor neurons. […] Like ALS, it usually starts in people 40 to 60 years old. The muscles get stiffer and weaker over time. But unlike ALS, people don’t die from it.
  • #12 Primary Lateral Sclerosis: An Overview
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10816328/
    In the most recent and largest genetic study on 139 PLS patients, likely pathogenic or pathogenic variants in genes related to ALS-FTD (C9Orf72; TBK1), HSP (SPAST; SPG7), and the ALS-HSP-Charcot-Marie-Tooth overlap (NEFL; SPG11) were found in 7% of the cohort, remarking upon the possible significant contribution of genetics in the diagnostic work-up of PLS.
  • #13
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00415-023-11746-7
    Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a motor neuron disease characterised by loss of the upper motor neurons. […] The current diagnostic criteria advise against extensive genetic testing. This recommendation is, however, based on limited data. […] In a cohort of 139 PLS patients, genetic analyses resulted in 31 variants (22%) of which 10 (7%) (likely) pathogenic associated with different diseases (predominantly ALS and HSP). […] Based on these results and the literature, we advise to consider genetic analyses in the diagnostic work-up for PLS. […] Current consensus criteria for PLS state that there is limited or no place for genetic testing in the work-up for PLS. […] However, a very limited number of studies has been conducted on the genetics of PLS and as a result the data supporting this statement is sparse.
  • #14 ALS – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALS
    Most cases of ALS (about 90-95%) have no known cause, and are known as sporadic ALS. However, both genetic and environmental factors are believed to be involved. The remaining 5-10% of cases have a genetic cause, often linked to a family history of the disease, and these are known as familial ALS (hereditary). About half of these genetic cases are due to disease-causing variants in one of four specific genes. […] Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a subtype of the overall ALS category which accounts for about 5% of all cases and only affects the upper motor neurons in the arms, legs, and bulbar region. However, more than 75% of people with apparent PLS go on to later develop lower motor neuron signs within four years of symptom onset, meaning that a definitive diagnosis of PLS cannot be made until several years have passed. PLS has a better prognosis than classical ALS, as it progresses slower, results in less functional decline, does not affect the ability to breathe, and causes less severe weight loss than classical ALS.
  • #15 PLS vs. ALS: Symptoms, causes, and treatments
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pls-vs-als
    PLS and ALS are both motor neuron diseases that cause progressive neuron death. […] The exact causes of PLS and ALS are still unclear. Motor neuron diseases typically develop due to genetic alterations that are present at birth. Both conditions are likely due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] For example, PLS may run in families, and variations of ALS2 genes could cause the disease. The disease can also occur without a family history of the disease. Genes likely play a role in causing PLS, but it may generally be a result of other environmental factors. […] However, only around 510% of ALS cases are due to genetics. In these cases, the disease can result from alterations in certain genes, such as SOD1 and C9ORF72. Most cases occur at random without any genetic influences.
  • #16 Primary Lateral Sclerosis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | Qwark
    https://qwarkhealth.com/conditions/primary-lateral-sclerosis
    The cause of PLS is unknown, but genetic factors may contribute to its development. […] However, researchers have identified genetic mutations that may contribute to the development of the condition. Other factors, such as environmental toxins and infections, may also play a role in the disease’s onset. […] Avoiding exposure to neurotoxic substances may reduce the risk of developing PLS, particularly in occupational settings. Some studies suggest that exposure to chemicals such as pesticides or heavy metals may increase the risk of developing PLS.
  • #17 PLS vs. ALS: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and OutlookHealthline
    https://www.healthline.com/health/pls-vs-als
    It’s still unknown what causes PLS and ALS. In both diseases, motor neurons in the body stop working and begin to die off. This leads to progressive muscle weakness. […] PLS causes degeneration of motor neurons in the brain, with visible changes on brain MRI imaging. […] ALS causes degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord. People with ALS often have specific changes in EMG and nerve conduction studies. In late stages, sometimes ALS can cause visible changes on MRI images of the spinal cord. […] There are few known risk factors for PLS. Most people develop it between the ages of 40 and 60. It’s also more common in people assigned male at birth. […] There’s also a form of PLS that starts in childhood or adolescence. This type of PLS is associated with mutations in the ALS2 gene. […] Several known genetic mutations are linked to ALS. There are several other potential risk factors for ALS, including smoking, military service, exposure to environmental toxins, exposure to electromagnetic fields, viral infections, and excessive exercise.
  • #18 ALS – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALS
    The multi-step hypothesis suggests the disease is caused by some interaction between an individual’s genetic risk factors and their cumulative lifetime of exposures to environmental factors, termed their exposome. The most consistent lifetime exposures associated with developing ALS (other than genetic mutations) include heavy metals (e.g. lead and mercury), chemicals (e.g. pesticides and solvents), electric shock, physical injury (including head injury), and smoking (in men more than women).
  • #19 ALS – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALS
    The multi-step hypothesis suggests the disease is caused by some interaction between an individual’s genetic risk factors and their cumulative lifetime of exposures to environmental factors, termed their exposome. The most consistent lifetime exposures associated with developing ALS (other than genetic mutations) include heavy metals (e.g. lead and mercury), chemicals (e.g. pesticides and solvents), electric shock, physical injury (including head injury), and smoking (in men more than women).
  • #20 ALS – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALS
    The multi-step hypothesis suggests the disease is caused by some interaction between an individual’s genetic risk factors and their cumulative lifetime of exposures to environmental factors, termed their exposome. The most consistent lifetime exposures associated with developing ALS (other than genetic mutations) include heavy metals (e.g. lead and mercury), chemicals (e.g. pesticides and solvents), electric shock, physical injury (including head injury), and smoking (in men more than women).
  • #21 Primary Lateral Sclerosis: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1171782-overview
    The cause of sporadic primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is unknown. The term pathophysiology refers at this time to histologic consequences of unknown etiologic factors, which result, in turn, in the clinical manifestation of PLS. […] Five reports that include autopsy findings in 6 patients with PLS differ in the pathologic changes they describe. Two major factors may account for the different pathologic findings. First, uncertainties exist regarding the diagnosis in some of the series. This is discussed below in regard to one of the patients in the series described by Pringle et al in 1992. […] Most reports (combining imaging and autopsy series) indicate neuronal loss in the precentral gyrus. However, more than 1 pathologic process may be responsible for the clinical presentation. For example, diffuse Lewy body disease was the underlying pathology in 1 patient who presented with PLS by clinical criteria.
  • #22 Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/primary-lateral-sclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353968
    Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a type of motor neuron disease. […] In primary lateral sclerosis, the nerve cells in the brain that control movement slowly break down and stop working. These nerve cells are called upper motor neurons. […] The cause of PLS that begins in adulthood is not known. In most people, the disease is not inherited. It’s not known why or how it begins. […] Juvenile PLS is caused by changes in a gene called ALS2. […] Researchers don’t understand how this gene causes the disease. But they know that the ALS2 gene gives instructions for creating a protein called alsin. Alsin is present in motor neuron cells. When the instructions are changed in someone with juvenile PLS, the protein alsin becomes unstable and doesn’t work properly. This affects the function of the muscle. […] Juvenile PLS is an autosomal recessive inherited disease. This means both parents have to be carriers of the gene to pass it to their child. However, they don’t need to have the disease themselves.
  • #23 Juvenile primary lateral sclerosis: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/juvenile-primary-lateral-sclerosis/
    Mutations in the ALS2 gene cause most cases of juvenile primary lateral sclerosis. This gene provides instructions for making a protein called alsin. Alsin is abundant in motor neurons, but its function is not fully understood. Mutations in the ALS2 gene alter the instructions for producing alsin. As a result, alsin is unstable and is quickly broken down, or it cannot function properly. It is unclear how the loss of functional alsin protein damages motor neurons and causes juvenile primary lateral sclerosis. […] When caused by mutations in the ALS2 gene, juvenile primary lateral sclerosis is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.
  • #24 Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS)
    https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/p/primary-lateral-sclerosis-pls/
    Juvenile PLS is caused by mutations in a gene called ALS2. […] Although researchers don’t understand how this gene causes the disease, they know that the ALS2 gene gives instructions for creating a protein called alsin, which is present in motor neuron cells. When the instructions are changed in someone with juvenile PLS, the protein alsin becomes unstable and doesn’t work properly, which in turn impairs normal muscle function. […] Juvenile PLS is an autosomal recessive inherited disease, meaning that both parents have to be carriers of the gene to pass it to their child, even though they don’t have the disease themselves.
  • #25 Juvenile primary lateral sclerosis: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/juvenile-primary-lateral-sclerosis/
    Mutations in the ALS2 gene cause most cases of juvenile primary lateral sclerosis. This gene provides instructions for making a protein called alsin. Alsin is abundant in motor neurons, but its function is not fully understood. Mutations in the ALS2 gene alter the instructions for producing alsin. As a result, alsin is unstable and is quickly broken down, or it cannot function properly. It is unclear how the loss of functional alsin protein damages motor neurons and causes juvenile primary lateral sclerosis. […] When caused by mutations in the ALS2 gene, juvenile primary lateral sclerosis is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.
  • #26 Primary Lateral Sclerosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK609096/
    Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the upper motor neurons, leading to progressive muscle stiffness, poor coordination, balance difficulties, and sometimes speech and swallowing challenges. […] The etiology of PLS remains unclear and is thought to occur sporadically. Some study results suggest a genetic component, with reported genes associated with pathogenic variants of PLS, including juvenile onset (ALS2 and ERLIN2) and adult-onset (C9orf72). […] PLS is caused by dysfunction of the descending corticospinal tracts, although the precise molecular and cellular mechanisms remain unclear. […] One mechanism of upper motor neuron dysfunction is intracellular trafficking problems due to the lack of expression of Alsin, a protein encoded by ALS2. […] Genetic knowledge regarding ALS, HSP, and PLS is still incomplete, and research is ongoing.
  • #27 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) | Swiss Medical Network
    https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20197155
    In primary lateral sclerosis, the nerve cells in the brain that control movement slowly break down and stop working. These nerve cells are called upper motor neurons. […] The cause of PLS that begins in adulthood is not known. In most people, the disease is not inherited. It’s not known why or how it begins. […] Juvenile PLS is caused by changes in a gene called ALS2. […] Researchers don’t understand how this gene causes the disease. But they know that the ALS2 gene gives instructions for creating a protein called alsin. Alsin is present in motor neuron cells. When the instructions are changed in someone with juvenile PLS, the protein alsin becomes unstable and doesn’t work properly. This affects the function of the muscle. […] Juvenile PLS is an autosomal recessive inherited disease. This means both parents have to be carriers of the gene to pass it to their child. However, they don’t need to have the disease themselves.
  • #28 Primary Lateral Sclerosis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult
    https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688598/1/Primary_Lateral_Sclerosis
    PLS is usually sporadic with no known cause; potential role of TAR DNAbinding protein 43 (TDP-43) […] Juvenile PLS and juvenile ALS has been correlated with a mutation in the ALS2 gene on chromosome 2. It is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. […] Mutation of the ERLIN2 gene, a component of the endoplasmic reticulum lipid raft has been linked to juvenile PLS.
  • #29 Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS)
    https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/p/primary-lateral-sclerosis-pls/
    Juvenile PLS is caused by mutations in a gene called ALS2. […] Although researchers don’t understand how this gene causes the disease, they know that the ALS2 gene gives instructions for creating a protein called alsin, which is present in motor neuron cells. When the instructions are changed in someone with juvenile PLS, the protein alsin becomes unstable and doesn’t work properly, which in turn impairs normal muscle function. […] Juvenile PLS is an autosomal recessive inherited disease, meaning that both parents have to be carriers of the gene to pass it to their child, even though they don’t have the disease themselves.
  • #30 Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS)
    http://www.ask-ahd.ahdubai.com/con-20197155
    This motor neuron disease causes nerves within the brain to slowly break down, resulting in muscle weakness primarily in the legs, arms and tongue. […] Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a type of motor neuron disease that causes the nerve cells in the brain that control movement to fail over time. […] The cause of PLS that begins in adulthood is unknown. In most cases, it’s not an inherited disease, and it’s not known why or how it begins. […] Juvenile PLS is caused by mutations in a gene called ALS2. […] Although researchers don’t understand how this gene causes the disease, they know that the ALS2 gene gives instructions for creating a protein called alsin, which is present in motor neuron cells. […] Juvenile PLS is an autosomal recessive inherited disease, meaning that both parents have to be carriers of the gene to pass it to their child, even though they don’t have the disease themselves.
  • #31 Primary Lateral Sclerosis: An Overview
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10816328/
    Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder which causes the selective deterioration of the upper motor neurons (UMNs), sparing the lower motor neuron (LMN) system. […] Although classically considered a sporadic disease, some familiar cases and possible causative genes have been reported. […] The main histopathological features of PLS consist of diffuse brain atrophy, the loss of pyramidal neurons in the fifth layer of the precentral gyrus, the degeneration of the white matter associated with cortico-spinal tract, and the relative sparing of lower motor neurons. […] The precise molecular and cellular mechanisms of UMN degeneration in PLS remain mostly unknown. […] Interestingly, recessive loss-of-function mutations in the ALS2 gene have been identified in atypical forms of PLS with infantile or juvenile onset.
  • #32 Primary Lateral Sclerosis: An Overview
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10816328/
    Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder which causes the selective deterioration of the upper motor neurons (UMNs), sparing the lower motor neuron (LMN) system. […] Although classically considered a sporadic disease, some familiar cases and possible causative genes have been reported. […] The main histopathological features of PLS consist of diffuse brain atrophy, the loss of pyramidal neurons in the fifth layer of the precentral gyrus, the degeneration of the white matter associated with cortico-spinal tract, and the relative sparing of lower motor neurons. […] The precise molecular and cellular mechanisms of UMN degeneration in PLS remain mostly unknown. […] Interestingly, recessive loss-of-function mutations in the ALS2 gene have been identified in atypical forms of PLS with infantile or juvenile onset.
  • #33 SciELO Brazil – Primary lateral sclerosis: a case report with SPECT study Primary lateral sclerosis: a case report with SPECT study
    https://www.scielo.br/j/anp/a/KDsbcppV5CyjcNPNkcsFJkM/
    A genetic trait has not been identified yet but one family with three affected brothers with PLS has already been reported. […] The main alteration found was the loss of neurons (Betz cells, pyramidal cells longer than 50 m) in levels 3 and 5 of the cortex of the precentral gyrus, degeneration of the corticospinal pathways, with preservation of neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord. […] The finding of frontal (pre-motor) hypoperfusion is not specific to PLS, but helps to confirm the focal cortical degeneration. […] In conclusion, PLS can be considered a nosologic entity since image examination, neurophysiological and neuropathological tests can confirm its existence.
  • #34 Primary Lateral Sclerosis: An Overview
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10816328/
    Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder which causes the selective deterioration of the upper motor neurons (UMNs), sparing the lower motor neuron (LMN) system. […] Although classically considered a sporadic disease, some familiar cases and possible causative genes have been reported. […] The main histopathological features of PLS consist of diffuse brain atrophy, the loss of pyramidal neurons in the fifth layer of the precentral gyrus, the degeneration of the white matter associated with cortico-spinal tract, and the relative sparing of lower motor neurons. […] The precise molecular and cellular mechanisms of UMN degeneration in PLS remain mostly unknown. […] Interestingly, recessive loss-of-function mutations in the ALS2 gene have been identified in atypical forms of PLS with infantile or juvenile onset.
  • #35 Primary Lateral Sclerosis: An Overview
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10816328/
    Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder which causes the selective deterioration of the upper motor neurons (UMNs), sparing the lower motor neuron (LMN) system. […] Although classically considered a sporadic disease, some familiar cases and possible causative genes have been reported. […] The main histopathological features of PLS consist of diffuse brain atrophy, the loss of pyramidal neurons in the fifth layer of the precentral gyrus, the degeneration of the white matter associated with cortico-spinal tract, and the relative sparing of lower motor neurons. […] The precise molecular and cellular mechanisms of UMN degeneration in PLS remain mostly unknown. […] Interestingly, recessive loss-of-function mutations in the ALS2 gene have been identified in atypical forms of PLS with infantile or juvenile onset.
  • #36 Primary Lateral Sclerosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK609096/
    Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the upper motor neurons, leading to progressive muscle stiffness, poor coordination, balance difficulties, and sometimes speech and swallowing challenges. […] The etiology of PLS remains unclear and is thought to occur sporadically. Some study results suggest a genetic component, with reported genes associated with pathogenic variants of PLS, including juvenile onset (ALS2 and ERLIN2) and adult-onset (C9orf72). […] PLS is caused by dysfunction of the descending corticospinal tracts, although the precise molecular and cellular mechanisms remain unclear. […] One mechanism of upper motor neuron dysfunction is intracellular trafficking problems due to the lack of expression of Alsin, a protein encoded by ALS2. […] Genetic knowledge regarding ALS, HSP, and PLS is still incomplete, and research is ongoing.
  • #37 PLS : HSP & PLS : Spastic Paraplegia Foundation
    https://sp-foundation.org/understanding-pls-hsp/pls.html
    Primary Lateral Sclerosis (PLS) is a group of rare, degenerative, neurological disorders. They are sporadic, meaning there is no clear familial link, although there are hereditary forms of PLS. PLS is caused primarily by degeneration of the upper motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, which results in increasing spasticity and weakness of voluntary muscles. […] As noted above, PLS is caused by degeneration of the upper motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Upper motor neurons control voluntary movement. […] When upper motor neurons degenerate, impulses cannot adequately reach the lower motor neurons and the lower motor neurons cannot deliver the proper message to the corresponding muscle. The result is muscle weakness and spasticity. […] In PLS, the degenerative process impacts the length of the spinal cord, thus affecting the legs, arms and speech and swallowing muscles.
  • #38 Upper Motor Neuron Disorders: Primary Lateral Sclerosis, Upper Motor Neuron Dominant Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia
    https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/5/611
    PLS is considered a sporadic disorder, with only a single autosomal dominant family reported and a rare juvenile form associated with the alsin gene, which is considered a separate entity. […] While HSP, PLS, and ALS can at times be clinically indistinguishable, there are several factors which have been reported as helpful in identifying the underlying etiology. […] Ultimately, it is the evolution over time that best distinguishes the disorders clinically as PLS will progress to other regions and is more likely to demonstrate asymmetry. […] PLS is considered an adult-onset sporadic disorder, separate from the juvenile-onset PLS-like syndrome associated with the alsin gene which is inherited in a recessive manner. […] A recent autopsy study of seven cases that met 2020 consensus criteria for PLS demonstrated TDP-43 neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions (NCI) in the primary motor cortex of all five cases that it was available for analysis. […] The number of LMN NCI in the PLS cases was estimated to be less than 1% as compared to an average of approximately 20% of cells demonstrating NCIs in ALS cases, including those designated as ‘early ALS’.
  • #39 Primary Lateral Sclerosis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult
    https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688598/1/Primary_Lateral_Sclerosis
    PLS is usually sporadic with no known cause; potential role of TAR DNAbinding protein 43 (TDP-43) […] Juvenile PLS and juvenile ALS has been correlated with a mutation in the ALS2 gene on chromosome 2. It is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. […] Mutation of the ERLIN2 gene, a component of the endoplasmic reticulum lipid raft has been linked to juvenile PLS.
  • #40 Upper Motor Neuron Disorders: Primary Lateral Sclerosis, Upper Motor Neuron Dominant Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia
    https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/5/611
    PLS is considered a sporadic disorder, with only a single autosomal dominant family reported and a rare juvenile form associated with the alsin gene, which is considered a separate entity. […] While HSP, PLS, and ALS can at times be clinically indistinguishable, there are several factors which have been reported as helpful in identifying the underlying etiology. […] Ultimately, it is the evolution over time that best distinguishes the disorders clinically as PLS will progress to other regions and is more likely to demonstrate asymmetry. […] PLS is considered an adult-onset sporadic disorder, separate from the juvenile-onset PLS-like syndrome associated with the alsin gene which is inherited in a recessive manner. […] A recent autopsy study of seven cases that met 2020 consensus criteria for PLS demonstrated TDP-43 neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions (NCI) in the primary motor cortex of all five cases that it was available for analysis. […] The number of LMN NCI in the PLS cases was estimated to be less than 1% as compared to an average of approximately 20% of cells demonstrating NCIs in ALS cases, including those designated as ‘early ALS’.
  • #41 Hypothalamic atrophy in primary lateral sclerosis, assessed by convolutional neural network-based automatic segmentation | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-85786-6
    Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a motor neuron disease (MND) which mainly affects upper motor neurons. […] Very limited weight loss is observed in patients with PLS, which raises the question of whether there are also less hypothalamic alterations. […] The finding of hypothalamic atrophy (of the same magnitude as in ALS) also in PLS might indicate that the protection of the LMN could be associated with some protective factors for metabolic changes which might be a contributor to the much longer survival times in PLS. […] Despite these similarities, PLS is a distinct form of MND with extremely minor involvement of LMN and with much longer survival times and very long disease duration in some cases. […] This finding is in line with previous neuropathological studies which have shown TDP-43 pathology in PLS indicating that PLS and ALS are closely related conditions.
  • #42 Frontiers | Presenilin-1 Mutations Are a Cause of Primary Lateral Sclerosis-Like Syndrome
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/molecular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2021.721047/full
    Background and Purpose: Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a progressive upper motor neuron (UMN) disorder. It is debated whether PLS is part of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) spectrum, or a syndrome encompassing different neurodegenerative diseases. […] Recently, new criteria for the clinical diagnosis of PLS have been proposed (Turner et al., 2020). However, there is considerable clinical overlap between PLS and other neurodegenerative diseases, such as hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) or the globular glial tauopathies (Brugman et al., 2009; Vázquez-Costa et al., 2016; Forrest et al., 2021). Consequently, the debate as to whether clinically diagnosed PLS can be considered a diseased part of the ALS spectrum, or rather a syndrome encompassing different neurodegenerative diseases, is ongoing (Mitsumoto et al., 2015; Turner et al., 2020).
  • #43 Frontiers | Presenilin-1 Mutations Are a Cause of Primary Lateral Sclerosis-Like Syndrome
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/molecular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2021.721047/full
    Background and Purpose: Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a progressive upper motor neuron (UMN) disorder. It is debated whether PLS is part of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) spectrum, or a syndrome encompassing different neurodegenerative diseases. […] Recently, new criteria for the clinical diagnosis of PLS have been proposed (Turner et al., 2020). However, there is considerable clinical overlap between PLS and other neurodegenerative diseases, such as hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) or the globular glial tauopathies (Brugman et al., 2009; Vázquez-Costa et al., 2016; Forrest et al., 2021). Consequently, the debate as to whether clinically diagnosed PLS can be considered a diseased part of the ALS spectrum, or rather a syndrome encompassing different neurodegenerative diseases, is ongoing (Mitsumoto et al., 2015; Turner et al., 2020).
  • #44 Frontiers | Presenilin-1 Mutations Are a Cause of Primary Lateral Sclerosis-Like Syndrome
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/molecular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2021.721047/full
    Conclusion: Clinically defined PLS is a syndrome encompassing different neurodegenerative diseases. […] Therefore, in PLS cases with these atypical features, the use of amyloid-specific biomarkers should be considered. Moreover, since de novo or autosomal recessive mutations can cause a PLS-like syndrome, the screening of genes involved in neurodegenerative diseases should probably be part of the diagnostic workup of patients with PLS (Yang et al., 2016), even in the absence of family history. […] Thus, and until TDP-43-specific biomarkers are available, PLS should remain considered a syndrome, encompassing different neurodegenerative diseases.
  • #45 Frontiers | Presenilin-1 Mutations Are a Cause of Primary Lateral Sclerosis-Like Syndrome
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/molecular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2021.721047/full
    Conclusion: Clinically defined PLS is a syndrome encompassing different neurodegenerative diseases. […] Therefore, in PLS cases with these atypical features, the use of amyloid-specific biomarkers should be considered. Moreover, since de novo or autosomal recessive mutations can cause a PLS-like syndrome, the screening of genes involved in neurodegenerative diseases should probably be part of the diagnostic workup of patients with PLS (Yang et al., 2016), even in the absence of family history. […] Thus, and until TDP-43-specific biomarkers are available, PLS should remain considered a syndrome, encompassing different neurodegenerative diseases.
  • #46 Primary Lateral Sclerosis (PLS): Causes & Symptoms | University of Utah Health
    https://healthcare.utah.edu/neurosciences/neurology/motor-neuron-disorders/primary-lateral-sclerosis
    Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a motor neuron disease variation of ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) but far more rare. […] PLS refers to patients who seem to have disruptions with only upper motor neurons and not lower motor neurons. […] It is possible, however, for PLS to progress to ALS. […] PLS causes weakness in the voluntary muscles that control your legs, arms, and tongue. […] It can also be caused in children by an abnormal gene inherited by the child from their parents.
  • #47 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Disease State Overview
    https://www.ajmc.com/view/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-disease-state-overview
    Sporadic ALS has no known cause, but it may possibly be caused by immune system abnormalities, toxic exposure, mitochondrial dysfunction, or glutamate toxicity. […] PLS cannot be diagnosed as ALS until there is evidence of LMN dysfunction of at least 1 limb or region and it progresses to ALS in most patients.
  • #48 SciELO Brazil – Primary lateral sclerosis: a case report with SPECT study Primary lateral sclerosis: a case report with SPECT study
    https://www.scielo.br/j/anp/a/KDsbcppV5CyjcNPNkcsFJkM/
    Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a neurodegenerative disease with progressive corticospinal involvement and characterized by lower limbs spasticity followed by upper limbs involvement, rare cranial nerve involvement, typical sparing of all sensory modalities, sphincteric function and eventually mild cognitive changes. […] Esclerose lateral primria (ELP) forma rara de doena neurodegenerativa de origem desconhecida caracterizada por envolvimento progressivo do trato corticoespinhal, traduzido clinicamente como quadro de espasticidade progressiva, inicialmente nos membros inferiores, com hiperreflexia e outros sinais piramidais. […] The etiology of PLS is not yet clear, due to the rare incidence of the disease. […] A few cases of PLS presenting as paraneoplastic syndrome, secondary to breast cancer, have been reported.
  • #49 SciELO Brazil – Primary lateral sclerosis: a case report with SPECT study Primary lateral sclerosis: a case report with SPECT study
    https://www.scielo.br/j/anp/a/KDsbcppV5CyjcNPNkcsFJkM/
    A genetic trait has not been identified yet but one family with three affected brothers with PLS has already been reported. […] The main alteration found was the loss of neurons (Betz cells, pyramidal cells longer than 50 m) in levels 3 and 5 of the cortex of the precentral gyrus, degeneration of the corticospinal pathways, with preservation of neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord. […] The finding of frontal (pre-motor) hypoperfusion is not specific to PLS, but helps to confirm the focal cortical degeneration. […] In conclusion, PLS can be considered a nosologic entity since image examination, neurophysiological and neuropathological tests can confirm its existence.
  • #50 Primary Lateral Sclerosis: An Overview
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/2/578
    A predicted pathogenic mutation in the SYNE2 gene was also identified. […] Among HSP-related genes, SPG7 variants have been linked to a PLS-like presentation in several studies, while, among rarer ALS-associated genes, TBK1 genetic variants have been reported in a family with PLS. […] The current consensus criteria state that the “screening of panels for pathogenic genetic variants associated with spastic paraparesis should be performed only in cases of progressive UMN syndromes restricted to symmetrical lower limb involvement.” […] Despite the efforts of clinicians in implementing several sets of diagnostic criteria, currently, there is no gold standard for the diagnosis, which is necessarily based on recognizing characteristic clinical features and ruling out other potential causes.
  • #51 Primary Lateral Sclerosis: An Overview
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/2/578
    A predicted pathogenic mutation in the SYNE2 gene was also identified. […] Among HSP-related genes, SPG7 variants have been linked to a PLS-like presentation in several studies, while, among rarer ALS-associated genes, TBK1 genetic variants have been reported in a family with PLS. […] The current consensus criteria state that the “screening of panels for pathogenic genetic variants associated with spastic paraparesis should be performed only in cases of progressive UMN syndromes restricted to symmetrical lower limb involvement.” […] Despite the efforts of clinicians in implementing several sets of diagnostic criteria, currently, there is no gold standard for the diagnosis, which is necessarily based on recognizing characteristic clinical features and ruling out other potential causes.
  • #52 Primary Lateral Sclerosis: An Overview
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/2/578
    A predicted pathogenic mutation in the SYNE2 gene was also identified. […] Among HSP-related genes, SPG7 variants have been linked to a PLS-like presentation in several studies, while, among rarer ALS-associated genes, TBK1 genetic variants have been reported in a family with PLS. […] The current consensus criteria state that the “screening of panels for pathogenic genetic variants associated with spastic paraparesis should be performed only in cases of progressive UMN syndromes restricted to symmetrical lower limb involvement.” […] Despite the efforts of clinicians in implementing several sets of diagnostic criteria, currently, there is no gold standard for the diagnosis, which is necessarily based on recognizing characteristic clinical features and ruling out other potential causes.
  • #53 Frontiers | Presenilin-1 Mutations Are a Cause of Primary Lateral Sclerosis-Like Syndrome
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/molecular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2021.721047/full
    Conclusion: Clinically defined PLS is a syndrome encompassing different neurodegenerative diseases. […] Therefore, in PLS cases with these atypical features, the use of amyloid-specific biomarkers should be considered. Moreover, since de novo or autosomal recessive mutations can cause a PLS-like syndrome, the screening of genes involved in neurodegenerative diseases should probably be part of the diagnostic workup of patients with PLS (Yang et al., 2016), even in the absence of family history. […] Thus, and until TDP-43-specific biomarkers are available, PLS should remain considered a syndrome, encompassing different neurodegenerative diseases.
  • #54 Primary lateral sclerosis – UMC Utrecht
    https://www.umcutrecht.nl/en/primary-lateral-sclerosis
    Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a rare motor neuron disease where symptoms progress slowly over a number of years. […] The causes of PLS and related motor neuron diseases ALS and PMA are not known, and research is ongoing. It is thought that a combination of environmental and genetic factors play a part, but it is not currently possible to give a clear answer about the precise triggers. […] Research of the causes of PLS, ALS and PMA is ongoing.
  • #55 PLS vs. ALS: Symptoms, causes, and treatments
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pls-vs-als
    PLS and ALS are both motor neuron diseases that cause progressive neuron death. […] The exact causes of PLS and ALS are still unclear. Motor neuron diseases typically develop due to genetic alterations that are present at birth. Both conditions are likely due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] For example, PLS may run in families, and variations of ALS2 genes could cause the disease. The disease can also occur without a family history of the disease. Genes likely play a role in causing PLS, but it may generally be a result of other environmental factors. […] However, only around 510% of ALS cases are due to genetics. In these cases, the disease can result from alterations in certain genes, such as SOD1 and C9ORF72. Most cases occur at random without any genetic influences.
  • #56 Primary Lateral Sclerosis: An Overview
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/2/578
    A predicted pathogenic mutation in the SYNE2 gene was also identified. […] Among HSP-related genes, SPG7 variants have been linked to a PLS-like presentation in several studies, while, among rarer ALS-associated genes, TBK1 genetic variants have been reported in a family with PLS. […] The current consensus criteria state that the “screening of panels for pathogenic genetic variants associated with spastic paraparesis should be performed only in cases of progressive UMN syndromes restricted to symmetrical lower limb involvement.” […] Despite the efforts of clinicians in implementing several sets of diagnostic criteria, currently, there is no gold standard for the diagnosis, which is necessarily based on recognizing characteristic clinical features and ruling out other potential causes.