Materiały źródłowe

• #1 SARS: Causes, symptoms, and prevention

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/7543

  As with other infectious diseases, some simple steps would help prevent the spread of SARS-CoV if it were to occur again. These include: washing hands frequently or cleaning with an alcohol-based detergent […] avoiding touching the eyes, mouth, and nose with unclean hands […] covering the mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing […] avoiding sharing food, drinks, and utensils […] staying at least 3 feet away from other people […] regularly cleaning surfaces with disinfectant. Similarly, anyone with symptoms of SARS would limit interaction with other people until 10 days after their symptoms improve. SARS appeared to be contagious only after symptoms emerged, and it was most likely to spread during the second week of illness, according to the CDC.

• #1

  https://www.advocatehealth.com/health-services/lung-respiratory-care/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  SARS transmission happens from human-to-human contact, which can occur through respiratory droplets expelled when an infected person coughs or sneezes or direct physical contact with someone infected with SARS. […] Given the contagious nature of SARS, strict preventive measures are encouraged and often better than treatment. The CDC recommends the following to prevent spreading SARS coronavirus 1: Wash your hands regularly for a minimum of 20 seconds with soap and water, Use alcohol-based hand sanitizers, Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth, Regularly clean surfaces and objects, Avoid contact with people who exhibit symptoms, Wear face coverings in crowded places or near infected people.

• #1 SARS – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS

  Many public health interventions were made to try to control the spread of the disease, which is mainly spread through respiratory droplets in the air, either inhaled or deposited on surfaces and subsequently transferred to a body’s mucous membranes. These interventions included earlier detection of the disease; isolation of people who are infected; droplet and contact precautions; and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), including masks and isolation gowns. A 2017 meta-analysis found that for medical professionals wearing N-95 masks could reduce the chances of getting sick up to 80% compared to no mask. […] SARS-CoV is most infectious in severely ill patients, which usually occurs during the second week of illness. This delayed infectious period meant that quarantine was highly effective; people who were isolated before day five of their illness rarely transmitted the disease to others. […] As of 2017, the CDC was still working to make federal and local rapid-response guidelines and recommendations in the event of a reappearance of the virus.

• #1 SARS: Symptoms, Vs. COVID-19, Treatment, Prevention & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  Despite the efforts of researchers, an effective SARS-CoV-1 vaccine does not exist. […] Because there’s no confirmed treatment or cure either, it’s important to take as many preventive measures as possible. […] Here are some of the best ways to prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-1 if you’re in close contact with someone who has SARS: washing your hands frequently, wearing disposable gloves if touching any bodily fluids of a person with SARS, wearing a surgical mask when in the same room with a person who has SARS, disinfecting surfaces that may contain the virus, washing all personal items, including bedding and utensils, used by a person with SARS. […] Keep children home from school if they develop a fever or any breathing problems after coming in contact with someone with SARS. […] Health officials recommend quarantine for anyone with SARS symptoms as well as all members of their household. To prevent transmission of the virus, quarantine should last for 10 days.

• #1 SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome): A Tale of Two Deadly Viruses | GIDEON

  https://www.gideononline.com/blogs/sars/

  There are no vaccines available to protect against SARS-CoV-1. But, different SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) vaccines are available for the general population. They are found to be effective in reducing the severity of the disease and preventing hospitalizations and deaths. […] Here are a few of the COVID-19 vaccines approved by WHO for general use: Inactivated virus vaccines: They are usually the first choice of vaccines for new infectious diseases. This is because they are easy to make and are efficient in triggering humoral immune responses. Some examples include Sinopharm’s Covilo, Sinovac’s CoronaVac, and Bharat Biotech’s Covaxin. […] mRNA vaccines: mRNA vaccines are considered much safer as they are designed to enter the cytoplasm of a cell to generate target antigens as opposed to DNA vaccines that have to enter the nucleus of target cells to stimulate antibody production. Some examples include Moderna’s Spikevax mRNA-1273 and Pfizer–BioNTech’s Comirnaty BNT162b2.

• #1 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sars/symptoms-causes/syc-20351765

  Researchers are working on various vaccines for SARS. But none has been tested in humans. If infections caused by the SARS virus happen again, follow some safety measures. The following tips are key if you care for someone who may have SARS: […] Wash your hands. Clean your hands often with soap and hot water. Or use an alcohol-based hand rub made with at least 60% alcohol. […] Wear disposable gloves. Put them on if you might have contact with an infected person’s body fluids or feces. Throw the gloves away right after you use them. Then wash your hands well. […] Wear a surgical mask. Use it to cover your mouth and nose when you’re in the same room as a person with SARS. Or you could wear a device called an N95 respirator. It also can help block the spread of the SARS virus. Wearing eyeglasses may offer some protection too.

• #1 About SARS – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/sars/basics.html

  If there are no known SARS cases in the world, we protect ourselves and others by following the usual infection control precautions. […] If you have a respiratory illness, with fever and cough, consider staying home, away from school or work to prevent giving it to others. […] If you are out in public, cover your mouth and nose with tissues when coughing or sneezing. […] Frequently wash your hands with soap or use alcohol hand sanitizers. […] If there is community transmission of SARS in any city in the world, the MDH will issue recommendations regarding precautions in Minnesota. […] In caring for a SARS patient at home strict infection control precautions should be followed. […] All persons in the household should carefully wash their hands frequently with soap or alcohol hand sanitizers, this should always be done after touching body fluids.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome

  Following the emergence of COVID-19, evidence-based guidance was published and can be found here. Such guidance will largely apply to SARS as well. […] Controlling outbreaks relies on containment measures including: prompt detection of cases through good surveillance networks and including an early warning system; isolation of suspected or probable cases; tracing to identify both the source of the infection and contacts of those who are sick and may be at risk of contracting the virus; quarantine of suspected contacts for 10 days; exit screening for outgoing passengers from areas with recent local transmission by asking questions and temperature measurement; and disinfection of aircraft and cruise vessels having SARS cases on board using WHO guidelines. […] Personal preventive measures to prevent spread of the virus include frequent hand washing using soap or alcohol-based disinfectants. For those with a high risk of contracting the disease, such as health care workers, use of personal protective equipment, including a mask, goggles and an apron is mandatory. Whenever possible, household contacts should also wear a mask.

• #1 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): Lessons for Future Pandemics | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars-lessons-future-pandemics/2010-09

  The severity of SARS and its rapid spread highlighted the need for swift and drastic preventive methods. […] The WHO issued its first ever travel advisory against nonessential travel to Guangdong Province, China, and Hong Kong in April of 2003—a decision that was quickly supported by the CDC, who even broadened the restricted area and cautioned travelers to Toronto to avoid hospitals or other places in which SARS was likely to be transmitted. The CDC also advised travelers to carry materials for personal protection, such as surgical masks or alcohol-based hand rubs. […] For any future outbreaks of SARS or similar respiratory illness, it will be imperative to isolate hospitalized patients in negative pressure rooms, which draw air in (rather than letting it out) when opened, helping to control contagion.

• #1 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): COVID-19, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_sars/article_em.htm

  How Can People Prevent SARS? […] It’s possible to prevent or decrease the risk of getting SARS by avoiding people and places where there is an outbreak and by strict hand washing hygiene. Some clinicians use barriers like masks, gloves, and gowns and quarantine SARS patients. […] People in direct, close contact with someone who has had SARS were at the greatest risk for infection. People with SARS or those at risk for SARS should follow the guidelines outlined below. The WHO and CDC have established guidelines to help in the prevention and spread of SARS. […] Limit time outside of the home. People with SARS should not go to work, school, child care facilities, or any public place until 10 days after their fever has ended and their respiratory symptoms are improving. […] Wash hands frequently with soap and hot water, use an alcohol-based hand rub, or both, especially after being in contact with bodily fluids such as respiratory fluids or urine.

• #1

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/controlguideline/Pages/sars.aspx

  Public health priority: Urgent. […] PHU response time: Respond to cases immediately on notification. Report details of case to CDB on day of notification. […] Case management: Ensure appropriate infection control measures are being applied and investigate case for exposure and risk factor information. Seek expert advice. […] Contact management: Identify close contacts and manage according to expert advice. […] SARS coronavirus is a scheduled disease under NSW Public Health Act 2010 with notification required by doctors, hospitals and laboratories. […] Isolate suspected cases in a single room with negative pressure air-handling and an en-suite bathroom (if available) and use standard and transmission-based precautions (contact and airborne). […] Close contacts of confirmed cases are subject to some work and travel restrictions and should be actively monitored for development of fever and respiratory symptoms in the 10 days following the last contact, while casual contacts are subject to self-monitoring only.

• #1

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/controlguideline/Pages/sars.aspx

  Public health units should conduct active daily monitoring of close contacts for symptoms for 10 days after the last possible contact with a symptomatic probable or confirmed SARS-CoV case. […] Close contacts should also be advised to not travel internationally for 10 days after the last close contact with a probable or confirmed case of SARS-CoV, and any travel within Australia during this period should be subject to discussion with the public health unit. […] Close contacts should be excluded from schools and sensitive occupations or settings such as health care, aged care, or child care during the 10 days after last unprotected contact with a case.

• #1 Information Regarding Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  https://www.osha.gov/emergency-preparedness/sars

  OSHA has developed this Information Regarding Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) to provide relevant and timely information regarding this illness to employers, employees, and other interested parties. […] The CDC has reported very few cases of occupationally acquired SARS in the United States. The CDC is working in collaboration with state and local health departments to develop a systematic approach to survey SARS exposures and infection in healthcare workers. The CDC has issued a number of recommendations for healthcare workers who may have contact with a suspected SARS patient. […] Since the infectivity and route of transmission of SARS are unknown, healthcare workers treating patients known to be infected with SARS should use standard precautions, including good work and hygiene practices and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) appropriate for bloodborne and airborne exposures.

• #1 Information Regarding Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  https://www.osha.gov/emergency-preparedness/sars

  The CDC advises that there are no disinfectant products currently registered by EPA for the newly identified viruses associated with SARS. The CDC recommends the use of EPA-registered chemical germicides that provide low- or intermediate-level disinfection during general use against SARS agents because these products are known to inactivate related viruses with physical and biochemical properties similar to the suspected SARS agents. […] The CDC has published interim recommendations to protect employees who may be required to transport patients with SARS by air: Guidance on Air Medical Transport for SARS Patients. […] Standard hygiene practices are encouraged, especially frequent hand washing with soap and water. […] Workers handling human remains of SARS patients should use respiratory protection (N95 or higher filter efficiency) and protective garments including surgical scrub suit, surgical cap, impervious gown or apron with full sleeve coverage, eye protection (e.g., goggles or face shield), shoe covers and double surgical gloves with an interposed layer of cut-proof synthetic mesh gloves.

• #1 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | UNDRR

  https://www.undrr.org/understanding-disaster-risk/terminology/hips/bi0068

  Control of SARS relies on the rapid identification of cases and their appropriate management, including the isolation of suspect and probable cases and the management of their close contacts (WHO, 2019). Individuals under investigation should be placed in respiratory isolation and precautions strictly followed (WHO, 2019). […] To further reduce the risk that travellers may carry the SARS virus to new areas, international travellers departing from areas with local transmission should be screened for possible SARS at the point of departure (WHO, 2003b). […] Controlling outbreaks relies on containment measures including: prompt detection of cases through good surveillance networks and including an early warning system; isolation of suspected or probable cases; tracing to identify both the source of the infection and contacts of those who are sick and may be at risk of contracting the virus; quarantine of suspected contacts for 10 days; exit screening for outgoing passengers from areas with recent local transmission by asking questions and temperature measurement; and disinfection of aircraft and cruise vessels having SARS cases on board using WHO guidelines (WHO, 2020).

• #1 Policy on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) – The Book

  https://wp.stolaf.edu/thebook/general/sars/

  In the event of an individual presenting symptoms of the disease, procedures are also in place for appropriate college officials to work with local medical providers for immediate reporting, diagnosis and appropriate treatment. […] St. Olaf will not authorize or fund travel for its faculty, staff, or students to SARS-affected areas under CDC travel advisories. Travel advisories specifically recommend against all non-essential travel to areas where the outbreak is occurring. The CDC considers risk in these areas to be much higher because of community transmission, inadequate containment procedures or inability of local medical personnel or medical facilities to handle medical problems. […] The websites mentioned previously are the best sources of up-to-date information, and if you have questions or concerns, we suggest that you check these sources frequently, and talk to your health care provider about specific risks that you might face.

• #1 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sars/symptoms-causes/syc-20351765

  Wash personal items. Use soap and hot water to wash the utensils, towels, bedding and clothing of someone with SARS. […] Disinfect surfaces. Use a household disinfectant. Clean any surfaces that may have been in contact with sweat, saliva, mucus, vomit, stool or urine. Wear disposable gloves while you clean. Throw the gloves away when you’re done. Then wash your hands. […] Follow these steps for at least 10 days after the person’s fever has gone away and any breathing symptoms have gotten better. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that an infected person stay home from work or school during this time. Call your healthcare team right away if a fever or other symptoms start within 10 days of close contact with someone who has SARS.

• #1 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): Lessons for Future Pandemics | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars-lessons-future-pandemics/2010-09

  Since the past outbreak was spread by HCWs, infection control measures, such as droplet precautions, are of particular importance. […] HCWs and visitors should wear surgical masks to prevent airborne and droplet acquisition; these can be discarded into the nonregulated waste stream if they do not have blood or bodily fluids on them. […] Furthermore, HCWs should be barred from work if they develop fever or respiratory symptoms within 10 days of exposure to SARS and should remain on sick leave for a full 10 days after fever and respiratory symptoms have resolved. […] For individuals with suspected SARS, the most important element of community infection control, according to the CDC, is to remain at home for a full 10 days after fever and symptoms resolve. […] Meanwhile, household contacts of the patient should practice strict hand washing and use gloves for contact with bodily fluids; utensils and bedding should not be shared without proper washing, and surgical masks should be considered for close contact between SARS patients and uninfected contacts.

• #1 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/disease/sars.htm

  SARS is spread primarily by close person-to-person contact. The virus that causes SARS is spread through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. […] Individuals suspected of having SARS should avoid contact with others, including staying home from work, school or day care, during their illness and for 10 days after their symptoms have disappeared. […] Only those who have signs and symptoms consistent with SARS need to be restricted from normal activities.

• #1 Information Regarding Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  https://www.osha.gov/emergency-preparedness/sars

  All employees with potential occupational exposure to SARS, as described in this document, should be trained on the hazards associated with that exposure and on the protocols in place in their facilities to isolate and report cases and to reduce exposures. […] If an employee experiences a fever and respiratory symptoms after contact with a patient known to be infected with SARS, the CDC recommends that the employee be excluded from duty.

• #1 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  Although there have been no cases of SARS anywhere in the world since 2004, preventing spread of this illness is similar to preventing any viral respiratory infection: avoid close contact with affected individuals, wash your hands with soap and water, and encourage people with viral respiratory infections to cover their mouth when coughing or sneezing. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) continues to monitor disease activity worldwide and has established guidelines for emergency preparedness and response should another SARS outbreak ever emerge.

• #1 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10856-severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  In general, you can reduce the risk of spreading viruses (like SARS) and other infectious diseases by: […] Washing your hands frequently […] Avoiding others when you’re sick […] Wearing a mask if you need to be around people when you’re sick or could be sick […] Covering your mouth and nose with your elbow when you cough or sneeze. […] Public health measures helped contain SARS. Scientists collaborated to quickly identify and find ways to test for the virus. SARS is most contagious after symptoms start, so screening people with symptoms and isolating them at home was effective at containing the spread.

• #1 SARS: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/sars

  SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) was the first severe transmissible disease to emerge in the 21st century. […] Thanks to an unprecedented international response triggered by the global alert issued by WHO on March 12, 2003, the outbreak was brought under control by isolation and quarantine measures. […] SARS was soon identified as spreading between humans via airborne transmission, probably in droplets of contaminated saliva. […] The outbreak that occurred in a group of apartment buildings (Amoy Gardens) in Hong Kong, where 66% of patients suffered from diarrhea compared with the usual proportion of 2 to 7%, raised the possibility of local transmission via the sewage disposal system. […] Theories about other methods of transmission, in particular via contaminated objects, have also been proposed.

• #1 SARS-CoV-1 – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-1

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1), previously known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), is a strain of coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the respiratory illness responsible for the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak. […] The SARS-CoV-1 outbreak was largely brought under control by simple public health measures. Testing people with symptoms (fever and respiratory problems), isolating and quarantining suspected cases, and restricting travel all had an effect. […] SARS-CoV-1 was most transmissible when patients were sick, so its spread could be effectively suppressed by isolating patients with symptoms.

• #2 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) – Women’s Health – Associates for Women’s Medicine – Syracuse NY Gynecologist, Gynecology, Obstetrics, OBGYN, OB Physicians, Syracuse New York, Fayetteville, North Syracuse, LiverpoolSevere Acute Respiratory Syndro

  https://www.afwomensmed.com/health-library/hw-view.php?DOCHWID=uf6067

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a respiratory illness that first infected people in parts of Asia, North America, and Europe in late 2002 and early 2003. […] Like most respiratory illnesses, SARS is spread mainly through contact with infected saliva or droplets from coughing. […] The best way to prevent the spread of SARS is to avoid areas where there is an outbreak and avoid contact with people who may be infected. You can also reduce your risk of infection by washing your hands often with soap or alcohol hand cleaners. If an outbreak occurs, try to avoid large public gatherings. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) does not recommend wearing face masks in public to prevent infection, although this is a common practice in Asian countries such as Japan. […] Researchers are currently trying to develop vaccines to prevent SARS infection. But no vaccines are being tested in humans yet.

• #2 SARS: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/sars

  SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) was the first severe transmissible disease to emerge in the 21st century. […] Thanks to an unprecedented international response triggered by the global alert issued by WHO on March 12, 2003, the outbreak was brought under control by isolation and quarantine measures. […] SARS was soon identified as spreading between humans via airborne transmission, probably in droplets of contaminated saliva. […] The outbreak that occurred in a group of apartment buildings (Amoy Gardens) in Hong Kong, where 66% of patients suffered from diarrhea compared with the usual proportion of 2 to 7%, raised the possibility of local transmission via the sewage disposal system. […] Theories about other methods of transmission, in particular via contaminated objects, have also been proposed.

• #2 SARS-CoV-1 – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-1

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1), previously known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), is a strain of coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the respiratory illness responsible for the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak. […] The SARS-CoV-1 outbreak was largely brought under control by simple public health measures. Testing people with symptoms (fever and respiratory problems), isolating and quarantining suspected cases, and restricting travel all had an effect. […] SARS-CoV-1 was most transmissible when patients were sick, so its spread could be effectively suppressed by isolating patients with symptoms.

• #2 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | Cigna

  https://www.cigna.com/knowledge-center/hw/medical-topics/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-uf6067

  The best way to prevent the spread of SARS is to avoid areas where there is an outbreak and avoid contact with people who may be infected. You can also reduce your risk of infection by washing your hands often with soap or alcohol hand cleaners. If an outbreak occurs, try to avoid large public gatherings. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) does not recommend wearing face masks in public to prevent infection, although this is a common practice in Asian countries such as Japan. […] Researchers are currently trying to develop vaccines to prevent SARS infection. But no vaccines are being tested in humans yet.

• #2 SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome): A Tale of Two Deadly Viruses | GIDEON

  https://www.gideononline.com/blogs/sars/

  Adenovirus vector-based vaccines: These non-replicating viral vector vaccines are usually very effective in most individuals except for people with recessive infectious viruses. These types of vaccines have no freezing requirements and can be used in developing countries where the temperature is warm. Examples include AstraZeneca’s Vaxzevria and Covishield ChAdOx1 and Johnson & Johnson’s Janssen’s Ad26.COV2. […] Adjuvanted protein vaccines: These are available under emergency use authorization and are given to people over 12 years. Some examples include Novavax’s Nuvaxovid and Covovax NVX-CoV2373. […] However, vaccine effectiveness wanes over time, and booster shots are recommended. Booster shots were updated in 2022 to cover Omicron subvariants BA.4 and BA.5, the dominant strains at the time.

• #2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sars/symptoms-causes/syc-20351765

  Wash personal items. Use soap and hot water to wash the utensils, towels, bedding and clothing of someone with SARS. […] Disinfect surfaces. Use a household disinfectant. Clean any surfaces that may have been in contact with sweat, saliva, mucus, vomit, stool or urine. Wear disposable gloves while you clean. Throw the gloves away when you’re done. Then wash your hands. […] Follow these steps for at least 10 days after the person’s fever has gone away and any breathing symptoms have gotten better. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that an infected person stay home from work or school during this time. Call your healthcare team right away if a fever or other symptoms start within 10 days of close contact with someone who has SARS.

• #2 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars/

  A vaccine is not currently available. People should follow these tips to help prevent respiratory illnesses of any kind: […] Wash your hands often with soap and water for 20 seconds, and help young children do the same. If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. […] Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze then throw the tissue in the trash. […] Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands. […] Avoid close contact (such as kissing, sharing cups or sharing eating utensils) with people who are sick. […] Clean and disinfect surfaces that are frequently touched, such as toys and doorknobs.

• #2 Information Regarding Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  https://www.osha.gov/emergency-preparedness/sars

  OSHA has developed this Information Regarding Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) to provide relevant and timely information regarding this illness to employers, employees, and other interested parties. […] The CDC has reported very few cases of occupationally acquired SARS in the United States. The CDC is working in collaboration with state and local health departments to develop a systematic approach to survey SARS exposures and infection in healthcare workers. The CDC has issued a number of recommendations for healthcare workers who may have contact with a suspected SARS patient. […] Since the infectivity and route of transmission of SARS are unknown, healthcare workers treating patients known to be infected with SARS should use standard precautions, including good work and hygiene practices and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) appropriate for bloodborne and airborne exposures.

• #2 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): Lessons for Future Pandemics | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars-lessons-future-pandemics/2010-09

  Since the past outbreak was spread by HCWs, infection control measures, such as droplet precautions, are of particular importance. […] HCWs and visitors should wear surgical masks to prevent airborne and droplet acquisition; these can be discarded into the nonregulated waste stream if they do not have blood or bodily fluids on them. […] Furthermore, HCWs should be barred from work if they develop fever or respiratory symptoms within 10 days of exposure to SARS and should remain on sick leave for a full 10 days after fever and respiratory symptoms have resolved. […] For individuals with suspected SARS, the most important element of community infection control, according to the CDC, is to remain at home for a full 10 days after fever and symptoms resolve. […] Meanwhile, household contacts of the patient should practice strict hand washing and use gloves for contact with bodily fluids; utensils and bedding should not be shared without proper washing, and surgical masks should be considered for close contact between SARS patients and uninfected contacts.

• #2 SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome): Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/lung-what-is-sars

  Theres no cure for SARS. You can lower your chances of getting it with some simple steps: […] Wash your hands often with soap and water, or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. […] Dont touch your eyes, nose, or mouth with dirty hands. […] Wear disposable gloves if you have contact with someones pee, poop, saliva, or other body fluids. […] Wipe surfaces like countertops with disinfectants, and wash personal items with soap and hot water. […] If youre around someone with SARS, wear a surgical mask to cover your nose and mouth. […] Don’t share eating and drinking utensils, towels, or bedding with someone who has SARS, unless you’ve washed the items first with soap and hot water. […] If you’re talking to someone with SARS, stay at least 3 feet away. […] Keep children home from school if they get a fever or breathing problems. […] Take all these precautions for 10 days after the SARS patient’s symptoms have disappeared. […] The best way to prevent it is to practice good hygiene and wear a mask when you’re around someone who has it.

• #2 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): COVID-19, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_sars/article_em.htm

  Wear disposable gloves when in contact with bodily fluids from a person with SARS. After use, throw the gloves away immediately and thoroughly wash the hands. […] Wear a surgical mask. […] Cover the nose and mouth with a tissue when sneezing or coughing. […] Do not share eating utensils, towels, or bedding. Thoroughly wash these items with soap and hot water after use by a person who is infected. […] Use a household disinfectant on any surface that may be contaminated, such as countertops or doorknobs. Wear disposable gloves while cleaning these surfaces. […] Follow these guidelines for at least 10 days after the symptoms have resolved.

• #2

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/controlguideline/Pages/sars.aspx

  There are no specific prevention activities recommended related to SARS. Travellers should follow routine travel health advice, including avoiding contact with bats and other wild animals, and avoiding live animal markets. […] No specific chemoprophylaxis is available for contacts. […] Close contacts should be counselled about their risk and the symptoms of SARS-CoV and provided with a SARS-CoV Fact sheet. They should be advised to self-isolate if they develop symptoms, and to immediately notify their public health unit and, if appropriate, their facility infection control unit (i.e. for healthcare workers). […] Home quarantine of asymptomatic contacts is not routinely recommended, but people identified as close contacts are advised to monitor their health for 10 days after the last possible contact with a symptomatic probable or confirmed SARS-CoV case.

• #2 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | UNDRR

  https://www.undrr.org/understanding-disaster-risk/terminology/hips/bi0068

  Control of SARS relies on the rapid identification of cases and their appropriate management, including the isolation of suspect and probable cases and the management of their close contacts (WHO, 2019). Individuals under investigation should be placed in respiratory isolation and precautions strictly followed (WHO, 2019). […] To further reduce the risk that travellers may carry the SARS virus to new areas, international travellers departing from areas with local transmission should be screened for possible SARS at the point of departure (WHO, 2003b). […] Controlling outbreaks relies on containment measures including: prompt detection of cases through good surveillance networks and including an early warning system; isolation of suspected or probable cases; tracing to identify both the source of the infection and contacts of those who are sick and may be at risk of contracting the virus; quarantine of suspected contacts for 10 days; exit screening for outgoing passengers from areas with recent local transmission by asking questions and temperature measurement; and disinfection of aircraft and cruise vessels having SARS cases on board using WHO guidelines (WHO, 2020).

• #2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | Communicable Diseases Agency

  https://www.cda.gov.sg/professionals/diseases/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome

  Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). […] SARS primarily transmits through inhalation or direct deposition of infectious respiratory particles (IRPs) such as when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also spread via contact with contaminated surfaces such as when IRPs settle on surfaces or transfer through direct contact (e.g. handshake) before reaching the mouth, nose or eyes. […] Clinical management is symptomatic and supportive treatment for all cases. […] Standard, contact and airborne precautions are recommended when attending to suspect or confirmed SARS patients. Full PPE (gown, gloves, eye protection, and N95 mask) is required when treating suspect or confirmed SARS patients. […] In the case of exposure to an infected person, exposed persons should immediately seek advice from an Infectious Diseases physician and report the exposure to the Ministry of Health. […] There is currently no available vaccine for SARS.

• #2 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): Lessons for Future Pandemics | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars-lessons-future-pandemics/2010-09

  The severity of SARS and its rapid spread highlighted the need for swift and drastic preventive methods. […] The WHO issued its first ever travel advisory against nonessential travel to Guangdong Province, China, and Hong Kong in April of 2003—a decision that was quickly supported by the CDC, who even broadened the restricted area and cautioned travelers to Toronto to avoid hospitals or other places in which SARS was likely to be transmitted. The CDC also advised travelers to carry materials for personal protection, such as surgical masks or alcohol-based hand rubs. […] For any future outbreaks of SARS or similar respiratory illness, it will be imperative to isolate hospitalized patients in negative pressure rooms, which draw air in (rather than letting it out) when opened, helping to control contagion.

• #2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome sars | Health and wellbeing | Queensland Government

  https://www.qld.gov.au/health/condition/infections-and-parasites/viral-infections/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by a virus called SARS-associated coronavirus. […] As a result of public health measures, SARS outbreaks were able to be controlled. […] If a SARS epidemic recurs and you have travelled to a SARS-affected area in the last 10 days and developed fever, cough or shortness of breath, you should seek urgent medical assessment. […] Special precautions are needed for people who are suspected of having SARS and their carers. […] It is very important for the sick person and all people in contact with them to wash their hands frequently. […] There is no vaccine against SARS. Should a SARS epidemic recur, there are simple things you can do to prevent the spread of infections like SARS. To decrease your risk of acquiring infections you should: wash your hands often with soap and running water for at least ten seconds, particularly after using the toilet, after blowing your nose or sneezing, before handling/preparing food, after being out in public and before touching other people (eg. shaking hands) […] cover your nose and mouth when you sneeze or cough […] try to avoid coming into contact with people who are coughing or sneezing […] stay at home if you are sick.

• #2 Information Regarding Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  https://www.osha.gov/emergency-preparedness/sars

  The CDC advises that there are no disinfectant products currently registered by EPA for the newly identified viruses associated with SARS. The CDC recommends the use of EPA-registered chemical germicides that provide low- or intermediate-level disinfection during general use against SARS agents because these products are known to inactivate related viruses with physical and biochemical properties similar to the suspected SARS agents. […] The CDC has published interim recommendations to protect employees who may be required to transport patients with SARS by air: Guidance on Air Medical Transport for SARS Patients. […] Standard hygiene practices are encouraged, especially frequent hand washing with soap and water. […] Workers handling human remains of SARS patients should use respiratory protection (N95 or higher filter efficiency) and protective garments including surgical scrub suit, surgical cap, impervious gown or apron with full sleeve coverage, eye protection (e.g., goggles or face shield), shoe covers and double surgical gloves with an interposed layer of cut-proof synthetic mesh gloves.

• #2 HIE Multimedia – Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

  https://adamcertificationdemo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=007192

  Currently, there is no known SARS transmission anywhere in the world. If a SARS outbreak occurs, reducing your contact with people who have SARS lowers your risk for the disease. Avoid travel to places where there is an uncontrolled SARS outbreak. When possible, avoid direct contact with people who have SARS until at least 10 days after their fever and other symptoms are gone. […] Hand hygiene is the most important part of SARS prevention. Wash your hands or clean them with an alcohol-based instant hand sanitizer. […] Cover your mouth and nose when you sneeze or cough. Droplets that are released when a person sneezes or coughs are infectious. […] DO NOT share food, drink, or utensils. […] Clean commonly touched surfaces with an EPA-approved disinfectant. […] Masks and goggles may be useful for preventing the spread of the disease. You may use gloves when handling items that may have touched infected droplets.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome

  Following the emergence of COVID-19, evidence-based guidance was published and can be found here. Such guidance will largely apply to SARS as well. […] Controlling outbreaks relies on containment measures including: prompt detection of cases through good surveillance networks and including an early warning system; isolation of suspected or probable cases; tracing to identify both the source of the infection and contacts of those who are sick and may be at risk of contracting the virus; quarantine of suspected contacts for 10 days; exit screening for outgoing passengers from areas with recent local transmission by asking questions and temperature measurement; and disinfection of aircraft and cruise vessels having SARS cases on board using WHO guidelines. […] Personal preventive measures to prevent spread of the virus include frequent hand washing using soap or alcohol-based disinfectants. For those with a high risk of contracting the disease, such as health care workers, use of personal protective equipment, including a mask, goggles and an apron is mandatory. Whenever possible, household contacts should also wear a mask.

• #2 SARS: Symptoms, Vs. COVID-19, Treatment, Prevention & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  Despite the efforts of researchers, an effective SARS-CoV-1 vaccine does not exist. […] Because there’s no confirmed treatment or cure either, it’s important to take as many preventive measures as possible. […] Here are some of the best ways to prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-1 if you’re in close contact with someone who has SARS: washing your hands frequently, wearing disposable gloves if touching any bodily fluids of a person with SARS, wearing a surgical mask when in the same room with a person who has SARS, disinfecting surfaces that may contain the virus, washing all personal items, including bedding and utensils, used by a person with SARS. […] Keep children home from school if they develop a fever or any breathing problems after coming in contact with someone with SARS. […] Health officials recommend quarantine for anyone with SARS symptoms as well as all members of their household. To prevent transmission of the virus, quarantine should last for 10 days.

• #2 SARS Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Prevention, Transmission

  https://www.medicinenet.com/severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_sars/article.htm

  Is it possible to prevent SARS? […] Travelers to affected areas can protect themselves by taking simple measures that help prevent the spread of germs. Frequent hand washing with soap and water, or using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer, avoiding close contact with sick people, and not touching one’s eyes, nose, and mouth can prevent the spread of viruses. […] The SARS pandemic was brought to an end by basic public health and infection-control measures. In the healthcare setting, someone with a suspected case of SARS is placed in an airborne infection isolation room (AIIR). […] Most public health officials recommend isolation for anyone diagnosed with SARS-CoV. […] The key to preventing another outbreak is to identify the first infected patients promptly before they have time to spread the illness more widely. […] If a significant outbreak of SARS occurs again, people may be advised to maintain a distance from others in the community („social distancing”) by avoiding large gatherings or close contact with others. However, isolation and quarantine methods have been effective in the prevention of SARS spread.

• #2 Policy on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) – The Book

  https://wp.stolaf.edu/thebook/general/sars/

  Consistent with current guidelines issued by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO), St. Olaf College has established the following policies regarding Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): […] In accordance with good public health practices, no one should attend public campus events, including classes, commencement, athletic events, concerts, etc., with a fever or acute illness. It is especially important that faculty, staff, students, and visitors from SARS-affected areas seek medical treatment as soon as possible if they develop the symptoms identified on the CDCs website. […] The College will include information about SARS to students who come to campus from overseas and at all international and off-campus travel orientation sessions. Students will be provided information on how to access community health care resources should they become ill.

• #2 SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) – IUP

  https://www.iup.edu/healthservice/hot-topics/sars.html

  In response to concerns about Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Indiana University of Pennsylvania’s SARS Response Team has completed its charge of developing recommendations regarding prevention and intervention procedures for the IUP campus in 2003. […] The IUP student health service, Pechan Health Center, followed the recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and was prepared to respond in the event SARS cases are diagnosed by working cooperatively with the local hospital (Indiana Regional Medical Center) and the local Department of Health. […] Any diagnosed cases of SARS will be managed by the IUP student health center through the recommendations of the Infection Control personnel at the local hospital, Indiana Regional Medical Center, and the local Department of Health.

• #2

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/controlguideline/Pages/sars.aspx

  Public health priority: Urgent. […] PHU response time: Respond to cases immediately on notification. Report details of case to CDB on day of notification. […] Case management: Ensure appropriate infection control measures are being applied and investigate case for exposure and risk factor information. Seek expert advice. […] Contact management: Identify close contacts and manage according to expert advice. […] SARS coronavirus is a scheduled disease under NSW Public Health Act 2010 with notification required by doctors, hospitals and laboratories. […] Isolate suspected cases in a single room with negative pressure air-handling and an en-suite bathroom (if available) and use standard and transmission-based precautions (contact and airborne). […] Close contacts of confirmed cases are subject to some work and travel restrictions and should be actively monitored for development of fever and respiratory symptoms in the 10 days following the last contact, while casual contacts are subject to self-monitoring only.

• #2 SARS – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS

  Many public health interventions were made to try to control the spread of the disease, which is mainly spread through respiratory droplets in the air, either inhaled or deposited on surfaces and subsequently transferred to a body’s mucous membranes. These interventions included earlier detection of the disease; isolation of people who are infected; droplet and contact precautions; and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), including masks and isolation gowns. A 2017 meta-analysis found that for medical professionals wearing N-95 masks could reduce the chances of getting sick up to 80% compared to no mask. […] SARS-CoV is most infectious in severely ill patients, which usually occurs during the second week of illness. This delayed infectious period meant that quarantine was highly effective; people who were isolated before day five of their illness rarely transmitted the disease to others. […] As of 2017, the CDC was still working to make federal and local rapid-response guidelines and recommendations in the event of a reappearance of the virus.

• #3 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  Although there have been no cases of SARS anywhere in the world since 2004, preventing spread of this illness is similar to preventing any viral respiratory infection: avoid close contact with affected individuals, wash your hands with soap and water, and encourage people with viral respiratory infections to cover their mouth when coughing or sneezing. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) continues to monitor disease activity worldwide and has established guidelines for emergency preparedness and response should another SARS outbreak ever emerge.

• #3 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | UNDRR

  https://www.undrr.org/understanding-disaster-risk/terminology/hips/bi0068

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is spread is by close person-to-person contact. The virus that causes SARS is thought to be transmitted most readily by respiratory droplets (droplet spread) produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The virus can also spread when a person touches a surface or object contaminated with infectious droplets and then touches his or her mouth, nose, or eye(s). In addition, it is possible that the SARS virus might spread more broadly through the air (airborne spread) or by other ways that are not now known. […] No vaccine or specific treatment is available for SARS but it is part of the priority list for the WHO Research and Development Blueprint for Action to Prevent Epidemics (WHO, 2016a). […] Prevention mainly is through infection control in healthcare, home and community settings (WHO, 2019). Personal preventive measures to prevent spread of the virus include frequent hand washing using soap or alcohol-based disinfectants. For those with a high risk of contracting the disease, such as healthcare workers, use of personal protective equipment, including a mask, goggles and an apron is mandatory. Whenever possible, household contacts should also wear a mask (WHO, 2020).

• #3

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/diseases/sars.html

  If there is another outbreak of SARS, how can I protect myself? There are precautions that you can take that can prevent the spread of many infectious diseases. The most important is frequent hand washing with soap and warm water or use of alcohol-based hand rubs. Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth with unclean hands. Encourage others to cover their nose and mouth with a tissue when coughing or sneezing and to dispose of tissues after use. Finally, avoid sharing drinks, cigarettes, eating utensils or other items that may come in contact with respiratory secretions or body fluids. […] Available information suggests that people with SARS are most likely to be infectious only when they have symptoms, such as fever or cough. However, as a precaution against spreading the disease, people with SARS should stay at home until 10 days after their symptoms have gone away. Patients are most infectious during the second week of illness.

• #3 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) – Women’s Health – Associates for Women’s Medicine – Syracuse NY Gynecologist, Gynecology, Obstetrics, OBGYN, OB Physicians, Syracuse New York, Fayetteville, North Syracuse, LiverpoolSevere Acute Respiratory Syndro

  https://www.afwomensmed.com/health-library/hw-view.php?DOCHWID=uf6067

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a respiratory illness that first infected people in parts of Asia, North America, and Europe in late 2002 and early 2003. […] Like most respiratory illnesses, SARS is spread mainly through contact with infected saliva or droplets from coughing. […] The best way to prevent the spread of SARS is to avoid areas where there is an outbreak and avoid contact with people who may be infected. You can also reduce your risk of infection by washing your hands often with soap or alcohol hand cleaners. If an outbreak occurs, try to avoid large public gatherings. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) does not recommend wearing face masks in public to prevent infection, although this is a common practice in Asian countries such as Japan. […] Researchers are currently trying to develop vaccines to prevent SARS infection. But no vaccines are being tested in humans yet.

• #3 SARS: Causes, symptoms, and prevention

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/7543

  As with other infectious diseases, some simple steps would help prevent the spread of SARS-CoV if it were to occur again. These include: washing hands frequently or cleaning with an alcohol-based detergent […] avoiding touching the eyes, mouth, and nose with unclean hands […] covering the mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing […] avoiding sharing food, drinks, and utensils […] staying at least 3 feet away from other people […] regularly cleaning surfaces with disinfectant. Similarly, anyone with symptoms of SARS would limit interaction with other people until 10 days after their symptoms improve. SARS appeared to be contagious only after symptoms emerged, and it was most likely to spread during the second week of illness, according to the CDC.

• #3 SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome): Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/lung-what-is-sars

  Theres no cure for SARS. You can lower your chances of getting it with some simple steps: […] Wash your hands often with soap and water, or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. […] Dont touch your eyes, nose, or mouth with dirty hands. […] Wear disposable gloves if you have contact with someones pee, poop, saliva, or other body fluids. […] Wipe surfaces like countertops with disinfectants, and wash personal items with soap and hot water. […] If youre around someone with SARS, wear a surgical mask to cover your nose and mouth. […] Don’t share eating and drinking utensils, towels, or bedding with someone who has SARS, unless you’ve washed the items first with soap and hot water. […] If you’re talking to someone with SARS, stay at least 3 feet away. […] Keep children home from school if they get a fever or breathing problems. […] Take all these precautions for 10 days after the SARS patient’s symptoms have disappeared. […] The best way to prevent it is to practice good hygiene and wear a mask when you’re around someone who has it.

• #3 Information Regarding Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  https://www.osha.gov/emergency-preparedness/sars

  The CDC advises that there are no disinfectant products currently registered by EPA for the newly identified viruses associated with SARS. The CDC recommends the use of EPA-registered chemical germicides that provide low- or intermediate-level disinfection during general use against SARS agents because these products are known to inactivate related viruses with physical and biochemical properties similar to the suspected SARS agents. […] The CDC has published interim recommendations to protect employees who may be required to transport patients with SARS by air: Guidance on Air Medical Transport for SARS Patients. […] Standard hygiene practices are encouraged, especially frequent hand washing with soap and water. […] Workers handling human remains of SARS patients should use respiratory protection (N95 or higher filter efficiency) and protective garments including surgical scrub suit, surgical cap, impervious gown or apron with full sleeve coverage, eye protection (e.g., goggles or face shield), shoe covers and double surgical gloves with an interposed layer of cut-proof synthetic mesh gloves.

• #3 About SARS – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/sars/basics.html

  Gloves can be used for direct contact with the patient or body fluids but should not replace hand washing. […] SARS patients should cover their mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing or if possible wear a surgical mask when in close contact with others. […] Sharing of eating utensils, towels and bedding between the SARS patients and others should be avoided. […] Surfaces soiled with body fluids should be cleaned with household disinfectants and gloves should be worn to clean these surfaces. […] Household members and other close contacts of SARS patients should be watched for symptoms. […] If fever or respiratory symptoms (cough, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing) develop they should seek medical care. […] In the absence of fever or respiratory symptoms, household members or other close contacts of SARS patients need not limit their activities outside the home.

• #3 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): Lessons for Future Pandemics | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars-lessons-future-pandemics/2010-09

  Since the past outbreak was spread by HCWs, infection control measures, such as droplet precautions, are of particular importance. […] HCWs and visitors should wear surgical masks to prevent airborne and droplet acquisition; these can be discarded into the nonregulated waste stream if they do not have blood or bodily fluids on them. […] Furthermore, HCWs should be barred from work if they develop fever or respiratory symptoms within 10 days of exposure to SARS and should remain on sick leave for a full 10 days after fever and respiratory symptoms have resolved. […] For individuals with suspected SARS, the most important element of community infection control, according to the CDC, is to remain at home for a full 10 days after fever and symptoms resolve. […] Meanwhile, household contacts of the patient should practice strict hand washing and use gloves for contact with bodily fluids; utensils and bedding should not be shared without proper washing, and surgical masks should be considered for close contact between SARS patients and uninfected contacts.

• #3 SARS-CoV-2 in brief: from virus to prevention

  https://ophrp.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.24171/j.phrp.2022.0155

  For healthcare workers who are at the front line in healthcare settings, there are additional recommendations to take care of themselves and be safe against viral transmission. Although respiratory protection (wearing disposable and well-fitting facial masks [reported to be light, comfortable to wear, and easy to remove] and well-covered facial shields [reported to involve less skin irritation, and easy to breathe through] to block expelled virus-containing respiratory secretions) is highly recommended, eye protection (in addition to other required personal protective equipment) also needs to be carefully considered to limit the risk of viral transmission through the ocular mucous membranes in direct visits and care. […] To end the current viral outbreak, similar to previously reported outbreaks caused by infectious viruses, the development of prophylactic vaccines and subsequently public immunization on a large scale is an urgent priority for all at-risk and affected nations, sub-nations, and territories. Since the start of the recent outbreak, many institutions and companies have been working on both conventional and novel technological innovations using the whole virus or its functional components (e.g., the S protein) to make attenuated and inactivated virus vaccines, viral-vector vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, virus-like particle vaccines, and nucleic acid-based vaccines in a competitive environment, aiming to achieve the most desirable and broadly protective vaccines with all included standards such as high quality, favorable safety, and high efficacy at disease prevention for use in those who are at risk of viral infection.

• #3 SARS-CoV-2 in brief: from virus to prevention

  https://ophrp.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.24171/j.phrp.2022.0155

  Primary Prevention and Protection To mitigate the virus spread, prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and end the current pandemic, a set of personal, household, and community practices are recommended as chain-breaking measures, along with public immunization as the most effective strategy in response to viral pandemics. These include (1) physical and social distancing as general advice and an effective non-pharmaceutical intervention at both the individual and community levels, as manifested by school closures, workplace measures, public transport restrictions, and stay-at-home recommendations; (2) changing social greetings (e.g., handshaking, kissing, and hugging) and face-touching behaviors; (3) personal hygiene by regular handwashing with water and proper detergent like soap (at least 40-60 seconds) or sanitizing ones hands using alcohol-based sanitizers (62%-71%) for an adequate time if washing is not possible; (4) employing sanitization procedures for commonly shared objects and touched areas by using ultraviolet irradiation or effective disinfectants and chemical compounds to inactivate the landed virus on physical surfaces; and (5) self-protection using personal protective equipment. In this regard, wearing a well-fitted N95, medical, or even homemade mask in compliance with design standards reduces the risk of respiratory emissions, protects against virus exposure, and subsequently from being infected in high-density areas where being within close contact with others is difficult to avoid.

• #3 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): COVID-19, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_sars/article_em.htm

  How Can People Prevent SARS? […] It’s possible to prevent or decrease the risk of getting SARS by avoiding people and places where there is an outbreak and by strict hand washing hygiene. Some clinicians use barriers like masks, gloves, and gowns and quarantine SARS patients. […] People in direct, close contact with someone who has had SARS were at the greatest risk for infection. People with SARS or those at risk for SARS should follow the guidelines outlined below. The WHO and CDC have established guidelines to help in the prevention and spread of SARS. […] Limit time outside of the home. People with SARS should not go to work, school, child care facilities, or any public place until 10 days after their fever has ended and their respiratory symptoms are improving. […] Wash hands frequently with soap and hot water, use an alcohol-based hand rub, or both, especially after being in contact with bodily fluids such as respiratory fluids or urine.

• #3 SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) – IUP

  https://www.iup.edu/healthservice/hot-topics/sars.html

  Exposure to someone who is from or has traveled to the designated areas does not necessarily put a person at risk for SARS. […] If someone who recently traveled to one of the affected areas has symptoms of SARS (fever, cough, difficulty breathing) he/she should contact a health-care professional immediately.

• #3 SARS Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Prevention, Transmission

  https://www.medicinenet.com/severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_sars/article.htm

  Is it possible to prevent SARS? […] Travelers to affected areas can protect themselves by taking simple measures that help prevent the spread of germs. Frequent hand washing with soap and water, or using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer, avoiding close contact with sick people, and not touching one’s eyes, nose, and mouth can prevent the spread of viruses. […] The SARS pandemic was brought to an end by basic public health and infection-control measures. In the healthcare setting, someone with a suspected case of SARS is placed in an airborne infection isolation room (AIIR). […] Most public health officials recommend isolation for anyone diagnosed with SARS-CoV. […] The key to preventing another outbreak is to identify the first infected patients promptly before they have time to spread the illness more widely. […] If a significant outbreak of SARS occurs again, people may be advised to maintain a distance from others in the community („social distancing”) by avoiding large gatherings or close contact with others. However, isolation and quarantine methods have been effective in the prevention of SARS spread.

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