Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Nursing care of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome in the intensive care unit: case reports in Hong Kong

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7130354/

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was diagnosed in more than 8437 patients in 25 countries between February and July 2003. […] The outbreak in Hong Kong has been dramatic due to its geographical proximity with Guangdong province, China where the first case of SARS was reported. […] SARS has been described as a rapidly progressive, sometimes fatal pneumonia with a case fatality rate of 7.6% requiring intensive care. […] The purpose of this paper is to share our experiences in caring for critically ill patients with SARS in the intensive care unit to nurses globally in order to reduce SARS morbidity and mortality as well as to protect nurses and other healthcare workers from this disease that is so far threatening the community at large. […] The main reasons for ICU admission of these patients were progressing dyspnoea and hypoxaemia requiring mechanical ventilation.

• #2 About SARS – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/sars/basics.html

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness that first emerged in China in November 2002, and later spread through international travel to 29 countries worldwide causing large outbreaks in Hong Kong; Taiwan; Singapore; Hanoi, Vietnam; and Toronto, Canada. […] Most of the U.S. SARS cases were among travelers returning from other parts of the world with SARS. […] SARS is spread primarily by close person-to-person contact. In the context of SARS, close contact means having cared for or lived with someone with SARS or having direct contact with respiratory secretions or body fluids of a patient with SARS. […] For a severe respiratory illness to be SARS, there has to be a history of travel to a SARS affected area or close personal contact with a person with SARS, within ten days before symptoms start, this is called the epidemiological link.

• #3 Severe acute respiratory syndrome sars | Health and wellbeing | Queensland Government

  https://www.qld.gov.au/health/condition/infections-and-parasites/viral-infections/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by a virus called SARS-associated coronavirus. […] Some people with SARS develop severe pneumonia and about 20% will require admission to an intensive care unit. Overall, about 10-15% of people diagnosed with SARS have died. Older people and those with chronic disease are at higher risk. […] If a SARS epidemic recurs and you have travelled to a SARS-affected area in the last 10 days and developed fever, cough or shortness of breath, you should seek urgent medical assessment. As SARS is infectious, always phone the health facility and advise of possible SARS contact before attending. […] There is no specific treatment for SARS. Severe cases need hospitalisation for general supportive healthcare. […] Special precautions are needed for people who are suspected of having SARS and their carers. People may be isolated in hospital or in their home. Staff caring for them, along with any visitors, need to wear masks, eye protection, gloves and gowns to prevent the infection being spread. It is very important for the sick person and all people in contact with them to wash their hands frequently.

• #4 Lessons from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/critical-care/acute-disorders/lesson-from-sars/

  Principles of infection control and ventilator management taken from the SARS epidemic may serve during future viral outbreaks. […] Twenty-five percent of patients who are diagnosed with SARS develop acute respiratory distress syndrome and will need mechanical ventilation. […] The ventilatory management of patients with SARS does not differ much from that for patients with ARDS alone. […] A low tidal volume lung protective strategy should be adopted, with the target tidal volumes at 6 mL per ideal body weight. […] High levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) may be used to maintain a PaO2 greater than 55 mm Hg. […] Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has been used in early acute respiratory failure to aid in ventilation and reduce intubation rates. […] SARS patients should be nursed in private rooms with a negative pressure system in the intensive care unit.

• #5

  https://www.advocatehealth.com/health-services/lung-respiratory-care/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome symptoms typically begin to occur within two to 10 days after being exposed to the virus. Fever is the first noticeable symptom of SARS, followed by flu-like symptoms that intensify over time. […] If you experience any of the above symptoms, its important to rest and drink plenty of fluids. Discuss any over-the-counter medications for symptom relief with your primary care doctor or pharmacist before taking them. If symptoms begin to get worse, seek immediate care. […] Rapid SARS diagnosis is crucial for proper treatment, for preventing SARS complications and to stop the spread of the virus. At Advocate Health Care, your pulmonologist has access to state-of-the-art testing to accurately diagnose severe acute respiratory syndrome. […] There still isnt an effective treatment for SARS coronavirus 1 despite a global effort to develop one. Until an effective treatment is created, your doctor will use advanced care to help ease symptoms and prevent the spread of the virus. Severe acute respiratory syndrome treatment options include: […] At Advocate Health Care, you can trust that youll receive the highest level of care for severe acute respiratory syndrome. Our pulmonologists work closely with any health care support services you may need to coordinate ongoing care and speed recovery from SARS coronavirus 1.

• #6 Coronaviruses and Acute Respiratory Syndromes (MERS and SARS) – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/respiratory-viruses/coronaviruses-and-acute-respiratory-syndromes-mers-and-sars

  Symptoms of SARS resemble those of other more common respiratory viral infections but are more severe. They include fever, headache, chills, and muscle aches, followed by a dry cough and sometimes difficulty breathing. […] Most people recovered within 1 to 2 weeks. However, some developed severe difficulty breathing, and about 10% died. […] SARS is suspected only if people who may have been exposed to an infected person have a fever plus a cough or difficulty breathing. […] If doctors think a person may have SARS, the person is isolated in a room with a ventilation system that limits the spread of microorganisms in the air. In the first and only outbreak of SARS, such isolation kept the virus from being transmitted and eventually eliminated it. […] People with mild symptoms need no specific treatment. Those with moderate difficulty breathing may need to be given oxygen. Those with severe difficulty breathing may need mechanical ventilation to aid breathing.

• #7 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): a guide for nurses – Massachusetts Nurses Association

  https://www.massnurses.org/2003/07/15/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars-a-guide-for-nurses/

  Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a disease caused by a corona virus that presents with symptoms similar to the common cold. The incubation period is two to ten days from the time of exposure. Suspected cases could present with: […] Suspected SARS patients presenting to healthcare facilities and doctors offices who require assessment for SARS should be diverted by triage or staff to a separate area to minimize transmission to others. These patients should immediately be given a surgical mask and should be instructed to wear a surgical mask at all times. […] The medical personnel should apply the surgical mask to the patient, preferably one that filters expired air. All healthcare personnel should wear N-95 respirators that have been properly fit tested in advance. If N-95 respirators are not available, surgical masks should be worn by personnel.

• #8 Department of Health | Communicable Disease Service | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

  https://www.nj.gov/health/cd/topics/sars.shtml

  Health care providers, administrators, and clinical laboratory directors should report confirmed or suspect cases immediately to their Local Health Department by telephone. […] Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness that was recognized as a global threat in March 2003. […] The disease is spread by close person-to-person contact, such as caring for, living with or having direct contact with an infected person. […] Symptoms of SARS can vary, but may include high fever, chills, headache, body aches, pneumonia, diarrhea, dry cough, low levels of oxygen in the blood. […] No single medicine can effectively treat SARS. […] Different types of treatment regimens have been used for people who are severely ill and hospitalized including antibiotics, antivirals and steroids.

• #9 SARS Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Prevention, Transmission

  https://www.medicinenet.com/severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_sars/article.htm

  SARS causes a decrease in white blood cells and platelet (clotting cell) counts in the blood. […] SARS is an infectious respiratory illness caused by the coronavirus. […] SARS often affected people caring for a sick individual and spread readily through healthcare facilities until infection-control measures were established. […] During the outbreak, one in about every 20 infected people was a healthcare worker who cared for a patient with SARS; nearly 2,000 healthcare workers became ill. […] Most people with SARS would see a primary-care provider or an emergency medicine doctor as the illness rapidly progressed. […] Depending on the stage of illness, they would be admitted to a hospital as oxygen levels decreased. In the hospital, a person with SARS would likely be managed by a hospitalist or critical-care doctor, with consultations with an infectious disease doctor and a lung doctor (pulmonologist).

• #10 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sars/symptoms-causes/syc-20351765

  SARS is a serious illness that can lead to death. If you have any symptoms of a respiratory infection, call a member of your healthcare team right away. […] Many people with SARS get pneumonia. And sometimes, a machine called a ventilator is needed to help with breathing. SARS is fatal in some cases, often because the body cant get enough oxygen or cant remove enough carbon dioxide. This condition is called respiratory failure. […] Researchers are working on various vaccines for SARS. But none has been tested in humans. If infections caused by the SARS virus happen again, follow some safety measures. The following tips are key if you care for someone who may have SARS: […] Follow these steps for at least 10 days after the persons fever has gone away and any breathing symptoms have gotten better. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that an infected person stay home from work or school during this time. Call your healthcare team right away if a fever or other symptoms start within 10 days of close contact with someone who has SARS.

• #11 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007192.htm

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious form of pneumonia. Infection with the SARS virus causes acute respiratory distress (severe breathing difficulty), and sometimes death. […] People who are thought to have SARS should be checked right away by a provider. If they are suspected of having SARS, they should be kept isolated in a hospital. […] Treatment may include: Antibiotics to treat bacteria that cause pneumonia (until bacterial pneumonia is ruled out or if there is bacterial pneumonia in addition to SARS) and to treat bacterial infections that could occur in addition to SARS and Oxygen, breathing support (mechanical ventilation), or chest therapy. […] In some serious cases, the liquid part of blood from people who have already recovered from SARS has been given as a treatment.

• #12 About SARS – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/sars/basics.html

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness that first emerged in China in November 2002, and later spread through international travel to 29 countries worldwide causing large outbreaks in Hong Kong; Taiwan; Singapore; Hanoi, Vietnam; and Toronto, Canada. […] Most of the U.S. SARS cases were among travelers returning from other parts of the world with SARS. […] SARS is spread primarily by close person-to-person contact. In the context of SARS, close contact means having cared for or lived with someone with SARS or having direct contact with respiratory secretions or body fluids of a patient with SARS. […] For a severe respiratory illness to be SARS, there has to be a history of travel to a SARS affected area or close personal contact with a person with SARS, within ten days before symptoms start, this is called the epidemiological link.

• #13 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral illness that can cause severe pneumonia. […] SARS is spread by contaminated droplets. These droplets are spread from your body through the air from talking, coughing, and sneezing. […] During a SARS outbreak, contact your doctor immediately if you have travelled to a high-risk area in the past 10 days and develop a fever, cough, or breathing difficulties. […] There is no cure, vaccine or specific treatment for SARS. Treatment focuses on managing your symptoms. […] If you develop severe pneumonia, you may need to go to the hospital for treatment to help you breathe. […] SARS can lead to severe symptoms such as shortness of breath. This may progress to severe difficulty breathing, respiratory failure and lead to death. […] If you are caring for someone with SARS, wear personal protective equipment (PPE). This includes wearing a gown, mask, gloves and goggles.

• #14 SARS | Guidance | Recommendations for Preparedness and Response Activities | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/sars/guidance/c-healthcare/recommended.html

  Appropriate patient placement is a significant component of effective SARS control. Each healthcare facility should develop a strategy and procedures to: 1) quickly separate potential SARS patients from other patients, and 2) implement appropriate isolation precautions. […] Although most SARS-CoV transmission appears to occur through droplet and contact exposures, transmission by fomites and by the airborne route remain possibilities. Therefore, patients who require hospitalization should be admitted to an Airborne Infection Isolation room (AIIR) or specially adapted SARS unit or ward where they can be managed safely. […] Unrecognized patients were a significant source of transmission during the 2003 SARS outbreak. Thus, rapid reporting and evaluation of persons exposed to SARS-CoV will be an important measure in early identification and isolation.

• #15 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) – Health New Zealand | Te Whatu Ora

  https://www.tewhatuora.govt.nz/for-health-professionals/clinical-guidance/communicable-disease-control-manual/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  This guidance supports public health professionals with the prevention and management of SARS species disease cases, contacts and outbreaks […] Health care workers are at high risk, especially those undertaking aerosol-generating procedures, such as intubation or nebulisation. […] In hospital, place cases under airborne and contact precautions throughout the period of communicability. Staff should also wear eye protection and footwear that can be decontaminated or disposed of and use disposable equipment for the case wherever possible. […] Outside hospital, cases should be isolated at home or in some other suitable facility throughout the period of communicability. During this time, household members who are not providing care should be relocated if possible. […] Advise the case and their caregivers of the nature of the infection and its mode of transmission.

• #16 SARS Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Prevention, Transmission

  https://www.medicinenet.com/severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_sars/article.htm

  SARS causes a decrease in white blood cells and platelet (clotting cell) counts in the blood. […] SARS is an infectious respiratory illness caused by the coronavirus. […] SARS often affected people caring for a sick individual and spread readily through healthcare facilities until infection-control measures were established. […] During the outbreak, one in about every 20 infected people was a healthcare worker who cared for a patient with SARS; nearly 2,000 healthcare workers became ill. […] Most people with SARS would see a primary-care provider or an emergency medicine doctor as the illness rapidly progressed. […] Depending on the stage of illness, they would be admitted to a hospital as oxygen levels decreased. In the hospital, a person with SARS would likely be managed by a hospitalist or critical-care doctor, with consultations with an infectious disease doctor and a lung doctor (pulmonologist).

• #17 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=90&contentid=P07741

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral illness. SARS is caused by a type of coronavirus called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). […] A child with SARS needs to be kept away from others until the illness is treated and cured. […] A child is more at risk for SARS if they are in an area where SARS is active or if they’ve had contact with a person who has SARS. […] A child with SARS is contagious when having symptoms, such as fever or cough. A child with SARS must be kept away from others. […] SARS is treated with supportive therapy and sometimes with antiviral medicines. Your child may be given IV fluids and oxygen or other breathing help.

• #18 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sars/symptoms-causes/syc-20351765

  SARS is a serious illness that can lead to death. If you have any symptoms of a respiratory infection, call a member of your healthcare team right away. […] Many people with SARS get pneumonia. And sometimes, a machine called a ventilator is needed to help with breathing. SARS is fatal in some cases, often because the body cant get enough oxygen or cant remove enough carbon dioxide. This condition is called respiratory failure. […] Researchers are working on various vaccines for SARS. But none has been tested in humans. If infections caused by the SARS virus happen again, follow some safety measures. The following tips are key if you care for someone who may have SARS: […] Follow these steps for at least 10 days after the persons fever has gone away and any breathing symptoms have gotten better. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that an infected person stay home from work or school during this time. Call your healthcare team right away if a fever or other symptoms start within 10 days of close contact with someone who has SARS.

• #19 Nursing care of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome in the intensive care unit: case reports in Hong Kong

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7130354/

  All patients admitted to ICU were mechanically ventilated, have more than two intravenous catheters, an arterial line, nasogastric tube (NGT) and indwelling catheter. […] Care of patients in ICU were focused not only towards providing respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal support and monitoring, but most importantly, patient and family support. […] During the outbreak, our infection control protocol had to be re-visited and revised in accordance with the guidelines for infection control measures revised and released by WHO. […] The importance of infection control is vital in controlling the spread of the disease as the virus is highly contagious. […] About 60% of patients admitted to our ICU required mechanical ventilation until they can be weaned off from the ventilator.

• #20 Nursing Care Plan For Sars | PDF | Pneumonia | Transmission (Medicine)

  https://www.scribd.com/document/359055963/97081671-Nursing-Care-Plan-for-Sars-docx

  The nursing care plan addresses a patient diagnosed with SARS who presents with a fever, cough, and respiratory symptoms, with goals of reducing the patient’s fever and respiratory symptoms through monitoring, isolation procedures, medication administration, and health education to prevent the spread of infection to others. […] Interventions include respiratory isolation, administering antiviral medications, encouraging proper hand hygiene and coughing techniques, and ensuring the patient understands the transmission and treatment of SARS.

• #21 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): a guide for nurses – Massachusetts Nurses Association

  https://www.massnurses.org/2003/07/15/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars-a-guide-for-nurses/

  Patients presenting with probable SARS should be moved and accommodated in: A negative pressure room with the door closed, A single room with their own bathroom, A private exam room (turn off air conditioning and open window if independent air supply is unfeasible). […] Contact your facilitys infection control personnel and initiate SARS policies and procedures as written by your healthcare facility. Unprotected exposures should be reported immediately and proper documentation completed. […] A member of the staff must be identified as the primary care provider, preferably the staff member that initiated contact with the patient upon their arrival to the facility. The designated staff member will use standard precautions (e.g., hand washing), contact precautions (e.g., use of gown and gloves) and airborne precautions (e.g., N-95 respirator and eye protection).

• #22 SARS | Guidance | Infection Control | Healthcare Facilities | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/sars/guidance/i-infection/healthcare.html

  Follow recommended precautions for hospitalization of a patient with known or possible SARS-CoV disease as described in Section D below. […] Contact and AII Precautions, in addition to Standard Precautions, should be applied when caring for patients with known or possible SARS-CoV disease. […] The objective of all of the following activities is to prevent the transmission and acquisition of SARS-CoV in the hospital. […] Admit patients with SARS-CoV disease to an AIIR. […] Limit patient movement and transport outside the AIIR to medically necessary purposes. […] Limit visits to patients with known or possible SARS-CoV disease to persons who are necessary for the patients emotional well-being and care. […] Hand hygiene (i.e., hand washing or use of an alcohol-based hand rub) should be performed after contact with a patient on precautions for SARS-CoV disease or their environment of care.

• #23 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): a guide for nurses – Massachusetts Nurses Association

  https://www.massnurses.org/2003/07/15/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars-a-guide-for-nurses/

  Patients presenting with probable SARS should be moved and accommodated in: A negative pressure room with the door closed, A single room with their own bathroom, A private exam room (turn off air conditioning and open window if independent air supply is unfeasible). […] Contact your facilitys infection control personnel and initiate SARS policies and procedures as written by your healthcare facility. Unprotected exposures should be reported immediately and proper documentation completed. […] A member of the staff must be identified as the primary care provider, preferably the staff member that initiated contact with the patient upon their arrival to the facility. The designated staff member will use standard precautions (e.g., hand washing), contact precautions (e.g., use of gown and gloves) and airborne precautions (e.g., N-95 respirator and eye protection).

• #24 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): a guide for nurses – Massachusetts Nurses Association

  https://www.massnurses.org/2003/07/15/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars-a-guide-for-nurses/

  Patients presenting with probable SARS should be moved and accommodated in: A negative pressure room with the door closed, A single room with their own bathroom, A private exam room (turn off air conditioning and open window if independent air supply is unfeasible). […] Contact your facilitys infection control personnel and initiate SARS policies and procedures as written by your healthcare facility. Unprotected exposures should be reported immediately and proper documentation completed. […] A member of the staff must be identified as the primary care provider, preferably the staff member that initiated contact with the patient upon their arrival to the facility. The designated staff member will use standard precautions (e.g., hand washing), contact precautions (e.g., use of gown and gloves) and airborne precautions (e.g., N-95 respirator and eye protection).

• #25 Nursing care of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome in the intensive care unit: case reports in Hong Kong

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7130354/

  All patients admitted to ICU were mechanically ventilated, have more than two intravenous catheters, an arterial line, nasogastric tube (NGT) and indwelling catheter. […] Care of patients in ICU were focused not only towards providing respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal support and monitoring, but most importantly, patient and family support. […] During the outbreak, our infection control protocol had to be re-visited and revised in accordance with the guidelines for infection control measures revised and released by WHO. […] The importance of infection control is vital in controlling the spread of the disease as the virus is highly contagious. […] About 60% of patients admitted to our ICU required mechanical ventilation until they can be weaned off from the ventilator.

• #26 Nursing care of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome in the intensive care unit: case reports in Hong Kong

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7130354/

  All patients admitted to ICU were mechanically ventilated, have more than two intravenous catheters, an arterial line, nasogastric tube (NGT) and indwelling catheter. […] Care of patients in ICU were focused not only towards providing respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal support and monitoring, but most importantly, patient and family support. […] During the outbreak, our infection control protocol had to be re-visited and revised in accordance with the guidelines for infection control measures revised and released by WHO. […] The importance of infection control is vital in controlling the spread of the disease as the virus is highly contagious. […] About 60% of patients admitted to our ICU required mechanical ventilation until they can be weaned off from the ventilator.

• #27 Nursing care of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome in the intensive care unit: case reports in Hong Kong

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7130354/

  All patients admitted to ICU were mechanically ventilated, have more than two intravenous catheters, an arterial line, nasogastric tube (NGT) and indwelling catheter. […] Care of patients in ICU were focused not only towards providing respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal support and monitoring, but most importantly, patient and family support. […] During the outbreak, our infection control protocol had to be re-visited and revised in accordance with the guidelines for infection control measures revised and released by WHO. […] The importance of infection control is vital in controlling the spread of the disease as the virus is highly contagious. […] About 60% of patients admitted to our ICU required mechanical ventilation until they can be weaned off from the ventilator.

• #28 Nursing care of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome in the intensive care unit: case reports in Hong Kong

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7130354/

  The care of patients on mechanical ventilation described in this paper was what was practiced in our ICU and reflected only our own experiences and available resources. […] Routine care including eye care with artificial tears, protective gel or taping the eyelids close, positioning and pressure area care were provided to the patients. […] The combination of ribavirin and corticosteroid in treating the cases in Hong Kong have stabilised and improved the outcome of most patients with most recovering from the disease after being in the critical list for nearly a month. […] Continuous public education programmes are being provided to the public through the media, websites and community group activities.

• #29 Nursing care of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome in the intensive care unit: case reports in Hong Kong

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7130354/

  The care of patients on mechanical ventilation described in this paper was what was practiced in our ICU and reflected only our own experiences and available resources. […] Routine care including eye care with artificial tears, protective gel or taping the eyelids close, positioning and pressure area care were provided to the patients. […] The combination of ribavirin and corticosteroid in treating the cases in Hong Kong have stabilised and improved the outcome of most patients with most recovering from the disease after being in the critical list for nearly a month. […] Continuous public education programmes are being provided to the public through the media, websites and community group activities.

• #30 Lessons from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/critical-care/acute-disorders/lesson-from-sars/

  Principles of infection control and ventilator management taken from the SARS epidemic may serve during future viral outbreaks. […] Twenty-five percent of patients who are diagnosed with SARS develop acute respiratory distress syndrome and will need mechanical ventilation. […] The ventilatory management of patients with SARS does not differ much from that for patients with ARDS alone. […] A low tidal volume lung protective strategy should be adopted, with the target tidal volumes at 6 mL per ideal body weight. […] High levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) may be used to maintain a PaO2 greater than 55 mm Hg. […] Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has been used in early acute respiratory failure to aid in ventilation and reduce intubation rates. […] SARS patients should be nursed in private rooms with a negative pressure system in the intensive care unit.

• #31 Lessons from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/critical-care/acute-disorders/lesson-from-sars/

  Principles of infection control and ventilator management taken from the SARS epidemic may serve during future viral outbreaks. […] Twenty-five percent of patients who are diagnosed with SARS develop acute respiratory distress syndrome and will need mechanical ventilation. […] The ventilatory management of patients with SARS does not differ much from that for patients with ARDS alone. […] A low tidal volume lung protective strategy should be adopted, with the target tidal volumes at 6 mL per ideal body weight. […] High levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) may be used to maintain a PaO2 greater than 55 mm Hg. […] Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has been used in early acute respiratory failure to aid in ventilation and reduce intubation rates. […] SARS patients should be nursed in private rooms with a negative pressure system in the intensive care unit.

• #32 Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7088345/

  Many treatment options, including antiviral agents, immunosuppressive agents, convalescent plasma, immunoglobulin, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV), and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), have been introduced on the basis of different rationales. […] The application of NIPPV in SARS originates from its usefulness in the management of patients with chronic obstructive airways disease complicated by severe community-acquired pneumonia. […] NIPPV was later banned in Hong Kong because of the fear of viral spread through air leakage around the mask with aerosol generation. However, evidence does show that NIPPV is a useful and safe treatment option for SARS patients with respiratory failure, provided it is performed under good precautions and in a suitable setting. […] The use of corticosteroids may, nevertheless, be associated with enhancement of viral replication due to suppression of the innate immune response.

• #33 Nursing Care Plan For Sars | PDF | Pneumonia | Transmission (Medicine)

  https://www.scribd.com/document/359055963/97081671-Nursing-Care-Plan-for-Sars-docx

  The nursing care plan addresses a patient diagnosed with SARS who presents with a fever, cough, and respiratory symptoms, with goals of reducing the patient’s fever and respiratory symptoms through monitoring, isolation procedures, medication administration, and health education to prevent the spread of infection to others. […] Interventions include respiratory isolation, administering antiviral medications, encouraging proper hand hygiene and coughing techniques, and ensuring the patient understands the transmission and treatment of SARS.

• #34 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/904

  Initial investigations to order include FBC, aminotransferases, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, blood culture, sputum culture, nasopharyngeal virus culture, direct immunofluorescent antibody staining, chest x-ray, pulse oximetry, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). […] Treatment algorithm for suspected SARS includes supportive care and monitoring of respiratory function.

• #35 SARS | Guidance | Infection Control | Healthcare Facilities | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/sars/guidance/i-infection/healthcare.html

  SARS preparedness planning for healthcare facilities is addressed in Supplement C. One component with particular relevance to this Supplement is the education and training of healthcare workers on infection control measures. Observations of healthcare workers caring for SARS patients during the 2003 epidemic identified numerous breaches in infection control, especially in the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). These can be corrected through complete and comprehensive training, provision of properly selected PPE, and monitoring of PPE use. Most important, all healthcare settings need to re-emphasize the importance of basic infection control measures, including hand hygiene, for the control of SARS-CoV and other respiratory pathogens. […] Reinforce basic infection control practices in healthcare facilities and among healthcare personnel.

• #36 Lessons from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/critical-care/acute-disorders/lesson-from-sars/

  Health care workers attending to the patients wear N95 masks, protective eye wear, full face shields, caps, long-sleeved waterproof gowns, surgical gloves, and shoe covers before entering the patients room. […] A major concern for the management of SARS patients on mechanical ventilators is the protection of health care workers from the droplet transmission of the virus. […] Heated humidification is commonly used for patients on a ventilator, but during an infectious virus outbreak, a viral-bacteria heat moisture exchanger with filter properties (HMEF) should be used for humidification purposes instead. […] The strategies presented herein have been effective in containing infection of health care workers during the SARS epidemic.

• #37 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): a guide for nurses – Massachusetts Nurses Association

  https://www.massnurses.org/2003/07/15/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars-a-guide-for-nurses/

  Limit the number of staff members who are in contact with the patient. All non-essential staff, including students, should not be allowed in the unit. […] Staff should stay a minimum of 6-feet away from the patient whenever possible, and avoid exposure to droplets if close to the patient. […] Disinfectants such as fresh bleach solution (1/100) or hospital recommended cleaning agents should be widely available. Stethoscopes, scissors and other equipment have the potential to spread infection and must be properly disinfected. Linen should be rolled up and not shaken. Place used linen in a biohazard bag before sending to the laundry. […] Visitors, if allowed by the healthcare facility, should be kept to a minimum. They should be provided with personal protective equipment and supervised.

• #38 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007192.htm

  There is no strong evidence that these treatments work well. […] Public health policies were effective at controlling outbreaks of SARS. […] Hand hygiene is the most important part of SARS prevention. Wash your hands or clean them with an alcohol-based instant hand sanitizer. […] Masks and goggles may be useful for preventing the spread of the disease. You may use gloves when handling items that may have touched infected droplets.

• #39 About SARS – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/sars/basics.html

  If there is community transmission of SARS in any city in the world, the MDH will issue recommendations regarding precautions in Minnesota. We have learned that transmission of SARS was mainly among close personal contacts of ill persons and health care workers caring for them. […] In caring for a SARS patient at home strict infection control precautions should be followed. […] All persons in the household should carefully wash their hands frequently with soap or alcohol hand sanitizers, this should always be done after touching body fluids. […] SARS patients should cover their mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing or if possible wear a surgical mask when in close contact with others. […] Household members and other close contacts of SARS patients should be watched for symptoms. Household members and other close contacts of SARS patients should measure their temperature twice daily. If fever or respiratory symptoms(cough, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing) develop they should seek medical care.

• #40 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): a guide for nurses – Massachusetts Nurses Association

  https://www.massnurses.org/2003/07/15/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars-a-guide-for-nurses/

  Limit the number of staff members who are in contact with the patient. All non-essential staff, including students, should not be allowed in the unit. […] Staff should stay a minimum of 6-feet away from the patient whenever possible, and avoid exposure to droplets if close to the patient. […] Disinfectants such as fresh bleach solution (1/100) or hospital recommended cleaning agents should be widely available. Stethoscopes, scissors and other equipment have the potential to spread infection and must be properly disinfected. Linen should be rolled up and not shaken. Place used linen in a biohazard bag before sending to the laundry. […] Visitors, if allowed by the healthcare facility, should be kept to a minimum. They should be provided with personal protective equipment and supervised.

• #41 SARS | Guidance | Infection Control | Healthcare Facilities | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/sars/guidance/i-infection/healthcare.html

  Gloves, gown, respiratory protection, and eye protection (as needed) should be donned before entering a SARS patients room or designated SARS patient-care area. […] Medical waste has not been implicated in the transmission of SARS-CoV. […] Contact with textiles has not been implicated in the transmission of SARS-CoV. […] Dishes and eating utensils have not been implicated in SARS-CoV transmission. […] Follow standard practices for handling and reprocessing used patient-care equipment, including medical devices. […] Cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces are important components of routine infection control in healthcare facilities. […] Because aerosol-generating procedures may pose a greater risk of SARS-CoV transmission, additional precautions are recommended for healthcare workers who perform or assist with these procedures.

• #42 SARS | Guidance | Infection Control | Healthcare Facilities | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/sars/guidance/i-infection/healthcare.html

  Gloves, gown, respiratory protection, and eye protection (as needed) should be donned before entering a SARS patients room or designated SARS patient-care area. […] Medical waste has not been implicated in the transmission of SARS-CoV. […] Contact with textiles has not been implicated in the transmission of SARS-CoV. […] Dishes and eating utensils have not been implicated in SARS-CoV transmission. […] Follow standard practices for handling and reprocessing used patient-care equipment, including medical devices. […] Cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces are important components of routine infection control in healthcare facilities. […] Because aerosol-generating procedures may pose a greater risk of SARS-CoV transmission, additional precautions are recommended for healthcare workers who perform or assist with these procedures.

• #43 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007192.htm

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious form of pneumonia. Infection with the SARS virus causes acute respiratory distress (severe breathing difficulty), and sometimes death. […] People who are thought to have SARS should be checked right away by a provider. If they are suspected of having SARS, they should be kept isolated in a hospital. […] Treatment may include: Antibiotics to treat bacteria that cause pneumonia (until bacterial pneumonia is ruled out or if there is bacterial pneumonia in addition to SARS) and to treat bacterial infections that could occur in addition to SARS and Oxygen, breathing support (mechanical ventilation), or chest therapy. […] In some serious cases, the liquid part of blood from people who have already recovered from SARS has been given as a treatment.

• #44 Department of Health | Communicable Disease Service | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

  https://www.nj.gov/health/cd/topics/sars.shtml

  Health care providers, administrators, and clinical laboratory directors should report confirmed or suspect cases immediately to their Local Health Department by telephone. […] Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness that was recognized as a global threat in March 2003. […] The disease is spread by close person-to-person contact, such as caring for, living with or having direct contact with an infected person. […] Symptoms of SARS can vary, but may include high fever, chills, headache, body aches, pneumonia, diarrhea, dry cough, low levels of oxygen in the blood. […] No single medicine can effectively treat SARS. […] Different types of treatment regimens have been used for people who are severely ill and hospitalized including antibiotics, antivirals and steroids.

• #45 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007192.htm

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious form of pneumonia. Infection with the SARS virus causes acute respiratory distress (severe breathing difficulty), and sometimes death. […] People who are thought to have SARS should be checked right away by a provider. If they are suspected of having SARS, they should be kept isolated in a hospital. […] Treatment may include: Antibiotics to treat bacteria that cause pneumonia (until bacterial pneumonia is ruled out or if there is bacterial pneumonia in addition to SARS) and to treat bacterial infections that could occur in addition to SARS and Oxygen, breathing support (mechanical ventilation), or chest therapy. […] In some serious cases, the liquid part of blood from people who have already recovered from SARS has been given as a treatment.

• #46 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sars/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351771

  Hospital care for SARS involves easing symptoms while the SARS virus runs its course. Care might include receiving fluids through a vein and extra oxygen if needed.

• #47 Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7088345/

  The best treatment strategy for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is still unknown. Ribavirin and corticosteroids were used extensively during the SARS outbreak. Ribavirin has been criticized for its lack of efficacy. Corticosteroids are effective in lowering the fever and reversing changes in the chest radiograph but have the caveat of encouraging viral replication. The effectiveness of corticosteroids has only been suggested by uncontrolled observations, and the role of these agents in therapy remains to be established by randomized controlled studies. Both ribavirin and corticosteroids have very significant side effects. The lopinavir/ritonavir combination has been shown to reduce the intubation rate and the incidence of adverse clinical outcomes when used with ribavirin. When patients deteriorate clinically despite treatment with ribavirin and corticosteroids, rescue treatment with convalescent plasma and immunoglobulin may be beneficial. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation is a sound treatment for SARS patients with respiratory failure if administered with due precaution in the correct environment. Interferons and other novel agents may hold promise as useful anti-SARS therapies in the future. The experience with traditional Chinese medicine is encouraging, and its use as an adjuvant should be further investigated.

• #48 Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7088345/

  The best treatment strategy for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is still unknown. Ribavirin and corticosteroids were used extensively during the SARS outbreak. Ribavirin has been criticized for its lack of efficacy. Corticosteroids are effective in lowering the fever and reversing changes in the chest radiograph but have the caveat of encouraging viral replication. The effectiveness of corticosteroids has only been suggested by uncontrolled observations, and the role of these agents in therapy remains to be established by randomized controlled studies. Both ribavirin and corticosteroids have very significant side effects. The lopinavir/ritonavir combination has been shown to reduce the intubation rate and the incidence of adverse clinical outcomes when used with ribavirin. When patients deteriorate clinically despite treatment with ribavirin and corticosteroids, rescue treatment with convalescent plasma and immunoglobulin may be beneficial. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation is a sound treatment for SARS patients with respiratory failure if administered with due precaution in the correct environment. Interferons and other novel agents may hold promise as useful anti-SARS therapies in the future. The experience with traditional Chinese medicine is encouraging, and its use as an adjuvant should be further investigated.

• #49 Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7088345/

  The best treatment strategy for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is still unknown. Ribavirin and corticosteroids were used extensively during the SARS outbreak. Ribavirin has been criticized for its lack of efficacy. Corticosteroids are effective in lowering the fever and reversing changes in the chest radiograph but have the caveat of encouraging viral replication. The effectiveness of corticosteroids has only been suggested by uncontrolled observations, and the role of these agents in therapy remains to be established by randomized controlled studies. Both ribavirin and corticosteroids have very significant side effects. The lopinavir/ritonavir combination has been shown to reduce the intubation rate and the incidence of adverse clinical outcomes when used with ribavirin. When patients deteriorate clinically despite treatment with ribavirin and corticosteroids, rescue treatment with convalescent plasma and immunoglobulin may be beneficial. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation is a sound treatment for SARS patients with respiratory failure if administered with due precaution in the correct environment. Interferons and other novel agents may hold promise as useful anti-SARS therapies in the future. The experience with traditional Chinese medicine is encouraging, and its use as an adjuvant should be further investigated.

• #50 Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7088345/

  The best treatment strategy for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is still unknown. Ribavirin and corticosteroids were used extensively during the SARS outbreak. Ribavirin has been criticized for its lack of efficacy. Corticosteroids are effective in lowering the fever and reversing changes in the chest radiograph but have the caveat of encouraging viral replication. The effectiveness of corticosteroids has only been suggested by uncontrolled observations, and the role of these agents in therapy remains to be established by randomized controlled studies. Both ribavirin and corticosteroids have very significant side effects. The lopinavir/ritonavir combination has been shown to reduce the intubation rate and the incidence of adverse clinical outcomes when used with ribavirin. When patients deteriorate clinically despite treatment with ribavirin and corticosteroids, rescue treatment with convalescent plasma and immunoglobulin may be beneficial. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation is a sound treatment for SARS patients with respiratory failure if administered with due precaution in the correct environment. Interferons and other novel agents may hold promise as useful anti-SARS therapies in the future. The experience with traditional Chinese medicine is encouraging, and its use as an adjuvant should be further investigated.

• #51 Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7088345/

  The use of corticosteroids in SARS, especially at high doses and for prolonged periods, has been accompanied by significant side effects. These include hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, hypertension, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and, in particular, nosocomial infections. […] Avascular necrosis of bone, or osteonecrosis, is probably one the most distressing complications associated with the use of corticosteroids in SARS. […] In patients who deteriorated irrevocably despite receiving pulse methylprednisolone, convalescent plasma, obtained from patients who recovered from SARS, had been used as a last resort. […] Another form of salvage therapy for patients who run a relentless downhill course is intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or pentaglobin infusion. […] The present therapy of SARS is less than satisfactory, and much effort has been expended in looking for novel treatment modalities.

• #52 Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7088345/

  The use of corticosteroids in SARS, especially at high doses and for prolonged periods, has been accompanied by significant side effects. These include hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, hypertension, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and, in particular, nosocomial infections. […] Avascular necrosis of bone, or osteonecrosis, is probably one the most distressing complications associated with the use of corticosteroids in SARS. […] In patients who deteriorated irrevocably despite receiving pulse methylprednisolone, convalescent plasma, obtained from patients who recovered from SARS, had been used as a last resort. […] Another form of salvage therapy for patients who run a relentless downhill course is intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or pentaglobin infusion. […] The present therapy of SARS is less than satisfactory, and much effort has been expended in looking for novel treatment modalities.

• #53 Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7088345/

  The best treatment strategy for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is still unknown. Ribavirin and corticosteroids were used extensively during the SARS outbreak. Ribavirin has been criticized for its lack of efficacy. Corticosteroids are effective in lowering the fever and reversing changes in the chest radiograph but have the caveat of encouraging viral replication. The effectiveness of corticosteroids has only been suggested by uncontrolled observations, and the role of these agents in therapy remains to be established by randomized controlled studies. Both ribavirin and corticosteroids have very significant side effects. The lopinavir/ritonavir combination has been shown to reduce the intubation rate and the incidence of adverse clinical outcomes when used with ribavirin. When patients deteriorate clinically despite treatment with ribavirin and corticosteroids, rescue treatment with convalescent plasma and immunoglobulin may be beneficial. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation is a sound treatment for SARS patients with respiratory failure if administered with due precaution in the correct environment. Interferons and other novel agents may hold promise as useful anti-SARS therapies in the future. The experience with traditional Chinese medicine is encouraging, and its use as an adjuvant should be further investigated.

• #54 Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7088345/

  During the SARS outbreak, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) was used extensively in China. […] A number of treatment protocols were reported in Hong Kong during the SARS outbreak. […] Ribavirin and corticosteroids were the cornerstones of treatment during the SARS outbreak. Ribavirin has shown a lack of efficacy in a number of studies. The usefulness of corticosteroids has been reported in some uncontrolled trials, but further investigations are required. The antiretroviral formulation of lopinavir/ritonavir, when used with ribavirin, was found to be associated with clinical benefits. […] Finally, the optimal treatment regimen for SARS remains elusive. Randomized controlled treatment trials should be done, especially through international collaboration, to discover the best form of therapy.

• #55 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007192.htm

  There is no strong evidence that these treatments work well. […] Public health policies were effective at controlling outbreaks of SARS. […] Hand hygiene is the most important part of SARS prevention. Wash your hands or clean them with an alcohol-based instant hand sanitizer. […] Masks and goggles may be useful for preventing the spread of the disease. You may use gloves when handling items that may have touched infected droplets.

• #56 Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7088345/

  During the SARS outbreak, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) was used extensively in China. […] A number of treatment protocols were reported in Hong Kong during the SARS outbreak. […] Ribavirin and corticosteroids were the cornerstones of treatment during the SARS outbreak. Ribavirin has shown a lack of efficacy in a number of studies. The usefulness of corticosteroids has been reported in some uncontrolled trials, but further investigations are required. The antiretroviral formulation of lopinavir/ritonavir, when used with ribavirin, was found to be associated with clinical benefits. […] Finally, the optimal treatment regimen for SARS remains elusive. Randomized controlled treatment trials should be done, especially through international collaboration, to discover the best form of therapy.

• #57 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sars/symptoms-causes/syc-20351765

  SARS is a serious illness that can lead to death. If you have any symptoms of a respiratory infection, call a member of your healthcare team right away. […] Many people with SARS get pneumonia. And sometimes, a machine called a ventilator is needed to help with breathing. SARS is fatal in some cases, often because the body cant get enough oxygen or cant remove enough carbon dioxide. This condition is called respiratory failure. […] Researchers are working on various vaccines for SARS. But none has been tested in humans. If infections caused by the SARS virus happen again, follow some safety measures. The following tips are key if you care for someone who may have SARS: […] Follow these steps for at least 10 days after the persons fever has gone away and any breathing symptoms have gotten better. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that an infected person stay home from work or school during this time. Call your healthcare team right away if a fever or other symptoms start within 10 days of close contact with someone who has SARS.

• #58 Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7088345/

  The use of corticosteroids in SARS, especially at high doses and for prolonged periods, has been accompanied by significant side effects. These include hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, hypertension, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and, in particular, nosocomial infections. […] Avascular necrosis of bone, or osteonecrosis, is probably one the most distressing complications associated with the use of corticosteroids in SARS. […] In patients who deteriorated irrevocably despite receiving pulse methylprednisolone, convalescent plasma, obtained from patients who recovered from SARS, had been used as a last resort. […] Another form of salvage therapy for patients who run a relentless downhill course is intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or pentaglobin infusion. […] The present therapy of SARS is less than satisfactory, and much effort has been expended in looking for novel treatment modalities.

• #59 Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7088345/

  The use of corticosteroids in SARS, especially at high doses and for prolonged periods, has been accompanied by significant side effects. These include hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, hypertension, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and, in particular, nosocomial infections. […] Avascular necrosis of bone, or osteonecrosis, is probably one the most distressing complications associated with the use of corticosteroids in SARS. […] In patients who deteriorated irrevocably despite receiving pulse methylprednisolone, convalescent plasma, obtained from patients who recovered from SARS, had been used as a last resort. […] Another form of salvage therapy for patients who run a relentless downhill course is intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or pentaglobin infusion. […] The present therapy of SARS is less than satisfactory, and much effort has been expended in looking for novel treatment modalities.

• #60 Nursing Care Plan For Sars | PDF | Pneumonia | Transmission (Medicine)

  https://www.scribd.com/document/359055963/97081671-Nursing-Care-Plan-for-Sars-docx

  The nursing care plan addresses a patient diagnosed with SARS who presents with a fever, cough, and respiratory symptoms, with goals of reducing the patient’s fever and respiratory symptoms through monitoring, isolation procedures, medication administration, and health education to prevent the spread of infection to others. […] Interventions include respiratory isolation, administering antiviral medications, encouraging proper hand hygiene and coughing techniques, and ensuring the patient understands the transmission and treatment of SARS.

• #61 Nursing care of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome in the intensive care unit: case reports in Hong Kong

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7130354/

  All patients admitted to ICU were mechanically ventilated, have more than two intravenous catheters, an arterial line, nasogastric tube (NGT) and indwelling catheter. […] Care of patients in ICU were focused not only towards providing respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal support and monitoring, but most importantly, patient and family support. […] During the outbreak, our infection control protocol had to be re-visited and revised in accordance with the guidelines for infection control measures revised and released by WHO. […] The importance of infection control is vital in controlling the spread of the disease as the virus is highly contagious. […] About 60% of patients admitted to our ICU required mechanical ventilation until they can be weaned off from the ventilator.

• #62 SARS | Guidance | Infection Control | Healthcare Facilities | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/sars/guidance/i-infection/healthcare.html

  Follow recommended precautions for hospitalization of a patient with known or possible SARS-CoV disease as described in Section D below. […] Contact and AII Precautions, in addition to Standard Precautions, should be applied when caring for patients with known or possible SARS-CoV disease. […] The objective of all of the following activities is to prevent the transmission and acquisition of SARS-CoV in the hospital. […] Admit patients with SARS-CoV disease to an AIIR. […] Limit patient movement and transport outside the AIIR to medically necessary purposes. […] Limit visits to patients with known or possible SARS-CoV disease to persons who are necessary for the patients emotional well-being and care. […] Hand hygiene (i.e., hand washing or use of an alcohol-based hand rub) should be performed after contact with a patient on precautions for SARS-CoV disease or their environment of care.

• #63 Nursing Care Plan For Sars | PDF | Pneumonia | Transmission (Medicine)

  https://www.scribd.com/document/359055963/97081671-Nursing-Care-Plan-for-Sars-docx

  The nursing care plan addresses a patient diagnosed with SARS who presents with a fever, cough, and respiratory symptoms, with goals of reducing the patient’s fever and respiratory symptoms through monitoring, isolation procedures, medication administration, and health education to prevent the spread of infection to others. […] Interventions include respiratory isolation, administering antiviral medications, encouraging proper hand hygiene and coughing techniques, and ensuring the patient understands the transmission and treatment of SARS.

• #64 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sars/symptoms-causes/syc-20351765

  SARS is a serious illness that can lead to death. If you have any symptoms of a respiratory infection, call a member of your healthcare team right away. […] Many people with SARS get pneumonia. And sometimes, a machine called a ventilator is needed to help with breathing. SARS is fatal in some cases, often because the body cant get enough oxygen or cant remove enough carbon dioxide. This condition is called respiratory failure. […] Researchers are working on various vaccines for SARS. But none has been tested in humans. If infections caused by the SARS virus happen again, follow some safety measures. The following tips are key if you care for someone who may have SARS: […] Follow these steps for at least 10 days after the persons fever has gone away and any breathing symptoms have gotten better. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that an infected person stay home from work or school during this time. Call your healthcare team right away if a fever or other symptoms start within 10 days of close contact with someone who has SARS.

• #65 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars-care-instructions.uf9043

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an illness that first infected people in Asia, North America, and Europe in 2002. It causes a fever, muscle aches, and a sore throat. Some people also get a dry cough or diarrhea. Most people get pneumonia. In some cases, these symptoms get worse very quickly. […] Severe SARS can be very serious. For this reason, it is usually treated in the hospital. With treatment, most people recover. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You have symptoms of SARS and you were in an area with a SARS outbreak. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: You do not get better as expected.

• #66 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars-care-instructions.uf9043

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an illness that first infected people in Asia, North America, and Europe in 2002. It causes a fever, muscle aches, and a sore throat. Some people also get a dry cough or diarrhea. Most people get pneumonia. In some cases, these symptoms get worse very quickly. […] Severe SARS can be very serious. For this reason, it is usually treated in the hospital. With treatment, most people recover. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You have symptoms of SARS and you were in an area with a SARS outbreak. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: You do not get better as expected.

• #67 SARS | Guidance | Recommendations for Preparedness and Response Activities | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/sars/guidance/c-healthcare/recommended.html

  As with any disease control effort, surveillance for cases of SARS-CoV disease is the basis for control. SARS case surveillance, including surveillance in healthcare facilities, is also discussed in Supplement B and in the SARS response matrices for healthcare facilities (Appendix C1). Some key surveillance activities specific to healthcare facilities are described below. […] SARS highlights the risks of nosocomial transmission of respiratory pathogens and provides an opportunity to improve overall infection control in healthcare facilities. During the 2003 epidemic, public health authorities quickly recognized infection control as a primary means for containing SARS-CoV. All healthcare facilities need to re-emphasize the importance of basic infection control measures for the control of SARS-CoV transmission.

• #68 SARS | Guidance | Recommendations for Preparedness and Response Activities | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/sars/guidance/c-healthcare/recommended.html

  Appropriate patient placement is a significant component of effective SARS control. Each healthcare facility should develop a strategy and procedures to: 1) quickly separate potential SARS patients from other patients, and 2) implement appropriate isolation precautions. […] Although most SARS-CoV transmission appears to occur through droplet and contact exposures, transmission by fomites and by the airborne route remain possibilities. Therefore, patients who require hospitalization should be admitted to an Airborne Infection Isolation room (AIIR) or specially adapted SARS unit or ward where they can be managed safely. […] Unrecognized patients were a significant source of transmission during the 2003 SARS outbreak. Thus, rapid reporting and evaluation of persons exposed to SARS-CoV will be an important measure in early identification and isolation.

• #69 SARS | Guidance | Infection Control | Healthcare Facilities | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/sars/guidance/i-infection/healthcare.html

  Follow recommended precautions for hospitalization of a patient with known or possible SARS-CoV disease as described in Section D below. […] Contact and AII Precautions, in addition to Standard Precautions, should be applied when caring for patients with known or possible SARS-CoV disease. […] The objective of all of the following activities is to prevent the transmission and acquisition of SARS-CoV in the hospital. […] Admit patients with SARS-CoV disease to an AIIR. […] Limit patient movement and transport outside the AIIR to medically necessary purposes. […] Limit visits to patients with known or possible SARS-CoV disease to persons who are necessary for the patients emotional well-being and care. […] Hand hygiene (i.e., hand washing or use of an alcohol-based hand rub) should be performed after contact with a patient on precautions for SARS-CoV disease or their environment of care.

• #70 Information Regarding Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  https://www.osha.gov/emergency-preparedness/sars

  OSHA has developed this Information Regarding Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) to provide relevant and timely information regarding this illness to employers, employees, and other interested parties. […] The CDC has reported very few cases of occupationally acquired SARS in the United States. The CDC is working in collaboration with state and local health departments to develop a systematic approach to survey SARS exposures and infection in healthcare workers. The CDC has issued a number of recommendations for healthcare workers who may have contact with a suspected SARS patient. […] Since the infectivity and route of transmission of SARS are unknown, healthcare workers treating patients known to be infected with SARS should use standard precautions, including good work and hygiene practices and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) appropriate for bloodborne and airborne exposures.

• #71 Lessons from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/critical-care/acute-disorders/lesson-from-sars/

  Health care workers attending to the patients wear N95 masks, protective eye wear, full face shields, caps, long-sleeved waterproof gowns, surgical gloves, and shoe covers before entering the patients room. […] A major concern for the management of SARS patients on mechanical ventilators is the protection of health care workers from the droplet transmission of the virus. […] Heated humidification is commonly used for patients on a ventilator, but during an infectious virus outbreak, a viral-bacteria heat moisture exchanger with filter properties (HMEF) should be used for humidification purposes instead. […] The strategies presented herein have been effective in containing infection of health care workers during the SARS epidemic.

• #72 Information Regarding Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  https://www.osha.gov/emergency-preparedness/sars

  Laboratory personnel in facilities performing diagnostic tests on patients suspected to be infected with SARS should follow biosafety preventive measures established by the CDC, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) – Laboratory Biosafety. […] The CDC has published interim recommendations to protect employees who may be required to transport patients with SARS by air: Guidance on Air Medical Transport for SARS Patients. […] The CDC provides recommendations for those handling human remains of SARS patients. […] All employees with potential occupational exposure to SARS, as described in this document, should be trained on the hazards associated with that exposure and on the protocols in place in their facilities to isolate and report cases and to reduce exposures. […] If an employee experiences a fever and respiratory symptoms after contact with a patient known to be infected with SARS, the CDC recommends that the employee be excluded from duty.

• #73 SARS | Guidance | Infection Control | Healthcare Facilities | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/sars/guidance/i-infection/healthcare.html

  Gloves, gown, respiratory protection, and eye protection (as needed) should be donned before entering a SARS patients room or designated SARS patient-care area. […] Medical waste has not been implicated in the transmission of SARS-CoV. […] Contact with textiles has not been implicated in the transmission of SARS-CoV. […] Dishes and eating utensils have not been implicated in SARS-CoV transmission. […] Follow standard practices for handling and reprocessing used patient-care equipment, including medical devices. […] Cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces are important components of routine infection control in healthcare facilities. […] Because aerosol-generating procedures may pose a greater risk of SARS-CoV transmission, additional precautions are recommended for healthcare workers who perform or assist with these procedures.

• #74 Lessons from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/critical-care/acute-disorders/lesson-from-sars/

  Health care workers attending to the patients wear N95 masks, protective eye wear, full face shields, caps, long-sleeved waterproof gowns, surgical gloves, and shoe covers before entering the patients room. […] A major concern for the management of SARS patients on mechanical ventilators is the protection of health care workers from the droplet transmission of the virus. […] Heated humidification is commonly used for patients on a ventilator, but during an infectious virus outbreak, a viral-bacteria heat moisture exchanger with filter properties (HMEF) should be used for humidification purposes instead. […] The strategies presented herein have been effective in containing infection of health care workers during the SARS epidemic.

• #75 SARS | Guidance | Recommendations for Preparedness and Response Activities | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/sars/guidance/c-healthcare/recommended.html

  A SARS outbreak challenges a healthcare facility’s ability to meet staffing, organizational, and resource needs. During an outbreak of any size, existing staffing shortages may be amplified by illness among staff members, fear and concern about SARS, and isolation and quarantine of exposed staff or ill/exposed family members. […] When SARS-CoV is present in the community surrounding a healthcare facility, preventing unrecognized SARS patients from entering the facility will be essential. Appropriate surveillance and screening measures are detailed in the surveillance section of this document and in Supplement B. Restricting access to the facility will increase the efficacy of surveillance and screening measures. […] SARS patient care requires both consumable (e.g., PPE) and durable (e.g., ventilators) supplies. Experience in other countries indicates that a SARS outbreak not only can strain a facility’s supply of these resources but also can affect the ability to order replacement supplies.

• #76 SARS | Guidance | Recommendations for Preparedness and Response Activities | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/sars/guidance/c-healthcare/recommended.html

  A SARS outbreak challenges a healthcare facility’s ability to meet staffing, organizational, and resource needs. During an outbreak of any size, existing staffing shortages may be amplified by illness among staff members, fear and concern about SARS, and isolation and quarantine of exposed staff or ill/exposed family members. […] When SARS-CoV is present in the community surrounding a healthcare facility, preventing unrecognized SARS patients from entering the facility will be essential. Appropriate surveillance and screening measures are detailed in the surveillance section of this document and in Supplement B. Restricting access to the facility will increase the efficacy of surveillance and screening measures. […] SARS patient care requires both consumable (e.g., PPE) and durable (e.g., ventilators) supplies. Experience in other countries indicates that a SARS outbreak not only can strain a facility’s supply of these resources but also can affect the ability to order replacement supplies.

• #77 SARS | Guidance | Recommendations for Preparedness and Response Activities | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/sars/guidance/c-healthcare/recommended.html

  A SARS outbreak will generate a need for rapid analysis of the status of patients and transmission in the healthcare facility and reporting of this information to public health officials and to the public, press, and political leaders. These needs can overwhelm resources that are essential to other response activities.

• #78 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  In the setting of a SARS outbreak, the diagnosis should be considered for almost any change in health status, even in the absence of typical clinical features of SARS, when such patients have epidemiological risk factors for SARS (for example, close contact with someone suspected to have SARS, or exposure to a location [domestic or international] with documented or suspected recent transmission of SARS CoV). […] Once there exists an index of suspicion of SARS, the appropriate infection control measures need to be activated and suitable personal protective equipment (PPE) worn. […] Suspected cases will be managed on their clinical merits, with home care regarded as a suitable option if the domestic situation, including its suitability in terms of infection control, is judged to be adequate. In such circumstances, cases will be advised to voluntarily restrict their movements.

• #79 About SARS – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/sars/basics.html

  If there is community transmission of SARS in any city in the world, the MDH will issue recommendations regarding precautions in Minnesota. We have learned that transmission of SARS was mainly among close personal contacts of ill persons and health care workers caring for them. […] In caring for a SARS patient at home strict infection control precautions should be followed. […] All persons in the household should carefully wash their hands frequently with soap or alcohol hand sanitizers, this should always be done after touching body fluids. […] SARS patients should cover their mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing or if possible wear a surgical mask when in close contact with others. […] Household members and other close contacts of SARS patients should be watched for symptoms. Household members and other close contacts of SARS patients should measure their temperature twice daily. If fever or respiratory symptoms(cough, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing) develop they should seek medical care.

• #80 About SARS – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/sars/basics.html

  If there is community transmission of SARS in any city in the world, the MDH will issue recommendations regarding precautions in Minnesota. We have learned that transmission of SARS was mainly among close personal contacts of ill persons and health care workers caring for them. […] In caring for a SARS patient at home strict infection control precautions should be followed. […] All persons in the household should carefully wash their hands frequently with soap or alcohol hand sanitizers, this should always be done after touching body fluids. […] SARS patients should cover their mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing or if possible wear a surgical mask when in close contact with others. […] Household members and other close contacts of SARS patients should be watched for symptoms. Household members and other close contacts of SARS patients should measure their temperature twice daily. If fever or respiratory symptoms(cough, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing) develop they should seek medical care.

• #81 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) – Health New Zealand | Te Whatu Ora

  https://www.tewhatuora.govt.nz/for-health-professionals/clinical-guidance/communicable-disease-control-manual/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  Recommend voluntary isolation at home and record temperature daily for 10 days following contact. Ensure contact is visited or telephoned daily by a member of the public health service to determine whether fever or other symptoms of SARS-CoV infection are developing. Clinical evidence of SARS in a contact requires immediate clinical assessment and isolation. […] Advise all contacts of the incubation period and typical symptoms of SARS-CoV infection. Encourage them to seek early medical attention if symptoms develop.

• #82 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) – Health New Zealand | Te Whatu Ora

  https://www.tewhatuora.govt.nz/for-health-professionals/clinical-guidance/communicable-disease-control-manual/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars

  Recommend voluntary isolation at home and record temperature daily for 10 days following contact. Ensure contact is visited or telephoned daily by a member of the public health service to determine whether fever or other symptoms of SARS-CoV infection are developing. Clinical evidence of SARS in a contact requires immediate clinical assessment and isolation. […] Advise all contacts of the incubation period and typical symptoms of SARS-CoV infection. Encourage them to seek early medical attention if symptoms develop.

• #83 About SARS – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/sars/basics.html

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness that first emerged in China in November 2002, and later spread through international travel to 29 countries worldwide causing large outbreaks in Hong Kong; Taiwan; Singapore; Hanoi, Vietnam; and Toronto, Canada. […] Most of the U.S. SARS cases were among travelers returning from other parts of the world with SARS. […] SARS is spread primarily by close person-to-person contact. In the context of SARS, close contact means having cared for or lived with someone with SARS or having direct contact with respiratory secretions or body fluids of a patient with SARS. […] For a severe respiratory illness to be SARS, there has to be a history of travel to a SARS affected area or close personal contact with a person with SARS, within ten days before symptoms start, this is called the epidemiological link.

• #84 SARS | Guidance | Infection Control | Healthcare Facilities | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/sars/guidance/i-infection/healthcare.html

  SARS preparedness planning for healthcare facilities is addressed in Supplement C. One component with particular relevance to this Supplement is the education and training of healthcare workers on infection control measures. Observations of healthcare workers caring for SARS patients during the 2003 epidemic identified numerous breaches in infection control, especially in the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). These can be corrected through complete and comprehensive training, provision of properly selected PPE, and monitoring of PPE use. Most important, all healthcare settings need to re-emphasize the importance of basic infection control measures, including hand hygiene, for the control of SARS-CoV and other respiratory pathogens. […] Reinforce basic infection control practices in healthcare facilities and among healthcare personnel.

• #85 SARS | Guidance | Infection Control | Healthcare Facilities | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/sars/guidance/i-infection/healthcare.html

  SARS preparedness planning for healthcare facilities is addressed in Supplement C. One component with particular relevance to this Supplement is the education and training of healthcare workers on infection control measures. Observations of healthcare workers caring for SARS patients during the 2003 epidemic identified numerous breaches in infection control, especially in the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). These can be corrected through complete and comprehensive training, provision of properly selected PPE, and monitoring of PPE use. Most important, all healthcare settings need to re-emphasize the importance of basic infection control measures, including hand hygiene, for the control of SARS-CoV and other respiratory pathogens. […] Reinforce basic infection control practices in healthcare facilities and among healthcare personnel.

• #86 SARS | Guidance | Infection Control | Healthcare Facilities | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/sars/guidance/i-infection/healthcare.html

  SARS preparedness planning for healthcare facilities is addressed in Supplement C. One component with particular relevance to this Supplement is the education and training of healthcare workers on infection control measures. Observations of healthcare workers caring for SARS patients during the 2003 epidemic identified numerous breaches in infection control, especially in the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). These can be corrected through complete and comprehensive training, provision of properly selected PPE, and monitoring of PPE use. Most important, all healthcare settings need to re-emphasize the importance of basic infection control measures, including hand hygiene, for the control of SARS-CoV and other respiratory pathogens. […] Reinforce basic infection control practices in healthcare facilities and among healthcare personnel.

• #87 Information Regarding Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  https://www.osha.gov/emergency-preparedness/sars

  Laboratory personnel in facilities performing diagnostic tests on patients suspected to be infected with SARS should follow biosafety preventive measures established by the CDC, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) – Laboratory Biosafety. […] The CDC has published interim recommendations to protect employees who may be required to transport patients with SARS by air: Guidance on Air Medical Transport for SARS Patients. […] The CDC provides recommendations for those handling human remains of SARS patients. […] All employees with potential occupational exposure to SARS, as described in this document, should be trained on the hazards associated with that exposure and on the protocols in place in their facilities to isolate and report cases and to reduce exposures. […] If an employee experiences a fever and respiratory symptoms after contact with a patient known to be infected with SARS, the CDC recommends that the employee be excluded from duty.

• #88 SARS | Guidance | Recommendations for Preparedness and Response Activities | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/sars/guidance/c-healthcare/recommended.html

  Appropriate patient placement is a significant component of effective SARS control. Each healthcare facility should develop a strategy and procedures to: 1) quickly separate potential SARS patients from other patients, and 2) implement appropriate isolation precautions. […] Although most SARS-CoV transmission appears to occur through droplet and contact exposures, transmission by fomites and by the airborne route remain possibilities. Therefore, patients who require hospitalization should be admitted to an Airborne Infection Isolation room (AIIR) or specially adapted SARS unit or ward where they can be managed safely. […] Unrecognized patients were a significant source of transmission during the 2003 SARS outbreak. Thus, rapid reporting and evaluation of persons exposed to SARS-CoV will be an important measure in early identification and isolation.

• #89 SARS | Guidance | Recommendations for Preparedness and Response Activities | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/sars/guidance/c-healthcare/recommended.html

  Appropriate patient placement is a significant component of effective SARS control. Each healthcare facility should develop a strategy and procedures to: 1) quickly separate potential SARS patients from other patients, and 2) implement appropriate isolation precautions. […] Although most SARS-CoV transmission appears to occur through droplet and contact exposures, transmission by fomites and by the airborne route remain possibilities. Therefore, patients who require hospitalization should be admitted to an Airborne Infection Isolation room (AIIR) or specially adapted SARS unit or ward where they can be managed safely. […] Unrecognized patients were a significant source of transmission during the 2003 SARS outbreak. Thus, rapid reporting and evaluation of persons exposed to SARS-CoV will be an important measure in early identification and isolation.

• #90 SARS | Guidance | Recommendations for Preparedness and Response Activities | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/sars/guidance/c-healthcare/recommended.html

  A SARS outbreak challenges a healthcare facility’s ability to meet staffing, organizational, and resource needs. During an outbreak of any size, existing staffing shortages may be amplified by illness among staff members, fear and concern about SARS, and isolation and quarantine of exposed staff or ill/exposed family members. […] When SARS-CoV is present in the community surrounding a healthcare facility, preventing unrecognized SARS patients from entering the facility will be essential. Appropriate surveillance and screening measures are detailed in the surveillance section of this document and in Supplement B. Restricting access to the facility will increase the efficacy of surveillance and screening measures. […] SARS patient care requires both consumable (e.g., PPE) and durable (e.g., ventilators) supplies. Experience in other countries indicates that a SARS outbreak not only can strain a facility’s supply of these resources but also can affect the ability to order replacement supplies.

• #91 Lessons from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/critical-care/acute-disorders/lesson-from-sars/

  Principles of infection control and ventilator management taken from the SARS epidemic may serve during future viral outbreaks. […] Twenty-five percent of patients who are diagnosed with SARS develop acute respiratory distress syndrome and will need mechanical ventilation. […] The ventilatory management of patients with SARS does not differ much from that for patients with ARDS alone. […] A low tidal volume lung protective strategy should be adopted, with the target tidal volumes at 6 mL per ideal body weight. […] High levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) may be used to maintain a PaO2 greater than 55 mm Hg. […] Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has been used in early acute respiratory failure to aid in ventilation and reduce intubation rates. […] SARS patients should be nursed in private rooms with a negative pressure system in the intensive care unit.

• #92 Lessons from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/critical-care/acute-disorders/lesson-from-sars/

  Health care workers attending to the patients wear N95 masks, protective eye wear, full face shields, caps, long-sleeved waterproof gowns, surgical gloves, and shoe covers before entering the patients room. […] A major concern for the management of SARS patients on mechanical ventilators is the protection of health care workers from the droplet transmission of the virus. […] Heated humidification is commonly used for patients on a ventilator, but during an infectious virus outbreak, a viral-bacteria heat moisture exchanger with filter properties (HMEF) should be used for humidification purposes instead. […] The strategies presented herein have been effective in containing infection of health care workers during the SARS epidemic.

• #93 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): Lessons for Future Pandemics | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars-lessons-future-pandemics/2010-09

  SARS appears to spread from person to person and through face-to-face contact, suggesting droplet spread. […] During the Hong Kong outbreak, for example, almost one-half of patients were infected in clinics, hospitals, or nursing homes, most likely through small droplets that remain suspended in the air. […] The mainstay of treatment is supportive care. […] Infection control measures, such as droplet precautions, are of particular importance. […] HCWs and visitors should wear surgical masks to prevent airborne and droplet acquisition. […] For individuals with suspected SARS, the most important element of community infection control, according to the CDC, is to remain at home for a full 10 days after fever and symptoms resolve. […] Health care institutions worldwide face a major challenge should SARS re-emerge, the risk of which is heightened by its similarities to other coronavirus strains of animal origin and the fact that it persists within animal reservoirs.

• #94 SARS Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Prevention, Transmission

  https://www.medicinenet.com/severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_sars/article.htm

  Patients with SARS often require oxygen therapy, and severe cases require tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation to support life until recovery begins. […] Severely ill patients should be admitted to the intensive-care unit. […] Medical caregivers need to follow strict policies on gloves, masks, gowns, and other protocols to avoid becoming infected. […] The SARS pandemic was brought to an end by basic public health and infection-control measures. […] Most public health officials recommend isolation for anyone diagnosed with SARS-CoV. […] The key to preventing another outbreak is to identify the first infected patients promptly before they have time to spread the illness more widely. […] If a significant outbreak of SARS occurs again, people may be advised to maintain a distance from others in the community („social distancing”) by avoiding large gatherings or close contact with others. […] However, isolation and quarantine methods have been effective in the prevention of SARS spread.

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