Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sars/symptoms-causes/syc-20351765

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a contagious illness caused by a coronavirus. Its a disease that affects the lungs and airways, also called a respiratory illness. The coronavirus that causes SARS is called SARS-CoV-1. It first appeared in November 2002. Within a few months, the SARS-CoV-1 virus spread worldwide. It mainly passed from person to person. […] SARS is caused by SARS-CoV-1, a strain of coronavirus. Coronaviruses are the family of viruses that also cause the common cold. A different strain of coronavirus, called SARS-CoV-2, causes COVID-19. […] That’s why scientists suspect that the SARS-CoV-1 virus might have started in animals and crossed to humans. It now seems likely that one or more animal viruses evolved into the new strain.

• #2 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558977/

  A new and rapidly progressive respiratory syndrome termed severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the Guangdong province of China as a global threat in March of 2003. […] The WHO, along with its international partners, including the centers for disease control and prevention (CDC), was able to identify within two weeks the etiologic agent. […] The agent was a novel coronavirus and was given the name SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). […] The SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was established as the cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) after fulfilling all of Koch postulates. […] SARS-CoV is thought to have jumped from an animal reservoir in the horseshoe bat through an intermediate host in the palm civet and then to humans. […] Research during the years following the SARS pandemic revealed the existence of many different coronaviruses circulating in bats and other animals, suggesting that the emergence of another coronavirus into humans was not just possible but inevitable.

• #3 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious form of pneumonia. Infection with the SARS virus causes acute respiratory distress (severe breathing difficulty), and sometimes death. […] SARS is caused by the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). It is one of the coronavirus family of viruses (the same family that can cause the common cold). An epidemic of SARS started in 2003 when the virus spread from small mammals to people in China. This outbreak quickly reached global proportions, but was contained in 2003. No new cases of SARS have been reported since 2004. […] While the spread of droplets through close contact caused most of the early SARS cases, SARS might also spread by hands and other objects the droplets has touched. Airborne transmission is a real possibility in some cases. Live virus has also been found in the stool of people with SARS, where it has been shown to live for up to 4 days.

• #4 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10856-severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was a respiratory illness caused by the virus SARS-CoV-1. […] A virus, SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1), causes SARS. […] SARS spreads through respiratory droplets, usually when someone with the virus coughs or sneezes. […] At the end of the SARS epidemic in 2003, 916 people had died from the disease. […] No, COVID-19 and SARS are different illnesses caused by different viruses. […] Public health measures helped contain SARS.

• #5 SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome): Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/lung-what-is-sars

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, is a potentially deadly illness that started in China and quickly spread around the world in 2003. It’s caused by a virus called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) which gives you flu-like symptoms. […] SARS is caused by a virus that takes over your bodys cells and uses them to make copies of itself. The SARS virus is from a group of viruses known as coronaviruses, which also cause the common cold. […] The SARS virus is spread by people who have SARS coughing and sneezing on you. The best way to prevent it is to practice good hygiene and wear a mask when you’re around someone who has it. There’s no known cure for it. […] Yes. Both originated in China, are believed to have come from bats, and are caused by coronaviruses. The SARS virus is called SARS-CoV-1 or SARS-CoV, and the COVID-19 virus is called SARS-CoV-2.

• #6 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558977/

  A new and rapidly progressive respiratory syndrome termed severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the Guangdong province of China as a global threat in March of 2003. […] The WHO, along with its international partners, including the centers for disease control and prevention (CDC), was able to identify within two weeks the etiologic agent. […] The agent was a novel coronavirus and was given the name SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). […] The SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was established as the cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) after fulfilling all of Koch postulates. […] SARS-CoV is thought to have jumped from an animal reservoir in the horseshoe bat through an intermediate host in the palm civet and then to humans. […] Research during the years following the SARS pandemic revealed the existence of many different coronaviruses circulating in bats and other animals, suggesting that the emergence of another coronavirus into humans was not just possible but inevitable.

• #7

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by a SARS-coronavirus. […] The pathogen causing the disease was identified as a coronavirus at the end of February 2003. […] SARS-CoV-1 (the number 1 was added later to distinguish it from the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2) is a respiratory virus which can spread through the air through small infectious respiratory particles. […] SARS can also be transmitted indirectly through deposition of the virus onto surfaces via contaminated surfaces that have been touched by someone who is infected with the virus. […] The case fatality among persons with illness meeting the current WHO case definition for confirmed cases of SARS is around 9.6%. […] While no treatment or cure was available at the time of the emergence of SARS, the emergence of a closely related disease COVID-19 lead to the rapid development of several antivirals and vaccines. […] Antivirals such as polymerase and protease inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 are likely to be effective against SARS-CoV-1. […] COVID-19 vaccines may provide some level of cross-protection against SARS; however, the extent of such cross-protection remains to be studied.

• #8 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558977/

  A new and rapidly progressive respiratory syndrome termed severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the Guangdong province of China as a global threat in March of 2003. […] The WHO, along with its international partners, including the centers for disease control and prevention (CDC), was able to identify within two weeks the etiologic agent. […] The agent was a novel coronavirus and was given the name SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). […] The SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was established as the cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) after fulfilling all of Koch postulates. […] SARS-CoV is thought to have jumped from an animal reservoir in the horseshoe bat through an intermediate host in the palm civet and then to humans. […] Research during the years following the SARS pandemic revealed the existence of many different coronaviruses circulating in bats and other animals, suggesting that the emergence of another coronavirus into humans was not just possible but inevitable.

• #9 Pathology and Pathogenesis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1829448/

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging infectious viral disease characterized by severe clinical manifestations of the lower respiratory tract. […] A novel coronavirus was identified as the etiological agent of SARS. This virus (SARS-CoV) belongs to a family of large, positive, single-stranded RNA viruses. […] SARS-CoV was successfully isolated from lung tissue in 10 of 23 cases, including cases with a duration of illness of up to 20 days. […] ACE2, a metallopeptidase, was identified as the functional receptor for SARS-CoV. […] Direct viral effects are also likely to contribute to the serious pulmonary injury resulting from SARS-CoV infection. […] Autoantibodies against pulmonary epithelial cells and endothelial cells have been detected in SARS patients. […] Genetic factors also seem to play a causative role in the pathogenesis of SARS.

• #10 Severe acute respiratory syndrome | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-1?lang=us

  The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a zoonotic illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1), a coronavirus. The disease was first seen in the city of Foshan in Guangdong Province in China in 2002 and was traced back to the Himalayan (masked) palm civet, racoon dogs and the Chinese ferret-badger. All of these animals are sold in the live wild animal markets in China. The civet cats were thought to be the intermediaries who passed the SARS virus from bats to humans. […] The SARS-related coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1) is a member of the Betacoronavirus genus, one of the genera of the Coronaviridae family of viruses. Coronaviruses are enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses, that are found in humans, many other mammals and birds. These viruses are responsible for pulmonary, hepatic, CNS and intestinal disease. […] Hitherto, seven coronaviruses have been found to be responsible for human diseases, two more are zoonoses, COVID-19 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), both of which may sometimes be fatal.

• #11 Coronaviruses and Acute Respiratory Syndromes (MERS and SARS) – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/respiratory-viruses/coronaviruses-and-acute-respiratory-syndromes-mers-and-sars

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was first detected in China in late 2002. A worldwide outbreak occurred, resulting in more than 8,000 cases worldwide, including Canada and the United States, and about 800 deaths by mid 2003. No cases had been reported worldwide since 2004. […] SARS is caused by a coronavirus. SARS is much more severe than most other coronavirus infections, which usually cause only coldlike symptoms. However, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and COVID-19 are other severe illnesses caused by a coronavirus. […] SARS is spread from person to person through close contact with an infected person or through airborne droplets that were coughed or sneezed out by an infected person.

• #12 SARS: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/sars

  The coronavirus that is the causative agent of atypical pneumonia or SARS – Institut Pasteur Print | Share LinkedIn logo Facebook logo […] SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) was the first severe transmissible disease to emerge in the 21st century. […] The causative agent of SARS, a previously unknown coronavirus, was also able to be rapidly identified. […] SARS is an infectious disease caused by a virus belonging to the coronavirus family, SARS-CoV-1. The animal reservoir for the SARS coronavirus has been identified as an insect-eating bat. The intermediate host that enabled the virus to spread to humans is the masked palm civet, a wild animal sold in markets and eaten in southern China. […] The international laboratory network (including the WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Reference on Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, in the Molecular Genetics of Respiratory Viruses Unit at the Institut Pasteur), tasked by WHO to identify the causative agent for SARS and to develop a diagnostic test, discovered a virus that was completely unknown to scientists. It was a virus that belonged to the coronavirus family with properties that had never previously been observed. Coronaviruses usually cause mild colds in humans. […] In 2002, a first coronavirus, SARS-CoV-1, emerged in China, causing an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).

• #13 SARS: Causes, symptoms, and prevention

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/7543

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, was a contagious and potentially fatal respiratory illness. SARS was the result of infection by a coronavirus that scientists named SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). […] The coronavirus SARS-CoV causes SARS. A coronavirus is a common form of virus that typically leads to upper respiratory tract illnesses, including the common cold. […] SARS was a zoonotic disease, meaning it was of animal origin but passed on to humans. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) note that 75% of emerging infectious diseases come from animals, including rabies and Ebola. […] SARS appeared to be contagious only after symptoms emerged, and it was most likely to spread during the second week of illness, according to the CDC. […] A SARS outbreak occurred in 2002-2003. It resulted from SARS-CoV, a coronavirus related to the virus responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic.

• #14 SARS – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS

  In late May 2003, a study was conducted using samples of wild animals sold as food in the local market in Guangdong, China. The study found that „SARS-like” coronaviruses could be isolated from masked palm civets. Genomic sequencing determined that these animal viruses were very similar to human SARS viruses, however they were phylogenetically distinct, and so the study concluded that it was unclear whether they were the natural reservoir in the wild. […] In 2005, two studies identified a number of SARS-like coronaviruses in Chinese bats. Phylogenetic analysis of these viruses indicated a high probability that SARS coronavirus originated in bats and spread to humans either directly or through animals held in Chinese markets.

• #15 SARS and MERS | BCM

  https://www.bcm.edu/departments/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-and-biodefense/specific-agents/sars-mers

  However, the virus is not easily transmitted from person to person and there has been no sustained transmission of MERS-CoV. […] It is probable that SARS-CoV still lurks in an animal host in the wild, and human contact with this animal(s) could again spark a SARS epidemic. […] Scientists have reported that the Chinese horseshoe bat is likely to be the animal that is the hiding place of the SARS virus. […] Genetic analysis of the virus in bats showed that it is closely related to the human SARS virus, although it is still not clear how the SARS virus was transmitted from bats to humans.

• #16 SARS – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS

  In late May 2003, a study was conducted using samples of wild animals sold as food in the local market in Guangdong, China. The study found that „SARS-like” coronaviruses could be isolated from masked palm civets. Genomic sequencing determined that these animal viruses were very similar to human SARS viruses, however they were phylogenetically distinct, and so the study concluded that it was unclear whether they were the natural reservoir in the wild. […] In 2005, two studies identified a number of SARS-like coronaviruses in Chinese bats. Phylogenetic analysis of these viruses indicated a high probability that SARS coronavirus originated in bats and spread to humans either directly or through animals held in Chinese markets.

• #17

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/SARS.aspx

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a disease that causes severe pneumonia. It first appeared in southern China in late 2002 and then rapidly spread to several countries throughout 2003. There have been no outbreaks since that time but there is a risk of outbreaks in the future. […] The organism that causes SARS is a new and more virulent type of coronavirus, called SARS-CoV. […] The Himalayan masked palm civet was considered the main source of animal-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV. […] The SARS-CoV outbreak in 2002-03 is believed to have started with animal to human infection in southern China, probably from infected civets, then spread from primarily from person to person. […] There is no vaccine against SARS. […] There is no cure for SARS, so treatment is supportive.

• #18 Severe acute respiratory syndrome | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-1?lang=us

  The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a zoonotic illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1), a coronavirus. The disease was first seen in the city of Foshan in Guangdong Province in China in 2002 and was traced back to the Himalayan (masked) palm civet, racoon dogs and the Chinese ferret-badger. All of these animals are sold in the live wild animal markets in China. The civet cats were thought to be the intermediaries who passed the SARS virus from bats to humans. […] The SARS-related coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1) is a member of the Betacoronavirus genus, one of the genera of the Coronaviridae family of viruses. Coronaviruses are enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses, that are found in humans, many other mammals and birds. These viruses are responsible for pulmonary, hepatic, CNS and intestinal disease. […] Hitherto, seven coronaviruses have been found to be responsible for human diseases, two more are zoonoses, COVID-19 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), both of which may sometimes be fatal.

• #19 SARS and MERS | BCM

  https://www.bcm.edu/departments/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-and-biodefense/specific-agents/sars-mers

  SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) and MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) are serious infectious respiratory diseases that are caused by members of a class of viruses known as coronaviruses. […] SARS is caused by SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), while MERS is caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). […] SARS-CoV was transmitted from person to person mainly through respiratory droplets produced when a person sneezes or coughs and through direct contact with a surface contaminated with infected respiratory droplets. […] Epidemiologists gathered evidence that the first people infected had had contact with wild game in the markets of Guangdong Province in China. […] It is likely that these individuals were infected through direct contact with infected animals, particularly palm civets, which harbored very closely related coronaviruses.

• #20 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/severe+acute+respiratory+syndrome/severe+acute+respiratory+syndrome+sars+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a respiratory illness caused by a virus called SARS associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). SARS was first reported in Asia in February 2003. Over the next few months the illness spread to more than two dozen countries in Asia, North America, South America and Europe, before the SARS global outbreak in 2003 was contained. There was a second small outbreak in China in 2004. […] The organism that causes SARS is a new type of virus belonging to the coronaviruses family of viruses, which is one of the virus families that cause the common cold. Coronaviruses have been found in many different animal species including birds and mammals. […] SARS-CoV is thought to have passed from animals to humans through close contact, butchering or eating undercooked meat in parts of southern China.

• #21 SARS and MERS | BCM

  https://www.bcm.edu/departments/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-and-biodefense/specific-agents/sars-mers

  The virus then is thought to have mutated to adapt to its human host, and consequently human-to-human transmission became more efficient, setting off the SARS epidemic. […] One reason that SARS-CoV might have been more lethal than other coronaviruses is that it appears to interfere with an enzyme system in humans that is critical for regulating body fluid balance. […] Therefore, the virus could disrupt normal functioning of the lungs by blocking this enzyme system and allowing fluid to leak into the air sacs of the lungs, resulting in severe respiratory illness. […] Although MERS-CoV is distinct from SARS-CoV, the disease caused by MERS is similar to SARS, in that it is characterized by a severe respiratory illness that can be fatal in humans. […] Like SARS, MERS is thought to have originated in bats, but MERS-CoV has been passed to dromedary camels, which serve as the primary source of human MERS-CoV infection.

• #22 SARS and MERS | BCM

  https://www.bcm.edu/departments/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-and-biodefense/specific-agents/sars-mers

  The virus then is thought to have mutated to adapt to its human host, and consequently human-to-human transmission became more efficient, setting off the SARS epidemic. […] One reason that SARS-CoV might have been more lethal than other coronaviruses is that it appears to interfere with an enzyme system in humans that is critical for regulating body fluid balance. […] Therefore, the virus could disrupt normal functioning of the lungs by blocking this enzyme system and allowing fluid to leak into the air sacs of the lungs, resulting in severe respiratory illness. […] Although MERS-CoV is distinct from SARS-CoV, the disease caused by MERS is similar to SARS, in that it is characterized by a severe respiratory illness that can be fatal in humans. […] Like SARS, MERS is thought to have originated in bats, but MERS-CoV has been passed to dromedary camels, which serve as the primary source of human MERS-CoV infection.

• #23 Pathology and Pathogenesis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1829448/

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging infectious viral disease characterized by severe clinical manifestations of the lower respiratory tract. […] A novel coronavirus was identified as the etiological agent of SARS. This virus (SARS-CoV) belongs to a family of large, positive, single-stranded RNA viruses. […] SARS-CoV was successfully isolated from lung tissue in 10 of 23 cases, including cases with a duration of illness of up to 20 days. […] ACE2, a metallopeptidase, was identified as the functional receptor for SARS-CoV. […] Direct viral effects are also likely to contribute to the serious pulmonary injury resulting from SARS-CoV infection. […] Autoantibodies against pulmonary epithelial cells and endothelial cells have been detected in SARS patients. […] Genetic factors also seem to play a causative role in the pathogenesis of SARS.

• #24 Severe acute respiratory syndrome | Nature Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nm1143

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was caused by a previously unrecognized animal coronavirus that exploited opportunities provided by 'wet markets’ in southern China to adapt to become a virus readily transmissible between humans. […] The concerted and coordinated response that contained SARS is a triumph for global public health and provides a new paradigm for the detection and control of future emerging infectious disease threats. […] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome worldwide, 2003. […] Kuiken, T. et al. Newly discovered coronavirus as the primary cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. […] Peiris, J.S. et al. Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. […] Zhong, N.S. et al. Epidemiology and cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangdong, People’s Republic of China, in February 2003. […] Li, W. et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus.

• #25 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) – anatomic pathology perspective on current knowledge | Diagnostic Pathology | Full Text

  https://diagnosticpathology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13000-020-01017-8

  The world is currently witnessing a major devastating pandemic of Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). This disease is caused by a novel coronavirus named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). […] The virus causing COVID-19 is a novel beta coronavirus popularly known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). […] The causative agent was identified as a coronavirus. Even though the origin of SARS-CoV-2 has not been determined with certainty, it may believed to have originated from bats, possibly involving civets or pangolins as intermediates, and possibly originated from Wuhan. […] The principal mode of transmission is through the respiratory route, primarily by large droplets or aerosols. […] SARS-CoV-2 predominantly has a respiratory tissue tropism, although the virus can affect any tissue having ACE-2 receptors such as gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and other tissues. […] The main pathologic manifestation of COVID-19 based on initial reports is DAD accompanied by thrombotic complications, and the main site of pathologic abnormality is the lungs.

• #26 Pathology and Pathogenesis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1829448/

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging infectious viral disease characterized by severe clinical manifestations of the lower respiratory tract. […] A novel coronavirus was identified as the etiological agent of SARS. This virus (SARS-CoV) belongs to a family of large, positive, single-stranded RNA viruses. […] SARS-CoV was successfully isolated from lung tissue in 10 of 23 cases, including cases with a duration of illness of up to 20 days. […] ACE2, a metallopeptidase, was identified as the functional receptor for SARS-CoV. […] Direct viral effects are also likely to contribute to the serious pulmonary injury resulting from SARS-CoV infection. […] Autoantibodies against pulmonary epithelial cells and endothelial cells have been detected in SARS patients. […] Genetic factors also seem to play a causative role in the pathogenesis of SARS.

• #27 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): COVID-19, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_sars/article_em.htm

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) facts written by Charles Patrick Davis, MD, PhD. SARS-CoV, SARS-associated coronavirus, or simply SARS is related to two other coronaviruses, MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) virus and the new Wuhan coronavirus (2019 novel coronavirus or 2019-nCoV or COVID-19). All three likely originated in animals and mutated to be contagious to humans. […] The SARS coronavirus causes SARS. It spreads by person-to-person transmission. […] The SARS virus spreads through close person-to-person contact. Transmission likely occurs by droplets produced when an infected person sneezes or coughs. […] SARS virus replicates in both the lungs and gastrointestinal tract tissues. However, tissue samples show the most damage occurs in the lung alveoli (air sacs) where lung function is compromised, producing a severe breathing disorder often termed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

• #28 Pathology and Pathogenesis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1829448/

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging infectious viral disease characterized by severe clinical manifestations of the lower respiratory tract. […] A novel coronavirus was identified as the etiological agent of SARS. This virus (SARS-CoV) belongs to a family of large, positive, single-stranded RNA viruses. […] SARS-CoV was successfully isolated from lung tissue in 10 of 23 cases, including cases with a duration of illness of up to 20 days. […] ACE2, a metallopeptidase, was identified as the functional receptor for SARS-CoV. […] Direct viral effects are also likely to contribute to the serious pulmonary injury resulting from SARS-CoV infection. […] Autoantibodies against pulmonary epithelial cells and endothelial cells have been detected in SARS patients. […] Genetic factors also seem to play a causative role in the pathogenesis of SARS.

• #29 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): COVID-19, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_sars/article_em.htm

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) facts written by Charles Patrick Davis, MD, PhD. SARS-CoV, SARS-associated coronavirus, or simply SARS is related to two other coronaviruses, MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) virus and the new Wuhan coronavirus (2019 novel coronavirus or 2019-nCoV or COVID-19). All three likely originated in animals and mutated to be contagious to humans. […] The SARS coronavirus causes SARS. It spreads by person-to-person transmission. […] The SARS virus spreads through close person-to-person contact. Transmission likely occurs by droplets produced when an infected person sneezes or coughs. […] SARS virus replicates in both the lungs and gastrointestinal tract tissues. However, tissue samples show the most damage occurs in the lung alveoli (air sacs) where lung function is compromised, producing a severe breathing disorder often termed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

• #30 SARS and MERS | BCM

  https://www.bcm.edu/departments/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-and-biodefense/specific-agents/sars-mers

  The virus then is thought to have mutated to adapt to its human host, and consequently human-to-human transmission became more efficient, setting off the SARS epidemic. […] One reason that SARS-CoV might have been more lethal than other coronaviruses is that it appears to interfere with an enzyme system in humans that is critical for regulating body fluid balance. […] Therefore, the virus could disrupt normal functioning of the lungs by blocking this enzyme system and allowing fluid to leak into the air sacs of the lungs, resulting in severe respiratory illness. […] Although MERS-CoV is distinct from SARS-CoV, the disease caused by MERS is similar to SARS, in that it is characterized by a severe respiratory illness that can be fatal in humans. […] Like SARS, MERS is thought to have originated in bats, but MERS-CoV has been passed to dromedary camels, which serve as the primary source of human MERS-CoV infection.

• #31 SARS and MERS | BCM

  https://www.bcm.edu/departments/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-and-biodefense/specific-agents/sars-mers

  The virus then is thought to have mutated to adapt to its human host, and consequently human-to-human transmission became more efficient, setting off the SARS epidemic. […] One reason that SARS-CoV might have been more lethal than other coronaviruses is that it appears to interfere with an enzyme system in humans that is critical for regulating body fluid balance. […] Therefore, the virus could disrupt normal functioning of the lungs by blocking this enzyme system and allowing fluid to leak into the air sacs of the lungs, resulting in severe respiratory illness. […] Although MERS-CoV is distinct from SARS-CoV, the disease caused by MERS is similar to SARS, in that it is characterized by a severe respiratory illness that can be fatal in humans. […] Like SARS, MERS is thought to have originated in bats, but MERS-CoV has been passed to dromedary camels, which serve as the primary source of human MERS-CoV infection.

• #32 Pathology and Pathogenesis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1829448/

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging infectious viral disease characterized by severe clinical manifestations of the lower respiratory tract. […] A novel coronavirus was identified as the etiological agent of SARS. This virus (SARS-CoV) belongs to a family of large, positive, single-stranded RNA viruses. […] SARS-CoV was successfully isolated from lung tissue in 10 of 23 cases, including cases with a duration of illness of up to 20 days. […] ACE2, a metallopeptidase, was identified as the functional receptor for SARS-CoV. […] Direct viral effects are also likely to contribute to the serious pulmonary injury resulting from SARS-CoV infection. […] Autoantibodies against pulmonary epithelial cells and endothelial cells have been detected in SARS patients. […] Genetic factors also seem to play a causative role in the pathogenesis of SARS.

• #33 Neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2: complexity, mechanism and associated disorders | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-023-01293-2

  Coronaviruses such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS), Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are associated with critical illnesses, including severe respiratory disorders. […] SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of the deadly COVID-19 illness, which has spread globally as a pandemic. […] The possible mechanism of virus infiltration into the brain can be neurotropic, direct infiltration and cytokine storm-based pathways. […] SARS-CoV-2 can lead to neurological complications, such as cerebrovascular manifestations, motor movement complications, and cognitive decline. […] COVID-19 infection can result in cerebrovascular symptoms and diseases, such as strokes and thrombosis. […] The virus can affect the neural system, disrupt cognitive function and cause neurological disorders.

• #34 Pathology and Pathogenesis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1829448/

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging infectious viral disease characterized by severe clinical manifestations of the lower respiratory tract. […] A novel coronavirus was identified as the etiological agent of SARS. This virus (SARS-CoV) belongs to a family of large, positive, single-stranded RNA viruses. […] SARS-CoV was successfully isolated from lung tissue in 10 of 23 cases, including cases with a duration of illness of up to 20 days. […] ACE2, a metallopeptidase, was identified as the functional receptor for SARS-CoV. […] Direct viral effects are also likely to contribute to the serious pulmonary injury resulting from SARS-CoV infection. […] Autoantibodies against pulmonary epithelial cells and endothelial cells have been detected in SARS patients. […] Genetic factors also seem to play a causative role in the pathogenesis of SARS.

• #35 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10856-severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was a respiratory illness caused by the virus SARS-CoV-1. […] A virus, SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1), causes SARS. […] SARS spreads through respiratory droplets, usually when someone with the virus coughs or sneezes. […] At the end of the SARS epidemic in 2003, 916 people had died from the disease. […] No, COVID-19 and SARS are different illnesses caused by different viruses. […] Public health measures helped contain SARS.

• #36 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious form of pneumonia. Infection with the SARS virus causes acute respiratory distress (severe breathing difficulty), and sometimes death. […] SARS is caused by the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). It is one of the coronavirus family of viruses (the same family that can cause the common cold). An epidemic of SARS started in 2003 when the virus spread from small mammals to people in China. This outbreak quickly reached global proportions, but was contained in 2003. No new cases of SARS have been reported since 2004. […] While the spread of droplets through close contact caused most of the early SARS cases, SARS might also spread by hands and other objects the droplets has touched. Airborne transmission is a real possibility in some cases. Live virus has also been found in the stool of people with SARS, where it has been shown to live for up to 4 days.

• #37 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/severe+acute+respiratory+syndrome/severe+acute+respiratory+syndrome+sars+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  The main way that SARS seemed to spread was by close person-to-person contact. The virus that causes SARS is thought to be spread when an infected person talks, coughs or sneezes small droplets containing infectious agents into the air. […] In addition, it is possible that the SARS virus might spread in other ways that are not currently known.

• #38 SARS | Basics Factsheet | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/sars/about/fs-sars.html

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus, called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). […] SARS was first reported in Asia in February 2003. […] The virus that causes SARS is thought to be transmitted most readily by respiratory droplets (droplet spread) produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. […] Conducted extensive laboratory testing of clinical specimens from SARS patients to identify the cause of the disease.

• #39 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | UNDRR

  https://www.undrr.org/understanding-disaster-risk/terminology/hips/bi0068

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARSCoV) (WHO, 2019). […] SARS was first identified at the end of February 2003 during an outbreak that emerged in China and spread to four other countries (WHO, 2020). […] The virus that causes SARS is thought to be transmitted most readily by respiratory droplets (droplet spread) produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. […] The incubation period of SARS is usually 2 to 7 days but may be as long as 10 days (WHO, 2020). […] There is no cure or vaccine for SARS and treatment should be supportive and based on the patients symptoms (WHO, 2020). […] Laboratory diagnosis is key to determine the aetiology of the symptoms including differential diagnosis with other coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2. […] No vaccine or specific treatment is available for SARS but it is part of the priority list for the WHO Research and Development Blueprint for Action to Prevent Epidemics (WHO, 2016a).

• #40 SARS: Causes, symptoms, and prevention

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/7543

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, was a contagious and potentially fatal respiratory illness. SARS was the result of infection by a coronavirus that scientists named SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). […] The coronavirus SARS-CoV causes SARS. A coronavirus is a common form of virus that typically leads to upper respiratory tract illnesses, including the common cold. […] SARS was a zoonotic disease, meaning it was of animal origin but passed on to humans. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) note that 75% of emerging infectious diseases come from animals, including rabies and Ebola. […] SARS appeared to be contagious only after symptoms emerged, and it was most likely to spread during the second week of illness, according to the CDC. […] A SARS outbreak occurred in 2002-2003. It resulted from SARS-CoV, a coronavirus related to the virus responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic.

• #41 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in Children

  https://childrenslibrary.ouhealth.com/coronavirus/90,P07741

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral illness. SARS is caused by a type of coronavirus called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). […] SARS is caused by a type of coronavirus. The virus is called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). It’s not caused by SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19. […] Researchers think that SARS is a virus that spread from animals to people. […] A child is more at risk for SARS if they are in an area where SARS is active or if they’ve had contact with a person who has SARS. […] A child with SARS is contagious when having symptoms, such as fever or cough. A child is most contagious during week 2 of the illness. […] SARS is treated with supportive therapy and sometimes with antiviral medicines.

• #42

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by a SARS-coronavirus. […] The pathogen causing the disease was identified as a coronavirus at the end of February 2003. […] SARS-CoV-1 (the number 1 was added later to distinguish it from the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2) is a respiratory virus which can spread through the air through small infectious respiratory particles. […] SARS can also be transmitted indirectly through deposition of the virus onto surfaces via contaminated surfaces that have been touched by someone who is infected with the virus. […] The case fatality among persons with illness meeting the current WHO case definition for confirmed cases of SARS is around 9.6%. […] While no treatment or cure was available at the time of the emergence of SARS, the emergence of a closely related disease COVID-19 lead to the rapid development of several antivirals and vaccines. […] Antivirals such as polymerase and protease inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 are likely to be effective against SARS-CoV-1. […] COVID-19 vaccines may provide some level of cross-protection against SARS; however, the extent of such cross-protection remains to be studied.

• #43 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious form of pneumonia. Infection with the SARS virus causes acute respiratory distress (severe breathing difficulty), and sometimes death. […] SARS is caused by the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). It is one of the coronavirus family of viruses (the same family that can cause the common cold). An epidemic of SARS started in 2003 when the virus spread from small mammals to people in China. This outbreak quickly reached global proportions, but was contained in 2003. No new cases of SARS have been reported since 2004. […] While the spread of droplets through close contact caused most of the early SARS cases, SARS might also spread by hands and other objects the droplets has touched. Airborne transmission is a real possibility in some cases. Live virus has also been found in the stool of people with SARS, where it has been shown to live for up to 4 days.

• #44 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious form of pneumonia. Infection with the SARS virus causes acute respiratory distress (severe breathing difficulty), and sometimes death. […] SARS is caused by the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). It is one of the coronavirus family of viruses (the same family that can cause the common cold). An epidemic of SARS started in 2003 when the virus spread from small mammals to people in China. This outbreak quickly reached global proportions, but was contained in 2003. No new cases of SARS have been reported since 2004. […] While the spread of droplets through close contact caused most of the early SARS cases, SARS might also spread by hands and other objects the droplets has touched. Airborne transmission is a real possibility in some cases. Live virus has also been found in the stool of people with SARS, where it has been shown to live for up to 4 days.

• #45

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uf6067

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by a type of coronavirus, which sometimes causes mild to moderate upper respiratory illness, such as the common cold. […] SARS is spread mainly through contact with infected saliva or droplets from coughing. […] It is possible SARS can be transmitted in other ways, such as by touching objects that are contaminated with feces from an infected person. […] The main symptoms of SARS are a fever, a dry cough, shortness of breath, or difficulty breathing. […] Your doctor may suspect that you have SARS if tests rule out any other cause for your symptoms, especially if you had contact with someone who has SARS or you travelled to an area experiencing a SARS outbreak. […] There is no treatment that can cure SARS, but your symptoms will be treated to keep you as comfortable as possible. […] Researchers are currently trying to develop vaccines to prevent SARS infection.

• #46 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious form of pneumonia. Infection with the SARS virus causes acute respiratory distress (severe breathing difficulty), and sometimes death. […] SARS is caused by the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). It is one of the coronavirus family of viruses (the same family that can cause the common cold). An epidemic of SARS started in 2003 when the virus spread from small mammals to people in China. This outbreak quickly reached global proportions, but was contained in 2003. No new cases of SARS have been reported since 2004. […] While the spread of droplets through close contact caused most of the early SARS cases, SARS might also spread by hands and other objects the droplets has touched. Airborne transmission is a real possibility in some cases. Live virus has also been found in the stool of people with SARS, where it has been shown to live for up to 4 days.

• #47 FloridaHealthFinder | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinder

  https://quality.healthfinder.fl.gov/health-encyclopedia/HIE/1/007192

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious form of pneumonia. Infection with the SARS virus causes acute respiratory distress (severe breathing difficulty), and sometimes death. […] SARS is caused by the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). It is one of the coronavirus family of viruses (the same family that can cause the common cold). An epidemic of SARS started in 2003 when the virus spread from small mammals to people in China. This outbreak quickly reached global proportions, but was contained in 2003. No new cases of SARS have been reported since 2004. […] While the spread of droplets through close contact caused most of the early SARS cases, SARS might also spread by hands and other objects the droplets has touched. Airborne transmission is a real possibility in some cases.

• #48 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): COVID-19, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_sars/article_em.htm

  SARS risk factors include exposure to someone who’s infected with the virus or to individuals traveling in an area where an outbreak of SARS is occurring. […] The overall death (mortality) rate from SARS is about 10%. Age is a risk factor and plays a large role in the prognosis. Patients under 24 years of age have a mortality rate of about 1% while those over 65 years of age can have a 50% or higher mortality rate.

• #49 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): COVID-19, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_sars/article_em.htm

  SARS risk factors include exposure to someone who’s infected with the virus or to individuals traveling in an area where an outbreak of SARS is occurring. […] The overall death (mortality) rate from SARS is about 10%. Age is a risk factor and plays a large role in the prognosis. Patients under 24 years of age have a mortality rate of about 1% while those over 65 years of age can have a 50% or higher mortality rate.

• #50 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in Children

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars-in-children

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral illness. SARS is caused by a type of coronavirus called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). […] SARS is caused by a type of coronavirus. The virus is called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). […] Researchers think that SARS is a virus that spread from animals to people. […] SARS-CoV spreads through close contact with someone who is infected with SARS. […] A child is more at risk for SARS if they are in an area where SARS is active or if they’ve had contact with a person who has SARS. […] Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral illness. It’s very contagious and can spread quickly. It can cause mild illness, severe illness, or death. […] No new cases have been seen anywhere in the world since 2004. […] SARS is treated with supportive therapy and sometimes with antiviral medicines.

• #51 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): COVID-19, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_sars/article_em.htm

  SARS risk factors include exposure to someone who’s infected with the virus or to individuals traveling in an area where an outbreak of SARS is occurring. […] The overall death (mortality) rate from SARS is about 10%. Age is a risk factor and plays a large role in the prognosis. Patients under 24 years of age have a mortality rate of about 1% while those over 65 years of age can have a 50% or higher mortality rate.

• #52 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/disease/sars.htm

  SARS is a respiratory disease with symptoms ranging from mild illness to severe pneumonia. […] Scientists at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other laboratories have detected a previously unrecognized coronavirus in patients with SARS. […] For a severe respiratory illness to be SARS, there has to be a history of travel to a SARS-affected area, or close personal contact with a person with SARS, within 10 days before symptoms start. […] The virus that causes SARS is spread through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. […] After exposure to SARS, the incubation period is two to 10 days.

• #53 SARS – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory disease of zoonotic origin caused by the virus SARS-CoV-1, the first identified strain of the SARS-related coronavirus. The first known cases occurred in November 2002, and the syndrome caused the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak. […] SARS-CoV may be suspected in a patient who has any of the symptoms, including a fever of 38 C (100 F) or higher, and either a history of contact with someone with a diagnosis of SARS within the last 10 days or travel to any of the regions identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as areas with recent local transmission of SARS. […] The WHO has added the category of „laboratory confirmed SARS” which means patients who would otherwise be considered „probable” and have tested positive for SARS based on one of the approved tests (ELISA, immunofluorescence or PCR) but whose chest X-ray findings do not show SARS-CoV infection.

• #54 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  In the 2003 outbreak, the death rate from SARS was 9% to 12% of those diagnosed. In people over age 65, the death rate was higher than 50%. The illness was milder in younger people. […] Public health policies were effective at controlling outbreaks of SARS. Since 2004, there have been no cases of SARS reported anywhere in the world.

• #55 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an infectious condition that can cause serious respiratory illness and death. […] SARS was caused by a coronavirus, the same family of viruses that causes some common colds. […] Like most respiratory viruses, SARS appeared to spread from person to person through coughing, sneezing and close contact. […] The 2003 epidemic was responsible for more than 8,000 cases of SARS in 29 countries, including 29 cases in the United States. […] SARS was fatal for 1 in 10 patients. […] Age was an important factor in mortality; the risk of the disease being fatal increased to about half of patients over the age of 60. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) continues to monitor disease activity worldwide and has established guidelines for emergency preparedness and response should another SARS outbreak ever emerge.

• #56 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  In the 2003 outbreak, the death rate from SARS was 9% to 12% of those diagnosed. In people over age 65, the death rate was higher than 50%. The illness was milder in younger people. […] Public health policies were effective at controlling outbreaks of SARS. Since 2004, there have been no cases of SARS reported anywhere in the world.

• #57 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): COVID-19, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_sars/article_em.htm

  SARS risk factors include exposure to someone who’s infected with the virus or to individuals traveling in an area where an outbreak of SARS is occurring. […] The overall death (mortality) rate from SARS is about 10%. Age is a risk factor and plays a large role in the prognosis. Patients under 24 years of age have a mortality rate of about 1% while those over 65 years of age can have a 50% or higher mortality rate.

• #58 SARS: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/sars

  The coronavirus that is the causative agent of atypical pneumonia or SARS – Institut Pasteur Print | Share LinkedIn logo Facebook logo […] SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) was the first severe transmissible disease to emerge in the 21st century. […] The causative agent of SARS, a previously unknown coronavirus, was also able to be rapidly identified. […] SARS is an infectious disease caused by a virus belonging to the coronavirus family, SARS-CoV-1. The animal reservoir for the SARS coronavirus has been identified as an insect-eating bat. The intermediate host that enabled the virus to spread to humans is the masked palm civet, a wild animal sold in markets and eaten in southern China. […] The international laboratory network (including the WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Reference on Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, in the Molecular Genetics of Respiratory Viruses Unit at the Institut Pasteur), tasked by WHO to identify the causative agent for SARS and to develop a diagnostic test, discovered a virus that was completely unknown to scientists. It was a virus that belonged to the coronavirus family with properties that had never previously been observed. Coronaviruses usually cause mild colds in humans. […] In 2002, a first coronavirus, SARS-CoV-1, emerged in China, causing an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).

• #59 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sars/symptoms-causes/syc-20351765

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a contagious illness caused by a coronavirus. Its a disease that affects the lungs and airways, also called a respiratory illness. The coronavirus that causes SARS is called SARS-CoV-1. It first appeared in November 2002. Within a few months, the SARS-CoV-1 virus spread worldwide. It mainly passed from person to person. […] SARS is caused by SARS-CoV-1, a strain of coronavirus. Coronaviruses are the family of viruses that also cause the common cold. A different strain of coronavirus, called SARS-CoV-2, causes COVID-19. […] That’s why scientists suspect that the SARS-CoV-1 virus might have started in animals and crossed to humans. It now seems likely that one or more animal viruses evolved into the new strain.

• #60 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an infectious condition that can cause serious respiratory illness and death. […] SARS was caused by a coronavirus, the same family of viruses that causes some common colds. […] Like most respiratory viruses, SARS appeared to spread from person to person through coughing, sneezing and close contact. […] The 2003 epidemic was responsible for more than 8,000 cases of SARS in 29 countries, including 29 cases in the United States. […] SARS was fatal for 1 in 10 patients. […] Age was an important factor in mortality; the risk of the disease being fatal increased to about half of patients over the age of 60. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) continues to monitor disease activity worldwide and has established guidelines for emergency preparedness and response should another SARS outbreak ever emerge.

• #61 About SARS – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/sars/basics.html

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness that first emerged in China in November 2002, and later spread through international travel to 29 countries worldwide causing large outbreaks in Hong Kong; Taiwan; Singapore; Hanoi, Vietnam; and Toronto, Canada. […] SARS is caused by a virus called the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). It was first identified in April 2003 and is a member of the Coronaviridae family, which also includes many of the viruses that cause the common cold. […] SARS-CoV is thought to have passed from animals to humans through close contact, butchering or eating undercooked meat in parts of Southern China.

• #62 About SARS – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/sars/basics.html

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness that first emerged in China in November 2002, and later spread through international travel to 29 countries worldwide causing large outbreaks in Hong Kong; Taiwan; Singapore; Hanoi, Vietnam; and Toronto, Canada. […] SARS is caused by a virus called the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). It was first identified in April 2003 and is a member of the Coronaviridae family, which also includes many of the viruses that cause the common cold. […] SARS-CoV is thought to have passed from animals to humans through close contact, butchering or eating undercooked meat in parts of Southern China.

• #63 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an infectious condition that can cause serious respiratory illness and death. […] SARS was caused by a coronavirus, the same family of viruses that causes some common colds. […] Like most respiratory viruses, SARS appeared to spread from person to person through coughing, sneezing and close contact. […] The 2003 epidemic was responsible for more than 8,000 cases of SARS in 29 countries, including 29 cases in the United States. […] SARS was fatal for 1 in 10 patients. […] Age was an important factor in mortality; the risk of the disease being fatal increased to about half of patients over the age of 60. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) continues to monitor disease activity worldwide and has established guidelines for emergency preparedness and response should another SARS outbreak ever emerge.

• #64 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an infectious condition that can cause serious respiratory illness and death. […] SARS was caused by a coronavirus, the same family of viruses that causes some common colds. […] Like most respiratory viruses, SARS appeared to spread from person to person through coughing, sneezing and close contact. […] The 2003 epidemic was responsible for more than 8,000 cases of SARS in 29 countries, including 29 cases in the United States. […] SARS was fatal for 1 in 10 patients. […] Age was an important factor in mortality; the risk of the disease being fatal increased to about half of patients over the age of 60. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) continues to monitor disease activity worldwide and has established guidelines for emergency preparedness and response should another SARS outbreak ever emerge.

• #65 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10856-severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was a respiratory illness caused by the virus SARS-CoV-1. […] A virus, SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1), causes SARS. […] SARS spreads through respiratory droplets, usually when someone with the virus coughs or sneezes. […] At the end of the SARS epidemic in 2003, 916 people had died from the disease. […] No, COVID-19 and SARS are different illnesses caused by different viruses. […] Public health measures helped contain SARS.

• #66

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by a SARS-coronavirus. […] The pathogen causing the disease was identified as a coronavirus at the end of February 2003. […] SARS-CoV-1 (the number 1 was added later to distinguish it from the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2) is a respiratory virus which can spread through the air through small infectious respiratory particles. […] SARS can also be transmitted indirectly through deposition of the virus onto surfaces via contaminated surfaces that have been touched by someone who is infected with the virus. […] The case fatality among persons with illness meeting the current WHO case definition for confirmed cases of SARS is around 9.6%. […] While no treatment or cure was available at the time of the emergence of SARS, the emergence of a closely related disease COVID-19 lead to the rapid development of several antivirals and vaccines. […] Antivirals such as polymerase and protease inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 are likely to be effective against SARS-CoV-1. […] COVID-19 vaccines may provide some level of cross-protection against SARS; however, the extent of such cross-protection remains to be studied.

• #67 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): Causes, Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatment – DoveMed

  https://prod.cluster.dovemed.com/health-topics/focused-health-topics/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars-causes-symptoms-prevention-and-treatment

  Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness that emerged in 2002 and 2003, causing a global outbreak. […] SARS is a highly contagious respiratory illness caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). […] SARS is caused by infection with the SARS-CoV virus, which is transmitted primarily through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. […] The mortality rate of SARS was estimated to be around 9 to 10%, with higher rates observed in older adults and those with underlying health conditions. […] Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV).

• #68 Severe acute respiratory syndrome | Nature Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nm1143

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was caused by a previously unrecognized animal coronavirus that exploited opportunities provided by 'wet markets’ in southern China to adapt to become a virus readily transmissible between humans. […] The concerted and coordinated response that contained SARS is a triumph for global public health and provides a new paradigm for the detection and control of future emerging infectious disease threats. […] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome worldwide, 2003. […] Kuiken, T. et al. Newly discovered coronavirus as the primary cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. […] Peiris, J.S. et al. Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. […] Zhong, N.S. et al. Epidemiology and cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangdong, People’s Republic of China, in February 2003. […] Li, W. et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus.

• #69 SARS Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Prevention, Transmission

  https://www.medicinenet.com/severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_sars/article.htm

  SARS-CoV can infect a person regardless of their health status or age group. […] The SARS pandemic was brought to an end by basic public health and infection-control measures. […] Most public health officials recommend isolation for anyone diagnosed with SARS-CoV. […] Research on a vaccine continues, but none is available yet.

• #70 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  In the 2003 outbreak, the death rate from SARS was 9% to 12% of those diagnosed. In people over age 65, the death rate was higher than 50%. The illness was milder in younger people. […] Public health policies were effective at controlling outbreaks of SARS. Since 2004, there have been no cases of SARS reported anywhere in the world.

• #71 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=90&contentid=P07741

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral illness. SARS is caused by a type of coronavirus called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). […] SARS is caused by a type of coronavirus. The virus is called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). It’s not caused by SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19. […] Researchers think that SARS is a virus that spread from animals to people. […] SARS-CoV spreads through close contact with someone who is infected with SARS. […] A child is more at risk for SARS if they are in an area where SARS is active or if they’ve had contact with a person who has SARS. […] Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral illness. It’s very contagious and can spread quickly. It can cause mild illness, severe illness, or death. […] No new cases have been seen anywhere in the world since 2004. […] SARS is treated with supportive therapy and sometimes with antiviral medicines.

• #72 SARS: Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Rates

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/sars-symptoms-causes-treatment-6835503

  SARS is a respiratory illness caused by a virus. SARS stands for severe acute respiratory syndrome, and it is caused by a coronavirus, the same family of viruses that causes COVID-19. […] SARS is caused by a virus called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). A coronavirus is a type of viral infection. […] SARS and COVID-19 are both caused by coronaviruses, but they are different illnesses with different symptoms. SARS is caused by SARS-CoV, while COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2. […] No SARS cases have been diagnosed anywhere in the world since 2004. […] „SARS” stands for „severe acute respiratory syndrome.” SARS is an illness caused by the SARS-CoV virus. […] The virus that causes SARS, SARS-CoV, and the virus that causes COVID-19, SAR-CoV-2, are both coronaviruses, but they are different illnesses with different diagnoses and treatment protocols.

• #73 SARS-CoV-2 – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2

  SARS-CoV2 is a strain of the species Betacoronavirus pandemicum (SARSr-CoV), as is SARS-CoV-1, the virus that caused the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak. […] SARS-CoV-2 is of zoonotic origin; its close genetic similarity to bat coronaviruses suggests it emerged from such a bat-borne virus. […] Research is ongoing as to whether SARS-CoV2 came directly from bats or indirectly through any intermediate hosts. […] The virus shows little genetic diversity, indicating that the spillover event introducing SARS-CoV2 to humans is likely to have occurred in late 2019. […] The original source of viral transmission to humans remains unclear, as does whether the virus became pathogenic before or after the spillover event. […] Because many of the early infectees were workers at the Huanan Seafood Market, it has been suggested that the virus might have originated from the market. […] A March 2021 WHO-convened report stated that human spillover via an intermediate animal host was the most likely explanation, with direct spillover from bats next most likely.

• #74 The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2 | Nature Microbiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-020-0695-z

  The present outbreak of a coronavirus-associated acute respiratory disease called coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is the third documented spillover of an animal coronavirus to humans in only two decades that has resulted in a major epidemic. […] Based on phylogeny, taxonomy and established practice, the CSG recognizes this virus as forming a sister clade to the prototype human and bat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoVs) of the species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, and designates it as SARS-CoV-2. […] The independent zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 highlights the need for studying viruses at the species level to complement research focused on individual pathogenic viruses of immediate significance. […] The current classification of coronaviruses recognizes 39 species in 27 subgenera, five genera and two subfamilies that belong to the family Coronaviridae, suborder Cornidovirineae, order Nidovirales and realm Riboviria.

• #75 SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome): Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/lung-what-is-sars

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, is a potentially deadly illness that started in China and quickly spread around the world in 2003. It’s caused by a virus called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) which gives you flu-like symptoms. […] SARS is caused by a virus that takes over your bodys cells and uses them to make copies of itself. The SARS virus is from a group of viruses known as coronaviruses, which also cause the common cold. […] The SARS virus is spread by people who have SARS coughing and sneezing on you. The best way to prevent it is to practice good hygiene and wear a mask when you’re around someone who has it. There’s no known cure for it. […] Yes. Both originated in China, are believed to have come from bats, and are caused by coronaviruses. The SARS virus is called SARS-CoV-1 or SARS-CoV, and the COVID-19 virus is called SARS-CoV-2.

• #76 SARS-CoV-2 – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2

  SARS-CoV2 is a strain of the species Betacoronavirus pandemicum (SARSr-CoV), as is SARS-CoV-1, the virus that caused the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak. […] SARS-CoV-2 is of zoonotic origin; its close genetic similarity to bat coronaviruses suggests it emerged from such a bat-borne virus. […] Research is ongoing as to whether SARS-CoV2 came directly from bats or indirectly through any intermediate hosts. […] The virus shows little genetic diversity, indicating that the spillover event introducing SARS-CoV2 to humans is likely to have occurred in late 2019. […] The original source of viral transmission to humans remains unclear, as does whether the virus became pathogenic before or after the spillover event. […] Because many of the early infectees were workers at the Huanan Seafood Market, it has been suggested that the virus might have originated from the market. […] A March 2021 WHO-convened report stated that human spillover via an intermediate animal host was the most likely explanation, with direct spillover from bats next most likely.

• #77 Neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2: complexity, mechanism and associated disorders | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-023-01293-2

  SARS-CoV-2 can affect the brain by invading the neural system, causing physiological and psychological effects. […] It is evident from various studies that mild neuropathological alterations are observed in the brain, with brainstem inflammation being the most frequently noted change. […] The neuro-invasive ability of SARS-CoV-2 must be considered a potential contributing factor for the severe respiratory symptoms in acute COVID-19 cases. […] The findings revealed that in mice engineered for human ACE2, the brain was the primary target organ for SARS-CoV. […] The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of COVID-19 patients has been reported. […] The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in brain tissues after autopsies and occurrence of cerebrovascular disorders in patients recovering from COVID-19 infection indicate neuropathogenecity of SARS-CoV-2 and its ability to integrate with the neural system, disruption of cognitive functioning and promoting variety of neurological disorders.

• #78 The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2 | Nature Microbiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-020-0695-z

  The CSG is responsible for assessing the place of new viruses through their relation to known viruses in established taxa, including placements relating to the species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus. […] The available yet limited epidemiological and clinical data for SARS-CoV-2 suggest that the disease spectrum and transmission efficiency of this virus differ from those reported for SARS-CoV. […] The CSG chose the name SARS-CoV-2 based on the established practice for naming viruses in this species and the relatively distant relationship of this virus to the prototype SARS-CoV in a species tree and the distance space. […] Having now established different names for the causative virus (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease (COVID-19), the CSG hopes that this will raise awareness in both the general public and public health authorities regarding the difference between these two entities.

• #79 SARS: Causes, symptoms, and prevention

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/7543

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, was a contagious and potentially fatal respiratory illness. SARS was the result of infection by a coronavirus that scientists named SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). […] The coronavirus SARS-CoV causes SARS. A coronavirus is a common form of virus that typically leads to upper respiratory tract illnesses, including the common cold. […] SARS was a zoonotic disease, meaning it was of animal origin but passed on to humans. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) note that 75% of emerging infectious diseases come from animals, including rabies and Ebola. […] SARS appeared to be contagious only after symptoms emerged, and it was most likely to spread during the second week of illness, according to the CDC. […] A SARS outbreak occurred in 2002-2003. It resulted from SARS-CoV, a coronavirus related to the virus responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic.

• #80 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20479963

  COVID-19 is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, also called SARS-CoV-2. […] The coronavirus spreads mainly from person to person, even from someone who is infected but has no symptoms. […] The virus that causes COVID-19 can infect some pets. Cats, dogs, hamsters and ferrets have caught this coronavirus and had symptoms. It’s rare for a person to get COVID-19 from a pet.

• #81 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21214-coronavirus-covid-19

  SARS-CoV-2 virus causes COVID. Its a type of coronavirus, a group of viruses that also cause common colds. But this isnt the first time a coronavirus has caused serious illness. SARS, a severe respiratory disease that spread between 2002 and 2004, was also a coronavirus. […] COVID can cause serious complications, even if you dont feel very sick. These include: […] COVID can be treated with antiviral medications. These include nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid), remdesivir (Veklury) and molnupiravir (Lagevrio). When taken within the first five days, antivirals can help you feel better and reduce your risk of severe illness and long COVID. […] Making sure youre up to date with a current COVID vaccine is the best way to reduce your risk of getting sick with COVID and reduce your risk of severe illness if you do get sick.

• #82

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by a SARS-coronavirus. […] The pathogen causing the disease was identified as a coronavirus at the end of February 2003. […] SARS-CoV-1 (the number 1 was added later to distinguish it from the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2) is a respiratory virus which can spread through the air through small infectious respiratory particles. […] SARS can also be transmitted indirectly through deposition of the virus onto surfaces via contaminated surfaces that have been touched by someone who is infected with the virus. […] The case fatality among persons with illness meeting the current WHO case definition for confirmed cases of SARS is around 9.6%. […] While no treatment or cure was available at the time of the emergence of SARS, the emergence of a closely related disease COVID-19 lead to the rapid development of several antivirals and vaccines. […] Antivirals such as polymerase and protease inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 are likely to be effective against SARS-CoV-1. […] COVID-19 vaccines may provide some level of cross-protection against SARS; however, the extent of such cross-protection remains to be studied.

• #83

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by a SARS-coronavirus. […] The pathogen causing the disease was identified as a coronavirus at the end of February 2003. […] SARS-CoV-1 (the number 1 was added later to distinguish it from the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2) is a respiratory virus which can spread through the air through small infectious respiratory particles. […] SARS can also be transmitted indirectly through deposition of the virus onto surfaces via contaminated surfaces that have been touched by someone who is infected with the virus. […] The case fatality among persons with illness meeting the current WHO case definition for confirmed cases of SARS is around 9.6%. […] While no treatment or cure was available at the time of the emergence of SARS, the emergence of a closely related disease COVID-19 lead to the rapid development of several antivirals and vaccines. […] Antivirals such as polymerase and protease inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 are likely to be effective against SARS-CoV-1. […] COVID-19 vaccines may provide some level of cross-protection against SARS; however, the extent of such cross-protection remains to be studied.

• #84 SARS: Symptoms, Vs. COVID-19, Treatment, Prevention & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious form of viral pneumonia caused by the SARS coronavirus. The SARS coronavirus is also known as SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-1. […] The virus that causes SARS is called SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-1, while the virus that causes COVID-19 is called SARS-CoV-2. […] Most of the fatalities associated with SARS resulted from respiratory failure. SARS can also lead to heart or liver failure. […] Despite the efforts of researchers, an effective SARS-CoV-1 vaccine does not exist. […] There’s no established treatment specifically for SARS. However, some COVID-19 treatments, such as nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) and molnupiravir, would likely be effective against SARS.

• #85

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by a SARS-coronavirus. […] The pathogen causing the disease was identified as a coronavirus at the end of February 2003. […] SARS-CoV-1 (the number 1 was added later to distinguish it from the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2) is a respiratory virus which can spread through the air through small infectious respiratory particles. […] SARS can also be transmitted indirectly through deposition of the virus onto surfaces via contaminated surfaces that have been touched by someone who is infected with the virus. […] The case fatality among persons with illness meeting the current WHO case definition for confirmed cases of SARS is around 9.6%. […] While no treatment or cure was available at the time of the emergence of SARS, the emergence of a closely related disease COVID-19 lead to the rapid development of several antivirals and vaccines. […] Antivirals such as polymerase and protease inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 are likely to be effective against SARS-CoV-1. […] COVID-19 vaccines may provide some level of cross-protection against SARS; however, the extent of such cross-protection remains to be studied.

• #86 SARS and MERS | BCM

  https://www.bcm.edu/departments/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-and-biodefense/specific-agents/sars-mers

  However, the virus is not easily transmitted from person to person and there has been no sustained transmission of MERS-CoV. […] It is probable that SARS-CoV still lurks in an animal host in the wild, and human contact with this animal(s) could again spark a SARS epidemic. […] Scientists have reported that the Chinese horseshoe bat is likely to be the animal that is the hiding place of the SARS virus. […] Genetic analysis of the virus in bats showed that it is closely related to the human SARS virus, although it is still not clear how the SARS virus was transmitted from bats to humans.

• #87 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558977/

  A new and rapidly progressive respiratory syndrome termed severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the Guangdong province of China as a global threat in March of 2003. […] The WHO, along with its international partners, including the centers for disease control and prevention (CDC), was able to identify within two weeks the etiologic agent. […] The agent was a novel coronavirus and was given the name SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). […] The SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was established as the cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) after fulfilling all of Koch postulates. […] SARS-CoV is thought to have jumped from an animal reservoir in the horseshoe bat through an intermediate host in the palm civet and then to humans. […] Research during the years following the SARS pandemic revealed the existence of many different coronaviruses circulating in bats and other animals, suggesting that the emergence of another coronavirus into humans was not just possible but inevitable.

• #88 SARS and MERS | BCM

  https://www.bcm.edu/departments/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-and-biodefense/specific-agents/sars-mers

  However, the virus is not easily transmitted from person to person and there has been no sustained transmission of MERS-CoV. […] It is probable that SARS-CoV still lurks in an animal host in the wild, and human contact with this animal(s) could again spark a SARS epidemic. […] Scientists have reported that the Chinese horseshoe bat is likely to be the animal that is the hiding place of the SARS virus. […] Genetic analysis of the virus in bats showed that it is closely related to the human SARS virus, although it is still not clear how the SARS virus was transmitted from bats to humans.

• #89 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an infectious condition that can cause serious respiratory illness and death. […] SARS was caused by a coronavirus, the same family of viruses that causes some common colds. […] Like most respiratory viruses, SARS appeared to spread from person to person through coughing, sneezing and close contact. […] The 2003 epidemic was responsible for more than 8,000 cases of SARS in 29 countries, including 29 cases in the United States. […] SARS was fatal for 1 in 10 patients. […] Age was an important factor in mortality; the risk of the disease being fatal increased to about half of patients over the age of 60. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) continues to monitor disease activity worldwide and has established guidelines for emergency preparedness and response should another SARS outbreak ever emerge.

• #90 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | UNDRR

  https://www.undrr.org/understanding-disaster-risk/terminology/hips/bi0068

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARSCoV) (WHO, 2019). […] SARS was first identified at the end of February 2003 during an outbreak that emerged in China and spread to four other countries (WHO, 2020). […] The virus that causes SARS is thought to be transmitted most readily by respiratory droplets (droplet spread) produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. […] The incubation period of SARS is usually 2 to 7 days but may be as long as 10 days (WHO, 2020). […] There is no cure or vaccine for SARS and treatment should be supportive and based on the patients symptoms (WHO, 2020). […] Laboratory diagnosis is key to determine the aetiology of the symptoms including differential diagnosis with other coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2. […] No vaccine or specific treatment is available for SARS but it is part of the priority list for the WHO Research and Development Blueprint for Action to Prevent Epidemics (WHO, 2016a).

• #91 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | PreventionWeb

  https://www.preventionweb.net/understanding-disaster-risk/terminology/hips/bi0068

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARSCoV) (WHO, 2019). […] Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was first identified at the end of February 2003 during an outbreak that emerged in China and spread to four other countries (WHO, 2020). […] The virus that causes SARS is thought to be transmitted most readily by respiratory droplets (droplet spread) produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. […] The incubation period of SARS is usually 2 to 7 days but may be as long as 10 days (WHO, 2020). […] There is no cure or vaccine for SARS and treatment should be supportive and based on the patients symptoms (WHO, 2020). […] Laboratory diagnosis is key to determine the aetiology of the symptoms including differential diagnosis with other coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2. […] No vaccine or specific treatment is available for SARS but it is part of the priority list for the WHO Research and Development Blueprint for Action to Prevent Epidemics (WHO, 2016a).

• #92 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558977/

  A new and rapidly progressive respiratory syndrome termed severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the Guangdong province of China as a global threat in March of 2003. […] The WHO, along with its international partners, including the centers for disease control and prevention (CDC), was able to identify within two weeks the etiologic agent. […] The agent was a novel coronavirus and was given the name SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). […] The SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was established as the cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) after fulfilling all of Koch postulates. […] SARS-CoV is thought to have jumped from an animal reservoir in the horseshoe bat through an intermediate host in the palm civet and then to humans. […] Research during the years following the SARS pandemic revealed the existence of many different coronaviruses circulating in bats and other animals, suggesting that the emergence of another coronavirus into humans was not just possible but inevitable.

• #93 SARS: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/sars

  The coronavirus that is the causative agent of atypical pneumonia or SARS – Institut Pasteur Print | Share LinkedIn logo Facebook logo […] SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) was the first severe transmissible disease to emerge in the 21st century. […] The causative agent of SARS, a previously unknown coronavirus, was also able to be rapidly identified. […] SARS is an infectious disease caused by a virus belonging to the coronavirus family, SARS-CoV-1. The animal reservoir for the SARS coronavirus has been identified as an insect-eating bat. The intermediate host that enabled the virus to spread to humans is the masked palm civet, a wild animal sold in markets and eaten in southern China. […] The international laboratory network (including the WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Reference on Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, in the Molecular Genetics of Respiratory Viruses Unit at the Institut Pasteur), tasked by WHO to identify the causative agent for SARS and to develop a diagnostic test, discovered a virus that was completely unknown to scientists. It was a virus that belonged to the coronavirus family with properties that had never previously been observed. Coronaviruses usually cause mild colds in humans. […] In 2002, a first coronavirus, SARS-CoV-1, emerged in China, causing an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).

• #94 Pathology and Pathogenesis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1829448/

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging infectious viral disease characterized by severe clinical manifestations of the lower respiratory tract. […] A novel coronavirus was identified as the etiological agent of SARS. This virus (SARS-CoV) belongs to a family of large, positive, single-stranded RNA viruses. […] SARS-CoV was successfully isolated from lung tissue in 10 of 23 cases, including cases with a duration of illness of up to 20 days. […] ACE2, a metallopeptidase, was identified as the functional receptor for SARS-CoV. […] Direct viral effects are also likely to contribute to the serious pulmonary injury resulting from SARS-CoV infection. […] Autoantibodies against pulmonary epithelial cells and endothelial cells have been detected in SARS patients. […] Genetic factors also seem to play a causative role in the pathogenesis of SARS.

• #95 SARS and MERS | BCM

  https://www.bcm.edu/departments/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-and-biodefense/specific-agents/sars-mers

  The virus then is thought to have mutated to adapt to its human host, and consequently human-to-human transmission became more efficient, setting off the SARS epidemic. […] One reason that SARS-CoV might have been more lethal than other coronaviruses is that it appears to interfere with an enzyme system in humans that is critical for regulating body fluid balance. […] Therefore, the virus could disrupt normal functioning of the lungs by blocking this enzyme system and allowing fluid to leak into the air sacs of the lungs, resulting in severe respiratory illness. […] Although MERS-CoV is distinct from SARS-CoV, the disease caused by MERS is similar to SARS, in that it is characterized by a severe respiratory illness that can be fatal in humans. […] Like SARS, MERS is thought to have originated in bats, but MERS-CoV has been passed to dromedary camels, which serve as the primary source of human MERS-CoV infection.

• #96 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  In the 2003 outbreak, the death rate from SARS was 9% to 12% of those diagnosed. In people over age 65, the death rate was higher than 50%. The illness was milder in younger people. […] Public health policies were effective at controlling outbreaks of SARS. Since 2004, there have been no cases of SARS reported anywhere in the world.

• #97 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an infectious condition that can cause serious respiratory illness and death. […] SARS was caused by a coronavirus, the same family of viruses that causes some common colds. […] Like most respiratory viruses, SARS appeared to spread from person to person through coughing, sneezing and close contact. […] The 2003 epidemic was responsible for more than 8,000 cases of SARS in 29 countries, including 29 cases in the United States. […] SARS was fatal for 1 in 10 patients. […] Age was an important factor in mortality; the risk of the disease being fatal increased to about half of patients over the age of 60. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) continues to monitor disease activity worldwide and has established guidelines for emergency preparedness and response should another SARS outbreak ever emerge.

• #98 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558977/

  A new and rapidly progressive respiratory syndrome termed severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the Guangdong province of China as a global threat in March of 2003. […] The WHO, along with its international partners, including the centers for disease control and prevention (CDC), was able to identify within two weeks the etiologic agent. […] The agent was a novel coronavirus and was given the name SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). […] The SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was established as the cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) after fulfilling all of Koch postulates. […] SARS-CoV is thought to have jumped from an animal reservoir in the horseshoe bat through an intermediate host in the palm civet and then to humans. […] Research during the years following the SARS pandemic revealed the existence of many different coronaviruses circulating in bats and other animals, suggesting that the emergence of another coronavirus into humans was not just possible but inevitable.

• #99 SARS and MERS | BCM

  https://www.bcm.edu/departments/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-and-biodefense/specific-agents/sars-mers

  However, the virus is not easily transmitted from person to person and there has been no sustained transmission of MERS-CoV. […] It is probable that SARS-CoV still lurks in an animal host in the wild, and human contact with this animal(s) could again spark a SARS epidemic. […] Scientists have reported that the Chinese horseshoe bat is likely to be the animal that is the hiding place of the SARS virus. […] Genetic analysis of the virus in bats showed that it is closely related to the human SARS virus, although it is still not clear how the SARS virus was transmitted from bats to humans.

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