Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10856-severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was a respiratory illness caused by the virus SARS-CoV-1. Symptoms included high fever, cough and shortness of breath. Symptoms of SARS included high fever, chills, headache, body aches, cough, shortness of breath, diarrhea and sore throat. SARS (SARS-CoV-1) was a respiratory illness that spread in many countries around the world in 2002 and 2003. For many people, SARS caused flu-like symptoms (like fever and headache). But it progressed to severe illness in about 1 to 2 out of every 10 people (10% to 20%) during the outbreak. A virus, SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1), causes SARS. SARS spreads through respiratory droplets, usually when someone with the virus coughs or sneezes. SARS no longer spreads. But during the 2002-2003 epidemic, some people had mild illness and others had severe complications, like pneumonia, low oxygen levels in their blood and tissues (hypoxia), and respiratory failure. No, there isn’t a cure for SARS. And like many viruses, there aren’t any specific antiviral medications that treat it. Public health measures helped contain SARS. Scientists collaborated to quickly identify and find ways to test for the virus. SARS is most contagious after symptoms start, so screening people with symptoms and isolating them at home was effective at containing the spread.

• #2 About SARS – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/sars/basics.html

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness that first emerged in China in November 2002, and later spread through international travel to 29 countries worldwide causing large outbreaks in Hong Kong; Taiwan; Singapore; Hanoi, Vietnam; and Toronto, Canada. […] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), from November 2002 to July 31, 2003, there were 8,098 cases of SARS; of these, 774 died. […] On October 1, 2003, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), reported that there were 164 probable and suspect SARS cases in the United States, of which only eight had laboratory evidence of SARS. […] Doctors suspect SARS if a patient has a fever of 38.0C or 100.4F, respiratory symptoms and history of travel to a SARS affected area or close contact with a known SARS patient within 10 days before the fever or respiratory symptoms started. […] There are several laboratory tests used to detect SARS-CoV and other causes of respiratory illness. […] In some persons it may take as long as 28 days after the start of symptoms to have a definite laboratory diagnosis.

• #3 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sars/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351771

  When SARS first appeared, no specific tests checked for it. Now various tests can help detect the virus. These include tests of the blood, stool, nose and throat. […] But no known spread of the virus that causes SARS has happened anywhere in the world since 2004.

• #4 Diagnosing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/0615/p2369.html

  The early diagnosis of suspected severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is essential to allow for early isolation and treatment. […] A probable case meets the criteria for a suspect case and has additional chest radiographic evidence of infiltrates or laboratory results positive for SARS coronavirus. […] Leung and associates developed a clinical prediction rule for diagnosis to identify SARS in the emergency department during an outbreak. […] In step one, age in years and contact history were associated with a SARS diagnosis, as was the presence of three symptoms: fever, myalgia, and malaise. […] The absence of sputum production, abdominal pain, sore throat, and rhinorrhea also were independently associated with a SARS diagnosis. […] In step two, four laboratory or radiographic findings were associated with a SARS diagnosis, including chest radiograph, lymphocyte count, neutrophil count, and platelet count.

• #5 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): Lessons for Future Pandemics | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars-lessons-future-pandemics/2010-09

  From November 2002 to July 2003, worldwide attention turned to cases of a rapidly progressive respiratory illness that spread through five continents. […] The illness was eventually named severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) by the World Health Organization (WHO), which launched major efforts to track cases, determine an etiology, establish a laboratory test for diagnosis, evaluate treatments, and test infection control strategies to prevent further spread. […] The WHO and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued separate, but similar, definitions for SARS. […] According to the WHO, a probable case is defined by fever above 38 degrees C (100.5 degrees F), plus one or more lower respiratory tract symptoms (cough, dyspnea), plus chest radiograph findings of pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and no other cause for acute illness and respiratory failure.

• #6 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): Lessons for Future Pandemics | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars-lessons-future-pandemics/2010-09

  From November 2002 to July 2003, worldwide attention turned to cases of a rapidly progressive respiratory illness that spread through five continents. […] The illness was eventually named severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) by the World Health Organization (WHO), which launched major efforts to track cases, determine an etiology, establish a laboratory test for diagnosis, evaluate treatments, and test infection control strategies to prevent further spread. […] The WHO and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued separate, but similar, definitions for SARS. […] According to the WHO, a probable case is defined by fever above 38 degrees C (100.5 degrees F), plus one or more lower respiratory tract symptoms (cough, dyspnea), plus chest radiograph findings of pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and no other cause for acute illness and respiratory failure.

• #7 SARS – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS

  SARS-CoV may be suspected in a patient who has: […] For a case to be considered probable, a chest X-ray must be indicative for atypical pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome. […] The WHO has added the category of „laboratory confirmed SARS” which means patients who would otherwise be considered „probable” and have tested positive for SARS based on one of the approved tests (ELISA, immunofluorescence or PCR) but whose chest X-ray findings do not show SARS-CoV infection (e.g. ground glass opacities, patchy consolidations unilateral). […] The appearance of SARS-CoV in chest X-rays is not always uniform but generally appears as an abnormality with patchy infiltrates.

• #8 SARS – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/respiratory/coronavirus/sars/

  Any person with fever or a history of fever AND At least one of the following three: – Cough – Difficulty in breathing – Shortness of breath AND At least one of the following four: – Radiographic evidence of pneumonia – Radiographic evidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome – Autopsy findings of pneumonia – Autopsy findings of acute respiratory distress syndrome AND No alternative diagnosis which can fully explain the illness […] Laboratory criteria for case confirmation At least one of the following three: – Isolation of virus in cell culture from any clinical specimen and identification of SARS-CoV using method such as RT-PCR […] Laboratory criteria for a probable case At least one of the following two: – A single positive antibody test for SARS-CoV – A positive PCR result for SARS-CoV on a single clinical specimen and assay

• #9 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-associated Coronavirus Disease (SARS-CoV) Revised July 1, 2003 | CDC

  https://ndc.services.cdc.gov/case-definitions/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-associated-coronavirus-disease-2003-07-01/

  Presence of two or more of the following features: fever (might be subjective), chills, rigors, myalgia, headache, diarrhea, sore throat, or rhinorrhea […] Tests to detect SARS-CoV are being refined and their performance characteristics assessed; therefore, criteria for laboratory diagnosis of SARS-CoV are changing. The following are general criteria for laboratory confirmation of SARS-CoV: […] Detection of serum antibody to SARS-CoV by a test validated by CDC (e.g., enzyme immunoassay), […] Isolation in cell culture of SARS-CoV from a clinical specimen, […] Detection of SARS-CoV RNA by a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test validated by CDC and with subsequent confirmation in a reference laboratory (e.g., CDC) […] A case may be excluded as a SARS report under investigation (SARS RUI), including as a CDC-defined probable SARS-CoV case, if any of the following apply:

• #10 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | Cigna

  https://www.cigna.com/knowledge-center/hw/medical-topics/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-uf6067

  Your doctor may suspect SARS if you have a fever and you either have traveled to a SARS-affected area or have in the past 10 days been around a person who has SARS. […] Your doctor may order several tests to find out the cause of your symptoms. A chest X-ray may be done if you are short of breath or coughing. A blood sample, sputum sample, or nasal swab may be done to detect bacteria or viruses. Your doctor may suspect that you have SARS if tests rule out any other cause for your symptoms, especially if you had contact with someone who has SARS or you traveled to an area experiencing a SARS outbreak. In this case, blood tests may be done to detect substances in your blood (antibodies) that form to fight the SARS virus. […] You will need at least two tests for antibodies done on separate days to confirm an infection. You also may have tests to detect the genetic material (RNA) of the SARS virus. RNA testing is not available everywhere.

• #11 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007192.htm

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious form of pneumonia. Infection with the SARS virus causes acute respiratory distress (severe breathing difficulty), and sometimes death. […] Your health care provider may hear abnormal lung sounds while listening to your chest with a stethoscope. In most people with SARS, a chest x-ray or chest CT scan show pneumonia, which is typical with SARS. […] Tests used to diagnose SARS might include: Arterial blood tests, Blood clotting tests, Blood chemistry tests, Chest x-ray or chest CT scan, Complete blood count (CBC). […] Tests used to quickly identify the virus that causes SARS include: Antibody tests for SARS, Direct isolation of the SARS virus, Rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for SARS virus.

• #12 SARS – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS

  SARS-CoV may be suspected in a patient who has: […] For a case to be considered probable, a chest X-ray must be indicative for atypical pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome. […] The WHO has added the category of „laboratory confirmed SARS” which means patients who would otherwise be considered „probable” and have tested positive for SARS based on one of the approved tests (ELISA, immunofluorescence or PCR) but whose chest X-ray findings do not show SARS-CoV infection (e.g. ground glass opacities, patchy consolidations unilateral). […] The appearance of SARS-CoV in chest X-rays is not always uniform but generally appears as an abnormality with patchy infiltrates.

• #13 SARS-CoV-2 infection: Pathogenesis, Immune Responses, Diagnosis – Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology

  https://microbiologyjournal.org/sars-cov-2-infection-pathogenesis-immune-responses-diagnosis/

  In SARS-CoV-2 infection, upper respiratory samples are mostly preferred for sampling, which includes oropharyngeal swabs, nasopharyngeal swabs, posterior pharyngeal wall swabs, oropharyngeal wash, nasopharyngeal wash, and nasal aspirates. […] A high-resolution chest CT scan of SARS-CoV-2 patients shows bilateral pulmonary parenchymal ground glass appearance, pulmonary consolidation, bilateral nodule, and interlobular septal thickening. […] The chest CT scan used for COVID-19 has lower specificity (25%) because radiological features overlap with other viral pneumonia symptoms. […] In SARS-CoV-2 infection, an RT-PCR with chest CT scan was used for diagnosis and to rule out false-negative results with symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 infection. […] IgG and IgM antibodies are detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in patient serum samples infected with COVID-19. […] The main challenge in serological testing is the cross-reactivity of antibodies to other SARS virus family groups. […] Technology-based on nanomaterials can be used as an alternative to RT-PCR for fast detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

• #14 The Laboratory Diagnosis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Emerging Laboratory Tests for an Emerging Pathogen

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1904415/

  The 2003 pandemic of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) profiled the ability of modern diagnostic microbiology and molecular biology to identify, isolate and characterize, within weeks, a previously unknown viral infectious pathogen. The culprit, SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), was detected in patient specimens by traditional cell culture using an unusual cell line for respiratory viruses, Vero E6, and by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the polymerase 1 B region of the genome. […] At the present time, the diagnosis of SARS-CoV infection can be established by a combination of one or more of the following: RT-PCR detection of viral RNA in clinical samples, growth of the virus in cell culture, or serologic detection of specific antibody to SARS-CoV. Practically speaking, for most laboratories, diagnostic tests are restricted to RT-PCR and serology, since viral culture can only be performed in a biosafety level III facility.

• #15 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/904

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging infectious disease responsible for the first pandemic of the 21st century; there have been no reported cases since 2004. […] Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the test of choice for confirming diagnosis. […] Diagnostic investigations include FBC, aminotransferases, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, blood culture, sputum culture, nasopharyngeal virus culture, direct immunofluorescent antibody staining, chest x-ray, pulse oximetry, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). […] Emerging tests include rapid immunoswab assay for SARS-CoV detection and monoclonal antibodies.

• #16 Laboratory Diagnosis of SARS

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3323215/

  The virologic test results of 415 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) were examined. The peak detection rate for SARS-associated coronavirus occurred at week 2 after illness onset for respiratory specimens, at weeks 2 to 3 for stool or rectal swab specimens, and at week 4 for urine specimens. The latest stool sample that was positive by reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was collected on day 75 while the patient was receiving intensive care. Tracheal aspirate and stool samples had a higher diagnostic yield (RT-PCR average positive rate for first 2 weeks: 66.7% and 56.5%, respectively). […] The diagnostic approach was based on a combination of serologic testing, reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and virus isolation. […] The RT-PCR and virus isolation results of different specimen types collected within the first 4 weeks after the onset of symptoms are shown in Table 2. When RT-PCR was used for virus detection, tracheal aspirate and stool provided a high diagnostic yield, with an average positive rate of 66.7% and 56.5%, respectively, for the first 2 weeks.

• #17 Laboratory Diagnosis of SARS

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3323215/

  The virologic test results of 415 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) were examined. The peak detection rate for SARS-associated coronavirus occurred at week 2 after illness onset for respiratory specimens, at weeks 2 to 3 for stool or rectal swab specimens, and at week 4 for urine specimens. The latest stool sample that was positive by reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was collected on day 75 while the patient was receiving intensive care. Tracheal aspirate and stool samples had a higher diagnostic yield (RT-PCR average positive rate for first 2 weeks: 66.7% and 56.5%, respectively). […] The diagnostic approach was based on a combination of serologic testing, reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and virus isolation. […] The RT-PCR and virus isolation results of different specimen types collected within the first 4 weeks after the onset of symptoms are shown in Table 2. When RT-PCR was used for virus detection, tracheal aspirate and stool provided a high diagnostic yield, with an average positive rate of 66.7% and 56.5%, respectively, for the first 2 weeks.

• #18

  https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-(sars)-availability-and-use-of-laboratory-testing

  To enhance the future understanding of the SARS disease process, WHO recommends that clinicians collect and store sequential samples from patients with SARS for testing when diagnostic tests become readily available. […] PCR can detect genetic material of the SARS virus in various specimens (blood, stool, respiratory secretions or body tissue). […] Existing PCR tests are very specific but lack sensitivity. That means that negative tests can’t rule out the presence of the SARS virus in patients. […] Laboratories performing SARS specific PCR tests should adopt strict criteria for confirmation of positive results, especially in low prevalence areas, where the positive predictive value might be lower. […] Virus in specimens (such as respiratory secretions, blood or stool) from SARS patients can also be detected by infecting cell cultures and growing the virus. Once isolated, the virus must be identified as the SARS virus with further tests.

• #19 The Laboratory Diagnosis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Emerging Laboratory Tests for an Emerging Pathogen

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1904415/

  Recommended specimens include respiratory specimens (preferably nasopharyngeal aspirates), plasma or serum, or stool for the detection of SARS-CoV by RT-PCR or viral culture, and serum specimens for serology in the second and third weeks of illness. […] In summary, RT-PCR assays for the detection of SARS-CoV are in a state of evolution. As compared to other respiratory viruses, where peak viral loads in respiratory secretions are observed at the time of clinical presentation, the early diagnosis of SARS-CoV is hindered by the initial low viral load in the upper respiratory tract. […] Serology plays an important role in confirming clinically suspected cases of SARS and in assessing illness in those with mild or atypical infection. As compared to RT-PCR, it also plays a role in ruling out infection using an appropriately timed convalescent serum.

• #20 Laboratory Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/11/7/1270

  Laboratory Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia […] In this review, we discuss the direct and indirect methods that are currently employed for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. […] The need for rapid, accurate diagnostic testing was recognized. […] To date, they fall into three categories: (1) those isolating and replicating viral RNA in patient samples from the respiratory tract (Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests; NAATs), (2) those detecting the presence of viral proteins (Rapid Antigen Tests; RATs) and serology-based exams identifying antibodies to the virus in whole blood and serum. […] Nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs are the preferred specimen for direct detection of SARS-CoV-2 according to both the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines.

• #21 SARS-CoV-2 infection: Pathogenesis, Immune Responses, Diagnosis – Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology

  https://microbiologyjournal.org/sars-cov-2-infection-pathogenesis-immune-responses-diagnosis/

  In SARS-CoV-2 infection, upper respiratory samples are mostly preferred for sampling, which includes oropharyngeal swabs, nasopharyngeal swabs, posterior pharyngeal wall swabs, oropharyngeal wash, nasopharyngeal wash, and nasal aspirates. […] A high-resolution chest CT scan of SARS-CoV-2 patients shows bilateral pulmonary parenchymal ground glass appearance, pulmonary consolidation, bilateral nodule, and interlobular septal thickening. […] The chest CT scan used for COVID-19 has lower specificity (25%) because radiological features overlap with other viral pneumonia symptoms. […] In SARS-CoV-2 infection, an RT-PCR with chest CT scan was used for diagnosis and to rule out false-negative results with symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 infection. […] IgG and IgM antibodies are detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in patient serum samples infected with COVID-19. […] The main challenge in serological testing is the cross-reactivity of antibodies to other SARS virus family groups. […] Technology-based on nanomaterials can be used as an alternative to RT-PCR for fast detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

• #22 4. Diagnostics, Therapeutics, and Other Technologies to Control SARS | Learning from SARS: Preparing for the Next Disease Outbreak: Workshop Summary | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/10915/chapter/6

  Using seroconversion to CoV as the gold standard for SARS CoV diagnosis, WHO-HKU and WHO-Hamburg RT-PCR assays exhibited diagnostic sensitivities of 61 and 68 percent (nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens), 65 and 72 percent (throat swab specimens), 50 and 54 percent (urine specimens), and 58 and 63 percent (stool specimens), respectively, with an overall specificity of 100 percent. […] The examination of more than one respiratory specimen is necessary to maximize the sensitivity of RT-PCR assays for SARS CoV.

• #23 The Laboratory Diagnosis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Emerging Laboratory Tests for an Emerging Pathogen

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1904415/

  Recommended specimens include respiratory specimens (preferably nasopharyngeal aspirates), plasma or serum, or stool for the detection of SARS-CoV by RT-PCR or viral culture, and serum specimens for serology in the second and third weeks of illness. […] In summary, RT-PCR assays for the detection of SARS-CoV are in a state of evolution. As compared to other respiratory viruses, where peak viral loads in respiratory secretions are observed at the time of clinical presentation, the early diagnosis of SARS-CoV is hindered by the initial low viral load in the upper respiratory tract. […] Serology plays an important role in confirming clinically suspected cases of SARS and in assessing illness in those with mild or atypical infection. As compared to RT-PCR, it also plays a role in ruling out infection using an appropriately timed convalescent serum.

• #24 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-associated Coronavirus Disease (SARS-CoV) Revised July 1, 2003 | CDC

  https://ndc.services.cdc.gov/case-definitions/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-associated-coronavirus-disease-2003-07-01/

  An alternative diagnosis can explain the illness fully, […] Antibody to SARS-CoV is undetectable in a serum specimen obtained 28 days after onset of illness, […] The identification of the etiologic agent of SARS (i.e., SARS-CoV) led to the rapid development of enzyme immunoassays and immunofluorescence assays for serologic diagnosis and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays for detection of SARS-CoV ribonucleic acid (RNA) in clinical samples. […] Current data indicate that 95% of patients with SARS-CoV disease mount an antibody response to SARS-CoV. […] SARS-CoV disease should be considered at a minimum in the differential diagnoses for persons requiring hospitalization for pneumonia confirmed radiographically or acute respiratory distress syndrome without identifiable etiology and who have one of the following risk factors in the 10 days before the onset of illness:

• #25

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5214a1.htm

  Laboratory diagnostic tests used at CDC to test clinical specimens for evidence of this novel coronavirus are still in development and are not available outside a research setting. Serologic testing for coronavirus antibody consists of indirect fluorescent antibody testing and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays that are specific for antibody produced after infection. Although some patients have detectable coronavirus antibody within 14 days of illness onset, definitive interpretation of negative coronavirus antibody tests is possible only for specimens obtained 21 days after onset of fever. For other suspected SARS cases in the United States, a second serum specimen collected 21 days after fever onset will be necessary to determine whether infection with the novel coronavirus can be documented. A reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test specific for RNA from the novel coronavirus has been positive within the first 10 days after fever onset in specimens from some SARS patients, but the duration of detectable viremia or viral shedding is unknown, and RT-PCR tests on samples collected during convalescence might be negative. Viral culture followed by RT-PCR also has been used to detect the novel coronavirus in some specimens.

• #26 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-associated Coronavirus Disease (SARS-CoV) Revised July 1, 2003 | CDC

  https://ndc.services.cdc.gov/case-definitions/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-associated-coronavirus-disease-2003-07-01/

  An alternative diagnosis can explain the illness fully, […] Antibody to SARS-CoV is undetectable in a serum specimen obtained 28 days after onset of illness, […] The identification of the etiologic agent of SARS (i.e., SARS-CoV) led to the rapid development of enzyme immunoassays and immunofluorescence assays for serologic diagnosis and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays for detection of SARS-CoV ribonucleic acid (RNA) in clinical samples. […] Current data indicate that 95% of patients with SARS-CoV disease mount an antibody response to SARS-CoV. […] SARS-CoV disease should be considered at a minimum in the differential diagnoses for persons requiring hospitalization for pneumonia confirmed radiographically or acute respiratory distress syndrome without identifiable etiology and who have one of the following risk factors in the 10 days before the onset of illness:

• #27 The Laboratory Diagnosis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Emerging Laboratory Tests for an Emerging Pathogen

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1904415/

  Recommended specimens include respiratory specimens (preferably nasopharyngeal aspirates), plasma or serum, or stool for the detection of SARS-CoV by RT-PCR or viral culture, and serum specimens for serology in the second and third weeks of illness. […] In summary, RT-PCR assays for the detection of SARS-CoV are in a state of evolution. As compared to other respiratory viruses, where peak viral loads in respiratory secretions are observed at the time of clinical presentation, the early diagnosis of SARS-CoV is hindered by the initial low viral load in the upper respiratory tract. […] Serology plays an important role in confirming clinically suspected cases of SARS and in assessing illness in those with mild or atypical infection. As compared to RT-PCR, it also plays a role in ruling out infection using an appropriately timed convalescent serum.

• #28 The Laboratory Diagnosis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Emerging Laboratory Tests for an Emerging Pathogen

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1904415/

  The 2003 pandemic of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) profiled the ability of modern diagnostic microbiology and molecular biology to identify, isolate and characterize, within weeks, a previously unknown viral infectious pathogen. The culprit, SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), was detected in patient specimens by traditional cell culture using an unusual cell line for respiratory viruses, Vero E6, and by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the polymerase 1 B region of the genome. […] At the present time, the diagnosis of SARS-CoV infection can be established by a combination of one or more of the following: RT-PCR detection of viral RNA in clinical samples, growth of the virus in cell culture, or serologic detection of specific antibody to SARS-CoV. Practically speaking, for most laboratories, diagnostic tests are restricted to RT-PCR and serology, since viral culture can only be performed in a biosafety level III facility.

• #29

  https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-(sars)-availability-and-use-of-laboratory-testing

  To enhance the future understanding of the SARS disease process, WHO recommends that clinicians collect and store sequential samples from patients with SARS for testing when diagnostic tests become readily available. […] PCR can detect genetic material of the SARS virus in various specimens (blood, stool, respiratory secretions or body tissue). […] Existing PCR tests are very specific but lack sensitivity. That means that negative tests can’t rule out the presence of the SARS virus in patients. […] Laboratories performing SARS specific PCR tests should adopt strict criteria for confirmation of positive results, especially in low prevalence areas, where the positive predictive value might be lower. […] Virus in specimens (such as respiratory secretions, blood or stool) from SARS patients can also be detected by infecting cell cultures and growing the virus. Once isolated, the virus must be identified as the SARS virus with further tests.

• #30 Laboratory Diagnosis of SARS

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3323215/

  The yield from virus isolation was much lower than from RT-PCR, and no specimen was positive by culture but negative by RT-PCR. […] We found that positive virologic results were associated with more adverse outcomes in patients. This observation could be confounded by the fact that only high-yield specimens, e.g., tracheal aspirate, could be obtained from intubated patients. […] Several options could be considered to improve the ability to accurately diagnose SARS-CoV infection. First, levels of viremia should be included in the diagnostic algorithm because we have found SARS-CoV RNA from blood samples taken within the first few days of onset of symptoms.

• #31 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): Lessons for Future Pandemics | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars-lessons-future-pandemics/2010-09

  From November 2002 to July 2003, worldwide attention turned to cases of a rapidly progressive respiratory illness that spread through five continents. […] The illness was eventually named severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) by the World Health Organization (WHO), which launched major efforts to track cases, determine an etiology, establish a laboratory test for diagnosis, evaluate treatments, and test infection control strategies to prevent further spread. […] The WHO and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued separate, but similar, definitions for SARS. […] According to the WHO, a probable case is defined by fever above 38 degrees C (100.5 degrees F), plus one or more lower respiratory tract symptoms (cough, dyspnea), plus chest radiograph findings of pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and no other cause for acute illness and respiratory failure.

• #32 SARS – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/respiratory/coronavirus/sars/

  Any person with fever or a history of fever AND At least one of the following three: – Cough – Difficulty in breathing – Shortness of breath AND At least one of the following four: – Radiographic evidence of pneumonia – Radiographic evidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome – Autopsy findings of pneumonia – Autopsy findings of acute respiratory distress syndrome AND No alternative diagnosis which can fully explain the illness […] Laboratory criteria for case confirmation At least one of the following three: – Isolation of virus in cell culture from any clinical specimen and identification of SARS-CoV using method such as RT-PCR […] Laboratory criteria for a probable case At least one of the following two: – A single positive antibody test for SARS-CoV – A positive PCR result for SARS-CoV on a single clinical specimen and assay

• #33 SARS – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/respiratory/coronavirus/sars/

  Any person with fever or a history of fever AND At least one of the following three: – Cough – Difficulty in breathing – Shortness of breath AND At least one of the following four: – Radiographic evidence of pneumonia – Radiographic evidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome – Autopsy findings of pneumonia – Autopsy findings of acute respiratory distress syndrome AND No alternative diagnosis which can fully explain the illness […] Laboratory criteria for case confirmation At least one of the following three: – Isolation of virus in cell culture from any clinical specimen and identification of SARS-CoV using method such as RT-PCR […] Laboratory criteria for a probable case At least one of the following two: – A single positive antibody test for SARS-CoV – A positive PCR result for SARS-CoV on a single clinical specimen and assay

• #34 SARS – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/respiratory/coronavirus/sars/

  Any person with fever or a history of fever AND At least one of the following three: – Cough – Difficulty in breathing – Shortness of breath AND At least one of the following four: – Radiographic evidence of pneumonia – Radiographic evidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome – Autopsy findings of pneumonia – Autopsy findings of acute respiratory distress syndrome AND No alternative diagnosis which can fully explain the illness […] Laboratory criteria for case confirmation At least one of the following three: – Isolation of virus in cell culture from any clinical specimen and identification of SARS-CoV using method such as RT-PCR […] Laboratory criteria for a probable case At least one of the following two: – A single positive antibody test for SARS-CoV – A positive PCR result for SARS-CoV on a single clinical specimen and assay

• #35 SARS – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/respiratory/coronavirus/sars/

  Case classification for the inter-epidemic period Also applies during an outbreak in a non-affected country or area A. Possible case Any person meeting the clinical criteria and with an epidemiological link B. Probable case Any person meeting the clinical criteria AND with an epidemiological link AND meeting the laboratory criteria for a probable case C. Nationally confirmed case Any person meeting the clinical and the laboratory criteria for case confirmation where the testing has been performed at a national reference laboratory D. Confirmed case Any person meeting the clinical and the laboratory criteria for case confirmation where the testing has been performed at a WHO SARS verification and reference laboratory […] Case classification during an outbreak Applies during an outbreak in a country/area where at least one person has been laboratory confirmed by a WHO SARS verification and reference laboratory A. Possible case Any person meeting the clinical criteria B. Probable case Any person meeting the clinical criteria and with an epidemiological link to a nationally confirmed or a confirmed case C. Nationally confirmed case Any person meeting the clinical and the laboratory criteria for case confirmation where the testing has been performed at a national reference laboratory D. Confirmed case One of the following three: – Any person meeting the clinical and the laboratory criteria for case confirmation where the testing has been performed at a WHO SARS verification and reference laboratory – Any nationally confirmed case with an epidemiological link to a chain of transmission where at least one case has been independently verified by a WHO SARS reference and verification laboratory – Any person meeting the clinical criteria and with laboratory criteria for probable case with an epidemiological link to a chain of transmission where at least one case has been independently verified by a WHO SARS reference and verification laboratory

• #36 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-associated Coronavirus Disease (SARS-CoV) Revised July 1, 2003 | CDC

  https://ndc.services.cdc.gov/case-definitions/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-associated-coronavirus-disease-2003-07-01/

  Presence of two or more of the following features: fever (might be subjective), chills, rigors, myalgia, headache, diarrhea, sore throat, or rhinorrhea […] Tests to detect SARS-CoV are being refined and their performance characteristics assessed; therefore, criteria for laboratory diagnosis of SARS-CoV are changing. The following are general criteria for laboratory confirmation of SARS-CoV: […] Detection of serum antibody to SARS-CoV by a test validated by CDC (e.g., enzyme immunoassay), […] Isolation in cell culture of SARS-CoV from a clinical specimen, […] Detection of SARS-CoV RNA by a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test validated by CDC and with subsequent confirmation in a reference laboratory (e.g., CDC) […] A case may be excluded as a SARS report under investigation (SARS RUI), including as a CDC-defined probable SARS-CoV case, if any of the following apply:

• #37 SARS – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/respiratory/coronavirus/sars/

  Any person with fever or a history of fever AND At least one of the following three: – Cough – Difficulty in breathing – Shortness of breath AND At least one of the following four: – Radiographic evidence of pneumonia – Radiographic evidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome – Autopsy findings of pneumonia – Autopsy findings of acute respiratory distress syndrome AND No alternative diagnosis which can fully explain the illness […] Laboratory criteria for case confirmation At least one of the following three: – Isolation of virus in cell culture from any clinical specimen and identification of SARS-CoV using method such as RT-PCR […] Laboratory criteria for a probable case At least one of the following two: – A single positive antibody test for SARS-CoV – A positive PCR result for SARS-CoV on a single clinical specimen and assay

• #38 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-associated Coronavirus Disease (SARS-CoV) Revised July 1, 2003 | CDC

  https://ndc.services.cdc.gov/case-definitions/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-associated-coronavirus-disease-2003-07-01/

  An alternative diagnosis can explain the illness fully, […] Antibody to SARS-CoV is undetectable in a serum specimen obtained 28 days after onset of illness, […] The identification of the etiologic agent of SARS (i.e., SARS-CoV) led to the rapid development of enzyme immunoassays and immunofluorescence assays for serologic diagnosis and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays for detection of SARS-CoV ribonucleic acid (RNA) in clinical samples. […] Current data indicate that 95% of patients with SARS-CoV disease mount an antibody response to SARS-CoV. […] SARS-CoV disease should be considered at a minimum in the differential diagnoses for persons requiring hospitalization for pneumonia confirmed radiographically or acute respiratory distress syndrome without identifiable etiology and who have one of the following risk factors in the 10 days before the onset of illness:

• #39 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007192.htm

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious form of pneumonia. Infection with the SARS virus causes acute respiratory distress (severe breathing difficulty), and sometimes death. […] Your health care provider may hear abnormal lung sounds while listening to your chest with a stethoscope. In most people with SARS, a chest x-ray or chest CT scan show pneumonia, which is typical with SARS. […] Tests used to diagnose SARS might include: Arterial blood tests, Blood clotting tests, Blood chemistry tests, Chest x-ray or chest CT scan, Complete blood count (CBC). […] Tests used to quickly identify the virus that causes SARS include: Antibody tests for SARS, Direct isolation of the SARS virus, Rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for SARS virus.

• #40 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/904

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging infectious disease responsible for the first pandemic of the 21st century; there have been no reported cases since 2004. […] Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the test of choice for confirming diagnosis. […] Diagnostic investigations include FBC, aminotransferases, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, blood culture, sputum culture, nasopharyngeal virus culture, direct immunofluorescent antibody staining, chest x-ray, pulse oximetry, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). […] Emerging tests include rapid immunoswab assay for SARS-CoV detection and monoclonal antibodies.

• #41 CEUFast – Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

  https://ceufast.com/course/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  The screening algorithm has been developed to help clinicians triage patients, particularly those complaining about upper respiratory symptoms. […] If the interview is positive, the patient should be given a mask and isolated. […] The physician is called to further evaluate. […] If the patient with suspected SARS requires further testing, exposure to other patients and staff should be minimized. […] Many patients do not have radiographic findings during the early stages of the disease and computerized tomography (CT) may be a better diagnostic tool. […] A poor prognosis is often associated with an initial high white blood count in combination with a high peak lactate dehydrogenase (Sampathkumar, et al. 2003).

• #42 CEUFast – Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

  https://ceufast.com/course/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  The screening algorithm has been developed to help clinicians triage patients, particularly those complaining about upper respiratory symptoms. […] If the interview is positive, the patient should be given a mask and isolated. […] The physician is called to further evaluate. […] If the patient with suspected SARS requires further testing, exposure to other patients and staff should be minimized. […] Many patients do not have radiographic findings during the early stages of the disease and computerized tomography (CT) may be a better diagnostic tool. […] A poor prognosis is often associated with an initial high white blood count in combination with a high peak lactate dehydrogenase (Sampathkumar, et al. 2003).

• #43 4. Diagnostics, Therapeutics, and Other Technologies to Control SARS | Learning from SARS: Preparing for the Next Disease Outbreak: Workshop Summary | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/10915/chapter/6

  This chapter also includes a description of an alternative diagnostic platform the mass spectroscopic identification of microbial nucleic acid signatures that can be adapted to detect the SARS coronavirus. Using technology originally designed for the environmental surveillance of biowarfare agents, this platform could potentially identify the SARS virus directly from a patient sample, obviating the need for time-consuming viral culture. This method is designed to distinguish between SARS and other coronaviruses, and perhaps even between genetic variants of the SARS virus; however, direct comparisons of sensitivity between this and other SARS detection systems using patient samples have yet to be conducted. […] The reverse transcription (RT)-PCR protocols of two World Health Organization (WHO) severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) network laboratories (WHO SARS network laboratories at The University of Hong Kong [WHO-HKU] and at the Bernhard-Nocht Institute in Hamburg, Germany [WHO-Hamburg]) were evaluated for rapid diagnosis of a novel coronavirus (CoV) associated with SARS in Hong Kong.

• #44 SARS-CoV-2 Mutations, Diagnosis and Their Concern

  https://www.scientificarchives.com/article/sars-cov-2-mutations-diagnosis-and-their-concern

  Serological tests are blood-based test which is used to detect whether a person has an infection or not. Antibodies (IgM and IgG) are chosen for an antigen in the blood and utilized in these tests. […] There are four serological assays commonly utilized in laboratories for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection; neutralization test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) qualitative detection, chemiluminescent immunoassay qualitative detection, and rapid diagnostic determinations. […] Fast, reliable, and sensitive methods are important for the SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, especially, RT-LAMP technique is chosen nowadays. […] The colorimetric sensing loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) method was first proposed by Zhang et al. According to the literature, the result is RT-LAMP gives similar results with q-RT-PCR.

• #45 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/904

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging infectious disease responsible for the first pandemic of the 21st century; there have been no reported cases since 2004. […] Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the test of choice for confirming diagnosis. […] Diagnostic investigations include FBC, aminotransferases, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, blood culture, sputum culture, nasopharyngeal virus culture, direct immunofluorescent antibody staining, chest x-ray, pulse oximetry, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). […] Emerging tests include rapid immunoswab assay for SARS-CoV detection and monoclonal antibodies.

• #46 The Laboratory Diagnosis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Emerging Laboratory Tests for an Emerging Pathogen

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1904415/

  Although the currently available serologic assays appear to have a reasonably high sensitivity and specificity, the recent outbreak in a nursing home of upper respiratory infection with coronavirus OC43, where some, but not all, SARS-CoV antibody tests gave positive results, suggests that cross-reactivity among SARS-CoV and other coronaviruses may occur in some assays. […] Diagnostic testing for SARS-CoV has developed very rapidly, and will continue to evolve, as we continue to remain vigilant with respect to its reappearance.

• #47

  https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-(sars)-availability-and-use-of-laboratory-testing

  Researchers in several countries are working towards developing fast and accurate laboratory tests for the SARS. However, until those tests have been adequately field tested and shown to be reliable, SARS diagnosis remains dependent on the clinical findings of an atypical pneumonia not attributed to another cause and a history of exposure to a suspect or probable case of SARS or their respiratory secretions and other bodily fluids. […] Positive test results indicate that SARS patients are, or recently were, infected with the SARS virus. Specificity of the different tests still needs to be established. […] A negative SARS virus test does not mean that the patient does not have SARS. The reasons for negative test results in a patient with SARS include the following: – The patient is not infected with the SARS virus; the illness is caused by another infectious agent (virus, bacterium, fungus) or non-infective cause. – Test results are incorrect (false-negative). Current tests need to be further developed to improve sensitivity. – Specimens were not collected at a time when the virus or its genetic material was present (pertains to PCR and cell culture). The virus and its genetic material may be present for a brief period only, depending on the type of specimen tested. – Specimens were collected early in the course of the illness and before antibodies had been produced (pertains to ELISA and immunofluorescence assays).

• #48

  https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-(sars)-availability-and-use-of-laboratory-testing

  Researchers in several countries are working towards developing fast and accurate laboratory tests for the SARS. However, until those tests have been adequately field tested and shown to be reliable, SARS diagnosis remains dependent on the clinical findings of an atypical pneumonia not attributed to another cause and a history of exposure to a suspect or probable case of SARS or their respiratory secretions and other bodily fluids. […] Positive test results indicate that SARS patients are, or recently were, infected with the SARS virus. Specificity of the different tests still needs to be established. […] A negative SARS virus test does not mean that the patient does not have SARS. The reasons for negative test results in a patient with SARS include the following: – The patient is not infected with the SARS virus; the illness is caused by another infectious agent (virus, bacterium, fungus) or non-infective cause. – Test results are incorrect (false-negative). Current tests need to be further developed to improve sensitivity. – Specimens were not collected at a time when the virus or its genetic material was present (pertains to PCR and cell culture). The virus and its genetic material may be present for a brief period only, depending on the type of specimen tested. – Specimens were collected early in the course of the illness and before antibodies had been produced (pertains to ELISA and immunofluorescence assays).

• #49 Diagnosing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/0615/p2369.html

  The early diagnosis of suspected severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is essential to allow for early isolation and treatment. […] A probable case meets the criteria for a suspect case and has additional chest radiographic evidence of infiltrates or laboratory results positive for SARS coronavirus. […] Leung and associates developed a clinical prediction rule for diagnosis to identify SARS in the emergency department during an outbreak. […] In step one, age in years and contact history were associated with a SARS diagnosis, as was the presence of three symptoms: fever, myalgia, and malaise. […] The absence of sputum production, abdominal pain, sore throat, and rhinorrhea also were independently associated with a SARS diagnosis. […] In step two, four laboratory or radiographic findings were associated with a SARS diagnosis, including chest radiograph, lymphocyte count, neutrophil count, and platelet count.

• #50 CEUFast – Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

  https://ceufast.com/course/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  The screening algorithm has been developed to help clinicians triage patients, particularly those complaining about upper respiratory symptoms. […] If the interview is positive, the patient should be given a mask and isolated. […] The physician is called to further evaluate. […] If the patient with suspected SARS requires further testing, exposure to other patients and staff should be minimized. […] Many patients do not have radiographic findings during the early stages of the disease and computerized tomography (CT) may be a better diagnostic tool. […] A poor prognosis is often associated with an initial high white blood count in combination with a high peak lactate dehydrogenase (Sampathkumar, et al. 2003).

• #51 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): Lessons for Future Pandemics | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars-lessons-future-pandemics/2010-09

  Among the laboratory tests for SARS are SARS-CoV diagnostic assay by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and serocoversion by ELISA. […] A single positive test does not confirm diagnosis, given their high rates of false positives and negatives. […] SARS diagnosis can be excluded if another diagnosis fully explains the illness, if the case was classified based upon an exposure to another patient who is subsequently found not to have SARS, or if a convalescent serum sample obtained less than 28 days after the onset of symptoms proves to be negative for antibodies to the SARS virus. […] Overall, the viral culture sensitivity to confirm a SARS diagnosis is lower than that of other serologic tests.

• #52 Diagnosing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/0615/p2369.html

  The early diagnosis of suspected severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is essential to allow for early isolation and treatment. […] A probable case meets the criteria for a suspect case and has additional chest radiographic evidence of infiltrates or laboratory results positive for SARS coronavirus. […] Leung and associates developed a clinical prediction rule for diagnosis to identify SARS in the emergency department during an outbreak. […] In step one, age in years and contact history were associated with a SARS diagnosis, as was the presence of three symptoms: fever, myalgia, and malaise. […] The absence of sputum production, abdominal pain, sore throat, and rhinorrhea also were independently associated with a SARS diagnosis. […] In step two, four laboratory or radiographic findings were associated with a SARS diagnosis, including chest radiograph, lymphocyte count, neutrophil count, and platelet count.

• #53 Diagnosing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/0615/p2369.html

  The scoring system used to quantify the association of certain risk factors with SARS are listed in the accompanying table. […] Using this prediction rule achieved a sensitivity of 0.90 and a specificity of 0.62. […] The authors conclude that this prediction rule for SARS risk would allow rapid triage of patients. […] Prospective validation of this clinical prediction rule is needed if SARS returns. […] The clinical prediction rule described above may be useful, but external validation is essential because of epidemiologic variables that have been occurring among affected groups in different settings and geographic regions.

• #54

  https://www.advocatehealth.com/health-services/lung-respiratory-care/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS), or SARS-CoV-1, is a rapidly spreading viral disease that impacts the lungs and is potentially fatal. […] Rapid SARS diagnosis is crucial for proper treatment, for preventing SARS complications and to stop the spread of the virus. At Advocate Health Care, your pulmonologist has access to state-of-the-art testing to accurately diagnose severe acute respiratory syndrome. […] Your doctor will perform a thorough physical examination, discuss your symptoms and review your medical history. Some of the tests they may order to diagnose SARS include: […] Viral RNA tests: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests are a frontline diagnostic tool where mucus from the nose is collected to be tested for the presence of the virus’ genetic material. […] Serological testing for antibodies: This blood test detects antibodies against the SARS coronavirus 1 in a patient’s blood, confirming previous exposure or infection. […] Other blood tests: These tests evaluate the patient’s overall health, determining the presence of the virus and any secondary infections or complications. […] Chest imaging: Chest X-rays or CT scans offer a visual confirmation of lung infections, a key sign of severe SARS cases.

• #55 CEUFast – Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

  https://ceufast.com/course/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  Within a six-month timeframe over 8,000 people worldwide became sick with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). […] The diagnosis of SARS is made through clinical recognition of prevailing symptoms, i.e., fever, myalgia, headache, diarrhea, dry-nonproductive cough and confirmed with laboratory tests. […] The RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) test is used to detect SARS-CoV in specimens, including blood, stool and nasal secretions. […] The CDC has developed reagents for SARS antibody testing and these are available to state health laboratories. […] The key to preventing SARS is a high index of suspicion so that early recognition is accomplished. […] As soon as SARS is suspected, the patient should be isolated and all workers, family members, and visitors should use precautions, including masks and personal protective equipment.

• #56 SARS Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Prevention, Transmission

  https://www.medicinenet.com/severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_sars/article.htm

  SARS-CoV means severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus. […] SARS-CoV likely originated in wild bats and then spread to palm civets or similar mammals. […] The previously unknown coronavirus that causes this syndrome was first identified in Asia in early 2003, hence its name, „SARS-associated coronavirus” or SARS-CoV. […] SARS is an infectious respiratory illness caused by the coronavirus. […] Patients with SARS often require oxygen therapy, and severe cases require tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation to support life until recovery begins. […] No medication has been proven to treat SARS effectively, and treatment is supportive and directed by the patient’s clinical condition. […] The key to preventing another outbreak is to identify the first infected patients promptly before they have time to spread the illness more widely. […] Most public health officials recommend isolation for anyone diagnosed with SARS-CoV.

• #57 Diagnostics and analysis of SARS-CoV-2: current status, recent advances, challenges and perspectives – Chemical Science (RSC Publishing)

  https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2023/sc/d2sc06665c

  The disastrous spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has induced severe public healthcare issues and weakened the global economy significantly. […] Therefore, rapid and large-scale testing is critical in managing patients and alleviating its transmission. […] Thus, this comprehensive and systematic review of SARS-CoV-2 detection technologies may provide insightful guidance and direction for developing tools for the diagnosis and analysis of SARS-CoV-2 to support public healthcare and effective long-term pandemic management and control.

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